®bB&nÏcarkicçyn

Y kumµ¨ynis†
tSgBIq~S1947 mkem"¬H EdlBYkevotNamxageCIgVnnSGavuFcUlmkk~¨g
®sukExµr (11)) ehIybegI˚tmUldΩanbIk~¨g®sukExµrKW Cb'-emmt'mYy, enAtMbn'
kMBg'®tac-kMBtmYy nigenAsMLËt-Vt'dMbgmYy . bnÊab'mkyYnevotmij
VnbegI˚tExµrevotmij nigraybN†ajcarkicçyYnenAesIÊr®Kb'TIrYmext†Exµr Ca
BiessenAk~¨g®kugP~MeBjEtm†g . eKykBYkyYnEdlmankMeNItenA®suk
Exµr [mkeFI√kicçkarTSgGs'enH . CadMbUgeK[yYnm~ak'ekItenAext†kMBt cUl
mkbYseFI√Ca®BHsgÙExµrKNefrvaT rYccUlmkeronCab'sJÔab&®tsalaV-
lIenA®kugP~MeBj . yYneFI√y"agenHe®JHkalenaH BYkG~kneyaVyExµrEdl
®bqSgnwgVrSg e®cInecjmkBI®bPB®BHsgÙ dUcCakrNIVtukmµ®BHsgÙ
k~¨gq~S1942, krNIGacar¥Ehm-ecov, Gacar¥exov-CMu, ®BH®KUV"g-xat', Gacar¥
Gfluk-Ca, ®BH®KUsUr-hayCaedIm . eK[yYnEdlmanmaneQµaHe®kAehAfa Ga
car¥Gn-emon ykeQµaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIybn¬MfaCabÌËnrbs'elaksWg-
g"ukfaj'eTot e®JHkalenaHelakfaj' manekr†ei_ QµaHl∫IsMebImNas'k~¨g
kar®bqSgVrSg ehIyeBlenaHExµrkMBugVt'emedaysWg-g"ukfaj'®tUvVrSg
cab' .
elaksgÙmYyGgeQµaHcUvCatiyYnbYseFI√®BHsgÙExµr enAelIP~MsMeBA
Vt'dMbg ( lÌagelaktacUv ) k*CaExßry:bN†ajcarkicçyYnevotmijEdr .
sni~siThßWENvq~S1954 VnsMerc[kgT&BbreTsTSgGs'ecjBI
kmı¨Ca EtkgT&ByYnxageCIgminVneKarBesckI†sMercenHeLIy . eBlT&B
FMyYndkfyeTA yYnevotmijVnTukbN†ajcarkicçeFI√skmµPaBs©at'@enA
tamext†nana CaBiessk~¨g®kugP~MeBjEtm†g . edIm∫ICasJÔasMKal'K~a enA
muxpÊHeK@EtgdSedImÚsßIEkvmYy…BIrKumıCanicç . BYkyYnTSgenaHenAbn¬Mx¬Án
eFI√Ca®bkbrbrkMbiukkMb"uk ebIkhagkat'edrsMelokbMJk'bursm"UdGWr"ub, enA
pßarcas', Citviman‰kraC¥, enAtamext†dUcCahagkat'edr´tl&renAesomrab,
hageFI√LSgErkTwkenAp¬ËvelxBIrkn¬Hext†Vt'dMbg (20) , nigbn®sIeBs¥a
EdlPaKe®cInmanemCa®sIyYnemIlkarxus®tUv ehIynarIeBs¥ayYnKWCacar
narIEtm†g .
evotmijVnGb'rM®sIyYnmYycMnYn ehIyElg[mkeFI√karTak'Tgy"ag
Na[VnCa®sIkMNan' Ca®bBnÏcugGs'elakFM namWunmÂnI† ecA®ksYgb"UlIs
Kij Ky CaBiess®bBnÏcugnayTahanExµr . emeronenHminEmnfIµeLIy
ExµrF¬ab'sal'm†grYcmkehIy sm&yes†cC&yeCdΩaTI2EdlVnnagkU-Cinsiu
n bu®tIes†cyYnCamehsI rhUtdl'Gs'dIkMBg'®kbI´®BnKr cg√ar®tJMg ®BH
sYK·a åkjaDin˘˘˘ eTAehIy . enAsm&yVrSg k*Exµrdwgm†geTotEdr . nay

(20) ®bBnÏnigkUnGacar¥saernVneTAtambI†nig“Bukm†aytamry:enH k~¨gq~S1960 .

