CMBUkTI1

rMlwk®bvti†saRs†
edaysarEtCem¬aHrvagraCvgßkß®tExµr Edlcg'esayraC¥ eTIbbN†a
l[mankare®CotE®CkBIbreTsCitxag EdlcUlmkCYyc∫SgdeNI†mraC¥
[kß®tExµr rYcehIyTaryksrKuN edaysMuykext†enH-ext†enaHeTACa
rbs'esom…rbs'yYn . ®beTsExµrk~¨gstvtßTI18-19 Vnk¬ayeTACa®B
lancMVMgrvagT&BesomnigT&ByYn . ®bCaraÂs†s¬ab'hinehac®Jt'bg
bÌËn kUnecAKµaneBlEl˙ . eBlesomfyeTA®sukvij esomEtgEte Kor
yk®KYExµr b¬n'®bmUlykePaK®TB¥ExµrminEdlxan . k~¨gGtItkal raÂs†
ExµrminEdlsal'sni†PaBesaH .
edaysar®BHraCaGgcnÊcgsıanem®tInwgyYn eTIbnS[®BHGnuCGgGium
nig®BHGgdYgePosrt'eTA®beTsesom . ®BHecAGFiraCyYnmij-m"agVn
cat'emT&BeQµaHe®TOg-mijy"ag nST&BcUlmktSgenAk~¨g®sukExµr tames
ckI†sMurbs'es†cExµrGgcnÊ edIm∫IkarJrGMNaces†cenHE®kgT&B´fcUlmk
yayI .
®BHecAyYnmanbMNgnwgyk®sukExµrTSgmUleFI√CaEdndIyYn TukCa
rnSgedIm∫ITb'Tl'CamYyesom EdlkaleNaHk*CaGaNac®kx¬SgBUEkmYy
Edr enAk~¨gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . min®Kan'EtmanEkalbMNgcg'yk®sukExµr
b"ueNˆaHeT es†cyYnVnerobcMEpnkar eFI√yYnUbniykmµelI®bCaraÂs†Exµr bM
Vt'vb∫Fm· GariyFm· ®BHBuTÏsasnaefrvaT GkßrsaÂs† rebobes¬økJk'
eJlKWyYn®tUvEtbMVt'nUvGI√@TSgGs'EdlCaExµrecalecj ehIybg≈M[
ExµrsikßaPasayYnEfmeTot edIm∫IsMrYldl'karTak'Tg . k~¨g‰ksaryYn
eKehAExµrfa Ganar¥Cn ( Barbarians ) KWCnEdlminsal'Gar¥Fm·rugerOg
… Cn´®B´pß .
karelIkyk®bvti†saÂs†®tg'vKenHmkPÇab'Cabzmehtuk~¨gkarsresr
enH KWxM∆¨maneKalbMNgcg'[ExµrTSgGs' yl'nigVndwg[c∫as'fa yYn
VnerobcMnigbMVt'CatiExµr elb®sukExµr rMlayvb∫Fm·Exµrc∫as'Nas' .
ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTot xM∆¨cg'bg˙ajfa yYneKVnsikßa eFI√viPaKnUvkarbra
C&yrbs'dUntaeK k~¨gkarEdleFI√yYnUbniykmµminsMerc mkelI®beTsExµr
k~¨gq~S1840 . ehtuenHehIy eTIbemdwknSyYnhU-CImij VnerobcMEpnkar
eFI√yYnUbniykmµ®beTsExµrsarCafIµm†geTot EdlmanEcgenAk~¨gbN†ShU-
CImij ( Ho's testament ) k~¨geKaledA®tYt®taGasIuGeK~yT
_ SgmUl .
ehtuEdlxM∆¨elIkyk®bvti†saÂs†®tg'eNHmkrMlwk e®JHcg'bg˙ajBI
eKalbMNgBit®Vkdrbs'yYnmkelI®sukExµr . kalenaH®BHecAyYnVn
ecjraCbJÇa[emT&ByYnGnuvt†EpnkaryYnUbniykmµelI®bCaraÂs†Exµr nig
-12-
®beTsExµr Edl‰ksaryYnVnsresrBI®BHraCbJÇamij-m"ageTAT&B®BH
Gg (1) fa –
BYkGnar¥Cn (k~¨g®sukExµr ) Vnk¬aymkCakUnecArbs'eyIgehIy≤LË
venH ehIyelak®tUvEtCYyBYkeK ehIybe®goneKGMBITMenomTm¬ab'rbs'eyI
g˘˘˘ CaåTahrN,_ eyIgVnæmkfa dI(ksikmµ)sMbUrehIymanCIrCatiNa-
s' ehIysMbUreKa(sMrab'PÇÁr)˘˘˘ b"uEn†®bCaCnKµankarecHdwgBIksikmµ(Tan's
m&y)esaH, eKe®bIEtcb®tesH cbkab' CaCage®bIkm¬SgeKa . eKeFI√E®sEd
l®Kb'®Kan'[eKbriePaKBIrdgk~¨gmYy´f© EteKmins†¨k®sUvTukeT . vtƒ¨Edl
®tUvkarcSVc'ral'´f©dUcCa sMBt'Gav, sU®t, Ta nig®CUk´f¬x¬SgNas'˘˘˘. vtƒ¨
kMrGs'enH KWbN†almkBIExµrxiÇl˘˘˘ ehIybJÇarbs'eyIgcMeJHelakKW b
e®gonBYkeK[ecHe®bIeKa, be®gonBYkeK[ecHbegI˚npl®sUv[Vne®cIn, b
e®gonBYkeK[ecHdSedImmn, ecHciJçwm®CUknigTa˘˘˘. ehIycMeJHPasavij
elak®tUvEtbe®gonBYkeK[ecHniyayPasaevotNam . (rebob)es¬økJk'
nige®bItutamTMenomeyIg k*®tUEtBYkeKeFI√tamEdr . ebIsinCamanTMenomTM-
lab'NahYssm&y …CaTMenomTMlab'Edl´®B´pß k*KYrEtEksMrYl …k*b-
®g˚abkMu[egIbrYc (1) .

