Department of Civil Engineering

" :(2008) 414

, ,

Department of Civil Engineering

" :(2008) 414

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:' ,' ,'

' 4500297899

Copyright 2010 by E. Leibovitch, S. Schwarz, A. Atlas, the Ministry of Construction

and Housing, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering and the Technion Research and
Development Foundation, Ltd.

"

2010

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,/ / /
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.

: 1

1.1

1.2

1.3
: 2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5
: 3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5
:4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6
:5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5
:6

6.1
6.2
cscd
63

cscd

6.4
: 7

1
1
2
3
7
7
7
12
14
20
23
23
26
28
30
31
34
34
34
35
35
36
37
46
46
46
50
50
53
54
54
54
56
57
58

7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2

/




' 1 -
' 2

7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8

' 3 - -
' 4 - -
' 5 -
' 6
' 7 -
' 7 -
' 9

58
59
59
60
60
62
62
68
71
82
86
90
95

7.3.9
7.3.10

' 10 I

98
100
102

7.3.11

' 11 II

105

7.3.12 ' - 12
7.3.13 ' - 13 10
7.3.14 ' - 14

: 8 cscd

108
112
120
121

8.1
8.2

121

cscd

121

8.3

cscd

128

8.4
8.5

131
134

)(Wake Buffeting

8.6
: 9

9.1
"
9.2
: 10
10.1

135
137
137
139
143
143
144
146



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ENV 1991-2-4:1994
EUROCODE 1: Basis of design and actions on structures
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EN 1991-1-4:2005
EUROCODE 1: Actions on structures
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23

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3.1
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26
v b
q b - 3.1" ,[1] (2008) 414 ,
).[4] EN 1991-1-4 (2005
)(3.1

v b = c dir c season v b, o

vb

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v b, o

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c dir

- .

. c dir = 1.0
- c season .

. c season = 1.0
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v b = v b, o

3.2

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27
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1.50

0.95

III , IV

1.70

0.85

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Vb = Vb, o = 30,0 m/sec

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5.1 ,
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15' ( .
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:

V3sec = 1.70 Vb = 1.70 30.0 = 51.0 m/sec

V60min = 0.85 Vb = 0.85 30.0 = 25.5m/sec
:
- V3sec )'/(
- V60min )'/(
10' ,
) III ,(IV 50 ,

28
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:[8] 3.3
L

3.3

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r = 1 1
R

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.(63.6%) 0.636 .
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29
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v n = A n (v b )B n

)(3.4
:

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3.4 ] ,[5
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30
:3.2 10
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Bn

An

p n = 1/n

10

0.100

0.926

1.19

30

0.033

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1.05

50

0.020

1.000

1.00

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120

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32

3.3 ,
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33
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)(N/m2

v 2b
= qb
1.6

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34

: 4
4.1
.
. Fw
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-

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4.1 " [1] (2008) 414
:
Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref

) ( 4.1
:
Fw

- ) ( ;

qb

, 3.4 3.5 ' " ) ( 2008 ) 414 / " ( ;

-

) c e (z e

, ' " -( 2008 ) 414 ; 5.3

= ze .

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cs c d
cf

c pi ,c pe c pi ,c f
' " ; ( 2008 ) 414

A ref

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35
,2 -
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. z e .
, z j .j
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4.3

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4.2" .[1] (2008) 414

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37

4.6
- 60x18'
10' , - , ) 5 -( .
.
. v b = 30 m/sec
, ,III
' . . . c o (z) = 1.0

, , ' 4.2
.

' :4.2 ;4.6

38

. 3.5 , 3.4" :(2008) 414

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N / m 2 = 0.563 kN / m 2
2
2
1.6

. ' " :(2008) 414

) c e (z" 5.7" ,(2008) 414:
)(5.7

)c e (z ) = c 2r (z) c o2 (z) 1 + 2 k p I v (z

) c r (z 5.2" (2008) 414

z min z ) c r (z 5.2 , :

) c r (z ) = k r A n (z / z o

)(5.2

5.1 , :III
, k r = 0.215 ; z 0 = 0.3 m ; z min = 5 m
:
c r (z = 10 ) = 0.215 A n (10 / 0.3) = 0.754
c o = 1.0 ; k p = 3.5

) I v (z ):(5.8
kt
1
=
= 0.285
)c o (z) A n (z / z o ) 1 A n (10 / 0.3

= Iv

k t = 1.0
:
c e (10 ) = 0.754 2 1.0 2 [1 + 2 3.5 0.285] = 1.70

5.3 ,(2008) 414 10'

,III .
" " 5.3 , (2008) 414
6.0' ) ( , III , c e (6.0 ) = 1.38 :
4.1 ) ce (z 1-10'
/ , 5
. ) ce (z 120'
2- ' .

39

:4.1 ) ce(z 1-10'

) 2- ' (

. ' " (2008) 414

6.1 ' " ) 414 4.3( , c s c d
) 10' 18' , (III ,0.85
.
15 -'
,1 - . cs c d = 1

:4.3 cscd " " [1] (2008) 414

40

. ' " :(2008) 414

7.2.2.2" ,(2008) 414
:
d/h=60/10=6 > 4 : 7.1" (2008) 414
. , c pe ,
' 4.4 , :

c pe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.7

-0.3

7.2" 414 B, A C-
) (.

- e b : 2h
- b

e=min(2h,b)=min(2*10,18)=18
18=e < d=60 :" 7.2"
(2008) 414 ' 4.3.

' : 4.4 ;
- 5 - ,
7.2.6" .(2008) 414 ) 90 7.4" ((2008) 414

41
c pe 7.5" (2008) 414
,:

Flow ; Fup

c pe

-2.1

-1.8

-0.6

-0.5

' 4.5 .
7.4" .[1] (2008) 414

' : 4.5 ;

.
4.5" ,[1] (2008) 414 :
w i = q b c e (z i ) c pi

- z i" ) 7.2.11.1 (. z i
,:

c e (z i ) = c e (6.0) = 1.38
- c pi 7.2.11 ,
) ' 4.6(.

42

' : 4.6
:
,

,

.
15%- , .
:

A1 = (2 60 + 18) 10 0.15 = 207 m 2

:

A 2 = (2 60 + 2 18) 10 0.15 = 234 m 2

:
A1 207
=
= 0.88
A 2 234

7.11" [1] (2008) 414 . c pi 0.5

:
w i =0.563 1.38 ( 0.5) = 0.39 kN / m 2

' :4.7

43

. ' " :(2008) 414

7.8
" ,(2008) 414:

' : 4.8

4.3" (2008) 414

. . d
4h ) a , a = 2b ( .
' 4.8.

a = min (2b , 4h) = min (2*18 , 4*10) = 36

. 60=d > a=36 :
' .4.8
B ,
' 4.9 . 7.17 ,
.
. c fr = 0.04 -

44
) ,(B 4.9,
7.8.1" .[1] (2008) 414

' :4.9 ;
7.8.2" ,(2008) 414
4.10.

.
" 7.8.2.2" (2008) 414 . B

' :4.10 ;
:
" 4.6:
Ffr = q b c e (z e ) c fr A fr = 0.563 1.70 0.04 (24 10) = 9.19 kN

,
:

45
Ffr = 2 x Ffr = 2 x 9.19 = 18.38 kN

:
Ffr = q b c e (z e ) c fr A ref = 0.563 1.70 0.04 (24 18) = 16.54 kN

. -
-
4.6.
:
We, A = q b c e (z e ) c pe = 0.563 1.70 (1.2) = 1.0 (1.2) = 1.20 kN / m 2

We,B = 1.0 (0.8) = 0.80 kN / m 2

We,C = 1.0 (0.5) = 0.50 kN / m 2
We,D = 1.0 (+0.7) = +0.70 kN / m 2
We,E = 1.0 (0.3) = 0.30 kN / m 2
:
p w, F
= 1.0 (2.1) = 2.10 kN / m 2
low
p w , F = 1.0 (2.1) = 2.10 kN / m 2
up
p w , G = 1.0 (1.8) = 1.80 kN / m 2
p w , H = 1.0 (0.6) = 0.60 kN / m 2
p w , I = 1.0 (0.5) = 0.50 kN / m 2
:
w i =0.563 1.38 ( 0.5) = 0.39 kN / m 2

:
Ffr = 2 x 9.19 = 18.38 kN

:
Ffr = 0.563 1.70 0.04 (24 18) = 16.54 kN

46

:5
5.1
' " [1] (2008) 414
,
v m 5.1 .
:
, v b 3.1 ' " ;[1] (2008) 414
) , c r (z , ' " ;[1](2008) 414
) c o (z ,
" ;[1](2008) 414
'
5.3 , 5.2, 5.4 -
) c r (z ) c o (z .

