EECE253 06 FourierTransform

EECE\CS 253 Image Processing
Lecture Notes: The 1&2-Dimensional Lecture Notes Fourier Transforms
Richard Alan Peters II

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Fall Semester 2012
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Signal:
A measurable phenomenon that changes over time or throughout space.
sound image
code
01101000101101110110010110001
2013-03-08 1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II 2
Signals: Space-Time vs. FrequencyDomain Representation

Space/time representation: a graph of the measurements with respect to a point in time and/or positions in space. Fact: signals undulate (otherwise theyd contain no information). Frequency-domain representation: an exact description of a signal in terms of its undulations.
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1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II
Origin of Sounds

The mechanical vibrations of an object in an atmosphere. Vibrations: internal elastic motions of the material. The surface of the object undulates causing compressions and rarefactions in the air which propagate through the air away from the surface. An object vibrates with different modes. A mode is a vibratory pattern with a distinctive shape part of the object surface moves out while another part moves in a standing wave.
1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II 4
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Vibratory Modes / Standing Waves: Examples
displacement from rest position
internal pressure
string modes
Note that the modes are all sinusoids.
pipe modes
Note that the negatives of these also will occur
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Sound Waves:
Emerge from the superposition of the modes.
string sound
pipe sound
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Sound Waves:
Emerge from the superposition of the modes.
Even-order harmonics
The vibratory modes add up to one complex motion that pushes the air around the vibrating object
string sound
pipe sound
Odd-order harmonics
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Fact: Any Real Signal has a Frequency-Domain Representation

The modes shown (blue) sum to the rippling square wave (black). As the number of modes in the sum becomes large, it approaches a square wave (red).
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Odd-order harmonics
sq (t ) = 2p 1 sin 2 n 1 t + ( ) + 2 n 1 l n=-
Frequency-Domain Representation
Any periodic signal can be described by a sum of sinusoids.
sq (t ) = 2p 1 n t sin 2 1 + ( ) l n=- 2n + 1
The sinusoids are called basis functions. The multipliers are called Fourier coefficients.
sq (t ) = 2p 1 n t sin 2 1 + ( ) l n=- 2n + 1
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Basis functions
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sq (t ) = 2p 1 n t sin 2 1 + ( ) l n=- 2n + 1
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The Fourier coefficients (of a square wave).
11
Example: Partial Sums of a Square Wave

The limit of the given sequence of partial sums1 is exactly a square wave
1 sine
2 sines
4 sines
8 sines
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16 sines
32 sines
the limit as n approaches infinity of the sum of n sines.

1
12
Anatomy of a Sinusoid
f (t)
2p t - f f (t ) = A sin l
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The Inner Product: a Measure of Similarity

The similarity between functions f and g on the interval (- / 2, / 2) can be defined by
l /2
f,g =
-l /2
f (t ) g * (t ) dt
where g * (t ) is the complex conjugate of g (t ).
This number, called the inner product of f and g , can also be thought of as the amount of g in f or as the projection of f onto g .
If f and g have the same energy, then their inner product is maximal if f = g . On the other hand if f , g = 0, then f and g have nothing in common.
Inner Products
a function, f
pointwise product f(t)g(t)
1024
g is a component of f
0
f (t ) g (t )dt 0.12
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Inner Products
a function, f
pointwise product f(t)h(t)
1024
h is a not a comp. of f
0
f (t )h(t )dt 0
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Inner Product of a Periodic Function and a Sinusoid
3 different representations
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real number results yield the amplitude of that sinusoid in the function.
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Complex number result yields the amplitude and phase of that sinusoid in the function.
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The Fourier Series

f (t ) = A0 +
is the decomposition of a -periodic signal into a sum of sinusoids.