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TahanFM@VrSg EdlcUlcit†eVyyYn kMNan'®sIyYn ®bBnÏyYn ®tUvs¬ab'
Gs'minticEdr dUcCakrNIelak Jean De Raymond ®tUveVyEdlelak®s
Laj'eFI√CakUnciJçwmenaH vayelaksm¬ab'eBlkMBugsMran†lk' (1952) BMu-
Emn®kumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'sm¬ab'dUcesovePA How Pol Pot came to power
sresrenaHeT .
mças'bNˆaKarhug-yU pßarcas' Cas&ki†®VMevotkug . kUnhug-yUGacec
jcUlcMkarmndUcCapÊHrbs'eK e®JHeKCa®KUbe®gonbu®tG~km~agm"Unic . hug
yUenHeTotæfaVnebIk®kumhflunrksIuCamYyG~km~agnigGMu-m"aNUrin rt'BnÏrb-
s'BIbreTstamkV"l' EdlcUlmkctk~¨gkMBg'EpÂh√g'sIu (EprYcBnÏ) enAmux
vSgP~MeBj . kalsm&yenaH manelakCYn-Ey"m CaemKyFMenAP~MeBj .
eQµaHfg-XWn enAext†esomrabCaExßevotmij . k~¨gbI…bYnExm†gEtg
EteLIgcuHeTAhaNUy ‰BYkGaC∆aFrExµrdUcCaKµandwgx¥l'GI√bni†cesaH(21) .
CnCatiyYne®cInrs'enACashKm minrs'layLMCamYyExµreT . enA®ku
gP~MeBjmansg˚at'yYnFM@ m†M¨eBT¥cin viharekAday GUrÚsßI pßartUc eKman
begI˚tCasmaKmsasna smaKm‰kCnnana EdleFI√skmµPaBneyaVy
PaKe®cInCagskmµPaBsgmkicç . viharekAdayCitbnÊays¬wk pßaredImKr
VnTSgnSkSePI¬gtUcFM ®Kab'rMesvmklak'Tuky"age®cIn edaylak'k~¨gk†arm-
QUs eFI√CaEhrexµacnScUleTAlak'Tukk~¨gvihar dl'e®kaymkeTIbEbkkar (
q~S1959 ) .
enAkMBg'q~Sg enAxßac'eJyVt'dMbg CMuvijbwgTen¬sabsuTÏEtyYn .
k~¨gq~S1963 eBlsem†cyageTAsemıaFTIlankILaVl'eVHenAext†kM
Bg'FMenaH ecAh√ayext†kMBg'FMVnf√ayyYnm~ak'eQµaHeL-Dwk CaemcugePA
y"agl∫I . sem†cVnnSykyYnenHmkf√aymataelak sMrab'eFI√®kyaf√ay
ral'´f©k~¨gvSgenAP~MeBj . eL-Dwk enHCas&ki†bIcarbursyYnevotkugm~ak'Edr.
vaVnTSgnS®kum®KYsarva tSgBIm†ayekµk ®bBnÏmkenAk~¨gvSg bMerIkß®tIbuVπ
eTvIenAe®kammha®VsaT . dMbUgBYkb"UlIsext†Vncab'yYneQµaHeL-Dwk
mkdak'Kuk edayvalYccUlmkenAkMBg'FM edayKµanGt†sJÔaNsMKal'x¬Án.
enAk~¨gKuk yYnenHVnniyayfa vaecHeFI√m˙Ëbq©aj' . emPUXMuk*ykva[eFI√m˙Ëb
[ . e®kaymkl∫Idl'ecAh√ayext†@k*nSykeTAeFI√CacugePApÊal' . dl'eB
lsem†c®Tg'yageTAext†kMBg'FM k*sresIrCab'mat'nwgm˙Ëb EdlelakecA-
h√ayext†erobf√ay ehIysYrrkmuxG~keFI√ . ecAh√ayext†kMBg'FM BU-tughav
k*f√ayeL-DwkenHbeN†ay . yYncarburseL-DwkenHminecHniyayExµreT
. eBlln'-nl'eFI√rdΩ®bharTMlak'sIhnuk~¨gq~S1970 TahanVncab'eL-

(21) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksamut-bun

fl fan' sB´√ f©rs'enArdΩkalIh&r√ nij"afa – fg-XWnCa
bkßBYklav-EkvmunI . fg-XWnekItenAPUmie®CaynaggYn ®suk®sIs~M ext†esomrab . bMerIyYnevotmij
m†geTotk~¨gq~S1972 . eBlb"ul-BtQ~H eKk*sma¬ b'fg-XWneTA .