,
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5.2
) c r (z
:
. - ;

) c r (z 5.2 5.3" .[1] (2008) 414

5.2
, z min .
, ,

47
, z min ) ,( k r , z o 5
,0-IV ,
5.1" . [1] (2008) 414

.
.
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. ,IV ,III ,II ,I
2.0" .0
. ,
1.0" II ,I III.
, ) 2.0" 1.0-" (
,
10% .

, .5.1" .[1] (2008) 414
5.1 5.5 ,
, .

' :5.1 - 0

48

' :5.2 I

' :5.3 - II
, , , /

49

' :5.4 - III ,

' :5.5 - IV
15% 15'

50

5.3
) c o (z
,
, .

, ,
1.5 , .
,5% - .1.0 ,5%
,30% 5.5" ,[1](2008) 414
30% 5.6
. ,s
5.1" ,[1](2008) 414 , 5.2
, . ,

,30% .1.60
1.0
, ,

. ,
, ,
,
, ,
' " ,[1](2008) 414 3.4 .
, ,
, .

5.4
) c o (z
,
, ' 5.6.

51

:5.6
) , c o (z
,
:
H = 250m : LU = 650m : Ld = 850m : = H/L u = 250 / 650 0.38 0.30 : ,30%-
) c o (z 5.6" ,[1](2008) 414 .
,
s 5.1 , 5.2
. ,s
:
, 5.2" .[1] (2008) 414 ,
,30% L e:
L e = H/0.30 = 250/0.30 833m
- z = 120m

52
- x = 90m :

z/Le = 120/833 = 0.144 - x/Le = 90/833 = 0.108 :

' :5.7 s ][1

5.2 "
) [1] (2008) 414 5.7( .s=0.70 ,s
, ,
5.6" ,[1](2008) 414:
c o (z) = 1.0 + (0.6 s) = 1.0 + (0.6 0.7) = 1.42

5.5 , :
120' 5.7" 414
) ,[1] (2008 ) (co(z)=1.0 :
C e (z = 120) = 4.15
,120
:
C e (z = 120) = 7.29
) 1.76 : .(1.42

53

5.5
) ce(z ) cr(z 5.2 ,
) co(z 5.3 5.4 - , kp
) .Iv(z ) ce(z
5.5" .[1](2005) 414 5.7
. ,
, 6.1 6 " ,[1] (2008) 414
) ,ce(z .kp=3.5
5.9 . ,
, 100',
,co(z)=1.0
5.3" ).[1] (2008
co(z)1.0/
kp ,3.5
) c e (z) (I , 5.7 .
5.4 ,
" , ,
, z = 120m 76% ,
, . co(z) = 1.0
,
, ' 5.6.

54

: 6
6.1
' " [1] (2008) 414
, .
' 6.1
. .

' :6.1
6.2 c s c d
' c s c d
, ' .
c s c d ) :,
,( .
) : , (
. c s c d

55
,2 :
-

,
: ,
) .( c d

,
) .( c s

, c s c d
. .

: c d

)
.( 0.1 - 2.0 Hz ,
.
FW ) Vref 3.1(.

: c s

) 5-( .
, q .
.
. ,
" .
, ,. .
.
, ,6.2
.[20] (1997) BS 6399,Part 2
,:
A
B
C

56

' :6.2 , ;[20] BS 6399-Part 2

6.3 c s c d
-

c s c d = 1.0
6.3.4 ,6.3.2 ,6.3.1 6.3.5 - " .[1] (2008) 414
c s c d 1.0 - c d. c s -

" - [1] (2008) 414 6.1

, 6.2 6.4 ,6.3 6.5 - .
'
) 8.2 ,8.1.(8.3 -
" :
c s c d .
c s c d:
-

) v b = 28'/'( .

. v b
24 34'/' . 28-'/' c s c d
.7%
-

- s ) " 414

)) .[1] ((2008 a -

57
.
20-'(.
) II : '(
) III - '(.
c s c d 0.85 -
c s c d .1.1 -
.
c s c d 6.1 6.5 " [1] (2008) 414

".
:
-

v b 28 -'/'

6.4
6.4" [1] (2008) 414 .
" ) ( ,
, ) .(6
6.4.1.2 ,
,b , .6-
6.4 " , 9
, " [1] (2008) 414 6.1.
:6.1 " " [1] (2008) 414

" (2008) 414

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.4.6

58

: 7
7.1

' " [1] (2008) 414

. -
,
. , 4 -
:
-

' , /
. '
, " ,[2] (1982) 414:
/ , / , ' , ' ,
, ,
.
/
. ,
,
,
.
/ ' ,
,
.

59
.
4.6 4 .

7.2 /
' "
.[1] (2008) 414
.

7.2.1

, . "
,
" 7.1:
)(7.1

c p = p/q b

,p .
c p .
)( , )( .
, .
.
, .
. )
, ( ,
1" 10" .
. ,
: , , ,
' ,
." [1] (2008) 414
,
, .

60

7.2.2
, "
7.2:
)(7.2

) c f = F/(q b A ref

, .
"
. .

7.2.3
,
.
, -
. ,
. /
. )
(
, , ,
,
.
/ , , ,
, .
.
,
. ,
) , ( .
' 7.1
. 4
:
-1 ;
-2 ;
-3 ) ( ;
;

61
' 7.1 ,
. , ,
. ) (+0.8
0 (-0.6) - 90 .270 ,
,
, ,
.

' :7.1
];[10

7.2.11" [1] (2008) 414 ,

. , 7.2.11.2 ,
, 7.2.11.1
.
,
. , ,
7.11 , . 7.11",
c pi (+0.8) - .(-0.5)-

. , ,
, , ,
, , , , , ',
,
. , /,
.

62

7.3

7.3.1 ' 1
:

80' 20/18' ,
8' 24 - 3' , ' 7.2.

.IV

30 m/sec.

c o = 1.0

:
.
:
4.4" ,[1] (2008) 414 :)(7.3

w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

' :7.2 ;

63
.7.2.2" .[1] (2008) 414
,b=20 m ,h=80 m
2b - :
b b .
, 4 -
' 7.3.

' :7.3 ;
) (3.5) , (3.4" :[1] (2008) 414

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N / m 2 = 0.563 kN / m 2
2
2
1.6
,IV .5.5
" [1] (2008) 414 5 ,
.
.

64

z e = 20m

c e = 1.64

z e = 40m

c e = 2.16

z e = 60m

c e = 2.49

z e = 80m

c e = 2.73

)
, ( .
7.2.2.2" ,[1] (2008) 414
e=min(b,2h)=min(20,160)=20m .e/5=4m - (20m>18m) e>d

. A , B d/h=18/80<1

7.1" [1] (2008) 414:

c pe

A
-1.2

B
-0.8

D
+0.8

E
-0.6

, ' 7.4:

' :7.4 ;

65

' :7.5 /;

4.4" [1] (2008) 414

7.4:

)(7.4

] w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe [kN/m 2

) c e (z e
.
: A
z e = 20m : w e, A = 0.563 {c e (20) = 1.64} (1.2) = 1.11 kN / m 2

z e = 40m : 0.563 {c e (40) = 2.16} (1.2) = 1.46 kN / m 2

z e = 60m : 0.563 {c e (60) = 2.49} (1.2) = 1.68 kN / m 2
z e = 80m : 0.563 {c e (80) = 2.73} (1.2) = 1.84 kN / m 2

