l Aavq

mv`Zv cevn
(Viscous Flow)
6.1 f~wgKv
cKZ dzBW Ges Av`k dzBWi ga cv_K
ay mv`Zvi RB !" _vK# mv`Zv !$%
dzBWi Gg GK&' ag( )v dzBW *+i,-vi ga
ci*.ii /0Zi Avc&1K mi2 evav /`"# A_v3 dzBW
cev!i &ei45 672 ev eveZ evav KvR Ki# G
eveZ evavK A&Z8g Ki cev! eRv" iv9Z k&:
mieiv!i c"vR !"# mv`Zvi `i4 mieiv!KZ G
k&: Zvck&:Z c&i2Z !"# AZ;ci GB Zvc k&:
cv&icv&k<K c=>`ki ga &`" ev"yg?- m@v&-Z
!"# k&:i G m@v-K Kv)KiA k&:i AcB" &!me
aiv !"# cKZ dzBW cev!i /1C k&:i G AcB"i
d- c"vRA" k&: mieiv!i c"vR !"# G
Aav" mv`Zv&e&kD 9ye Kg /eEi dzBWi
cev! &eeBv Kiv !"%#
6.2 MvjvKvi cvBc !"wiZ cevn (Laminar Flow Through
Circular Pipe)
GK&' Avy0F&gK /Ev-vKvi cvBci ga &`"
dzBW cev! &eeBv K&i# G9v GK&' A&Z
1z` AvK&Zi GKK`A" dzBW &m&-GviK gy:
e*H &!me aiv !"%# 672i evav A&Z8g Kivi
R &m&-Gvii `yB cvI+ Bvci cv_K eRv"
_vKZ !e#

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
&BC JKL : /Ev-vKvi cvBci ga &`" *+&iZ cev!
A#$K% &
- &M'v&"v dzBW
- c=>`k &c&$%- Ae*Nv &eivR Kie v
- cKZ Amsg dzBWi A&eB-( my7g Ges *+
&iZ cev!
#vggvjv &
g K&i(
0
r
- cvBci evmva
r dzBW &m&-Gvii evmva

- eveZ cAO
0

- cvBci /`"v- eveZ cAO

u *NvA" /eE
L cvBci P`6
dx dzBW &m&-Gvii P`6
v cev!i EOeE
p dzBW Aski evg&`K Kv)iZ Bvc
p
p dx
x
_
+

,
- dzBW Aski Wv&`K Kv)iZ Bvc
cvBci ga &`" cev!
! cvBci /1Cv"Z
mg'Ki( w#()qKi( :
dzBW Aski Mci Kv)iZ e-,-v !-v(
- dzBW Aski `yB cvI+ Kv)iZ Bvci `i4 e-
QR
mv`Zv cev!
- dzBW &m&-Gvii evBi Kv)iZ eveZ e-
eveZ)# c'*#i mg'Ki( :
dzBW Aski Mci Kv)iZ e-,-v mgAKZ Ki-(

" "
p
p r p dx r " r dx 0
x
_
+

,
A_ev#
" " "
p
p r p r dx r " r dx 0
x

A_ev#
"
p
" r dx dx r
x

A_ev#
p r
x "

(i) /E&'0 &BS Tviv cev!i &`K eivei Bvc
&`k Ki%#
)9 r $ 0# eveZ cAOi gv kF A_v3
0
cyiv"# )9
0
r r
#
0

mev$B eveZ cAO
mgAKi2 (i) !Z mev$B eveZ cAO(

0
0
r p
x "

eMi e+#i mg'Ki( (%&ua'ion o( Veloci') Pro(ile):

cvBci /`"v- !Z AiA" &`K eivei 1y` dzBW
&m&-Gvii `FiZU(

0
) r r
GB mgAKi2K AI+iK- Ki-#

d) 0 dr
A_ev#
d) dr
&M'i mv`Zv mFC !Z#

du
d)

A_ev#
du
dr


(ii)
mgAKi2 (i) Ges (ii) !Z#
QL

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v

p du r
dr x "