yYnUbniykmµ
…dMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglic
e®kayEdl®BHGgcnÊsuKtedayeraKcuHmYlk~¨gq~S1834(2) elI®BHTI
nSgnavakMBg'ekaHs¬aEktmk emT&ByYnGugelA…e®TOg-mijy"ag VnelIk
kß®tIGgmIu Cabu®tIbnÊab'[eLIgesayraC¥ edayminykkß®tIEbnbu®tITI1
eT e®JHeKecaTfak∫t' eday®BHmatart'eTAesomCamYy®BHGgGiumnig®BH
GgÌdYg .
elak David P. Chandler Vn®sg'‰ksaryYnEdlsI†BIkarelIkkß®tI
GgmIuenH ®tg'TMB&r125fa – « edIm∫IeFI√CaGFibtIk~¨gkarEtgtSgkß®tIGgmIu
enH es†cyYnmiujm"ag VnbJÇËnmÂnI†yYnmkBI®kug´®BnKr ehIyenAk~¨g
eragBiFIEdleKsg'eLIgedIm∫I®VrB√karEtgtSgenaH kß®tIGgmIu®BmTSgGa
nuCTSgGs'®tUvQrEbr®BHPÂk†eqıaHeTATisxageCIg ®bQmnig®BHraCsar
rbs'es†cyYnEdlGnuJÔat[®BHnagesayraC¥ . k~¨geBlenaHtMNagni
gGs'mÂnI†yYnQrEbrmuxeTATisxagt∫Ëg dUcEdl®BHecAGFiraCyYnEtg
eFI√y"agenH enAk~¨g®BHraCvSg®BHGg‰®kugeh√enaH » .
kalVneLIgesayraCk~¨gq~S1835 enaH®BHnagKµanGMNacGI√esaH
(1) G~k®bvti†saÂs†bsçwm®beTssal'fa eQµaHe®TOg-mijy"ag Et‰ksarExµrsal'faeQµaH

eg√og-yuSgFuy ( Nguyen Van Thuy ) ehAe®kAfa GugelA@ .

(2) ‰ksarmhabursExµrTMB&r1048 ‰esovePAelakedvId-qan'l&rfa q~S1835 .

-13-
karcat'EcgkicçkarEpndI KWBYkesnabtIEdlsiƒtenAe®kamkar®tYt®tarbs'
e®TOg-mijy"agTSgGs' . e®TOg-mijy"agVntSgbnÊay®tYt®taenAP~M-
eBj ehIy®tiHriHrkEt{kaslÌedIm∫Iyk®beTskmı¨CaeTAeFI√Ca®sukrbs'
yYnb"ueNˆaH (2) .
GugelAk*cab'Gnuvt†EpnkaryYnUbniykmµrbs'®BHecAmij-m"ag . edIm∫I
sMerckicçkarenH es†cyYnVndak'T&ByYncMnYn50,000(®VMmWun)nak'®tYt®ta
elI®sukExµr manbnÊayFMenAP~MeBj nigenAext†eJFisat' .
kalebIdUec~H GMNacEpndITSgmUlk*F¬ak'mkelIkN†ab'´dyYnTSgGs'
(3) . yYnVnbeJçjGMNacy"ageXareXAmkelIraÂs†Exµr KWbg≈MmÂnI†Exµr[
es¬økJk'CayYn [raCkarExµrrkes∫øgGaharciJçwmTahanyYn yYnVn
ebotebonyayI®BHBuTÏsasna edj®BHsgÙExµr[cuHecjBIvt† (3) [®BH
sgÙExµres¬økJk'dUc®BHsgÙyYn [kab'edImeJFi rMlayvt†GaramExµryk
eTAsg'viharyYn bMp¬aj®BHBuTÏbdimakr [raÂs†ExµrmÂnI†ExµreronPasayYn
niges¬økJk'tamyYn ( CaåTahrN_ KWsMNl'GavbMBg'Evg Edl®sIExµr
minvHcMehogdUcCaGavpay®sIyYneT EbrCaedrPÇitCab'K~aeTAvij Exµrx¬Hy
l'®cLMfaCaGavExµrbUraN ) yYnp¬as'eQµaHTI®kugP~MeBj [ehAfa « NS
y"ag » (4) KWyYnerobcMrMlayvb∫Fm· GkßsaÂs† TMenomTMlab'Exµr nigsa
snaExµrCamun e®JHvaCa®KwHEdl®T®Tg'nUvkarrs'ran´n®bCaCatiExµrnig®b-
eTsExµr .
k~¨gkarGnuvt†nE_ pnkarenH yYnVnbJÇËns~gkarneyaVydb'®VMmYy
nak' ®kmkarcitsibnak' nig®KUdb'nak'mkP~MeBj edIm∫IerobcMs~Ël´nEp~krdΩ
Vl®tYt®ta®sukExµr . eKEckEpnkareKCabYnvK –
vKTI1- KWerobcMext†ExµrCafIµ edaydkecAh√ayext†Exµrecj rYcdak'ecA
h√ayext†CayYn . ®sukExµrk¬ayeTACaext†yYnehAfa ®tan' tayfaj' . ex
t†TSgGs'®tUvdUreQµaHExµrecj ehIydak'eQµaHCaJk¥yYnCMnYsvij . k~¨g
karerobcMenH yYn®tUvrk[mans~gkarf~ak'TabxÊg'´m∏nak' EdlmancMeNHxa
geFI√E®s nigxagviCÇaCanayTahan edIm∫IdwknSraÂs†Exµr nigdwknS®tYt®ta
ext†ExµrTSgGs' .
vKTI2- KWebIkEpnkarvaysMrukB®gIkbg˚begI˚npl, bg˙at'BlTahan
Exµr[Vne®cInsMrab'Tb'nwgesom nigs†¨k®sUvTuk[Vne®cInedIm∫IciJçwm
kgT&ByYn .
vKTI3- karbe®gonExµr[ecHPasayYn edIm∫IsMrYldl'karTak'TgK~a .
vKTI4- KWCakarCMrujEpnkareFI√GaNaniKm®sukExµr edayykniKmCn
cin nigG~keTasyYn [mktSgTIlMenA@elITwkdIExµr edIm∫Ibe®gonTMenomTM
lab'yYndl'®bCaCnExµr[eFI√tam .
(3) tamesovePAseg≈bBgßavta®beTskmı¨Carbs'elakr˘eKaviT faemT&ByYnFM@manbInak'KW

e®TOg-mijy"ag, pS-v¥"agy"ag nig v¥"ag-Ng .