66
:B
z e = 20m : w e, B = 0.563 {c e (20) = 1.64} (0.8) = 0.74 kN / m 2

z e = 40m : 0.563 {c e (40) = 2.16} (0.8) = 0.97 kN / m 2

z e = 60m : 0.563 {c e (60) = 2.49} (0.8) = 1.12 kN / m 2
z e = 80m : 0.563 {c e (80) = 2.73} (0.8) = 1.23 kN / m 2

:D
z e = 20m : w e, D = 0.563 {c e (20) = 1.64} (+0.8) = +0.74 kN / m 2

z e = 40m : 0.563 {c e (40) = 2.16} (+0.8) = +0.97 kN / m 2

z e = 60m : 0.563 {c e (60) = 2.49} (+0.8) = +1.12 kN / m 2
z e = 80m : 0.563 {c e (80) = 2.73} (+0.8) = +1.23 kN / m 2

:E
z e = 20m : w e, E = 0.563 {c e (20) = 1.64} (0.6) = 0.55 kN / m 2

z e = 40m : 0.563 {c e (40) = 2.16} (0.6) = 0.73 kN / m 2

z e = 60m : 0.563 {c e (60) = 2.49} (0.6) = 0.84kN / m 2
z e = 80m : 0.563 {c e (80) = 2.73} (0.6) = 0.92 kN / m 2

:
4.5" ,[1] (2008) 414
:
)(7.5

] w i = q b c e (z i ) c pi [kN/m 2

" ) 7.2.11.1 , (.
c pi +0.65 :. -0.5 -
) . c e (z i
c pi = +0.65
z e = 20m : w i = 0.563 {c e (20) = 1.64} (+0.65) = + 0.6 kN / m 2
z e = 40m : w i = 0.563 {c e (40) = 2.16} (+0.65) = + 0.79 kN / m 2
z e = 60m : w i = 0.563 {c e (60) = 2.49} (+0.65) = + 0.91 kN / m 2
z e = 80m : w i = 0.563 {c e (80) = 2.73} (+0.65) = + 1.0 kN / m 2

67

c pi = 0.5
z e = 20m : w i = 0.563 {c e (20) = 1.64} (0.5) = 0.46 kN / m 2
z e = 40m : w i = 0.563 {c e (40) = 2.16} (0.5) = 0.61 kN / m 2
z e = 60m : w i = 0.563 {c e (60) = 2.49} (0.5) = 0.70 kN / m 2
z e = 80m : w i = 0.563 {c e (80) = 2.73} (0.5) = 0.77 kN / m 2

68

7.3.2 ' 2
:

8.0' 40/30' ,
, , ' 7.6.
, .II
30 m/sec.

).(r/h=0.05
:
.
:
- 4.4" [1] (2008) 414w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe :

' :7.6 ;

7.2.5" ,[1] (2008) 414 .

,b=40 m h=8.0 m
7.6 . z e . h
e b 40 ) 2h ,( 2*8.0 . e=16

) (3.4 ) (3.5" :[1] (2008) 4142

2
2
v
b = 1.25 30 = 30 = 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
= qb
2
2
1.6

69
- :II

c e (z e = 8.0) = 2.21

' :7.7 ;
:7.1 cpe " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.4(

70
c pe 7.7 7.4" (2008) 414] [1:

H
G
F
-0.7
-1.2
-1.8
-0.4
-1.2
-1.0
c pe

I
0 .2
0 .2

4.4" [1] (2008) 414:w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

w e = 0.563 2.21 c pe kN/m 2

, ] [kN/m
:

F
We = 2.24

G
We = 1.49

H
We = 0.87

I
We = 0.25

We = 1.24

We = 1.49

We = 0.50

We = 0.25

) :(-.
) :(+.
:
(1 , ,H,G,F
, 40%- .
(2 .
' 3 7.3.3 . ,-
) ( , .

71

7.3.3 ' 3 - -
:

- - , ' ,7.8 15.0'

50/33' ; . = 5D

II

.30 m/sec.

:
D
D
= 90 , = 0
. = 180 D -

' :7.8 ;
:

4.4" [1] (2008) 414:

w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

7.2.6" [1] (2008) 414 -, 7.9 ) 7.4" .([1] (2008) 414

b .
= 0 D : ,b=50 m = 180 D -, b=33 m = 90 D : h=15.0 m
7.8.
z e . h
e b 33 ;50 ) 2h .( 2*15 .e=30 :

72

:7.9 - " " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.4(

73

' 7.10
,:

, e/4=7.5 m .e/10=3 m

' :7.10 ) (;
' 7.11
,:

e/4=7.5m ; b/2=16.5m ; e/2=15m ; e/10=3m

' :7.11 ) (;

74
:7.2 cpe - " " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.5(

75
- :

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
:IIce (z e = 15.0) = 2.62
c pe 7.5" ) [1] (2008) 414 7.2(,:

= 0D

F
-1.7

G
-1.2

H
-0.6

I
-----

= 180D
= 90 D

-2.3

-1.3

-0.8

-----

-2.1

-1.8

-0.6

-0.5

c pe -
4.4" [1] (2008) 414:
w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

] w e = 0.563 2.62 c pe [kN/m 2

= 0D

we= -2.50

we= -1.77

we= -0.89

-----

we R,D= 1.12

----we R,E= -0.71

we= -1.18
we= -1.92
we= -3.39 = 180D
we R,A= -1.77
we= -0.74 we= -0.89
we= -2.66
we= -3.10
we R,B= -1.18
= 90 D
We R,C= -0.74
)(kN/m2

R ,
, , 7.12.

, " 7.2.2." .[1] (2008) 414

.

76

' :7.12 ) ;(R

' 7.13.

' :7.13 ;

, 0o180o -
, ' 7.14 7.15 - .
, , ' 7.16.

77

' :7.14 D 0

' :7.15 E 180

78

' :7.16 ;90

. h=15m :

c e (z e = 15) = 2.62 :
0 D , 180 D : e = min(b,2h) = min(50,30) = 30 < d = 33
90 D : e = min(b,2h) = min(33,30) = 30 < d = 50
R " 7.1" .[1] (2008) 414

. DE -
0o 180o - , c pe

7.1" ) [1] (2008) 414 7.3(.

79

:7.3 cpe " " [1] (2008) 414

) 7.1(

80

:d/h

d/h = (33 or 50)/15 = (2.2 or 3.33) < 4.0

7.3 ) 7.1" .([1] (2008) 414

Cpe

= 0D

+0.76

= 180 D

-0.48

-1.2
A
-0.8
B
= 90 D
-0.5
C
c pe R
,
c pi ,
,- ' " [1] (2008) 414 7.2.3 .
,- ) ( ,
.
, ,
, ,
,:

. 0 : c pi .+0.8
-

. 1.0 c pi .-0.5

81

:7.17 cpi " " [1] (2008) 414

) 7.11(
:
w i = q b c e (z e ) c pi

: c pi = +0.8

] w i = 0.563 2.62 (+0.8) = +1.18 [kN/m 2

: c pi = -0.5

] w i = 0.563 2.62 (0.5) = 0.74 [kN/m 2

, ,
, 2 3 ,
4 , 7.2.11.1" ,[1] (2008) 414
. c pi = 0.2
, , ,
.

82

7.3.4 ' 4 - -
:

- , ' ,7.18 9.0',

40/24' ; . ( 15D ) 25%

II
30 m/sec.

:
= 0 D. = 90 D -
:

4.4" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

' :7.18 ;
7.2.7" [1] (2008) 414 - " 7.5 .
b . ,b=40 m = 0 D :, b=24 m = 90 D : h=9.0 m ' 7.18.
z e . h e b 40 ) 2h 24 , .( 2*9.0 . e=18 :
:=0

83

:F

F=e/4=18/4=4.5m

F:G -

e/10=18/10=1.8m

J=e/10=18/10=1.8m :J

' :7.19 ) (;
:=90

Fe/2=18/2=9m :I -
e/2 e/10=18/2 18/10=7.2m : H
:F

e/4=18/4=4.5m

:F

e/10=18/10=1.8m

84

' :7.20 ) (;
- :

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
) c e (z e = 9.0) = 2.29
:II ) ce(z c pe,
2- ' (.

c pe 7.4 ) 7.6" ,([1] (2005) 414:

85

:7.4 cpe - " " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.6(

= 0D

F
+0.2 -0.9

G
+0.2 -0.8

H
+0.2 -0.3

I
-0.4

J
-1.0

= 90 D

-1.3

-1.3

-0.6

-0.5

------

c pe
4.4" ,(2008) 414 :w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe
] w e = 0.563 2.29 c pe [kN/m 2

= 0D

we= -1.16
we= +0.26

we= -1.03
we= +0.26

we= -0.39
we= +0.26

we= -0.52

we= -1.29

-----we= -0.64
we= -0.77
we= +1.68
we= -1.68
= 90 D

:
,
, ' 3 7.3.3,
.
.