-73-
Dwkdak'Lan edayGagx~gP~ak'garyYnenHminx¬acG~kcab'eT E®skeCrke®JÇa
lF¬ak'BIelIrfyn†Ebkk∫als¬ab'eTA .
erOgmYyeTot KWmaneQµaH®sIp¬y CaKNkmµkarevotmijEdr F¬ab'bMerI
clnaenHenACb' emmt' E®kk VmTTYlkarGb'rMBIBYkevotmijfa – eyIgCa
G~ktsflUvayVrSgdUcK~a cUrkMu®bkan'eyIgCa®bCaCnevotNam Exµr lav ®tUv
®sLaj'K~adUcCabgbÌËnbegI˚t dIyYnk*dUcCadIExµr dIlavEdr ®bCaCnyYnk*
dUcCa®bCaCnExµrEdr eyIgebIkcMh[®bCaCnTSgbIrs'enAsux®sYlCamYy
K~aebIeyIg®bkan'hYsehtu nwgnS[®bCaCneyIgTSgbIeQ¬aHK~aKµaneBlcb'
eLIy .
tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin (sIuGafil) fa ®sIp¬yenHman
kMeNItenAåt†rmanC&y . sm&yyYnVneFI√CaKNext†åt†rmanC&ymYyr-
y: . KW®sIp¬yenHehIyEdleFI√CaExßry:C
CamYyhagkat'edrEfl&renAeso
mrab®kug .
eyIgeXIjfayYnxageCIgVndak'carCneK[cUleTAenAekoknwgemdwk
nSExµr edIm∫Isal'cMNucexßay Gt†critemdwknSExµr nigykkarsm©at'BIExµr
eTIbemdwknSyYnsal'®keyAk∫alemdwknSExµry"agc∫as'dUc®keyAVt´dva
GIcwg . kalVtukmµvayTUtevotkug-yYnxageCIg eKykVn‰ksarEdl
yYnsikßaBIemExµrfa emExµrcUlcit†luy, ®sI, ®sa, GMNac Et®kumsm©at'Exµr
bMbwTecaleTA .
KMeragkarNe_ nHeKerobcMCayUryarNas'mkehIy tSgBIsm&ycMVMg
CamYyGaNaniKmVrSgem"¬H KWyYnxageCIge®Kagyk®sukExµr[Vnk~¨gGna
Kt . eBlyYnemIleXIjfa eKCitVnsMerceCaKC&yrMedaHb®gYbb®gYmevo
tNamxagt∫Ëg emdwknSyYnk*sMercdMNak'karTI2tambN†ShU-CImij Ed
lmunnwgs¬ab'Vnp†SehIyp†SeTot [sav&kKat'bn†karrMedaHyk≤NÎËcinTSg
mUl (Exµr lav) rYmeFI√CashB&nÏ≤NÎËcinenaH eTIb®bCaCnyYnTSgxageCIg
nigxagt∫ËgcMnYnCag60lannak'Gacrs'enAVn®sYl e®JHdIExµrCadIx¬aj'xa
gp†l'®sUv-®tI Edlmat'raÂs†yYn®tUvkarCacSVc' ehIymYyeTotTSgemdwk
nSTSgraÂs†ExµrminVnKitKUrBIvasna®beTsrbs'eKeT e®JHmnusßenAtic
elITwkdIFMTUlay VneFI√[ExµrmanKMnitxI¬ xiÇl rs'enAsb∫ayeP¬cx¬Án TSg
emdwknS (eGabGMNac) TSgraÂs† .

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 CMBUkTI4
GB¥a®kwt¥lMeGogkumµ¨ynis†