-14-
 GugeFogKun ( e®TOg-mijy"ag ) GKembJÇakaryYn kalVnCaFMenA
®sukExµrehIy VnerobcMKMeragkary"agc∫as'®VkdNas' k~¨gkaryk®su
kExµreFI√Ca®sukyYn . vt†man®BHåbraC(Gium) nig®BHGgdYgenAext†Vt'dMb
g Caåbs&KmYyrarSgdl'KMeragkarNe_ mT&ByYnenH (5) . kalenaH®BH
ecAesomVncat'[®BHGgGiummkKg'enAext†Vt'dMbg nig®BHGgdYgmkKg'
enAext†mglbUrI . e®Tog-mijy"agk*rkåVyklepßg@ nigykyYncM-
Ng®BHhsƒEdles†cyYnVnf√aymk®BHGgcnÊenaHCaP~ak'garnSlixit
nigniyayeVk®BHGgGiumCasm©at' fa[®BHGgGiumrt'cUleTA®sukExµrcuH
yYnnwgf√ayraCsm∫ti† . edaycg'esayraC¥ ®BHGgGiumk*TUlbg˚ac'®BHG
gdYgfa ®bugk∫t'bMrugrt'cUlyYn . ®BHecAesom ®BHBuTÏLitLanPal&y k*
cab'®BHGgdYgdak'kI†ykeTA®kugeTB (®kugVgkk) . edIm∫Irt'eTA®sukExµr
enaH ®BHGgGiumVncab'yk®kmkarext†Vt'dMbg KWelakVLat'rs'eTACa
mYypg k~¨gq~SrkanB√s&kK˘s˘1837 . ®BHGgekoryk®KUExµrtamp¬Ëverog
mkdl'eJFisat' . enATIenaHyYnk*cab'XMu®BHGgGium®BmTSgraCvgßanu-
vgßnSmkP~MeBj dl'eBlyb's©at'k*nS®BHGgGiumnig®BHjaticuHeTA´®BnKr
rYcbn†ykeTAXMuTukenA®kugeh√eTA . es†cyYneFov-®TI VnecjraCsarmk
e®TOgmijy"agenAP~MeBjbJÇËnsem†cecAh√aTl˙:L¨g1sem†cecABjahflU1
åkja®kLaehamman'1 [cuHeTAKal'es†cenA®kugeh√ rYcXMuesnabtIExµr
TukenATIenaH . e®kaymke®TOg-mijy"agcat'esnaTahan[XMux¬Ánkß®tIG
gmIu GgEbn GgeBA nigGgs©Án nSykeTA®sukyYnCasm©at'eTot . eTA
dl'®kuglg'ehar GugdugdukecAh√ayext†@lg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) bJçËn
Etkß®tbIGgeTA®kugeh√ Xat'Tuk®BHGgEbne®JHvaecaTfak∫t'va ehIyk*
eFI√Kt®BHGgEbn eday®CmuCTwksm¬ab'enA®suklg'eharenaHeTA (6) .
EpnkardkecAh√ayext†Exµr nigkarcab'kß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßExµr
ykeTAXMuTukenATI®kugeh√ CabuB√ehtueFI√[Exµrkan'Etyl'c∫as'fa yYn®bu
grMlay®beTsExµrEmnETnehIy . esckI†ek†A®khayk*ekItmaneLIgTU-
TSg®beTsExµr . raÂs†Exµr®Kb'ext† niKmCnbTCMnMuK~akCasµ&®KbkßBYk BI´m∏
hasib …mYyrynak' dwknSedayemEdleKTukcit† bHeVr®cYl®cbl'k~¨
gkML¨gExkJÔanigtula1840 . k~¨gkarbHeVrenH emsµ&®KbkßBYkEtg®bCMu
Tak'TgK~aeTAvijeTAmk . karbHeVrCadMbUg elcecjmkBImM†¨ext†PaKxag
ekIt®kugådug tamCYrmat'Ten¬ manext†l√a‰m, ®sIsQr, ext†kN†alsÊwg
ext†eKons√ay, ext†xßac'kN†al, ext†P~MeBjCaedIm . enAeBlEdlVn
dMNwgfa yYnVncab'esnabtI kß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßExµrVt'eTAehI-
y . dMNwgenHVnpßB√pßayy"agrh&s BI®sukmYyeTA®sukmYy BIext†mY
yeTAext†mYyeTot . k~¨gkML¨gExåsPa1841 karbHeVrVneLIgdl'krM i
tCaGtimrima. emsµ&®KbkßBYkk*snµt'K~abHeLIg®Bm@K~ak~¨gkML¨gevla8´f©
elIkK~aeTAeLamB&TÏbnÊayyYnnana®Kb'®sukext†XMutMbn' kab'sm¬ab'yYn TS
-15-
gsIuvilTSgTahan enA®Kb'TIkEn¬gEdleKCYb®bTH . KmnaKmnr_ vagTI®ku
g®tUvdac' . BYkExµrbHVneLanB&TÏT&ByYn EdlGac®tYt®taEtTI®kug ‰kg
T&ByYntSgenAdac'®sy"al manesckI†PitP&yCax¬Sg . ®kumExµrbHx¬Hman
TSg®BHsgÙCaemdwknSpg (7) cMnYnExµrbHeVrkalenaHeLIgdl'CagbImWun
nak' EdleFI√[enT&Be®TOg-mijy"ag mindwgrkviFINaedIm∫ITb'Tl'nwgExµr
bHeVr[Vns©b'eTAvijVn . (8) yYnEdlrYcCIvitBIT&BExµrbHeVr k*nSK~a
rt'mk®CkCamYyT&BFMk~¨gbnÊayext†eJFisat' nigbnÊayFMenAP~MeBj .
edaysMNUmBrBImÂnI†ExµrnigecAh√ayext†eJFisat' (9) sMu[®BHecA
esom®BHNSgk¬avbJÇËn®BHGgdYg mke®sac®sg'®sukBIkN†ab'´dyYn
enaH®BHecAk*bJÇa[Bjab:DineteCanST&Besom 15,000nak' dEg˙r®BHGg
dYgcUlmk®sukExµr tamry:V
Vt'dMbg nigekNÎraÂs†ExµrbJçËlCamYyT&B
esom Vn35,000nak' elIkcUleTAeLambnÊayext†eJFisat'Vneday
mWuncabecHeFI√®Kab'kSePI¬gFMVj'ep¬agcUlk~¨geqHbnÊayyYn emT&ByYnk*sMu
cuHcaj' minhflanTTYlc∫Sg ®Tg'k*elIkT&BExµr-esombn†mkvaykMcat'yYn
ecjBI®kugåd†¨gnigP~MeBjeTot .
edayGs'sgÙwmnwgeFI√yYnUbniykmµ®sukExµr nigbraC&yk~¨gkarb"unb"g
dak'®BHGgGium[esayraC¥vijenaH ( e®JHExµrElgeCO ) enAcugq~S1841
e®TOg-mijy"agk*dkfyT&ByYn yk®BHGgGium kß®tIGgmIu nig®BHraCv-
gßanuvgß ®BmTSgeKor®KYExµrCag®VMmYyJn'nak' cuHeTAEdnkmı¨Cae®kam rYc
ehIyePpI∆lixiteTA®kugeh√ sMuTTYleTasEdleFI√karminVnsMerc rYcehI
ye®TOg-mijy"agk*pwkf~SbMBuleFI√Gt†Xatx¬Áns¬ab'eTA (10) .
es†cyYnk*bJÇËnemt&BeQµaH Gug xSsay dayfan' nST&BCae®cInnS
ykeTA®BHGgGium nigkß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßExµr BIext†mat'®CUk mkTuk
enAbnÊayP~MeBj . cMVMgrvagExµrnigyYn kalenaHmincaj'minQ~H eTIbem
t&ByYnnigBjab:DinsuMcrcaK~aQb'c∫Sg ehIyTTYlsal'®BHGgdYgCa
kß®tExµrTSgGs'K~a ehIysMu[yYn®bKl'kß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßanuvgß
ExµrmkvijCaf~Ër nigeQI¬yswkyYn-camEdlesomXMuTukCaeQ¬Iykalmun
enaH . edIm∫IesckI†suxdl'bN†araÂs† ®BHGgdYgk*suxcit†ykesomnig
yYneFI√CaGaNaB¥aVlelI®sukExµr .
EpnkaryYnUbniykmµ®tUvbraC&y edayExµrVndwgx¬ÁnTan' EtedIm∫IkMu[
xatTn'x¬SgeBk yYnk*fyeTA EteTAtSgT&Bsg'bnÊaykan'kab'rkßext†Exµr
Ednkmı¨Cae®kam CamSmYn tSgBI®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg mat'®CUk ®kmYn -s Jm Twk
exµA Bllav ®BH®tJMg E®BkÚsßI˘˘˘ CaedIm .
munnwgcUldl'EpnkaryYnUbniykmµ xM∆¨sUmrMlwk®tYs@Edr GMBIclna
tsflUrbs'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam Edl®bqSgnwgneyaVybMVt'TMenomTMlab'Exµr
bMputBUCExµrmças'®sukenAEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam .

-16-
 viFankarEdlyYne®bIsm¬ab'Exµre®kam
nigkarts~Urbs'Exµre®kam

k~¨gq~S1776 ExµrenAPaKxage®kam´nEdnkUsSgsIunVnbHeVreLIg va
ykMcat'yYnEdle®bIviFIeXareXAsm¬ab'Exµr ( ext†®BH®tJMg ) . eq¬øt{ka
senaH ®BHGgnn'k*elIT&BExµrcUleTAvaydeNI†mykext†vijL¨g ( L ¨g-
ehar ) nigext†mIufU ( em-s ) mkvij (11) .
k~¨grCÇkal®BHGgcnÊTI2 (1806-1834 ) ®sbeBlEdl®BHGgmças'
eg√øg-Gan ®bkasx¬ÁnCaes†cyYn ehIyc∫SgCamYyBYkyYnbHeVr´tsWn
enaH ecAh√ayext†ExµrenAext†®BH®tJMgeQµaHåkjasYs Vne®kakeLIg
ekNÎT&Bc∫SgbeN†jyYnQ¬anJn ‰es†cExµrEbrCabJÇËnT&BeTACYyes†
cyYneTAvij .
e®kaymkk~¨grCÇkalkß®tIGgmIu (1834-1841 ) edayQWcit†nwgyYn
EdlyayIbMp¬ajTMenomTm¬ab' nig®BHBuTÏsasna elakecAh√ayKuy enA
ext†®BH®tJMgVne®kakeLIgekNÎT&Bc∫SgbeN†jyYneTot edayman
esnaCMnit®VMnak'KW PUQYyKg', hWµn‰k, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars' .
T&BelaktSgTIenAtMbn'p~ËrdUg . kartsflUrbs'elakecAh√ayKuy®tUvbraC&y
e®JHPUQYyKg'k∫t'cUl´dnwgGuglUv emT&ByYnEdlsn¥afanwg[PUQY
yKg'eLIgTICaåkjaCMnYsecAh√ayKuy . PUQYyKg'Vn®Vb'kicçkarGaf·
kMVMgT&BecAh√ayKuydl'yYnGs'Kµansl' rhUtrkmeF¥aVysm¬ab's-
hkarIrYmtsflUCamYyK~a manhµWn‰k, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars'Gs'
eTot . ecAh√ayKuy®tUvyYncab' rYcvaEtgtSgCaPUQYyva . eBlEdl®BH
ecAyYnmij-m"agecjbJÔati[Exµre®kameVHbg'TMenomTm¬ab' ®BHBuTÏsas
naefrvaT enaHelakecAh√ayVnTamTar®bqSgnwgkarEkE®benH elaksux
cit†[yYnsm¬ab'elakcuH [EtyYn®Bmsn¥arkßaTukTMenomTMlab'®BHBuTÏ-
sasna[Exµre®kam . GuglUvVn®bharCIvitåkjaKuyenAmuxsalaXMubin
Dwk . ®bCaraÂs†VnyksBåkjaKuy mkeFI√buN¥bJç¨Hk~¨gectiymuxvt†
eJFisalraC k~¨gext†®BH®tJMg . ‰PUQYyKg'Edlk∫t'ecAh√ayKuy k*
®tUvemT&ByYncab'dak'®Tugsm¬ab'ecalEdr . (12)
k~¨gq~S1847 rCÇkal®BHGgdYg Exµrext†®BH®tJMgk~¨g®sukcab'ePI¬gm~a
k'eQµaHeLam-esamVne®kakeLIgdwknSkartsflU®bqSgnwgyYn sgswkCY
selakåkjaKuypg nigedjyYnecjBIkmı¨Cae®kampg . elakmanes
na‰k esnae®Vj nigemOg-esamCaCMnYy . eLam-esamVnvayQ~H
yYnehIyVnTSgsm¬ab'ecAh√ayext†yYnGugbUpg . T&BelakeLam-esa
mvaycUldl'p~ËrdUg ehIyVnsm¬ab'yYnCae®cInpg . EtyYnVnbJÇËn
T&By"age®cInmkBIext†xagekIt mkTb'T&BeLam-esam . yYncab'eLam-
-17-
esamVndak'®TugykeTA®kugeh√ ehIyes†cyYneFov-®TI k*bJÇa[sm¬a
b'elakeTA . (13)
k~¨gKMeragkarvatTIcuHmkTisxaglic nigB®gwgsƒanPaByYnpg k~¨gq~S
1856 yYnsg'bnÊayy"agmSenATIrYmext†X¬SgVsak'(Soctrang ) . elak
ecAh√ay®suksukVne®kakeLIgekNÎT&BvaykMcat'yYny"agk¬ahan®Kb'
TIkEn¬gk~¨gtMbn'TMnb'nigkMBg'®tb' ( Thuan Hoa ) .
k~¨gq~S1859 elakesnasYs enAext†X¬SgVne®kakeLIgtsflUvaykM-
cat'yYnenAmhaTb' (Hoa Thuan)) nigcugVLag ( An Ninh ) . k~¨gkartsflU
CagbIq~S ExµrVnsm¬ab'åt†membJÇakaryYnBIrnak'pg mYyeQµaHGugLan'-
sm nigmYyeToteQµaHGugLan'-binsIu . Ete®kaymkelakesnasYsV
n®tUvBYkcam EdlCasmınÏmit†yYnlYcbMBulelaks¬ab'eTA .
k~¨gq~S1860 k~¨gext†X¬SgVsak' ( Soctrang ) manbgbÌËnBIrnak'eQµaH
esnaTa esnaman' enAeLam BUy"a ( Nhu Gia ) Vne®kakeLIgekNÎT&Bt