86

7.3.5 ' 5 -
:

- , ' ,7.21 4.0+2.5'

50/10' .
II
30 m/sec.

:
.
:
4.4" :[1] (2008) 414w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe
7.2.10" ,[1] (2008) 414 ," 7.22 ) 7.8 (.
z e . h + f = 4 + 2.5 = 6.5 m :

' :7.21 ;

87

:7.22 cpe " " [1] (2008) 414

88

' :7.23 ;

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
- :II

c e (z e = 6.5) = 2.13

l
50
=
= 7.69 < 10
)(h + f ) (4 + 2.5
h 4
=
= 0.4 < 0.5
d 10

<0

f 2.5
=
= 0.25
d 10
c pe 7.22 ) 7.8" ([1] (2008) 414 .
:

89

c pe

0.2

-0.95

-0.4

c pe

A h/d=0.4 " A(h = 0) = 0.4 A(h / d 0.5) = 0.15 - A=0.2

w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

- :

w e = 0.563 2.13 c pe kN/m 2

.

-0.48
-1.14
0.24
we

,
, ' 3 7.3.3,
.
.

90

7.3.6 ' - 6
:

, .
- ) .( c o (z) = 1.0 :
30' , 4.0' . , ,
. 20".
.II :
. k p = 3.5 :

:
- .

' :7.24 "

" [1] (2008) 414 7.25;
:
. 3.4" :[1] (2008) 414

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
. w net 4.4" :[1] (2008) 414
w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

) c e (z e ' 5
,:
" 7.25
) 7.26 ( :

5.7" :(2008) 414

z min z 200m:

z e = h = 4.0m
])c e (z) = c 2r (z) c o2 (z) [1 + 2 kp v (z

91

) c r (z) = k r ln(z / z o

5.2" :(2008) 414

" 5.1" (2008) 414 :II

k r = 0.190

; z o = 0.05

; z min = 2.0m

c r (z) = 0.190 ln(4.0 / 0.05) = 0.832

5.8" :(2008) 414

kt
) c o (z) ln(z / z o
k t = 1.0 :

= ) v (z

c o (z) = 1.0 :
1.0
= 0.228
)1.0 ln(4.0 / 0.05

= ) v (z

k p = 3.5
ce (z) = 0.8322 1.02 [1 + 2 3.5 0.228] = 1.8

) ce (z=4
, 2- ' .

7.7.1" [1] (2008) 414 7.25

) 7.26 ( . 7.5 ) 7.16 "(
c p, net .

92

:7.25 " " [1] (2008) 414

) 7.26(
:7.5 cp,net" " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.16(

93

c p, net , i

) w e, i (kN m 2

A
B
C
D

3.4
2.1
1.7
1.2

2.89
1.78
1.45
1.02

4.3.1" [1] (2008) 414

.
4.6 , :
Ffr = q b c e (z e) c fr A fr

" 7.26 ) 7.30 "(.

ze = 0.6 h = 0.6 4.0 = 2.4m

ce (2.4) = 1.51
-

) c e ( z e 5.3" [1] (2008) 414

c fr 7.6 ) 7.17" ([1] (2008) 414
Ffr = 0.563 1.51 0.02 2 60 4 = 8.16 kN

:7.26
" " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.30(

94
:7.6 cfr" " ) [1] (2008) 414 7.17(

95

7.3.7 ' -7
:
' 7.27
: 50 -' , 40 -' , 8.7 -'.
.
30 :'/'.
. k p = 3.5 :
:
.
:
. 3.5" :[1] (2008) 414

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
. w e 4.4" :[1] (2008) 414
w e = q b c e (z e ) c p, net

' :7.27

) c e (z e 5.3 :
c e (z e = 8.7 m) = 1.64

96
7.7 ) 7.10" ,([1] (2008) 414 '
7.28.

tan = 1.7 / 20 = 4.86 D 5D

:7.7 cf cp,net - - )" " [1] (2008) 414

) 7.10(

, = 0 : ,
. :

c p, net

A
B
C
D

-0.6
-1.4
-1.4
-1.1
-0.6

) w e (kN/m 2
-0.55
-1.29
-1.29
-1.02
-0.55

97

' :7.28 ;
. :
" 7.8.2.2" [1] (2008) 414
, .
4.3.1 4.6" [1] (2008) 414:

Ffr = q b c e (z e ) c fr A fr
c fr = 0.04
A fr = 2 40 50 = 4000 m 2
c e = 1.64
q b = 0.563 kN/m 2
Ffr = 0.563 1.64 0.04 = 148 kN

98

7.3.8 ' -8
:
' 7.29
: 30 -' , 20 -' , 6.5'.
.
30 :'/'.
. k p = 3.5 :
:
.
:
. 3.5" :[1] (2008) 414

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
. w e 4.4" :[1] (2008) 414
w e = q b c e (z e ) c p, net

' :7.29

) c e (z e 5.3 :

c e (z e = 6.75m) = 1.48
7.9" ,[1] (2008) 414 ' 7.30.
tan = 1.75 / 20 = 0.0085 = 5D

= 0.5
c p, net :
= 0 .
= 1.0 .

99
" c p, net . = 0.5

A
B
C

c p, net

= 0.5
= 1.0
=0
-1.35
-1.6
-1.1
-1.87
-2.2
-1.7
-2.25
-2.5
-1.8
-1.05
-1.4
-0.7

) w e (kN/m 2

-1.12
-1.56
-1.87
-0.87

' :7.30 ;
. :
" 7.8.2.2" [1] (2008) 414
, .
4.3.1 4.6" [1] (2008) 414:

Ffr = q b c e (z e ) c fr A fr
c fr = 0.04
A fr = 2 20 30 = 1200 m 2
c e = 1.48
q b = 0.563 kN/m 2
Ffr = 0.563 1.48 0.04 1200 = 40 kN

100

7.3.9 ' - 9
:
500/300" , 10'
' .7.31
36'/'.
.I :
, k p = 3.5 : . c o = 1.0
:
.

' :7.31 ;
:
4.1.1" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref
3.4" ,[1] (2008) 414: v2
1.25 362 362
b
= qb
=
=
= 810 N/m 2 = 0.81 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
5.3" ,[1] (2008) 414: 7.28" [1] (2008) 414 :

z e = z g + h = 11.5 m
2

101

c e (z e ) = 2.86
-

c s c d ," :
n1, x = 1.0 Hz

= 0.05

c s c d = 1.53
-

7.7.4" ,[1] (2008) 414 , c f

c f = 1 .8
h/4 :

7.28" :[1] (2008) 414A ref = 5 3 = 15 m 2

Fw = 0.81 2.86 1.53 1.8 15 = 95.7 kN

102

7.3.10 ' - 10 - I
:
9 ' 7.32.
36'/'.
.I :
. k p = 3.5 :
:
.

m
0
5
4
~
=
u
L

m
0
5
3
~
=
u
L

m
0
5
4
=
H

' :7.32 ;
:
4.1.1" ,[1] (2008) 414:

Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref

3.4" ,[1] (2008) 414:

v 2 1.25 36 2 36 2
= b
= qb
=
= 810 N/m 2 = 0.81 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
) c r (z 5.2" ,(2008) 414 :
) c r (z) = k r ln(z / z o
c r (z) = 0.170 ln(13 0.01) = 1.22

103

) c o (z 5.6" ,(2008) 414

Le 7.8 ) 5.2 (
:

