Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Chng 3 - OSPF

CHNG 3:

OSPF

3.1.

Tng quan

OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng link-state thng c dng trin khai trn h thng mng phc tp. OSPF t xy dng c ch m bo tin cy ch khng s dng cc giao thc chuyn vn nh TCP m bo tin cy. OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng classless nn c h tr VLSM v discontiguous network. OSPF s dng a ch multicast 224.0.0.5 (all SPF routers) v 224.0.0.6 (DR v BDR routers) gi cc thng ip Hello v Update. OSPF cn c kh nng h tr chng thc dng plain text v dng MD5. OSPF s dng gii thut Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn. y l gii thut xy dng cc ng i ngn nht SPT (shortest-path tree) i n ch. Thng ip qung co LSA mang thng tin ca router v trng thi cc lng ging ln cn. Da trn cc thng tin hc c khi trao i cc thng ip LSA, OSPF s xy dng topology mng.

3.2.

Cc loi gi tin OSPF

OSPF c 5 loi gi tin l Hello, Database Description, Link State Request, Link State Update, Link State Acknowledge. Hello: gi tin Hello dng pht hin trao i thng tin ca cc router cn k. Database Description: gi tin ny dng chn la router no s c quyn trao i thng tin trc (master/slave). Link State Request: gi tin ny dng ch nh loi LSA dng trong tin trnh trao i cc gi tin DBD. Link State Update: gi tin ny dng gi cc gi tin LSA n router cn k yu cu gi tin ny khi nhn thng ip Request. Link State Acknowledge: gi tin ny dng bo hiu nhn gi tin Update.

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Chng 3 - OSPF

3.3.

Cc loi thng ip LSA

Bng 3.1 - Cc loi thng ip LSA

Loi 1

LSA Router

Chc nng M t trng thi, n gi ca kt ni n router cn k v IP prefix ca cc kt ni point-to-point.

Network

M t s lng router v subnet mask trn on mng.

Summary Network

M t ch n ngoi vng nhng cng OSPF domain. Thng tin tm tt ca mt vng s c gi n vng khc.

Summary ASBR

M t thng tin ca ASBR. Khng c s tm tt LSA Type 4 ny trong mt vng n.

External

M t cc tuyn ng i n cc ch ngoi OSPF domain. Mi External LSA biu din cho mi subnet.

Group Membership

M t quan h thnh vin nhm multicast OSPF (MOSPF).

7 8 9 11

NSSA Unused Opaque

M t cc tuyn ng n cc ch xa. Khng s dng. c s dng tnh ton cc tuyn ng s dng cho k thut qun l lu lng ca cng ngh MPLS.

3.4.

Khi nim Vng trong OSPF

OSPF h tr hai mc phn cp qua khi nim vng (area). Mi vng l mt s 32 bit biu din nh dng IP (vng 0.0.0.0) hay dng thp phn (vng 0). Vng 0 l vng trung tm. Tt c cc vng khc u phi kt ni trc tip vi vng 0 hay kt ni qua virtual link. OSPF c mt s loi vng sau: normal area, stub area, totally stubby area, not-so-stubby area (NSSA), totally not-so-stubby area. 43

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI 3.4.1. Normal Area

Chng 3 - OSPF

Mc nh, normal area mang nhng c tnh sau: Nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary LSA) t cc vng khc. Nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Nhn cc thng tin mc nh t bn ngoi (external default LSA).

Xt v d sau, vng 1 v vng 2 l cc vng bnh thng, cc route IGRP c phn phi vo vng 1 v cc route RIP c phn phi vo vng 2.

Hnh 3.1 - Cc loi vng trong OSPF

3.4.2.

Stub Area

Vng Stub khng nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Vng stub nhn cc thng tin tm tt (Summary LSA) t cc vng khc v nhn cc thng tin mc nh (default route) v xem nh l cc thng tin tm tt (summary route). Trong hnh di, vng 1 c nh ngha l vng stub. Khng c redistribution trn router I, H hay G v vng stub khng nhn cc LSA Type 5. Cc RIP route c nhn ti router E l cc external route s b chn ti router F, tuy nhin area 1 vn nhn cc summary route n t vng 2 ti router F (ABR). Cc thng tin tm tt mc nh (default summary LSA) cng c nhn ti ABR (router F) vo vng 1. Ngha l nu router I, H hay G mun gi gi tin i n ch ngoi (external destination) th s gi gi n router ABR gn nht l router F.