kalEdlelalsWg-g"ukfaj'vil®tLb'mkBI®sukVrSg BICIvPaBCaCn
nireTsenA´f©TI20 Extula q~S1951 enaHsem†csIhnuVnham®Vmmin[
eKeTATTYlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eLIy Etsisßanusisß ®bCaraÂs†rab'Jn'
mWunnak'VneTATTYlelak . tSgBIvalcMNtyn†ehaHeJFicintugmkdl'ra
CFanIP~MeBj manmnusßQrGmp¬ËvCaBIrCYrrhUt (1) . sIhnumanesckI†®c-
ENnNas'nwg®bCa®biyPaBrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k~¨g®beTsExµr Ca
e®KaHminlÌdl'®BHGgnigrbbraCaniym . teTA´f©mux®BHGgnwgVt'muxmat'
Vt'raCbl¬g˚ Vt'GMNacCaminxan e®JHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'hak'mankm¬Sg
®sUbTak'TajBBYkbJÔv&n†Exµr[mkrYbrYmCamYyVn . ehtuenHehIyeTIbsI
hnucat'TukelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Cas®tUvTI1rbs'®Tg' nigrbbraCaski†PUmiEd
lman®Tg'CatMNag .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnecjeTA´®B´f©TI9 mina 1952 edIm∫IvayVrSg
TamTar‰kraC¥ . VrSgcaj'sÂgameDonebonPU enA´f©TI7 åsPa 1954 eFI√
[GMNacGaNaniKmrgaHregIGs'Bis . karTamTar‰kraC¥snßwm@rbs's
em†ck¬ayCamaneCaKC&y . edayVrSgcaj'sÂgamCamYyhU-CImijy"agF©n'
k*suxcit†®bKl'‰kraC¥mk®beTskmı¨Ca sfly‰BYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' Ed
lkT&BenAGUrsµac'P~MdgErkeTAvij . sIhnuVnk¬ayCamhavIrbursrdΩ Cabi-
ta‰kraC¥Cati man®bCa®biyPaBd*Gsçar¥ EdlraÂs†Exµrl©g'ex¬AnSK~aeCOfa
®Tg'CaFmwµkraC VrSgsMucuHj"me®kamGnuPaBkSePI¬geQIBYkCIvBl-narIk¬aha
n.
rdΩFmµnuJÔEdlerobcMeLIgeday®Tg'sIusuvtiƒ-yuti†vgß (2) nigbkß®bCa
Fibety¥ ehIy®bkase®bIk~¨gq~S1947 Vndk'GMNacCae®cInBI®BHmha-
kß®t ®bKl'eTA[®bCaraÂs† EdlmansPaCatMNag . rdΩFmµnuJÔEdl®bka
se®bImkenaH minCaTIsB√®BHhÚT&ysem†ceLIy . sIhnuVnEkE®b®tL
n'®tLincuHeLIgCae®cInsaredIm∫IkarJrEtpl®beyaCnn
_ igzan:B
BYkk߮t .
sPaCatinItikalTI1 cab'ebIkBI´f©TI21 Exmkra 1948 ehIymansmaCikPa
Ke®cInCabkß®bCaFibety¥ . eday®cENnnwgbkß®bCaFibety¥man®bCa
®biyPaBCag ehIyedaysmaCikPaKe®cInmin®BmeFI√tambMNg®Tg' sIhnu
k*®bkasrMlayrdΩsPanItikalTI1enaHeTAenA´f©TI17 kJÔa q~S1949 (1) .

(1) tamesckI†[karrbs'elaksafl m-hYt GtItKNkmµkarbkß®bCaFibety¥®bcS®kugP~MeBj sB´√ f©

elakrs'enAk~¨g®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .
(2) sUmGanTMB&r76
-75-
e®kaymkeTotenA´f©TI14 mkra 1950 Cnm~ak'Vnyk®Kab'EbkeTAKb'cUlTI
cat'karKNbkß®bCaFibety¥sm¬ab'elakeGov-ekIs, Gtit®bFanrdΩsPa
nigCaGKelxaFikarKNbkß®bCaFibety¥, enHk*Cas~a´drbs'sem†cEdr(2)
EtTm¬ak'eTaseTAelI®Tg'nrinÊedteTAvij . k~¨gkardeNI†mGMNacBIraÂs†enH
sIhnuVnGnuvt†GMeBIkacsahavNas' eFI√Tuk≈bukem~jBYk®bCaFibety¥ ca
b'dak'Kuk (ekg-va"n'sak'˘˘˘), sm¬ab'ecalGs'Cae®cIn manelakeGov-ekIs,
Gacar¥GflU-cug (kUnta®kmg"uy˘˘˘), bwTsarBt·manExµre®kakCaedIm . edaysar
sPanItikalTI2min®BmeFI√tambMNgrbs'®Tg' sIhnuk*®bkasbwTsPaniti
kalTI2enaHeTot enA´f©TI13 mkra 1953 (3) ehIycab'smaCiksPaCae®cIn
EdlCMTas'nwg®Tg'jat'KukGs' k~¨gcMeNamenaHmanelakbflun-cnÊm"ulpg
Edr .
sUmCMrabfa kalsm&yenaH manKNbkßneyaVye®cInbkße®cIn®ku-
mNas' (4) EtmanEtbkß®bCaFibety¥eT Edlman®bCa®biyCageK .
bkßTSgenaHKW –
1- KNbkß®bCaFibety¥ sJÔak∫aldMrIkan'p˚aQUkbI manelakeGov-
ekIsCa®bFan .
2- KNbkßesrIPaB sJÔarUb®VsaTkMBUlbI man®Tg'nerat†m-nrinÊed
tCa®bFan .
3- KNbkßexmrb"un~kar sJÔarUbnagKg˙Ig manelakln'-nl'dwknS .
4- KNbkßdMekIg®bCaCati sJÔahnuman®TEpnTI®sukExµr manelak
Eym-sMbUrCaG~kdwknS .
5- KNbkßcMerInCati sJÔarUb®BYjTm¬¨HkgbYn manelakCa-Cinkuk Ca
G~kdwknS .