:7.8 Le " " [1] (2008) 414

) 5.2(

: > 0.3
c o (z) = 1.0 + 0.6 s
H
450
=
=
= 1.2857 > 0.3
L u 350
H
= Le
= 450 / 0.3 = 1500m
0.3

Z = 13 = 0.00867
L e 1500

X = 0 =0
L e 1500

7.33 ) 5.2" ([[1] (2008) 414 s

,:
s = 0 .8

c o (z) = 1.0 + 0.6 * 0.8 = 1.48

) c e (z 5.7" ,[1] (2008) 414:

] )c e (z) = c 2 c 2 [1 + 2 k p I v(z
) r ( z ) o( z
kt
1.0
==
= 0.094
) c o (z) ln(z/z o
)1.48 ln(13/0.01

= Iv

c e (z) = 1.22 2 1.48 2 [1 + 2 3.5 0.094] = 5.4

104

:7.33 s " " ) [1] (2008) 414 5.2(

c s c d" :
n1, x = 1.0 Hz
= 0.05

c s c d = 1.61

7.7.4" [1] (2008) 414 c f

c f = 1 .8
h/4 :

7.28" ,[1] (2008) 414

:

A ref = 5 3 = 15 m 2
Fw = 0.81 5.4 1.61 1.8 15 = 190 kN

105

7.3.11 ' - 11 - II
:

9 ' 7.34.
36'/'.
I :
k p = 3.5 :

:
.

m
7
6
3
=
x

m
0
0
2
~
=
u
L

m
0
2
2
=
H

' :7.34 ;
:
,4.1.1" ,[1] (2008) 414:

Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref

3.4" ,[1] (2008) 414:

v 2 1.25 36 2 36 2
= b
= qb
=
= 810 N/m 2 = 0.81 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6

) c r (z 5.2" ,[1] (2008) 414:

) c r (z) = k r ln(z / z o
c r (z) = 0.17 ln(13 0.01) = 1.22

106

) c o (z 5.6" ,[1] (2008) 414

Le 7.8 ) 5.2
( ,:

c o (z) = 1.0 + 0.6 s

:7.9 " " [1] (2008) 414

:7.35 s ," " ) [1](2008) 414 5.1(

107

H
220
=
= 1.10 > 0.3
L u 200

H
= 220 / 0.3 = 733m
0.3

= Le

Z = 13 = 0.018
L e 733.333
X = 367 = 0.5
L e 733
, s 7.35 ) 5.1" ([1] (2008) 414:
s = 0 .5

c o (z) = 1.0 + 0.6 * 0.5 = 1.3

) c e (z e 5.7" ,[1] (2008) 414:

2
c e (z e ) = c 2
] )r (z) c o (z) [1 + 2 k p I v(z
kt
1 .0
=
= 0.107
)c o (z) ln(z/z o ) 1.19 ln(13 / 0.01

= )I v (z

c e (z e ) = 1.22 2 1.3 2 [1 + 2 3.5 0.107] = 4.4

c s c d" : , n1, x = 1.0 Hz

, = 0.05:

c s c d = 1.73

7.7.4" [1] (2008) 414 c f

c f = 1 .8
h/4:

7.28" ,[1] (2008) 414:

A ref = 5 3 = 15 m 2
:

Fw = 0.81 4.4 1.73 1.8 15 = 166 kN

108

7.3.12 ' - 12
:

30'/'.
I :
k p = 3.5 :

:
7.36 2
:
' RHS ) .(7.37
' RHS ) .(7.38

:7.36
:
" ) (4.1" ,[1] (2008) 414
:

Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref
) (3.4" ,[1] (2008) 414:

v 2 1.25 30 2 30 2
= b
= qb
=
= 562.5 N/m 2 = 0.563 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
5.3" ,[1] (2008) 414:

c e (z e ) = c e (9.0) = 2.71

109
' ) RHS (:

:7.37 '
" ) (7.1" :[1] (2008) 414

cf = cf ,o r
d=200mm , b=100mm
d/b=200/100=2.0
c f , o = 1.65

" 7.17" :[1] (2008) 414

" :
A c = l b = 24 3 = 72m 2

A = 2 (0.1 24.0) + 2 (0.2 3.0) + 5 (0.1 3.0) = 7.5m 2

" ) (7.13" :[1] (2008) 414
) (:
" 7.36" :[1] (2008) 414
:

A
7.5
=
= 0.104
A c 72

l 24
=
=8
b 3

= 1.0
r =10mm
r/b=10/100=0.1

" 7.18" :[1] (2008) 414

r = 0.75

110

c f = c f , o r = 1.65 0.75 1.0 = 1.24

,
cscd =1.0:

Fw = 0.563 2.71 c d c d 1.24 7.5 = 14.2kN

' ) RHS (:

:7.38 '
" ) (7.1" :[1] (2008) 414

cf = cf ,o r
d=100mm , b=200mm
d/b=100/200=0.5
c f , o = 2.25

" 7.17" :[1] (2008) 414

" :
A c = l b = 24 3 = 72m 2

A = 2 (0.2 24.0) + 2 (0.2 3.0) + 5 (0.2 3.0) = 13.8m 2

" ) (7.13" :[1] (2008) 414
) (:

A 13.8
=
= 0.19
Ac
72

l 24
=
=8
b 3

111

= 0.97

" 7.36" [1] (2008) 414

r =10mm

r/b=10/200=0.05
r = 0.87

" 7.18" :[1] (2008) 414

c f = c f , o r = 2.25 0.87 0.97 = 1.9

,
cscd =1.0:
:

Fw = 0.563 2.71 c d c d 1.9 13.8 = 40kN

:
5.3" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

c e (z e ) = c e (6.0) = 2.48

" ) (7.1" :[1] (2008) 414

cf = cf ,o r
d=200mm , b=200mm
d/b=200/200=1.0
c f , o = 2 .1

" 7.17" :[1] (2008) 414

A = l b = 6 .0 0 .2 = 1 .2 m 2

= 1.0

l 6.0
=
= 30
b 0.2

:
" 7.36" :[1] (2008) 414

= 0.82
r =10mm

r/b=10/200=0.05
" 7.18" :[1] (2008) 414

r = 0.87

c f = c f , o r = 2.1 0.87 0.82 = 1.5

2
cscd =1.0:
Fw = 0.563 2.48 c d c d 1.5 (2 1.2) = 5.0kN

112

7.3.13 ' - 13 10
:

27'/'.
I :
k p = 3.5 :

10 ,
. ,
10 , " .[1] (2008) 414

:

,7.39 0 o. 90 o -

'

'
:7.39 :' ,'
:
" ) (4.4" :[1] (2008) 414
w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe

113
" ) (4.5" :[1] (2008) 414
w i = q b c e (z i ) c pi

10 ) (3.3" 414
):[1] (2008
v n = A n (v b ) Bn

3.2 :
A n = 1.19
B n = 0.926

10:

v n = 1.19 (27) 0.926 = 25.17m / sec

) (3.4" ,[1] (2008) 414
) vn = vb(10 :

v 2 1.25 25.17 2 25.17 2

= b
= qb
=
= 395.9 N/m 2 = 0.396 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6

0 ) 7.40: (7.41 -

:7.40
:
" ) 7.41 7.2 ( , b
.

114

H=2.7m , d=5.0m , b=10.0 m

e=min(2h , b)=min(2*2.7 , 10.0)=5.4m
" : e d

A=e/5=5.4/5=1.10m
B=d-(e/5)=5.0-1.10=3.90m

:7.41
C pe " 7.1 :
d / h = 5.0 / 2.7 = 1.87

,1.0 - 7.1 d / h 4.0 :

D,E -
. d / h 1
7.1" .[1] (2008) 414
C pe d / h 1 :

C pe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.8

-0.6

:
" 7.42 7.5 :

e/4=5.54/4=1.4m
e/10=5.54/10=0.55m

115

:7.42

= 4.57 D 5.0D

tan = (2.7 2.5) / 2.5 = 0.08

C pe - " 7.6 :

C pe

-1.7
0.0

-1.2
0.0

-0.6
0.0

-0.6

-0.6
+0.2

5.3" 1] (2008) 414 :

c e (z e ) = c e (2.7) = 2.09
w e = 0.396 2.09 c pe kN / m 2

:
C pi " 7.2.11.1 ,
.
,
.
1.0*1.0' 1.0" 3 ) . 2 ," 6(.