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Chng 3 - OSPF

Hnh 3.2 - Area 1 l vng stub ca OSPF

Cu hnh vng 1 ca OSPF l vng Stub

RouterF# router ospf 1 area 1 stub RouterG# router ospf 1 area 1 stub RouterH# router ospf 1 area 1 stub RouterI# router ospf 1 area 1 stub

3.4.3.

Totally Stubby Area

Totally Stubby Area l vng b hn ch nht. Router trong vng loi ny ch tin tng vo cc thng tin tm tt mc nh (default summary route) t ABR. Khng tn ti thng tin t bn ngoi ca OSPF (external route) hay thng tin tm tt (summary route) trong bng nh tuyn. y l mt m rng ca vng stub nn mang y cc c tnh ca vng stub. Vng Totally Stubby mang nhng c tnh l khng nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary LSA),

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Chng 3 - OSPF

khng nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Vng Totally Stubby ch nhn cc thng tin mc nh (default route) v xem nh l cc thng tin tm tt (summary route). Trong hnh di, vng 1 khng nhn bt c thng tin tm tt (summary route) v cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external route). Ch c cc route m vng 1 nhn c t cc vng ln cn - intra area (cc route c nh du O trong bng nh tuyn) v cc route mc nh (default route) mi c chp nhn ti ABR (cc route c nh du O IA trong bng nh tuyn). Ch rng s khc nhau gia vng stubby v vng totally stubby l vic OSPF khng to ra cc summary LSA trong vng totally stubby. Lnh no-summary c dng trnh vic gi cc summary LSA trong area 1. Cu hnh ABR (Router F) to Area 1 l vng Totally Stubby
RouterF# router ospf 1 area 1 stub no-summary RouterG# router ospf 1 area 1 stub RouterH# router ospf 1 area 1 stub RouterI# router ospf 1 area 1 stub

3.4.4.

Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA)

NSSA l mt m rng ca vng stub. Trong hnh di, gi s vng1 c nh ngha l vng stub v c yu cu phn phi (redistribution) cc IGRP route vo vng ny. Nu vng1 nh ngha l vng stub th s khng thc hin c iu . phn phi cc IGRP route vo vng 1, vng 1 cn phi c thay i thnh NSSA area. Khi , cc IGRP route s c phn phi vo vng NSSA dng LSA Type 7. NSSA cho php nhn cc route t bn ngoi vo OSPF domain thng qua vng stub. Khi ASBR router nhn mt route i vo AS, router s to ra LSA Type 7. Router ABR s chuyn 46

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Chng 3 - OSPF

i LSA Type 7 thnh LSA Type 5 qung co tip vo AS. Do , LSA Type 7 ch tn ti trong NSSA area. NSSA c h tr t Cisco IOS 11.2 tr ln. NSSA mang cc c tnh l chp nhn cc LSA Type 7 mang cc thng tin t bn ngoi vo NSSA. Cc LSA Type 7 s c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 ti cc router bin NSSA ABR qung co i tip trong mng OSPF. NSSA khng chp nhn cc external LSA nhng chp nhn cc summary LSA. Cn cc IGRP route s c chuyn i thnh cc LSA Type 7.

Hnh 3.3 - Cu hnh vng 1 thnh NSSA

LSA Type 7 c to ra trong area 1 ti router I v c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 bi NSSA ABR l router F. NSSA LSA Output
RouterI#show ip ospf database nssa-external 10.10.10.0 LS age: 36 Options: (No TOS-capability, Type 7/5 translation, DC) LS Type: AS External Link Link State ID: 10.10.10.0 (External Network Number) Advertising Router: 141.108.1.21 LS Seq Number: 80000001 Checksum: 0x4309 Length: 36 Network Mask: /24

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path) TOS: 0 Metric: 20 Forward Address: 141.108.1.21 External Route Tag: 0

Chng 3 - OSPF

Bit P c bt ln bo hiu chuyn i LSA Type 7 thnh LSA Type 5. Nu bit P = 0, router NSSA ABR s khng chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5, iu ny xy ra khi router NSSA ASBR cng l router NSSA ABR. Nu bit P = 1, router NSSA ABR (nu c nhiu router loi ny th s chn router c router ID nh nht) th s chuyn i LSA Type 7 thnh LSA Type 5. P l vit tt ca Propagation. Router ABR s ra quyt nh da trn gi tr ca bit ny. Cu hnh NSSA
RouterF# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa RouterG# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa RouterH# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa RouterI# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa

Sau khi nh ngha vng 1 l NSSA, vng ny s mang nhng c tnh sau: Vng 1 khng chp nhn cc LSA Type 5. Ngha l khng nhn cc thng tin v RIP route. Tt c cc IGRP route c phn phi vo OSPF domain dng LSA Type 7. Ch c LSA Type 7 mi tn ti trong NSSA area. Tt c cc LSA Type 7 c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 bi router NSSA ABR v c phn phi vo OSPF domain dng LSA Type 5. 48

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI 3.4.5. Totally Not-So-Stubby Area

Chng 3 - OSPF

Loi vng ny l mt m rng ca NSSA, nu vng 1 l totally NSSA th s mang nhng c tnh sau: Vng 1 khng chp nhn cc RIP route v y l cc external route. Vng 1 khng chp nhn cc thng tin tm tt summary LSA. Router F (ABR) s chu trch nhim to default summary LSA.

Totally NSSA mang nhng c tnh sau: Khng chp nhn summary LSA. Khng chp nhn external LSA. LSA Type 7 s c chuyn i thnh LSA Type 5 ti router NSSA ABR.

Cu hnh Totally NSSA Area trn NSSA ABR, Router F

RouterF# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa no-summary RouterG# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa RouterH# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa RouterI# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa

Default Summary Route Khi nh ngha mt vng NSSA lm totally stubby area, cc router NSSA ABR s to ra default summary route. Nu NSSA vng khng nh ngha lm totally stubby area, router NSSA ABR s khng to ra default summary route.

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI Cu hnh to Default Summary Route vo NSSA Area
RouterA# router ospf 1 area 1 nssa no-summary

Chng 3 - OSPF

3.5.

OSPF Media Types

C 4 loi mi trng truyn dn OSPF l mi trng multiaccess, point-to-point, nonbroadcast multiaccess v demand circuit. 3.5.1. Mi trng Multiaccess

Mi trng multiaccess l mi trng truyn dn nh ethernet, fast ethernet, gigabit ethernet, FDDI. Trong mi trng mng broadcast, OSPF s tin hnh bu chn DR, BDR gim thiu lu lng trn on mng.

Hnh 3.4 - OSPF chy trn mi trng multiaccess

Router A c chn lm DR v c u tin cao nht. Router B c chn lm BDR, B v C c u tin bng nhau nn BDR c chn da trn router ID cao nht l router B. Cc router s thit lp quan h vi DR v BDR. 3.5.2. Mi trng Point-to-Point

Mi trng point-to-point l mi trng truyn dn c ng gi HDLC/PPP, Frame Relay/ATM point-to-point subinterface. Khng c s bu chn DR/BDR trong mi trng ny. Cc gi tin OSPF c gi i dng multicast. v d di, router A kt ni point-topoint n cc router khc v thit lp quan h trng thi n router B, C v D.

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Chng 3 - OSPF

Hnh 3.5 - Cc kt ni im-im gia cc router

3.5.3.

Mi trng Nonbroadcast Multiaccess

Mi trng NBMA l mi trng truyn dn nh Frame Relay, X.25, ATM. C 3 m hnh truyn dn trong mi trng NBMA l m hnh broadcast, m hnh point to point v m hnh point to multipoint. a. M hnh broadcast gi lp mi trng NBMA thnh mi trng broadcast cn tin hnh bu chn DR v BDR. C hai cch cu hnh: 1. S dng lnh network-type broadcast 2. S dng lnh neighbor. Nh v d di, mi trng NBMA l Frame Relay. Router A kt ni vi cc router khc B, C, D v E thng qua cc PVC.

Hnh 3.6 - Mi trng NBMA l Frame Relay

Cu hnh mng dng Broadcast

RouterA# interface serial 0 encapsualtion frame-relay ip ospf network-type broadcast

Lnh ip ospf network-type broadcast cn c cu hnh trn cc cng Frame Relay ca tt c cc router. 51

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Chng 3 - OSPF

Mt cch khc m phng m hnh broadcast l s dng lnh neighbor, cn cu hnh lnh ny ln hub router l router A. Router A cn c cu hnh c u tin cao lun l DR.