sflU EtedayT&ByYne®cInsnÏwkeBk elak®tUvbg≈MnST&BfyeTAPUmiL¨g fan'
k~¨gtMbn'®ta xa ext†Bllav ( Baclieu ) rYcelakVnnST&Bvay®canyYnrhU
tdl'JmbU lIv . edayyYnVnCMnYyT&Bcam C√ar EfmmkCae®cIneTot
elakesnaTak*®tUvBYkC∆arVj'elakedaykSePI¬gs¬ab'CIviteTA . BlTaha
nVnyksBelak eTAbJç¨HelIkUnekaHmYyEk∫rvt†ExµrenAEx√g bbil k~¨g
ext†Bllav .
sm&ye®TOg-mijy"ag®tYt®ta®sukExµrenaH ExµrnigyYn®tUvkarCacSV
c'nUv E®Bkvijet edayCIkPÇab'BImat'smu®T cUlmkcm©ay53K˘m˘ . k~¨gkar
CIkE®BvijetenH emT&ByYnVnTTYldavGaC∆aswkmYy nig®BHsg˙ar®taBI
es†cExµr®BHGgcnÊ edIm∫I®tYt®takarCIkE®BkenaH . mnusßCab'kMENnman
Exµr nigyYnlayK~a . eKEckCa®kumedIm∫IErkGacmd
_ IecjBIk~¨gVtE®Bk .
k~¨g®kumnimYy@manyYnm~ak'edIrmux yYnm~ak'edIre®kay nigyYnm~ak'eTotedIr
kN†alCYr edIm∫IKk'…tb'[ExµredIreTAmux[elOn . yYnEtgrkerOgecaT
Exµrfacg'rt'eKc …mineFI√karCaedIm rYcExµrenaH@k*®tUveTas ehIyykeTA
kb'dI®twmkbI@nak' eFI√CamumeCIg®kandSEtGug . eBlEdlyYnvadutePI¬gdS
EtenaH ExµrG~keTaserIbMrHedayek†AnwgePI¬g yYnvaE®skfa kMukMerIk « ®by&t~
kMBb'EtGug » KWdSEt[elakFMyYn .
enHCarebobsm¬ab'Exµry"agsahav´®B´pß Exµr®Kb'@K~aEtgrMlwkerOg
enH®Vb'tkUntecA CabuB√ehtueFI√[ExµrsÌb'yYnrhUtdl'≤LËv . dl'eBl
CIkE®BkrYcehIy yYneKlYc®Vb'KI~K~aeKTSgGs'[dwgCamun ‰ExµreKmin[
dwgesaHeT . eKykX~agEvgmkdak'KabkExµrbn†K~adb'nak' ´m∏nak' …rab'
rynak'edayykelsfa kMu[Exµrrt'ecalkMENnCIkE®Bk . rYcehIyemT&
ByYnk*bJÇa[Tm¬aydImuxTMnb' [Twksmu®ThUrcUlE®BkCIkliclg's¬ab'
ExµrvinasGn†rayGs'Kµansl' e®JHkCab'X~agerIminrYc . edaysarkar
-18-
sm¬ab'Exµry"ageXareXAEbbenaHehIy eTIbExµrenAtMbn'E®BkCIkvijet nig
enAtMbn'CYrP~M®VMBIr manP~MBJl P~MGkyMCaedImekItesckI†QWcab'ek†A®kha
ynwgyYnEdleFI√TaruNkmµkab'sm¬ab'Exµry"agsahav´®B´pßdUec~HenaH k*
e®kakeLIg®bmUlKI~K~atsflUvaysgswknwgBYkyYn rhUtsm¬ab'VnemT&ByY
n nigesnaTahanCae®cInnak' EdlVk'T&Brt'cuHBI®sukExµreTA .
kartsflUrbs'Exµre®kammanmkCahUrEhrhUtmkdl'eBlfIµ@enH Caå-
TahrN´_ nkartsflUmYyk~¨gcugq~S1945 nigedImq~S1946CaedIm EdlyYnku
mµ¨ynis†hU-CImij Vne®Kagsm¬ab'Exµre®kameTot . kartsflUenHVnekIt
eLIgenAk~¨gEdndIs~† k~¨gext†X¬Sg nigk~¨gPUmiekaH®bhatk~¨gext†Bllav .
k~¨gkML¨gExF~Ë 1945 yYneyokmijVnbeJœat®bCaCnExµr®bus@k~¨gPUmi
ekaH®bhat y"ar"ay ep~aGEN†t dSKin dSyIuy E®BkhUrpug faykeTATTY
lelakFM …faykeTAhat'h√wkh√Wn ehIybJçËlk~¨geragdak'®sUvCb"undut
sm¬ab'TSgrs'Gs'rab'rynak' ®Kan'EtG~kPUmiep~aGEN†tEtmYymans¬ab'cMnY
nEssibnak'eTAehIy (14) x¬HeTotBYkvabeJœat[eLIgelITUksmu®T rYc
vaecaHBni¬cTUksm¬ab'Exµr .
eyIgeXIjfa ®Kb'viFankarN_ yYneFI√karsm¬ab'ExµrCanicçKµanQb'Qr
esaHeLIy . buB√ehtuedImKWmkEtBIes†cExµrekItvivaTK~adeNI†mraCbl¬g˚
deNI†mGMNacK~arvagraCvg߉g eTIbeTABwgyYn[mkCYy yYnk*Vnels
enH‰gcUlmkkan'kab'ext†ExµrTSgLayenAkmı¨Cae®kam nigeFI√karkab'sm¬a
b'rgal®bCaCnExµr EtGkuslExµrminecHpßaykarEdlyYnsm¬ab'ExµrenH
dl'BiPBelakesaH .