(2) ®Tg'yuti†vgßCaG~k®VCE∆ xµrm~ak' EdlVnsikßadl'åt†mviCaÇ mansJaÇ tiVrSg manPriyaVrSg .

kaleNaHhU-CImijk*TTYlsal'Edrfa Exµrmanp˚aymYyrHEdr Etp˚ayenaHedIrpˬvpʨyBIhU-CImij . ®Tw
sI†bTyuti†vgß ( Théorèmes de Youthevong ) xagKNitviT¥a manenAk~¨gkmµviFIEp~kåt†msikßa enA
mhaviT¥al&yviT¥asaÂs† . ®Tg'yuti†vgßVnnSyklTiÏ®bCaFibety¥ Edl®Tg'ekatsresIrtSgBIenA
‰®sukVrSgenaHcUlmk®sukExµr . ®Tg'CaG~kbegI˚tKNbkß®bCaFibety¥muneKCamYyelakeGov-
ekIs nigCaG~kEdlVne®BogsMeNArdΩFmµnuJÔExµrCadMbUg edayykrdΩFmµnuJÔrbs'saFarNrdΩVrS
gTIbICaeKal . eday®Tg'minjejItVrSg nigecHrarSgkicçkarrbs'VrSg eTIbVrSge®KageFK
I√ tela
k . tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksafl m-hYt fa®Tg'manCm©WsYt Edlmin®tUvK~anigFatuGakas®tCak'
eLIy . VrSgk*rkelscak'cuc[Priya®Tg'CatiVrSgenaHerobcM eFB
I√ iFICb'elogmYyenAeBlra®tIha
lsenßIm . ®Tg'yuti†vgß®tUvEteTAcUlrYmxanminVn e®JHPriyaelakVnNat'CamYyG~kFMVrSgrYc
eTAehIy . eday®tUvFatu®tCak'eraKelakk*erIberIeLIgvij VrSgeKmanf~SEdr EteKmincak'f~SenaH[
Tuk[elaksuKttamsMrYleTAenAk~¨gExkk˚daq~S1947 . ectiyelakenAelIP~M®BHraC®TB¥®sukåt†¨g.
sem†ce®tkGrNas'Edl®Tg'yuti†vgßsuKteTA KWelakVt's®tUvmYyehIy . tSgBI®Tg'yuti†vgßsuKt
eTA sem†cminEdlecj®BHvacarMlwkBI®Tg'yuti†vgßTal'EtesaH . m~ag®Tg'yuti†vgß®BmTSgbu®tBIrnak'
VnvileTArs'enA®sukVrSgrhUtdl'sB´√ f© .

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 6- KNbk߯sanmanC&y sJÔarUbTg'C&yBIrEx√g®Tm˚¨d manelak
em"A-cy CaG~kdwknS .
7- KNbkßsMbukXMµ¨rbs'elakm"m-suTÏ .
8- KNbkßkN†ab'®sUv dwknSedayelaksm-jan (3) .
9- KNbkßrYbrYmCati .
10- KNbkßrUbkeNÎøv .
11-KNbkß®bCaCn sJÔarUbng&l rbs'®kumExµrevotmij EdldwknS
eday®kum Nub-bUpan, ng-sYn ( mIu-pU, m"a-mYn, lav-EkvmunI˘˘˘ ) .
eKalbMNgrbs'sem†cKW ek†abykGMNacTSgGs' nigrMlayKNb-
kßTSgGs' [mkenAe®kam≤TiÏBlrbs'®Tg' . edIm∫Ihk'cUlmkykGMNac
[eBj´d sIhnuk*dak'raC¥f√aymatabitaelakenAq~S1955 rYc®Tg'k*begI˚tK
NbkßsgmraÂs†niym nige®bIGMNac´®B rMlayKNbkßd´TeTot[cUl
mkCamYy .
BYk®bCaFibety¥EdlmincUlrYmCamYyKNbkßsgmraÂs†niym ®tUv
bYkKijb"UlIstamrab'yb'´f© eFI√Tuk≈bukem~jeKobsg˚t'®Kb'viFI˘˘˘˘. sIhnuV
nbg≈M[eFI√kareVHeq~at®bCamtie®CIserIsykKNbkßneyaVysgmra-
Âs†niym . k~¨gkareXasnaKNbkßenaH sIhnunigBYk´cvSgVne®bIGMeBI
´®B´pßbMputk~¨gkarpçaj'pçalBYkeXasnikbkß®bCaFibety¥ . tamesckI†[
karNr_ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKliksikßaPM~eBj sB√´f©rs'enA
Montreal kaNada Vnniyayfa – kalenACasisßviT¥al&ysIusuvtiƒ Vn
tameTACamYy®kumeXasnikbkß®bCaFibety¥ Edlmanelakekg-va"n'
sak', G~k®KUexov-b"uNˆarI (GtIt®KUrbs'elakyU-sMbUr)˘˘˘ nigK~amYycMnYneTo
teTAeXasnatamext† . elakyU-sMbUrVneXIjBYk´cvSgyk®kumqSyuS
eTATH vaysrtMLg'rMxanqaeqAkMu[®bCaraÂs†s†ab'kareXasnaBYk®bCaFibet
t¥ekIt . enAesomrab sIhnubJÇamkdab-QYn @k*e®bIb"UlIsGUs®cvak'va"v
cuHra"veLIgkat'muxeXasnik®bCaFibety¥ eXasnik®bCaFibety¥P&yk*rt'
®Vs'ykrYcx¬Án . enAP~MeBjCit®ksYgeXasnakar sIhnubJÇa[sm-sarI
( “Bukrbs'elaksm-rgßI¨ ) nSBYkKijeTAVj'elakeGor-sIucUv nigekg-
va"n'sak' EdlkMBugeFI√kareXasnaelIevTika . enAVt'dMbg, elaktUc-QYg
G~kniBnÏesovePA « Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmças' » sB√´f©rs'enAXMuvt†Kr ext†
Vt'dMbgVn[karNf
_ a – kalenACasisßGnuviT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß VncUl
rYmCYyeXasnakNbkß®bCaFibety¥ . eBlkMBugeXasnaenApßare®kam
Vt'dMbg BYkb"UlIsext†VnekNÎmnusßmYy®kumxÊg'´m∏nak' [ykfµedj
Kb' k*nSK~art'ykEtrYcx¬Án . erOgEbbenHman®Kb'TIkEn¬geBj®sukExµr
k~¨gq~S1955 rhUtmansm¬ab'eXasnik®bCaFibety¥eTotpg dUcCaenAeso