116
0.3*0.3' 0.09") . ," 2
(.
1.0*2.0' 2.0") . ," 2(.

2 0.09 + 2 2.0 + 3 1.0

= 0.71
2 0.09 + 2 2.0 + 6 1.0

" 7.17 ) 7.11 ( :

C pi = 0.20
5.3 ,[1] (2008) 414 1.5' )
(:

c e (1.5) = 1.88
w i = 0.396 1.88 c pi kN / m 2

:
- 0:

C pe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.8

-0.6

-1.7
0.0

-1.2
0.0

-0.6
0.0

-0.6

-0.6
+0.2

) w e (kN / m 2

-0.99

-0.66

-0.41

+0.66

-0.5

-1.4
0.0

-0.99
0.0

-0.5
0.0

-0.5

-0.5
+0.16

C pi

-0.20

) w i (kN / m 2

-0.15

"kN / m 2 -

-0.84

-0.51

-0.26

+0.81

-0.35

-1.25
-0.15

-0.84
-0.15

-0.35
-0.15

90 ) 7.43:(7.44 -

:7.43 90

-0.35 -0.35
+0.31

117
:
" 7.44 , 7.2 b
.

H=2.7m , d=10.0m , b=5.0 m

e=min(2h , b)=min(2*2.7 , 5.0)=5.0m
" e < d :7.44

A=e/5=5.0/5=1.0m
B=(4/5)*e=(4/5)*5.0=4.0m
C=d-e=10.0-5.0=5.0m

:7.44
C pe " 7.1 :
d / h = 10.0 / 2.7 = 3.7 4.0

C pe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.7

-0.3

:
" 7.45 7.5 :

e/2=5.0/2=2.5m
e/4=5.0/4=1.25m
e/10=5.0/10=0.5m

118

:7.45 90

= 4.57 D 5.0 D

tan = (2.7 2.5) / 2.5 = 0.08

C pe - " 7.6 :

C pe

-1.6

-1.3

-0.7

-0.6

5.3" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

c e (z e ) = c e (2.7) = 2.09
w e = 0.396 2.09 c pe kN / m 2

:
C pi" 7.2.11.1 ,
.
,
.
1.0*1.0' 1.0" 3) . 3 ," 9(.
0.3*0.3' 0.09") . ,
" 2(.
1.0*2.0' 2.0") . ," 2(.

119

1 0.09 + 1 2.0 + 6 1.0

= 0.79
2 0.09 + 2 2.0 + 6 1.0

" 7.17 ) 7.11 ( :

C pi = 0.32
5.3 ,[1] (2008) 414 1.5' )

c e (1.5) = 1.88

w i = 0.396 1.88 c pi kN / m 2

:
- 90:

C pe

-1.2

-0.8

-0.5

+0.7

-0.3

-1.6

-1.3

-0.7

-0.6

) w e (kN / m 2

-0.99

-0.66

-0.41

+0.58

-0.25

-1.32

-1.08

-0.58

-0.5

C pi

-0.32

) w i (kN / m 2

-0.24

"kN / m 2 -

-0.75

-0.42

-0.17

+0.82

-0.01

-1.08

-0.84

-0.34

-0.26

120

' - 14

:

25' 25' .
36'/'.
II :
k p = 3.5 :

800/300/30".

:
,
.
:
" ) (4.1" ,[1] (2008) 414:

Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref
) (3.4" ,[1] (2008) 414:

v 2b 1.25 362 362

= qb
=
=
= 810 N/m2 = 0.810 kN/m 2
2
2
1.6
5.3" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

ce (ze ) = ce (25.0) = 2.96

5.6.2" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

cscd 0.89

c pe" 7.2 7.1" ,[1] (2008) 414 :

c pe = 0.6 - E

.:
c f = c pe + c pi = 0.6

A = 0.8 0.3 = 0.24m 2

" 7.2.1.1" , [1] (2008) 414 ), (. 1.0"

) c pe ( .
" " [1] (2008) 414 .1.3
:

Fw = 810 2.96 0.89 (0.6) 1.3 0.3 0.8 = 399.46 400 N

121

:8

c s c d

8.1
' " [1] (2008) 414 :
. :8.1 .
.
.
.
.

:8.3 ,8.2 c s c d Fw
) 4.1 (.
:8.4 .
:8.5 .
:8.6 .

c s c d
.
.

c s c d 8.2 8.3-" [1] (2008) 414

8.1 " . -
! z s z min z s z min ) . z min
III .(IV- " :
"" , , . , .
"" / b . , .
"" , , , . , .

c s c d 8.1 '
:
' ) (uncoupled , ,
'.
- - .

8.2 c s c d
. c s c d 2 : /
.

122

" ") , " ( B 2

, . "
) ( .
" ") , " ( R 2
) , ,( )
, , (.
.
. c s c d ,
.
c s c d .
. ) I v 8.2 ( ' " )
5.8( , ) . c e (z I v c s c d ,
) c s c d 8.1 "(.
I v ) (5% z
z min z 200 . I v = 1/ln(z/z o ) : ,
.
. k p
, ""
, . v m ""
) R.M.S (.
' 8.1 .
k p ) 8.3 ( ,
) 8.4
, 8.6 , B 2 8.7 , R 2 n1, x -
(.

123

k p ) - T , v b 600
( k p = 3.5 ) c e
5.9 ( n1, x > 1.0

) T < 1.0(.

' :8.1
.

) 8.4 (
) o ( ) n1, x ( .
:
.1 o h-
,b ) Vm (z) L(z) -
.(z
.2 n1, x ) (.
.3 ) B 2 8.6 8.3 (
. 8.3" ,
. k p

124

.4 R 2
). .
( , h ,b- , n1, x
.
.

R 2 8.7 .
:
- .
' ) (10.5 . 8.7
" ," .
- SL - .
n1, x , . n1, x
) Vm (z L(z) - ,
.
- R h , R b .
, , n1, x
h . b , . R b R h -
8.10 , .
8.1

1
1
) (1 e 2

2 2

= ) R h , R b 8.10" ( [1](2008) 414

, 8.11 8.12 -
, h b .

h b.
.

Fw 4.1 , ,
) ) c e (z e 5.9 (
. c s c d

" .[2] (1982) 414

125

) Fw = q b c e (z e ) c s c d c f A ref 4.1" ( [1](2008) 414

8.2

c s c d 8.1 , ,
8.2 8.12 .
' 8.3.
8.3

1 + 2 k p I v (z s ) B 2 + R 2
) 1 + 7 I v (z s

= cs c d

) 8.1" ( [1](2008) 414

: c s c d
. v b , 8.1 ) 8.2(:-h

][
.

-b

][

-d

, ][

- h1

][ , .

- zs

- n1, x

) (Hz 10.2 '

- , 10.5 '
, , 5.1 ,:
] z o[ ] z min[ , :-

) c r (z 5.2 5.3

) c o (z 5.4

126

' :8.2
.

8.3
. c s c d
) c s c d 8.1 ( . ,
, ) L(z 8.5
8.3.4 .