A_ev#
p *
du r dr
" x

GB mgAKi2K msK- Ki-#

"
p *
u r C
+ x

+

(iii)
G9v C !$% msK-i a4eK
)9(
0
r r
#
u 0
myZivs#
"
0
p *
0 r C
+ x

+

A_ev#
"
0
p *
C r
+ x

a4eK C Gi gv mgAKi2 (iii)G emv-#

" "
0
p p * *
u r r
+ x + x



A_ev# ( )
" "
0
p *
u r r
+ x

(iv)
mgAKi2 (iv) !$% A&ae=Vi mgAKi2#
me)v,- eM (u
max
) :
)9( r $ 0# Z9 u cvBci gai9vi /eE &`k Kie )v
mev$B /eE#
myZivs( mgAKi2 (iv)G r $ 0 emv-#

"
max 0
p *
u r
+ x
_



,
(v)
me)v,- eM wnme !.v#'q eM (Local Veloci') in
Terms o( ,aximum Veloci')) :
*NvA" /eE u/K mev$B /eE cKvk Kiv )v"#
mgAKi2 (iv) !Z *NvA" /eE !-v(
QW
mv`Zv cev!

"
" " 0
0
"
0
r p *
u r r
+ x r
_
_





,
,
A_ev#
"
"
0
"
0
p * r
u r *
+ x r
_
_





,
,
mgAKi2 (v) !Z Avgiv cvB#

"
max
"
0
r
u u *
r
_



,
(vi)
M* eM (v) :
GK&' &e0`K /1Cv"Zi 1z` cyi4ZUi /Ev-vKvi &is
&eeBv K&i( )vi cyi4ZU dr Ges Zv
r
AiA"
`FiZU Ae&*NZ# G /Ev-vKvi &is"i ga &`"
cev!i !vi(

d u " r dr
A_ev#
"
max
"
0
r
d u * " r dr
r
1

1
1
]
-mgAKi2 (vi) ee!vi
Ki.
G mgAKi2K msK- Ki-(

"
r
0
max
"
0
0
r
u * " r dr
r
1

1
1
]

A_ev#
/
r
0
max
"
0
0
r
" u r dr
r
_



,

A_ev#
r
0 " +
max
"
0
0
r r
" u
" +r
1

1
1
]
A_ev#
" +
0 0
max
"
0
r r
" u
" +r
1

1
1
]
A_ev#
"
0
max
r
" u
+

A_ev#
"
max 0
u r
"

QX

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
cev!i EO /eE(

v
!

A_ev#
"
max 0
"
0
u r
"
v
r

A_ev#
max
u
v
"

mgAKi2 (v) !Z Avgiv cvB#

"
0
p *
v r
0 x
_



,
(vii)
-vci cv/)Ki mg'Ki( :
mgAKi2 (vii) &eeBv Ki-#

"
0
0 v
p x
r

G mgAKi2K msK- Ki-(

p x
" "
p x
0
* *
0 v
p x
r

A_ev#
( )
* " " *
"
0
0 v
(p p ) x x
r

A_ev#
( )
* "
"
0
0 v
p p L
r

/)!Zz(
" *
(x x ) L
A_ev# ( )
* "
"
/" vL
p p
d

G9v d !$% cvBci
evm
G9v
( )
* "
p p
!$% Bvc !Yvmi
c&igv2#
g K&i#
(
h
/cmvi /!W !Yvmi c&igv2 $
* "
p p

myZivs#
* "
(
"
p p /" vL
h
d



GB mgAKi2 /!EZc"m-Ai mgAKi2 vg c&i&BZ#
Q[
mv`Zv cev!
6.0 ejqvK1wZ !.v#i ga w`q !"wiZ cevn (!nnulus
Flow)
GK&' e-"vK&Z *Nvi ga &`" Amsg
dzBWi A&eB- \ *+&iZ cev! K]v K&i# G9
&m&-Gvi AvK&Zi GK&' A&Z 1z` dzBW AskK
gy: e*H &!me a&i#
&BC JKW : e-"vK&Z *Nvi ga &`" *+&iZ cev!
A#$K% &
- &M'v&"v dzBW
- c=>`k &c&$%- Ae*Nv &eivR Kie v
G9v cKZ \ Amsg dzBWi A&eB- *+&iZ
cev! &eeBv Kiv !-v#
#vggvjv &
g K&i(
*
r - /0Zii &m&-Gvii evmva
"
r - evBii &m&-Gvii evmva