evotNamUbniykmµkmı¨Cae®kam
edayeFI√yYnnUbniykmµkmı¨CaelIminVnsMerc yYnVncUleTA®tYt®ta
EdndIkmı¨Cae®kamCamSmYnmYyry: eBlEdlExµrkMBugEtsagx¬Án s†ar®beT
sEdleTIbnwgrYcBImhn†rayedaysÂgam . tSgBI®BHecAmij-m"agrhUt
®BHecAy"a-L¨g es†cyYnVnGnuJÔat[Exµre®kameVHbg'ecalTMenomTMla
b' GkßrsaÂs† kares¬økJk'CaExµr ®BmTSg®BHBuTÏsasnaefrvaTpg . Ca
dMbUgeKcab'EkE®beQµaHext†CaExµr dak'CaPasayYnvij . ext†ExµrenAkmı¨Ca
e®kamTSgGs'man17ext† EtenACMnan'GaNaniKmVrSg eKVnEkE®beTACa
21ext† . ext†TSgLayEdlyYnVnEkE®bmandUcteTA –
eQµaHCaExµr eQµaHEkE®bCaPasayYn
1- ext†kMB b'®ska®tI EkCa Bien Hua rYc Phuoc Thanh rYc
…cg√ar®tJMg Phuoc Long
2- ext†eragdMrI EkCa Tay Ninh
3- ext†´®BnKr EkCa Saigon rYc Gia Dinh Cholo rYc
Ho Chi Minh
-19-
4- ext†pßMGMebIs EkCa Ben Tre rYc Kien Hoa
5- ext†em-s EkCa My Tho rYc Dinh Tuong
6- ext†ekaHKg EkCa Go Cong rYc Long An
7- ext†E®BkÚsßI EkCa Can Tho rYc Phong Dinh
8- ext†lg'ehar EkCa Vinh Long
9- ext†®BH®tJMg EkCa Tra Vinh rYc Vinh Binh
10- ext†pßarEdk EkCa Sadec rYc Kien Phong
11- ext†mat'®CUk EkCa Chau Doc
12- ext†X¬Sg (Vsak') EkCa Soctrang rYc Khanh Hung rYc
Ba Xuyen
13- ext†TwkexµA EkCa Camau rYc Quan Long rYc An
Xuyen
14- ext†Jm EkCa Hatien
15- ext†®kmYns EkCa Rachgia rYc Kien Giang,
Chuong Thien
16- ext†Bllav EkCa Baclieu rYc Baclien
17- ext†JmVr"aC EkCa Long Xuyen rYcCa An Giang
18- ext†taemak EkCa Thudomot rYc Binh Duong,
Binh Long
19- ®BHsYK·a EkCa Baria rYc Phuoc Le, Phuoc Tuy,
Binh Tuy
20- GUkab' EkCa Cap St. Jacques rYc Vung Tau
21- (eQµaHfIµ ) EkCa Tan An
®suknigTIkEn¬gx¬HeTot EdlyYnVnEkE®bCaeQµaHyYnKW –
val®BUs EkCa Dong Nai
åkjaDin EkCa Gia Dinh
ekaH®tLac EkCa Con Son
ekaH®tl' EkCa Phu Quoc
®sukGN†ËgTwk EkCa Long Phu
sg˚at'E®BkKy EkCa Rachgoi
sg˚at'E®Bkcak EkCa Chac Vang
sg˚at'ep†AeBn EkCa Lo Vieng
sg˚at'dgek†ag EkCa Bai Gi
sg˚at'kUnEkÌk EkCa Ngang Ho
sg˚at'edImeJFi EkCa Lam Vo
sg˚at'xi√ntag EkCa Dinh My
sg˚at'´dng EkCa Lieu Tu
-20-
sg˚at'tanav EkCa Bang Lang
sg˚at'bwgGnßa EkCa Bung Sa
sg˚at'Ten¬‰t∫Ëg EkCa My Than
sg˚at'‰lic EkCa Lich Hoi Thuong
sg˚at'ep~aGEN†t EkCa Giang Noi .l.

rUbKMnUrEpnTIenH
KUredayelakfac'-sflMu
Gtitcagh√agGgrbUrI
nigCaGtit®bFan
smaKmExµrkmı¨Cae®kam
®bcSrdΩkalIh√&rnij"a

enAeQµaHExµrCae®cIneTotEdleyIgminGacdak'[®Kb'Vn

EpnTIEdndIkmı¨Cae®kamcMnYn17ext† Edlk¬ayeTACaevotNamxagt∫Ëg cM-

eJHEp~kxagt∫Ëg´®BnKr sPaGaNaniKmVrSgVnsMerc®bKl'eTA[®BH
ecAe◊dayk~¨gyb'´f©TI21 åsPa q~S1949 . ( dk®sg'ecjBIsarBt·ma
nGgrbUrI rdΩkalIh√&rnij"a GtƒbTrbs'elakfac'-bflunerOg ´f©TI15 mina 87)
edaysarx√H‰ksar xM∆¨KµanlTÏPaBnwgerobrab'nUveQµaH ®suk XMu sg˚a
t'TSgGs'enAEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam EdlyYnVnEkE®kCaPasayYnenaHeLIy.

yYnUbniykmµ®bCaraRs†Exµre®kam
k~¨gsm&ye®TOg-mijy"ag EdlyYnVnGnuvt†Epnkaryk®sukExµreFI√
Ca®sukyYnenaH ‰ksaresomVnehAExµrfa «®bCaCnyYnfIµ» . bEnƒmelI
karbg≈M[ExµreVHbg'TMenomTMlab' GkßrsaÂs† ®BHBuTÏsasnaefrvaTecal
-21-
nig[ExµreronPasayYn es†cyYnVnbJÔat†[Exµre®kamTSgGs' ykEs®t
kUleTAtamJk¥ Edles†cyYndak'[sMrab'ext†nimYy@ . enHCameF¥aV-
yedIm∫I[yYneKsal'ÚsKl'´n®bCaraÂs† «yYnkMeNItExµr»Gs'enaHEt
b"ueNˆaHe®JHExµrext†nimYy@EtgmancritxusBIext†mYyeTot CaåTahrN_
ExµrEdlman®tkUlfac' e®cInmancit†E®b®bYl yksuxykrYcx¬Án ‰ExµrEd-
lman®tkUlsWne®cInmancit†k¬ahan man:rwgtÌwg mineGank∫al[yYn®tYt
®ta hflanbHeVr .l. ®BHecAmij-m"agVnbJÔati[Exµre®kamykEs®tkU
lCayY nmanCag´m∏Es Etcab' BIraC¥®BHecAy" aL¨gmk eKVnrab' ykEt
Es®VMmYyeTAvij . KWfaEsExµrd´TeTot Vn®tUvyYnbM´P¬eXasnabMVt'da
nfaCaCatiyYnsuTÏ EtExµrTSgGm∫almaNenaH enAEtrkßaTMenomTm¬ab'Ca
Exµr nigniyayPasaExµrenAeLIy . EsTSg®VMmYyenaHKW fac', sWn, KIm,
Kag, y"aj nigecA . ExßeKat†®tkUlEdles†cyYnbJÔatidak'[raÂs†Exµr
enAkmı¨Cae®kammandUcteTA –
‹ ExµrenAext†Bllav ®tUvEtykEsCa sWn, fac', KIm, Kag˘˘˘åTa hrN_ –
X¬Sg nig®BH®tJMg sWn-ji¨l, Kag , rinCaedIm˘˘˘
‹ ExµrenAext†mat'®CUk ®tUvEtykEsCa ecA˘˘åTahrN_ : ecA-esam
‹ ExµrenAext†®kmYns ®tUvEtykEsCa y"aj, daj'˘˘˘ åTa ˘ –daj'-®kUc˘˘˘
‹ ExµrenAext†eragdMrI ®tUvEtykEsCa kav˘˘˘åTahrN_ – kav-nU˘˘˘
‹ ExµrenAext†E®BkÚsßI ®tUvEtykEsCa dav˘˘˘å˘ – dav-kan (15)
‰Esd´TeTotenAJseBjkmı¨Cae®kamk*suTÏCaExµrEdr EtyYnminrab'b JçËlKW
– yWb, lI, Lwm, Tin, tS, j"ag, hug, vin, ®twg, ega, dU, tU, KI, eyOg, Gug (16) .