(3) Ca“Buksm-sarI ‰sm-sarIxwgnwgsem†chUtgarTUt k*rt'eTAcUlCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .

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mrabCaedIm . sIhnuVnQ~Heq~at®bCamti edaymeF¥aVyd*eXareXAEbb
enH . enAcugExkJÔa GKelxaFikarKNbkß®bCaFibety¥ VneFI√BiFItUcmY
ycMeJHmuxsmaCik Ef¬grMlayKNbkß®bCaFibety¥ EdlelakeTog-
eLam"an'CakµÁy, sB√´f©rs'enA®kugsIuGafil, VnrMlwksMdIGKelxaFikarbkß
®bCaFibety¥fa – edayehtusgmraÂs†niymQ~Heq~at®bCamti GMeNIHt
eTAmanEtKNbkßneyaVyEtmYyKt'dwknSneyaVy®sukExµr ®beTs
Exµrk~¨gGnaKt c∫as'Canwg®tUvTTYlrge®KaHB¥¨HsgÙraGn†rayCaBMuxan .
munhk'cUl®bLËkk~¨gerOgneyaVydeNI†mGMNacenH es†csIhnuV
ncUleTAsikßacMeNHBuTÏc®k GaNac®k BIsMNak'sem†csgÙCYn-Nat
ral'@ra®tI cab'BIrMlgGa®FateTA .
k~¨gq~S1955 sem†cCYn-NatVn®BmansIhnufa – ®Tg'enAekµgesckI†
Nas' KYrkMuGaleFI√neyaVyGI E®kgnwgnSe®KaHmhn†raydl'®beTsExµrni
g®bCara®s†Exµr ! . sIhnu, kalenaHx∆al'Cax¬Sg, k*rMelIksarKuNtbfa –
buN¥TICasem†csgÙenH KWsIhnuCaG~k®beKn mYyeToterOgeFI√…mineFI√n-
eyaVyenaH CaerOgpÊal'x¬ÁnsIhnu sem†csgÙsUmkMulUkmke®CotE®Ck
erOgenH .