- eveZ cAO
u *NvA" /eE
x
- 1z` dzBW Aski P`6
p dzBW Aski evg&`K Kv)iZ Bvc
dp
p x
dx
_
+

,
- dzBW Aski Wv&`K Kv)iZ Bvc
mg'Ki( w#()q :
dzBW Aski Mci Kv)iZ e-,-v !-v(
Q^

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
- dzBW Aski `yB cvI+ Kv)iZ Bvci `i4 e-
- dzBW Aski c=>`k Kv)iZ eeZ e-
eMi e+#i mg'Ki( (%&ua'ion o( Veloci') Pro(ile):
dzBW Aski Mci Kv)iZ e-,-v &eeBv Ki-(

( )
dp
" r r p " r r p " r r x " r x
dx
d " r r
" r x x 0
dr
_
+ +

,
1
+
1
1
]
M0"&`K
" r r x
Tviv 0vE Ki mgAKi2 cyE&_Z
Ki-(

( )
d r
dp *
0
dx r dr

+
G9v
dp
dx
Ask r Gi dvsk "( myZivs M0"&`K
r dr
Tviv ,2 Ki-#

dp
rdr d( r) 0
dx
+
GB mgAKi2K msK- Ki-#

dp
rdr d( r) 0
dx
+

A_ev#
"
*
dp r
r C
" dx
+
(i)
G9v
*
C
!$% a4eK
&M'i mv`Zv mFCvy)v"A#

du
d)

G9v(
"
) r r
A_ev#
d) dr
myZivs#
du
dr

mgAKi2 (i) !Z Avgiv cvB#
QJ
mv`Zv cev!

"
*
dp r du
r C
" dx dr

A_ev#
*
C dp du r
dr " dx r



(ii)
A_ev#
*
C dp * dr
du rdr
" dx r


cyiv" msK- Ki-(

"
*
"
C dp r
u ln r C
+ dx
+

(iii)
G9v#
"
C
!$% a4eK
mAgvi9vi kZ !Z msK-i a4eK
*
C
Ges
"
C
Gi gv
/ei Kiv )v"#
A_v3( )9
*
r r
#
u 0
)9
"
r r
#
u 0
GB gv,-v mgAKi2 (iii)G emv-#

"
* *
* "
r C dp
0 ln r C
+ dx
+

(iv)
Ges
"
" *
" "
r C dp
0 ln r C
+ dx
+


(v)
mgAKi2 (v)K mgAKi2 (iv) !Z &e"vE Ki
cyE&_Z Ki-(

" "
* "
*
"
*
r r dp *
C
r
+ dx
ln
r

a4eK
*
C
Gi gv mgAKi2 (iv)G emv-#
( )
" " " *
" * " *
"
*
ln r dp *
C r r r
r
+ dx
ln
r
1
1
1
+
1
1
]
a4eK
*
C
Ges
"
C
Gi gv mgAKi2 (iii)G emv-(
QQ

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
( )
" " "
" " " * " *
* " *
" "
* *
r r ln r dp dp dp r ln r *
u r r r
r r
+ dx + dx + dx
ln ln
r r
1
1

1
+ +
1
1
]
A_ev# ( ) ( )
" " " " " " *
* " * * "
" "
* *
ln r dp * ln r
u r r r r r r
r r
+ dx
ln ln
r r
1
1
1
+
1
1
]
A_ev#
" "
" " * " *
*
"
*
r r r dp *
u r r ln
r
+ dx r
ln
r
1
1

1
+
1
1
]

(vi)
me)v,- eM (
max
u
) :
mev$B /eE /ei Kivi R
du
0
dr

Gi gv /ei KiZ
!e#
a4eK
*
C
Gi gv mgAKi2 (ii)G emv- Ges
du
0
dr

&eeBv Ki-(

" "
* "
"
*
r r dp dp * *
0 r
r
" dx + r dx
ln
r

+

myZivs#
" "
" *
max
"
*
r r
r
r
"ln
r

G9
max
r r
mgAKi2 (vi)G emv-(

" "
" " * " *
max * max
"
max
*
r r r dp *
u r r ln
r
+ dx r
ln
r
1
1

1
+
1
1
]
Q`
mv`Zv cev!
eveZ)# c'*#i mg'Ki( (%&ua'ion o( 1hear 1'ress) :
&M'i mv`Zv mFCi mv!v) e-"vK&Z *Nv
eveZ cAOi ea /ei Kiv )ve# &M'i
mv`Zv mFC !$%(