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI Cu hnh lnh neighbor trn Hub Router
RouterA# interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip ospf priority 10 ! router ospf 1 neighbor 141.108.1.2 neighbor 141.108.1.3 neighbor 141.108.1.4 neighbor 141.108.1.5

Chng 3 - OSPF

b. M hnh Point-to-Point Trong m hnh ny, mi PVC phi c nh ngha l cc point-to-point subinterface vi cc subnet khc nhau. Khi cu hnh, khng cn ch nh network type v cc subinterface mc nh c network type l point-to-point. Li ch ca m hnh ny l cc VC (virtual circuit) c th cu hnh trn cng giao tip. Nhc im l lng ph nhiu khng gian a ch cho mi kt ni point to point subinterface. Hn na kch thc ca cc LSA to bi router A s ln hn rt nhiu v phi cha Type 3 stub link cho mi kt ni point to point. Cu hnh Point-to-Point Subinterface
RouterA# interface Serial 0.1 point-to-point ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.252 ! interface Serial 0.2 point-to-point ip address 141.108.1.5 255.255.255.252

c. M hnh Point to Multipoint M hnh ny khng tin hnh bu chn DR/BDR v ch yu cu 1 mng con. Cn cu hnh network type trn tt c cc router A, B, C, D v E. 53

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI Cu hnh dng mng Point-to-Multipoint (trn tt c cc router)
RouterA# interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip ospf network-type point-to-multipoint

Chng 3 - OSPF

i khi mt s mi trng NBMA khng c kh nng h tr multicast nn s khng s dng c network type l point-to-multipoint. Khi s s dng network type mi l point to multipoint nonbroadcast trn cc cng giao tip serial ca cc router A, B, C, D v E. Cu hnh dng mng Point-to-Multipoint Nonbroadcast
RouterA# interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip ospf network-type point-to-multipoint non-broadcast ! router ospf 1 neighbor 141.108.1.2 neighbor 141.108.1.3 neighbor 141.108.1.4 neighbor 141.108.1.5

3.6.

OSPF Demand Circuit

Ban u quan h lin k adjacency c thit lp trao i thng tin. Sau mt khong thi gian s thit lp li quan h adjacency trao i thng tin. iu ny rt hu dng gim thiu cc chi ph khng cn thit nhm s dng hiu qu, tit kim. V d khi s dng cng ngh ISDN, mi khi kt ni ISDN hot ng (up) th cn tr chi ph, khi s dng demand circuit s gim thiu chi ph. Cc c tnh ca demand circuit: 1. Ngn chn cc gi tin Hello. 54

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI 2. Ngn chn s lm ti cc gi LSA.

Chng 3 - OSPF

Ch vi network type l point to multipoint th mi c tnh nng nh k ngn chn cc gi tin Hello. i vi network type khc gi tin Hello vn gi c qua cng giao tip. S lm ti cc gi LSA s khng xy ra nh k sau 30 pht khi cu hnh demand circuit. C hai tnh hung m cc LSA s c gi i: 1. Khi c s thay i topology mng. 2. Khi router trong OSPF domain khng hiu c demand circuit. trng hp u khng c g ng ni v router phi gi cc thng tin LSA mi cp nht cho cc router cn k v s thay i topology mng. trng hp hai, c mt s cch gii quyt tnh hung ny.

Hnh 3.7 - OSPF Demand Circuit

V d Indication LSA
RouterA#show ip ospf database asbr-summary Adv Router is not-reachable LS age: 971 Options: (No TOS-capability, No DC) LS Type: Summary Links(AS Boundary Router) Link State ID: 141.108.1.129 (AS Boundary Router address) Advertising Router: 141.108.1.129 LS Seq Number: 80000004 Checksum: 0xA287 Length: 28

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Network Mask: /0 TOS: 0 Metric: 16777215

Chng 3 - OSPF

Mt lu l cn cu hnh demand circuit vng khc vng trung tm (backbone area) v backbone khng th cu hnh lm stub hay NSSA. Cu hnh Demand Circuit
RouterA# interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ip address 141.108.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip ospf network-type point-to-multipoint ip ospf demand-circuit

3.7.

Thit lp quan h gia cc router (Adjacency)