The representation of a function by its Fourier Series is the sum of sinusoidal basis functions multiplied by coefficients. Fourier coefficients are generated by taking the inner product of the function with the basis. The basis functions correspond to modes of vibration.
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n=1
2p n 2p n + Bn sin An cos t t l l
periodic : $l such that f (t nl ) = f (t )

l /2
2 An = l 2 Bn = l
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-l /2 l /2
2p n f (t ) cos t j dt for n 0 n l 2p n f (t ) sin t j dt for n 0 n l


-l /2
The Fourier Series

f (t ) = =
n=-
can also be written in terms of complex exponentials

2 p n +fn + l
Ce
n
pn i 2l t
n=-
Cn e
i = -1
2pn 2pn + + + cos f sin f C t C t n n n n l l n=-

+ ifn l /2 2 pn -i t 1 l dt = f (t ) e l -l /2
Cn = Cn e+ifn eix = cos x + i sin x

f (t + nl ) = f (t ) for all integers n
Cn = Cn e
2p n 2p n 1 = f (t ) cos + + t + fn C t sin f dt n n l l l -l /2
l /2
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The Fourier Series

f (t ) = [ An cos wnt + Bn sin wnt ], where wn =
n=0
Contd. on next page.
Relationship between the real and the complex Fourier Series

2pn l
l /2 l /2 2 = f (h ) cos wn h d h cos wnt + f (h ) sin wn h d h sin wn t l n=0 -l /2 -l /2
2 = f (h )[cos wn h cos wnt + f (h ) sin wn h sin wnt ] d h l n=0 -l /2 l /2 The sine-plus-cosine 1 = f (h ) cos (wn h - wnt ) d h form results from the l n=0 -l /2 projection of f onto a cosine that is in phase with the current time.
l /2
Relationship between the real and the complex Fourier Series (contd.)
Claim:
0=
l /2
n=-
sin (w h - w t ).
n n
Therefore: Thus:
-l /2
f (h ) sin (wn h - wnt ) d h = 0. n=-
l /2 1 -i f (h ) sin (wn h - wn t ) d h = 0. l n=- -l /2
Then add zero to the equation at the end of the previous page:
l /2 l /2 1 1 f (t ) = f (h ) cos (wn h - wnt ) d h - i f (h ) sin (wn h - wnt ) d h . l n=- -l /2 l n=- -l /2
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l /2 l /2 1 1 f (t ) = f (h ) cos (wn h - wnt ) d h - i f (h ) sin (wn h - wnt ) d h l n=- -l /2 l n=- -l /2
1 = f (h )[cos wn (h - t ) - i sin wn (h - t )] d h l n=- -l /2 1 = f (h ) e-iwn (h-t )d h l n=- -l /2

2 pn 2 pn h -i +i t 1 l l h h f e d e = ( ) n=- l -l /2 l /2 l /2
l /2
Then some algebraic manipulations lead to the result.

2 pn + + n l
n=-
Ce
n
pn i 2l t
n=-
Cn e e
ifn
pn i 2l t
n=-
Cn e
t f
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l /2 l /2 1 1 f (t ) = f (h ) cos (wn h - wnt ) d h - i f (h ) sin (wn h - wnt ) d h l n=- -l /2 l n=- -l /2
1 = f (h )[cos wn (h - t ) - i sin wn (h - t )] d h l n=- -l /2 1 = f (h ) e-iwn (h-t )d h l n=- -l /2

2 pn 2 pn h -i +i t 1 l l h h f e d e = ( ) n=- l -l /2 l /2 l /2
l /2
Then some algebraic manipulations lead to the result.

2 pn + + n l
n=-
Ce
n
pn i 2l t
n=-
Cn e e
ifn
pn i 2l t
n=-
Cn e
t f
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Why are Fourier Coefficients Complex Numbers?

f (t ) =
n=-
Cn e
+i
2 pn t l
where Cn = Cn e +ifn .
Cn represents the amplitude, A=|Cn|, and relative phase, , of that part of the original signal, f (t), that is a sinusoid of frequency n = 2n / .
intensity
0
0
frequency, = 1/
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What about real + imaginary?
F (w ) = ( N2A co s )[d (w + N l ) + d (w - N l )] + i ( N2A sin )[- d (w + N l ) + d (w - N l )]
The FS of a cosine is a pair of impulses with complex amplitudes

The real and imaginary parts at the positive frequency, N/ ...
Real + Imaginary to Magnitude & Phase
form a magnitude, NA/2, and a phase, 0.