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 sIhnunigb¬¨kkumµ¨ynis†

®beTsyYnnigcin®khmmineKarBesckI†sMercrbs'sni~siTTI®kughßW
ENveLIy . yYnevotmijenAEtbn†neyaVysm©at'teTAeTot edaymanbM
Ngyk®sukExµr eFI√CamUldΩanrMedaHyYnxagt∫Ëg . cin®bCamanituVnrk
Exßry:c
cinEdlF¬ab'ecjcUlvSgm~ak' pÊHenAmuxvSgeQµaH Kuc-CI ®bBnÏeQµaH
Lan' [eFI√CaemF~ak' . k~¨gq~S1956 sem†cVnTak'Tgcin®khm . elakCU-
eGgLayVnmkeFI√TsßnkicçenA®sukExµrk~¨gcugq~S1956 (5) kaleNaHcin
niyaysMu[sem†cCYyyYn k~¨gkarvayrMedaHevotNamxagt∫ËgEtm†g (4) .
tamsMdI“BukxM∆¨ G~kniyayviT¥¨eb"kSgCaPasaExµr CacinekItenAkMBg'cam eron
GkßrExµrenAvt†e®CayfµBI®BHsgÙGacar¥enA ( “BukxM∆¨sMNak'enAkudikalenA
Casisßbzmsikßa ) .
®ksYgsm©at'GaemrikSgeXIjsem†cTak'TgcinCYyyYnehIy k*cab'rk
Exßry:rMlMsem†c . k~¨gEpnkarenHeKTak'TgVndab-QYnenAcugq~S1957
eKp†l'luykak'nigGavuF viT¥¨Tak'TgCae®cIndwktamyn†ehaHBIeyokNamxa
gt∫Ëgmk[dab-QYnenAesomrabeBlra®tI . dab-QYnKµancMeNHEfmTS
gKµanG~kecHdwgCYyesaH eTIbGaemrikSgyknayTahanyYnxagt∫ËgBIrnak'
mkCYy eFI√[sem†csIhnumankarsgß&y (5) . e®kaymkG~kCMnajkarGa-
emrikSgVn[rdΩaPiVl´fCYyrkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' eday[elak®kumt®mY
t´fCYypg . elakr"gq:N
N:V
VneTAykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIext†L¨knij
(6) mk . GaemrikSgsMu[elaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTACYydab-QYn edIm∫Ip†l'

(4) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esniy‰knigCaG~kcat'EcgkarTTYlbdisNΩar-

kicçePø∆ vbreTsnanasm&ysem†csIhnu .
(5) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin enATI®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .
(6) e®kaysni~siThßWENvq~S1954 Exµr≤sßr: Exµrevotmij ®tUvcuHcUleTArYbrYmk~¨gsgmCativij .
e®kayBIeFb
I√ uN¥‰kraC¥enAelIP~MdgErkrYc kgT&B≤sßr:rrYmExµrbMerICatirbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vnda
k'GavuFcuHcUleTArs'k~¨gsgmCatiedayxH¬ eTAeronbn†viCaÇ eTot manCaGaTi lav-FanGIumCaedIm Edl
eronbn†CanisßitevCb
Ç NiÎt . KµannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuN¥s&ki†BIsem†cesaHeLIy eTaHCaBYkExµrevot
mijk*eday . enAk~¨gBiFIbuN¥enaH elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnniyayEp†p†Sfa – eBlenHkartsUrfl bs'eyI
g®tUvcb'mYyry: eday®beTsExµrVn‰kraC¥ehIy EtebskkmµkUnExµrenAminTan'cb'enAeLIyeT k~¨
gkarkarJrTwkdIExµr[Kg'vg' . sIhnusuxcit†TTYlkgT&B≤sßr:rYmExµrbMerICatiTSgGs' elIkElgEt
sWg-g"ukfaj'ecj ®Tg'hammin[cUlmk®sukExµresaHeLIy ehIyecaTelaksWg-g"ukfaj'fa Ca
Cnk∫t'CatieTotpg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*rs'enAelIP~MdgErkCamYyTahanCMnit30nak' nSK~aeFc
I√ M-
karciJçwmCIvit . k~¨gq~S1956 sem†ce®bI[dab-QYnnST&BeTAvaybnÊayelakeqHexÊcxIÊ . elakfaj'
k*ePosxÁ¬ncUleTAk~¨gdI´f elaknayt®mYt´fkalenaHCas&ki†bIraCt®mYt VnykåTÏm∏aKc®keTATTYl
elaksWg-g"ukfaj' [lak'xÁ¬nenAk~¨g®kugVgkk . e®kaybni†cmksem†c®BHmhakß®tIyanIkusum:V
V
nyageTAefT
I√ sßnkicç®kugVgkk ehIyVnsMu[raCrdΩaPiVl´fcab'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'®bKl'mk[