‰ksareyag - REFERENCES
(1) A History of Cambodia - David P. Chanler page 126 - published in 1983.
(2) Georges Maspero- L'Empire Khmer page 70 - Phnom Penh - Imprimerie du protectorat -1904
(3) Roger M. Smith, Cambodia's foreign policy, published 1965, page 13.
(4) seg≈bBgßavtar®beTskmı¨Ca edayr˘eKaviT TMB&r103 .
(5) J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge Fascicule II, page 131.
(6) ‰ksarmhabursExµr rbs'elakeGg-sut eVHBumıq~S1968 TMB&r1054 .
(7) Roger M. Smith, Camodia's foreign policy, page 14-15.
(8) A History of Cambodia, David P. Chandler, page 131.
(9) M. Giteau, Histoire du Cambodge, page 155.
(10) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, page 134.
(11) Memorandum of Cambodia on her territories in South Vietnam-Cochinchina 1954 -
Imprimerie Gloor- Geneva, page 4.
(12) sUmGanesovePAåkjaKuy rbs'elakEkv-suvtiƒ nigfac'-kan' eVHBumıq~S1966 .
(13) kUsSgsIunCaEdndIrbs'Exµr®tUv®bKl'[Exµrvij TMB&r63, 64, 65 edaysSg-m"ak'sag,
eVHBumıq~S1973 .
(14) sUmGanesovePA «rs'e®JHhflans¬ab'» rbs'elak´m"-pat' q~S1972 .
(15) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksWn-eL nigelakKim-Fwm rdΩva"siunetan GtItEm"Kh√k .
(16) EdndIkmı¨Cae®kam TMB&r118 q~S1971 edayKwm-saGflul .

-22-
 CMBUkTI2
sµartIPa∆ k'rÆk
karEdlxM∆¨elIkykvK®tg'enHmk e®JHCabzmehtuEdlbN†al[ma
nCaclnaes~haCatiP∆ak'rÆk e®kakeLIgtsflU nigkarCiHCan'´nGaNaniKm
VrSg rhUtbegI˚tCaclnaExµr≤sßr:,, ExµresrI, Exµreyokmij, Exµr®khmt
@mk .
k~¨gK˘s˘1857 ®BHGgdYgVnBwg®BHsgÙkatUliknam m"ugEsgj&r
mIs˙ ( Monseigneur Miche)) nS®BHraCsareTAsMuCMnYykgT&BVrSg mkvay
®suk´®BnKr ebIVnsMercraCkar®kugkmı¨CanwgecjCa®Vk'500ENn CUn
raCkarVrSg . ‰ext†®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg Vsak'(X¬Sg) ®BH®tJMg ®kmYns ma
t'®CUkm≈agTl'nwgmat'smu®T m≈agTl'nwg®sukE®BnKrenaH raCkar®kugkmı¨-
Canwgcat'kgT&BeTAvayB&TÏvageTATl'nwgEdn´®BnKr . ®BHecANab"UeLGu
gTI3 k*®Tg'emt†ae®Vstam®BHraCsar®Kb'®bkar . ®BHecAnerat†mVncat'
åkjaer CaesdΩIEkb ecAh√ayext†@JmCaemT&BnigesnaTahan ®Bmeda
ysaÂs†avuFbMruge®sc cat'åkjaymraCm"uk CaG~kbJÇËnes∫øgGaharbMru
gcSkgT&BBI®kugVrSgEssmkdl' nigvaypÊb'K~a (1) . dl'q~SmmIsMriTiÏ-
s&kK˘s˘1858 ®BHecANab"UeLGugVncat'åt†mnavI‰k Admiral Doudart
de Lagrée nSesnaTahancuHkV"l'eTAvay®kug´®BnKr . ‰raCkar®kugkmı¨
Cak*elIkT&BeTAvayext†®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg, Vsak', ®BH®tJMg, ®kmYns, mat'
®CUk (2) EtT&BExµr®tUveTIenA®tg'E®BkCIkvijet k*tSgVj'kSePI¬gFM-tUceTA
vijeTAmk EtCaGkusl®BHGgdYgsuKtenA´f©TI19tula1860 ‰åkjaEk
bk*®tUv®BHnerat†mtMeLIggarCaåkjac®kI (1) ehIy[elIkT&BeTAvayext†
®TSgt∫ËgteTAeTot . ®VMbIExe®kay®BHGgdYgsuKteTAenaH ®BHsIusuvtƒa
CaGnuC ®BHerat†mVncat'[s~gsUr menaEkv CajatixagmataekNÎT&BBI
tMbn'VP~M sg˚t'ext†e®tIyxagekIt edIm∫Ic∫SgdeNI†mraC¥BInerat†mtamkar
Bn¥¨HKS®Trbs'esom . k~¨gExmina1861 menaEkv®tUveKcab'Vn ‰s~gsUr
nigbkßBYkrt'eTABwgVrSgenAbnÊayext†eragdMrI ( Tai Ninh ) VrSgk*nSdak '

(1) k~¨gEp~krdΩVlExµr man®BHmhakß®tCaFM rYcbnÊab'mkKWmhaåbraC (CYnman-CYnKµan) rYcKW