du
dr

a4eK
*
C
Gi gv mgAKi2 (ii)G emv-#

" "
* "
"
*
r r dp dp du r *
r
dr " dx + r dx
ln
r

+

myZivs#
" "
* "
"
*
r r dp dp r *
r
" dx +r dx
ln
r

A_ev#
" "
* "
"
*
r r dp *
"r
r
+ dx
r ln
r
1
1

1
+
1
1
]
6.2 `$w3 mgv4"ivj c3i ga !"wiZ cevn (Flow
2e'ween Two Parallel Pla'es)
G9v `y&' &e7" &eeBv Kiv !e# G,-v !-v(
- M0" /c'B &*Ni
- GK&' /c' &*Ni Ges A&' my7g /eE mi )v$%
`y&' mgvI+iv- /c'i ga &`" /Kvv
mv`Zv&e&kD dzBW evg&`K !Z Wv&`K
cev&!Z !$%# GK&' A&Z 1z` dzBW AskK gy:
e*H &!me aiv !-v )vi P`6
x
# cyi4ZU
)
\ ck*
+Zv
3
Ges G&' &Bi &*Ni /c' !Z ) `FiZU
Ae*Nv Ki%# 672i evav A&Z8g Kivi R dzBW
Aski `yB cvI+ cev!i &`K eivei Bvci cv_K
_vKZ !e#
Qb

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
&BC JKX : `y&' mgvI+iv- /c'i ga *+&iZ cev!
A#$K% :
- &M'v&"v dzBW
- c=>`k &c&$%- Ae*Nv &eivR Kie v
- cKZ Amsg dzBWi A&eB-( my7g Ges *+
&iZ cev!
#vggvjv :
g K&i#
h /c' `y&'i ga `FiZU

- eveZ cAO

- /Z-i cig mv`Zv

0

- /c'i /`"v- eveZ cAO

p dzBW Aski evg&`K Kv)iZ Bvc
dp
p x
dx
_
+

,
- dzBW Aski Wv&`K Kv)iZ Bvc
A&eB- Ges my7g cev!i R ZUi2i gv kF !e#
dzBW Aski Mci Kv)iZ e-,-v !-v(
- dzBW Aski `yB cvI+ Kv)iZ Bvci `i4 e-
- dzBW Aski Mci Ges &B Kv)iZ eveZ e-
dzBW Aski Mci Kv)iZ mK- e-i /)vEd-i gv
kF !e#

dp d
p ) 3 p x ) 3 x 3 ) x 3 0
dx d)
_ _
+ + +


,
,
`R
mv`Zv cev!
A_ev#
dp d
p ) 3 p ) 3 x ) 3 x 3 x 3 x ) 3 0
dx d)

+ +
A_ev#
dp
d d)
dx

GB mgAKi2K msK- Ki-#

*
dp
) C
dx
+
(i)
G9v
dp
dx
!$% a4eK Ges
*
C
!$% A
GK&' a4eK#
&M'i mv`Zv mFC Ay)v"A#

du
d)

(ii)
mgAKi2 (i) Ges (ii) !Z Avgiv cvB(
*
dp du
) C
d) dx
+
A_ev#
*
C dp *
du )d) d)
dx
+

GB mgAKi2K msK- Ki-#

" *
"
C dp *
u ) ) C
" dx
+ +

(iii)
G9v
"
C
!$% GK&' a4eK
(a) 5fq c3 w!.i :
(I) eMi e+# (Veloci') 4is'ri5u'ion) :
/eEi ea /ei Kivi R mgAKi2 (iii) &eeBv KiZ
!e#
c"vRA" mAgvi9vi kZ,-v !-v Z
)9 ) $ 0# u $ 0
myZivs mgAKi2 (iii) !Z(
"
C 0
cyiv"# )9 ) $ h# u $ 0
myZivs#
" *
C dp *
0 h h 0
" dx
+ +