OSPF thit lp quan h lin k adjacency gia cc router lng ging nhm mc ch trao i cc thng tin nh tuyn. Trong mi trng broadcast, khng phi router no cng c kh nng thit lp quan h adjacency vi tt c cc router khc. Gi tin hello chu trch nhim thit lp v duy tr mi quan h ny. u tin router OSPF s gi gi tin hello n a ch multicast 224.0.0.5. Gi tin ny s nh k gi n tt c cc cng giao tip c h tr OSPF vi khong thi gian gi tu thuc vo tng loi cng giao tip. Trong mi trng broadcast nh Ethernet hay point-to-point, thi gian ny l 10 giy. Trong mi trng non-broadcast nh Frame Relay hay ATM, khong thi gian ny l 30 giy. Gi tin hello s nh k gi i n tt c cc cng giao tip ca router c chy OSPF. Khi router pht hin thy c router lng ging nh vo gi tin hello nhn c, truyn thng hai chiu s c thit lp. Trong mi trng broadcast v NBMA, gi tin hello cn c s dng chn ra cc router ch nh DR/BDR. Sau khi thit lp c truyn thng hai chiu, s thit lp quan h lin k adjacency, vic ra quyt nh thit lp quan h adjacency da trn trng thi ca router lng ging v kiu cng ngh mng c dng kt ni hai router. Nu kiu network l broadcast hay nonbroadcast, quan h adjacency s c thit lp gia cc router ch nh DR/BDR. Cc trng hp cn li, quan h adjacency s c thit lp gia cc router lng ging. thit lp quan h adjacency, u tin router s tin hnh ng b ho c s d liu bng cch gi cc gi tin 56

Gio trnh kha hc BSCI

Chng 3 - OSPF

DBD m t c s d liu cho nhau. Tin trnh ny gi l tin trnh trao i c s d liu database exchange process. Khi , hai router s thit lp quan h master/slaver. Mi gi tin m t c s d liu c gi i bi master s cha s tun t nh du gi tin. Slaver s bo nhn gi tin ny bng cch gi gi tin cha s tun t ny hi p. Router s c cc trng thi sau khi thit lp quan h lin k adjacency: Down State, Attempt State, Init State, 2-way State, Exstart State, Exchange State, Loading State, Full State.

Hnh 3.8 - Cc trng thi thit lp quan h trong OSPF

a. Down State Router khng nhn c cc thng tin v router cn k. b. Attempt State Trng thi ny ch tn ti trong mng NBMA. trng thi ny, router s khng nhn c cc thng tin t router cn k nhng vn n lc to ra quan h vi router cn k bng cch nh k gi cc gi tin hello n router cn k. Router R1 gi gi tin hello thng bo rng cha chn c DR, v khng tm thy router cn k.

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Gio trnh kha hc BSCI c. Init State

Chng 3 - OSPF

Tin trnh gi gi tin hello mt chiu. R1 gi gi tin hello, R2 nhn c gi tin ny nhng khng bit c tnh trng bn thn (router ID) nn c t trng thi mt chiu one-way state.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID 1.1.1.1 Pri 1 State INIT/DROTHER Dead Time 0:00:39 Address 10.10.3.1 Interface Ethernet0

d. 2-way State Khi thit lp quan h hai chiu, router s c t trng thi 2-way state. Khi , s bt u tin trnh thit lp quan h lin k adjacency, cc router ch nh DR/BDR s c chn. Router R2 gi gi tin hello cho router R1 bo R2 nhn gi tin Hello gi bi R1, Router ID ca R2 cao hn nn s c chn lm router DR.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID 1.1.1.1 Pri 1 State 2WAY/DROTHER Deadtime 0:00:36 Address 10.10.3.1 Interface Ethernet0

e. Exstart State Trng thi ny l s bt u tin trnh ng b ho c s d liu. Master v slave c chn trong trng thi ny. R1 gi gi tin DBD u tin, R2 cng gi gi tin DBD u tin. Router R2 c chn lm master v c router ID cao hn.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID 1.1.1.1 Pri 1 State EXSTART/BDR Dead Time 0:00:32 Address 10.10.3.1 Interface Ethernet0

Lu : R1 l router backup DR. f. Exchange State trng thi ny, router m t trng thi c s d liu link-state thng qua gi tin DBD. Mi gi tin DBD c nh s tun t phn bit. Ti mi thi im ch cho php gi i mt gi tin DBD. Gi tin Request cng c gi i yu cu cp nht cc gi tin LSA.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

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1.1.1.1 1 EXCHANGE/DR 0:00:30 10.10.3.1

Chng 3 - OSPF
Ethernet0

g. Loading State trng thi ny, gi tin LS Request c gi i yu cu trng thi mi nht ca LSA. Router R1 gi gi tin LS Request nhn c trng thi mi nht ca LSA.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID 1.1.1.1 Pri 1 State LOADING/DR Dead Time 0:00:28 Address 10.10.3.1 Interface Ethernet0

h. Full State Sau khi nhn c gi tin LS Update, c s d liu ca hai router ng b ho v router s chuyn sang trng thi Full.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor Neighbor ID 1.1.1.1 Pri 1 State FULL/BDR Dead Time 0:00:26 Address 10.10.3.1 Interface Ethernet0

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