127

' :8.3 . c s c d

128

c s c d

8.3

c s c d - )/( ,
:
] h = 150.0 h[
] b = 30.0 b[
] d =30.0 d[
) h1=0 h1 (
n1 = 46/150.0 = 0.307 - n1, x

s = 0.08

- s

) 10.2 (

) 10.2 (

v b = 33.0 m/sec :
) III , '( , ,
. < 0.05 5.4 :
] z o = 0.3[

- zo

] z min = 5.0 - z min[

- kr

5.1

k r = 0.215

] - z s[ ) ; z s = 0.6 150.0 = 90.0 8.2 ) 8.1 ((

) ) ; c r (z) = 0.215 ln(90.0/0.30) = 1.23 - c r (z 5.2 (
)- c o (z

kt

) ; c o (z) = 1.0 5.4 (

) , k t = 1.0 - 8.3 , ( k t = 1.0

)) v m (z 5.1 (
)v m (z) = 1.23 1.0 33.0 = 40.6(m/sec

)) L(z 8.5 (:

5.0 = z min < z s = 90.0

= 0.67 + 0.05 ln(0.3) = 0.61
90 0.61
)
= 184.3
200

( L(z) = 300

129

) R b , R h 8.10 (:
- ) f L 8.9 (

0.307 184.3
= 1.4
40.6

= fL

4.6 150.0 1.4

= 5.2
184.3

= ) h 8.11 (

1
1

(1 e - 25.2 ) = 0.173
5.2 2 5.2 2

4.6 30.0 1.4

= 1.05
184.3

= Rh

= ) n b 8.12 (

1
1

(1 e - 21.05 ) = 0.55
1.05 2 1.05 2

= Rb

- ) SL 8.8 (
= 0.101

6.8 1.4
(1 + 10.2 1.4) 5 / 3

= SL

) 10.9 (

= s + a + d
- d = 0 .
- s = 0.08 10.2 -.
- a " - 10.5.3 10.10 :
) c b v m (z s
a = f
2 n1 m e
) 7.1 ( c f = 0.8 + 0.6 = 1.4

) = 1.25 (kg/m^3
)b = 30.0 (m
= v m (z s ) = v m (90) = c r (z) c o (z) v b
) 5.1

)0.215 ln(90 / 0.3) 1.0 33.0 = 40.5 (m/sec

n1 = 0.307

)m e = 270000 (Kg/m

130

1.4 1.25 30 40.5

= 0.012
2 0.307 270000

= a

= s + a = 0.08 + 0.012 = 0.092

) R 2 8.7 (:

2
0.101 0.173 0.55 = 0.515
2 0.092

= R2

) B 2 8.6 (:

= 0.53

1
0.63
30.0 + 150.0
1 + 0.9
184.3

= B2

) 8.4 (:
0.515
= 0.216 > 0.08 Hz
0.53 + 0.515

= 0.307

) k p 8.3 (:

= 3.31
O.K

0.6
)2 ln(0.216 600

k p = 2 ln(0.216 600) +

3.31 > 3.0

)) I v (z 8.2 (:

1.0 0.215
= 0.175
1.23 1.0

= )I v (z

) c s c d 8.1 (:

1 + 2 3.31 0.175 0.53 + 0.515

= 0.9817
1 + 7 0.175

= cs c d

: c s c d , s = 0.08
. c s c d = 1.0004
.2.3% - ) a (
6.1 6.2 - .

131

8.4
.

.
:
, .
.1
,".
.2
,".
.3
.4

) ,(RMS ,".

1 2 ,
,
, . h/500
) . 8.4.1.3 (.

3 4
, , , , ,
.

10 ) , v m (z
.
50
. " [1] (2008) 414
, 10 .
,
,
50 . ,
.

) v m (z 5.1 .
, , v b v10
10 . v10 3.3 .

,:
- / -

132

, ISO 2631-2
] [20 .[21] DIN 4150/2
.
[20] ISO 2631 -2 )) a , x (z
,(RMS , [21] DIN 4150/2 .
8.4.1.3 " [1] (2008) 414 2%
) 200 -"/ (2 ,
- . ,"
2% ,
. , ,
.
.
.

) a , x (z
) a max ( x 8.14 , 8.13 .
z . :
) - 1, x (z , 10.5 10.2 ".
z
1, x (z) = ( )
h

8.4

) 10.5 (

) , 1, x (z 0 1.0 ,

= 0.6 . = 2.5

.
) - v m (z ' . - K x 8.6 , z s / z o . -

, R , n1, x , I v (z s ), c f , b, 8.3 ,
8.3.

. , 8.4.1.1 .

133

. , 8.4 , .
c s c d 8.3 ,
]. z = h = 150[m
8.13 8.14 - " :[1] (2008) 414

b cf v 2
) 8.13 ( m (z s ) I (z ) R K
) a, x (z) = 1, x (z
v s
x
m1, x
) 8.14 (

a max (z) = a , x (z) k p

) - 1, x (z 10.2 z / h = 150 / 150 = 1.0 . 1, x (150) = 1.0

- ) 1.25 -"/"(.
b ) b=30 -'(.
- c f 8.3 , c f = 1.4 . d / h = 30 / 150 < 1.0
) - v m (z s ] (z s ) = 90.0'[ , 3.3 3.2
10- 10:
]= 1.19 (33.0) 0.926 = 30.3 [m/sec

10

5.1 :
]v m = (0.215 ln(90.0 / 0.3)) 1.0 30.3 = 37.2 [m/sec

) I v (z s c s c d 8.3:
- n1,x c s c d 8.3:

I v (90.0) = 0.175
n 1, x = 0.307

- m1, x , m1, x = m m -
1 .
-
] 0.3/"[ . ] 30.0/30.0[ :
]/'[ m1, x = 30.0 2 0.3 = 270

- R c s c d 8.3:

R = 0.515 = 0.718

- k x . z s / z o = 90.0 / 0.3 = 300

, = 1.0 10.3 ) k x = 1.5 : 8.6(.

134

- k p 8.3 n 1, x = 0.307 .

0.6
= 3.41
)2 ln(0.307 600

k p = 2 ln(0.307 600) +

a , x (150) :

1.25 30.0 1.4 37.2 2

] 0.175 0.718 1.5 = 0.051[m/sec 2
3
270 10

a , x (150) = 1.0

0.051/9.81=0.0052=0.52% < 2%
8.4.1.4 .
8.14
] a max (150) = 0.051 3.41 = 0.174[m/sec 2

0.174/9.81=0.0178=1.78% < 2%
8.4.1.4 .

8.5 )(Wake Buffeting

8.3 ,8.2 8.4- ,
, " . "
, 2 , .
8.5 " .[1] (2008) 414
2 3 ,
, .
,
,
.

135

, 8.2 ,
y , . " y/b
8.2 .
)( K ib
, ) a/b
( . K ib .a/b<15 a/b25 K ib
,1.0. . a ,25b - .
)( K ib y/b a/b- 8.2
, .
y/b a/b - 8.2" , K ib
. , ,
, K ib ,
8.2 .
K ib 2 :
a/b=20 .y/b=0.7 K ib
I ,II- 8.2 :
.1 ,I a/b=20:

K ib, x = 1.25 ; K ib, x = 2.0

.2 ,II a/b=20K ib, x = 1.15 ; K ib, x = 1.75 :

.3 K ib - , 1 2 - ,
y/b=0.7 K ib, x = 1.19 ; K ib, x = 1.86 :

8.6
8.6 " [1] (2008) 414
" , 50 .
, 9 .
" , N g
) S/S k ,(%- S k

136

50) . 8.9 " ,[1] (2008) 414 S/S k = 100%

.( N o = 10 D = 1 , .
S , , S k -
50 . , , S/S k = 50%
50 , , N g = 2x10 3
, 50 ," ) 50%( -
2x103 .
) % ( .
N g = 10 6 50 , 20%
) .( S/S k = 20%
) % (
,
) .(Fatigue , , N g = 10 6
15% ,
, S/S k
15% .
S/S k" 8.5:
8.5

S/S k = 0.7 (log( Ng )) 2 17.4 log( N g ) + 100

137

: 9

9.1
' " [1] (2008) 414 ,
, ' " ,
. :
);(vortex shedding );(galloping );(flutter ,
.
.
,
"
,
.
:
; ; :
: . . ' 8
.
: , , " " ) .(wake buffeting
8.5 ' .
: , .
) ( .h/b>6
9.2 ' .

138
:
: , 9.3 ' .
: , 9.4 ' .
: - . 9.4.6 '
.
) (vortex excitation )(
, ,
, ) .(bluff ,
. ,
, ' 9.1 .
. ,
.
.
,
,

)
, ] .([14 9.2
.

' :9.1 ][9

139

9.2 "

' :9.2
:
40' , 120" 1.3 -" .9.2
:
.
.
.
:
" - 10.2 10.3 :
Ws
b
n1 = 1
Wt
h2
eff

) 1 = 1000'/'(.