`L

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
A_ev#
*
dp *
C h
" dx
_


,
G9
*
C
Ges
"
C
Gi gv mgAKi2 (iii)G emv-#

"
dp ) dp *
u ) h
" dx " dx


A_ev# ( )
"
dp *
u )h )
" dx
_

,

(iv)
/)!Zz

#
dp
dx
Ges h !$% a4eK# /eE u Gi c&ieZ
!e )Gi mv_# myZivs( /eEi ea A&ae=Vi AvK
&Z Aymi Kie#
(II) me)v,- eM :
)9#
h
)
"

# Z9 /eE !e mev$B# G gv mgAKi2

(iv)G emv- mev$B /eE !e#

"
max
dp * h h
6 h
" dx " +
_
_

,
,
A_ev#
"
max
dp * h
6
" dx +
_

,
A_ev#
"
max
dp *
6 h
0 dx
_

,

(v)
(III) cevni nvi :
/c'i GKK ck*+Zvi R &e0`K /1Cv"Zi
( )
d) *

ga &`" dzBW cev!i !vii mgAKi2K msK-
Ki- /gv' cev!i !vii mgAKi2 cv\"v )ve#
G9 &e0`K /1Cv"Zi ga &`" cev!i !vi(

d ud) *
/gv' cev!i !vi#
h
0
u d)

`W
mv`Zv cev!
A_ev# ( )
h
"
0
dp *
)h ) d)
" dx
_

(mgAKi2 iv
!Z)
A_ev#
h
" /
0
dp ) h ) *

" dx " /
1
_

1

,
]
A_ev#
/
dp * h

" dx 7
_

,
A_ev#
/
dp *
h
*" dx
_

,

(vi)
(IV) M* eM :
cev!i !viK GKK ck*+Zvi R c*N$%`i
/1Cv"Z Tviv 0vE Ki- cev!i EO /eE cv\"v )ve#
myZivs# EO /eE#

v
h *

A_ev#
"
dp *
v h
*" dx
_

,

(vii)
A_ev#
"
dp " *
v h
/ 0 dx
_

,
A_ev#
max
"
v 6
/

8mgAKi2 (v) ee!vi Ki9

(V) -vc n6vm (Pressure 4rop):
/c'i &&`D P`6i R Bvc !Yvm mgAKi2 (vii)
!Z &c&-&9Z0ve cv\"v )ve#
EO /eE#
"
dp *
v h
*" dx
_

,
A_ev#
"
dp *"
v
dx h

G9 xGi Mci &0ikA- ai msK- Ki-#

" "
"
* *
*"
dp v dx
h

`X

Avay&K dzBW e-&e`v
&BC JK [d cvBc Bvc !Yvm
A_ev# ( ) ( )
" * " *
"
*" v
p p x x
h

A_ev#
* "
"
*" v
p p L
h

A_ev#
* "
"
p p *" vL
h

A_ev# (
"
*" vL
h
h

G9v
(
h
!$% 672i `i4 /!W
-me
(VI) eveZ)# c'*#i e+# (1hear 1'ress 4is'ri5u'ion) :
&M'i mv`Zv mFCvymvi(

du
d)

G mgAKi2 uGi gv mgAKi2 (iv) !Z emv-(
( )
"
dp d *
h) )
d) " dx
1
_

1

,
]
A_ev#
( )
dp *
h ")
" dx
_


,
`[
mv`Zv cev!
A_ev#
dp h
)
dx "
_


,
)9(
h
)
"

#
0
)9(
) 0
# A_ev#
) h
#
max

(b) 7Kw3 c3 w!.i 7e8 A#w3 -jgv# (:ne Pla'e is Fixed and
'he :'her :ne is ,oving):
)&` GK&' /c' &*Ni _vK Ges A&'K )&` my7g
/eE Bv-vv )v"( Zv!- G `y&' /c'i ga /) *+
&iZ cev! !e ZvK Kz"' cev! e-#
eMi e+# :
&BC JK^d Kz"' cev!
)9
) 0
#
u 0
myZivs( mgAKi2 (iii) !Z#
"
C 0
cyiv"# )9
) h
#
u 6
mgAKi2 (iii) !Z#

" *
C dp *
6 h h
" dx
+

A_ev#
*
dp 6 *
C h
h " dx

myZivs( mgAKi2 (iii) !Z cv\"v )ve(

"
dp dp ) 6 * *
u ) ) h
" dx h " dx

+

A_ev# ( )
"
6) dp *
u h) )
h " dx

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