sem†cecAh√flaTl˙: …CYnkalehA GKmhaesnabtI EdlmanmuxgaresIµnwgnaykrdΩmÂnI† (
Prime Monister ) . e®kamsem†cecAhfl√a manesnabtI(rdΩmÂnI†)bYnnak'KW åkjac®kI Caesna
xagkgT&BeCIgeKak nwgdwknSeCIgeKak, åkja®kLaeham CaesnaxagkgT&BeCIgTwknwgdwk
nSp¬ËvTwk, åkjaymraC CaesnabtI®ksYgtulakar, åkjavSg CaesnabtIxagkicçkar®BHraC
vSgnighirJÔvtƒ¨ ( sUmGanesovePA «kal®bvti†viT¥Ë´nkmı¨Ca» rbesµr®tg'vKTI1 EdlEcgc∫as'
las'BIrdΩVl®kug ext† eKarm¥gar, zann†rs&ki†mÂnI†, ecAh√ayext†, es†c®taj'TSg®VM, kMENn
kgT&B´nrbbski†PUmibUraNExµr ) .
-23-
'kV"l'ykeTAbMbrbg'ecal‰ekaH®tLaceTA .
k~¨gExemsa1862 sem†csuTsV"bHeVrekNÎT&BenAext†sMeragTg
(ext†kMBg'sWı) Et®tUvbraC&ycab'Vnsm¬ab'ecal .
k~¨gq~SkurbJçs&k1864 VvelakåkjaeteCasuk, ext†kMBg's√ay,
eQµaHs√a rt'eTAext†®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg tSgx¬ÁnCaGgPwm (2) bJç¨HbJçËlraÂs†
[VnT&Be®cIn elIkmktSgenA®sukeCIgkJçM¨sg˚t'ykext†Jm bnÊayma-
s ®TSg ´®Bkb∫as . evlayb's©at' embHenHnSesnalukåkjac®kIEkb
GnicçkmµenAext†®TSgeTA .
ecAh√ayext†yYnenAext†mat'®CUk ( Chaudoc ) VnKS®TclnabHeVr
enH (3) . edayVrSgeFI√karKMramx¬Sg eTIbåbraCyYn®Bm®bKl'x¬ÁnGacar¥
s√aenAExsIha1866 . EtenAExmkra mun®bKl'x¬ÁnGacar¥s√a yYnbegI˚t
clnabHeVrmYyeTot edaybeJçH[®KUGaKmeQµaHedImnU tSgx¬ÁnCaeJr
kMeVr ekNÎT&BtMbn'eragdMrIc∫SgdeNI†mraC¥ . ‰eJrkMeVrBitenaH Cabu®ta
®BHGgc&nÊTI2 VnsuKtenA®kugåt†¨gtSgBI®BHCnµ8Exem"¬H (4) . åbraCyYn
ext†lg'eharVnKS®TclnabHeVrenH (5) . cMVMgenHsIueBlGs'Cit2q~S
TMrSsm¬ab'eJrkMeVrVnen AExF~Ë1867 enATYlbg'bt' PUmis√ayePI¬g tSg
eKak edayåVyrbs'elakåkjaeteCaGIext†kMBg's√ay ‰mÂnI†raCkar
®bCaraÂs†s¬ab'vinasGs'Cae®cInnak' .
eyIgVneXIjfa ®BHGgDYgVn[åkjaraCaesdIΩEkbvayykext†k-
mı¨Cae®kamvij Eteday®Tg'suKtk~¨gq~S1860eTA åkjaEkbk*pÌaksÂgam
enaHsin e®kaymkh¬Ágnerat†mVntemI¬ggaråkjaEkb CaesnabtITahan
eCIgeKakCaTIc®kIeBjys rYc[elIkT&BeTAvayext†®TSge®tIyt∫ËgeTot.
ehtuenHehIy edIm∫IkMu[ExµreTAvayykext†kmı¨Cae®kamVn mhaåbraCyY
nEdltSgenAext†lg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) enaHk*rkmeF¥aVyKS®TembH
eVrGacar¥s√a [eTAluksm¬ab'åkjac®kIEkbTal'EtVn . e®kaymkeTo
tyYnKS®TclnabHeVreJrkMeVreTot KWk~¨geKalbMNgeFI√[Exµrmancla
clk~¨g®suk ehIyKµan{kasnwgvayykext†kUsSgsIunmkvij . Exµrk*F¬a
k'k~¨gåVyklyYn Edle®bIkl∫ykF¥Ëglabmuxman'[Cl'K~a Exµrk*c∫S
gkab'sm¬ab'EtK~a‰g ehIyKµan{kasnwgvayykext† EdlyYnb¬n'yk
enaHmkvijeLIy . cMVMgk~¨g®sukExµrsB√´f© ( 1979-1990 ) k*Caneya
VydEdlEdlyYnykmke®bI[Exµrsm¬ab'EtK~a‰g .

(2) GgPwmCabu®tarbs'åbraCGgGwum EdllYcePosecjBIVt'dMbg (esom) edaycaj'åVy

klyYn ®tUve®TOg-mijy"agXMuTukenAext†lg'ehar ‰GgPwmBit®VkdenaHVnsuKtrYceTA
ehIyenATIenaH .

-24-
 GaNaB¥aVlVraMg
edIm∫I[rYccakBICMerotCMErkbreTsCitxag ®BHnerat†mk*dak'®beTskmı¨
Cae®kamGaNaB¥aVlVrSg edaysniÏsJÔacuH´f©TI11 ExsIha q~S1863
. edaysarkarbHeVrTSgBIrelIkenaH VrSgVnef˚aleTasfa mkBIEp~k
rdΩVlExµrexßay . VrSgyl'eXIjfa rebobrdΩVlrbs'®BHnerat†mmin
lÌ k*manbMNgesIerIEkE®brdΩVlEbbfIµ . enAq~S1883 elak Charles
VnmkCaGPiVl≤NÎËcinEp~krdΩVlsIuvil . elaksMercfa®tUv
ThomsonV
Etbg≈M[®BHnerat†mLay®BHhtƒelxak~¨gkar®bKl'kicçkarEpndIExµreTAV
rSgkan'kab'TSgGs' . eKVne®KagTukfa ebI®BHnerat†mmin®BmeTenaH eK
nwgbg≈M[®BHGgdak'raC¥ rYcehIyelIk®BHsIusuvtiƒEdlKS®TVrSgenaH[
eLIgesayraC¥vij . tSgBIyb'ebotP¬W´n´f©TI17mifunaq~S1884 edIm∫IGnu-
vt†karenaH elakFumsunVnebIkkaV"l'eQµaHsIulUEGtmkctenAcMmuxvSg
P~MeBj (6) . dl'em"ag®bEhl10yb' elakkan'sMNMulixitcUleTACYb
®BHnerat†m edaymanTahan®bdab'GavuFsML¨t ( T√arVlnigåkjavSgmin
[cUle®JHes†ckMBugpÊM elakFumsunykeCIgQUsT√ar®kLabnÊMeLIg®KSg
) . ebI®BHnerat†mmin®BmcuH®BHhtƒelxaeTenaH ®Tg'®tUvEtdak'raC¥ ®BH
nerat†mk*®BmcuHhtƒelxaTSgeTIsTal'nigBieraF (7) edaysuxcit†®bKl'
GmNackicçkarEpndIeTAraCkarVrSgcat'EcgerobcM . ®VMmYyExe®kaymk
®Tg'k*temI¬ggarPkI†QUk Camhatlwk[®KggarCaåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk Ca

kV"l'eQµaH sal¬ËEGt EdlVrSgVnCiHmkbg≈M®BHkruNa®BHVTnerat†m [Lay

®BHhtƒelxaelIGnusJÔaq~S1884 .

-25-