140
h
h eff = h1 + 2
3

" 10.4 :
" 10.1 h1 = h = 40m :h 2 = 0 -

h eff = 40m

- Ws .
- Wt .
Ws = Wt

Ws
= 1 .0
Wt

1000 1.2
1.0 = 0.75 Hz
40 2

b n i, y

" 9.1 :

= n1

= v crit,i

St

St = 0.18

' " 9.1 :

1.2 0.75
= 5.0 m/sec
0.18

= v crit,1

.
.
y F, max " 9.4 ,:
1
1

St 2 Sc

= K w K c lat

y F, max
b

y F (s j ) / b < 0.1" 9.3 .

" " : L j / b = 6
= l / b = 40 / 1.2 = 33.33
- K w . " 9.4 ,
:
L j / b L j / b 1 L j / b 2
=
Kw = 3
1
+

6
1 6 2
6
1
+
= 0.4486
33.33 33.33 3 33.33

- K ." 9.4 :

= 3

K=0.13

141
- c lat . " 9.2.5 .
. c lat = c lat,0
clat 9.6 .
" 9.2 :

c lat,0 = 0.7

Sc " 9.5 :

2 m i, e s
b2

= Sc

m(s)=380 kg/m :
10.4.2 :

m e = m(s) = 380kg / m

- s ." 10.2 )
(:
s = 0.012

= 1.25 kg/m^3

2 380 0.012
= 5.07
1.25 1.2 2

= Sc

1
1
F, max
= 0.4486 0.13 0.7

= 0.2485
b
0.18 2 5.07

> 0.1

y F, max
b

, :

" " :

(s j ) / b 0.6

0 .1 y

) y (s j
L j / b = 4.8 + 12 F
b

' 0.1 y F (s j ) / b 0.6

y F, max

= 0.33
b
:

L j / b = 8 .8

" 9.4 :
L j / b L j / b 1 L j / b 2
=
Kw = 3
1
+

8.8
8.8
1 8.8 2
= 3
1
+
= 0.601
33.33 33.33 3 33.33

142
y F, max" 9.4 :
1
= 0.3329
5.07

0.6

y F, max
b

1
0.18 2

= 0.601 0.13 0.7

y F, max
b

0.1 .

:
= b 0.3329 = 1.2 0.3329 = 0.399 m

F, max

) - Fw (s j
" 9.3" ,[1] (2008) 414:
Fw (s) = m(s) (2 n i, y ) 2 i, y (s) y F, max
= 380 (2 3.14 0.75) 2 1.0 0.399 = 3370 N/m

j i
.
) - 1 (z ,
." 10.6 :

z
= )1 (z
h
- = 2.0 .

)(N/m

)1 (z

z/h

)(m
z

3370
2730
2157
1651
1213
842
539
303
134
33
0.0

1.0
0.81
0.64
0.49
0.36
0.25
0.16
0.09
0.04
0.01
0.0

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

40.0
36.0
32.0
28.0
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
0.0

143

:10
10.1
,
' -' " ,[1] (2008) 414 ' .
,
, , .
,
:
; ; ; , " ; / , .
,
, , .
,
, ,
, 10.210.5 ' .
'
8 9 - .

146

.2008 , ; : :(2008) 414 "1.

.1982 ; : :(1982) 414 "2.

3. ENV 1991-2-4:1994: Eurocode 1: Basis for design and actions on structures; Part 2-4:
Wind action, CEN European committee for standardization, 1994;
4. EN 1991-1-4:2005: Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind
actions, CEN European committee for standardization, 2005;
; : . , . , . 5.
1998 ,
;1988 , ; : :(1988) 1 1227 "6.
;1990 , ; : :(1990) 2 1227 "7.
8. J. D. Holmes: Wind loading on Structures, 2nd Edition, Taylor and Francis, 2007
9. N. J. Cook: The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures Part 1; BRE
Butterworths, 1985.
10. N.J.Cook: The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures Part 2; BRE
Butterworths, 1990;
11. N.J.Cook: Wind loading A practical guide to BS 6399-2: Wind loads on
buildings; T. Telford Publishing, 2002;
12. O. Fischer, V. Kolousek, M. Pirner: Aeroelasticita stavebnich konstrukci, Academia
Praha, 1977;
13. H. Ruscheweyh: Dynamische

Windwirkung an Bauwerken Band I und II;

Bauverlag Wiesbaden und Berlin, 1982.

;1972 , , : . .14
15. K.C.Mehta, D.C.Perry: Guide to the use of the Wind Loads Provisions of ASCE 7-98;
ASCE Press, 2002.
16. H.Bachman at al.: Vibration problems in structures: Birkhuser Verlag, 1995.
17. D. Ghiocel, D.Lungu: Wind, Snow and Temperature effects based on probability;
Abacus Press, 1975.
18. D.Sachs: Wind Forces in Engineering (2nd edition); Pergamon Press, 1978.
.1982 , ; : :(1992) 412 ".19
20. BS 6399 Part 2: Loading for Buildings Code of Practice for Wind Loads, 1997

146
21. ISO 2631-2: 2003: Mechanical Vibration and Shock Evaluation of Human Exposure
to Whole-body Vibration; Part 2: Vibration in Buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz); International
Organization for Standardization, 2003.
22. DIN 4150/2: Structural Vibration Human Exposure to Vibration in Buildings;
Deutsches Institute fr Normung E.V., 1999.

144

'
' :1-

1
v2
b
2
ze

= qb

z e

) c e (z e

q p (z e ) = c e (z e ) q b

c pe

w e = q b c e (z e ) c pe = q p (z e ) c pe

c pi

w i = q b c e (z e ) c pi = q p (z e ) c pi

w = we wi

cs c d

cd

A ref

) Fw , e = c s c d ( w e A ref
) Fw , i = ( w i A ref

A fr

Ffr = c fr q p A fr

w e
w i

" (2008) 414

3.4' 14

5.7' 23
7.5.2' 65

4.4' 17

4.5' 17

145

' :2 - ) ce(z 120'

Co=1 ,

Abstract
Wind effects on buildings and other structures are in many cases considerable. They
should be taken into account properly, during the design and construction stages of
buildings, structures, as well as their structural or finishing elements. The economical
costs of almost yearly recurring damages caused by winds are enormous. In addition,
newer types of structures are usually much larger, higher and less massive than older
ones. Therefore, they are more susceptible to the various dynamic effects of wind
loads, in the ultimate, as well as the serviceability limit states.
The new version of the Israeli standard IS 414 (2008) Characteristic loads in
structures: Wind loads [1], is considerably different from the previous version of this
standard, published more than 20 years ago, in 1982.
Since many subjects dealt with in the new version of IS 414 (2008) are quite difficult,
this manual for implementation of the new standard was prepared as a joint project by
Sami Shamoon College of Engineering and the National Building Research Institute
Technion I.I.T., with the intention to help the civil engineering community, namely
the designers of buildings and other structures, to better understand the intent of the
various provisions of the new standard and implement them correctly.
The manual is divided into chapters, parallel to the chapters of the new standard
IS 414 (2008). Every chapter of the manual contains a short description of the
contents of the relevant parallel chapter of the new standard, as well as explanations
regarding the various provisions included in it. The explanations include illustrations,
graphs, flowcharts, as well as worked out numerical examples of proper
implementation of the relevant provisions of the new standard. The numerical
examples concentrate mostly on those subjects, in which the most profound changes,
in comparison to the previous version of this standard, were made. It is advisable to
read and use this manual in conjunction with using the new standard, since the
explanations and worked out examples always refer to the relevant sections and
formulae of the above mentioned standard.
The manual includes two flowcharts, describing in detail, the procedures for
evaluation of the different dynamic effects of wind loading of buildings and other
structures. The intent of these flowcharts is to facilitate the analysis process, since the
relevant provisions and calculations are in many cases defined in different chapters of
the new standard. The worked out examples, regarding the various dynamic effects of
wind loading of buildings and other structures, follow the procedures described in
these flowcharts.
In addition to the explanations and worked out examples, the manual includes a list of
relevant references. These references can be also helpful for designers of buildings
and other structures subjected to wind loads, mainly in special cases, not covered in
the present version of IS 414 (2008).

Manual for implementation

of SI 414 (2008):

Characteristic loads in structures: Wind loads

E. Leibovich, S. Schwarz, A. Atlas