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rdΩaPiVlExµr eTaHCa´fcg'VnsKuNCamasb"unµanKILËk*eday . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnlbmkCYb
TahanCMnitelakenACayEdnvij Ep†p†S[eTArs'enAbnMe¬ FC
I√ a®bCaCnenAk~¨g®suk´fsin . rYceday
elakminTukcit†elaknayt®mYt´feTot xa¬ cykelakeTAlk'[ExµrsIhnu eBlra®tIelakk*lYceKc
eLIgreTHePg
I¬ cUleTA®sukPUma rYcTak'TgTUtCb"uneTAsMNak'enAtUk¥ËmYyry:t
tUc rYck*eFd
I√ MeNIreTA®su
kyYneyokNamxagt∫Ëg eTACYbnwgbÌËnelakeQµaHsWg-fayegø√ genA®kug´®BnKr sMNak'enATIenaH
mYyry:eTot eTIbelakecjeTAsm©Mlak'xÁn
¬ enAk~¨gext†L¨knij eFc
I√ MkarCamYyG~kCMnitm~ak'eQµaHta
hy enAk~¨gPUmibusßFM . elakEtgEttamdan®sukeTsCanicç edayGansarBt·manyYnnigVrSgEd
lbÌËnelakepm
I∆ k[ . enATIenaHelakVneps
I∆ Mbu®teTA®Vb'TahanCMnitenA´fnamjwk-KimL¨g ( Ek
eQµaH´f vIra"t'-fgDI ehAe®kAfa sara"t' ) ®BmTSgelakLwk-sMeGOn EdlenATIenaHEdrfa elaksB√
´f©rs'enAshrdΩGaemrik . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VneXIjesckI†®bkasrkrUbelakcuHk~¨gsarBt·ma
nCaPasaVrSg EdlbÌËnelakepm
I∆ k[ . elakk*e®tomxÁ¬nehIyerIsTahanxH¬ @cSCae®sc . ehtuenH
ehIyeTIbelaknayt®mYt´fGaceTArkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eXIj ehIynSmkCYbnwgtMNagshrdΩGa
emrik EdlkMBugEtrkrUbelak [eTACYydab-QYneFrI√ dΩ®bharTma¬ k'sem†c EtelakminTukcit†dab-
QYneTIbelakraErk . rhUtdl'eBlEdlelakyl'®Bm ehobnwgeLIgyn†ehaHeTAcuHenAesomrab
EteBlenaHEpnkardab-QYn®tUvEbkkar ehIysem†cVn[b"UlIsext†nigTahaneTAB&TÏcab'dab-QY
n . kalenaHdab-QYnVneKcecjBIviman rYceLIgeTAP~MKUElnfa√ ybgM®BHsMriTÏBIrGg Edldab-
QYnEtgeCOnigeKarBNas' ehAfanagecknagcm . elakcMerIn-siun[elaks&ki†bIehgtameTArk
dab-QYn e®JHCaCMnitnigsal'TIkEng
¬ enaH . mYyedayxa¬ cEbkkark~¨gerOgrYm´d nigmYyedayxwg
nwgdab-QYnrMelaPkUn®kmMuxÁ¬npg s&ki†bIehgk*sma¬ b'dab-QYnTak'kGUsmk . kalsm&ysaFar-
NrdΩ elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EtgEteJl®Vb'shkarIelakfa – kalenaHk*CakMhusrbs'elakEdr eda
yxa¬ cdab-QYneBk EtenHk*CavasnaGkusl®sukExµr Edlnwg®tUvEtvinasGn†raye®kams~a´dsIh
nu . Bt·manenHp†l'edayelaksuim-Kin ( enATI®kugsIuGafil ) nigelaktSg-bun
fl eFOn . elaktSg-
bun
fl eFOnCaG~kVncUlrYmk~¨gkarh˜uflB&TÏvimandab-QYn kalelakenACakgb"UlIsext†esomrab sB´√ f©
rs'enATI®kugtaxUm"a rdΩva"siunetan .

eyabl'nigerobcMKMerageFI√rdΩ®bharTm¬ak'sem†c EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'min
®Bm e®JHdab-QYnCamnusßcit†eqAGacnwghflansm¬ab'elak . tamsunÊrk
farbs'sem†cEdlEf¬genAkMBg'cam´f©TI13mkra1959 fasm-sarIVnk∫t'
cUlrYmCamYydab-QYn eFI√rdΩ®bharedaymantMNagevotNamxagt∫ËgenA
P~MeBjeQµaHeg"a-®TughIuv ( Nho Trong Hieu ) e®kaymkrdΩmÂnI†sgmkicçnig
skmµPaBcit†saÂs†k~¨gkariyal&yelakega-DineDom (6) nigP~ak'sm©at'sIu
GayeG (CIA)) vicT&r-m"at'sflU ( Victor Matsui ) k~¨gsƒanTUtGaemrikSgenAP~MeB-
jCYyerobcMk~¨gkar®bugeFI√rdΩ®bharenH . EpnkarenHBn¥aeBlGs'Cag®VMmY
yEx k*®tUvEbkkarN_ edayG~kebIkLansm-sarIk∫t' (7) . G~kebIkLan
VnyksMbu®tsMgat'Edlsm-sarIepI∆eTAelakGIuv-y"ag eTAf√aysem†c .
B Y k G t I t ≤ s ß r : r Y m E x µ r b M e r I C a t i ® t U v s e m † c c a b ' c g ® B m K ~ a E t m † g k ~ ¨ g J k ' k N† a l
Ga®Fatman elakGIuv-y"ag, sSg-savat, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nÊsarat nigK~amYy
cMnYneTot .

(7) Bt·manmYyeTotfa ®bBnÏdab-QYn (yayk†M¨s&ki†kN†aj'e®kam) VnmkTUlsem†c‰P~MeBj . enH

CaesckI†bJaÇ k'rbs'elaksium-Kin enATI®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

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