The real and imaginary parts at the negative frequency, -N/ ...
Real + Imaginary to Magnitude & Phase
form a magnitude, NA/2, and a phase, -0.

Fourier Series of a Square Wave

Time-domain signal
Fourier magnitude
Fourier phase
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The Fourier Transform

is the decomposition of a nonperiodic signal into a continuous sum* of sinusoids.
F ( w ) = F (w ) e
iF(w )
= f (t ) e i 2 p w t dt
-
= f (t )[cos ( 2pw t ) + i sin ( 2pw t )] dt

- -i 2 p w t
f (t ) = F (w ) e
-
d w = F (w ) e-i(2 p w t +F(w)) d w
-
= F (w ) [cos ( 2pw t ) - i sin (2pw t )] d w

-
= F (w ) [cos ( 2pw t +F (w )) - i sin (2pw t +F (w ))] d w

-
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i.e., an integral.
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Mammals Use the FT in Hearing
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The Discrete Fourier Transform

A discrete signal, {hk k = 0,1, 2, , N 1 }, of finite length N can be repre sented as a weighted sum of N sinusoids, e i 2 k n /N n = 0,1, 2, , N 1 through
hk = H n e i 2 k n /N
n= 0
N 1
where the set, { H n n = 0,1, 2, , N 1}, are the Fourier coefficients defined as the projection of the original signal onto sinusoid, n, given by :
1 N 1 Hn = hk e +i 2 k n /N N k=0
The Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform

Primary Uses of the FT in Image Processing:
Explains why down-sampling can add distortion to an image and shows how to avoid it. Useful for certain types of noise reduction, deblurring, and other types of image restoration. For feature detection and enhancement, especially edge detection.
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The Fourier Transform: Discussion

The expressions
F (w ) = f (t ) e-i 2 p w t dt = f (t ) , e+ i 2 p w t
-
continuous signals defined over all real numbers
and 1 Hn = N
he
k n= 0
N -1
-i 2 p k n / N
= hk , e
+i 2 p k n /N
discrete signals with N terms or samples.
for the Fourier coefficients are inner products which can be thought of as measures of the similarity between the functions f (t ) and e + i 2 t for t ( , ) or between the sequences N -1 + i 2 p k n / N N -1 { hk } k =0 and { e } k =0 .
The Fourier Transform: Discussion (contd.)

In the context of inner products, the complex exponentials
{ e-i2pw t
w and w (- , )
} and { e-i 2pk n/N
, -2, -1, 0,1, 2,
}
, if w 1= w 2 if w 1 w 2 c , if j = k if j k
are called orthogonal sets since they have the property:
e-i 2 p w 1 t , e-i 2p w 2 t = e-i 2 p w 1 t e+ i 2 p w 2 t dt = { 0,

-
-i 2 p j n / N
, e
-i 2 p k n / N
= e-i 2 p j n /N e+i 2 p k n /N = { 0,
N -1 n= 0
The function sets are called orthogonal basis sets
They are called basis sets since for any function1, f (t), of a real variable there exists a complex-valued function F(w), and for any sequence1, hk , there exist complex numbers, Hn , such that
f (t ) = F (w ) e
-
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-i 2 p w t
d w and hk = H n e-i 2p k n /N .
n= 0
N -1
1 with
finite energy.
36

Consider the 2-dimensional functions
{e
-i 2 p ( ux + vy )
u , v, x, y }
and
{e
jm -i 2 p ( M + kn ) N
j , m 0, ..., M - 1, k , n 0,..., N- 1
These are, likewise, orthogonal:

e-i 2 p(u1x+v1 y) , e-i 2 p (u2 x+v2 y)
= =
- -
e-i 2 p (u1x+v1 y) e+ i 2 p (u2 x+v2 y) dxdy ,

2 2
, if u1 =u2 and v1 =v2 0, otherwise
j1m + k1n -i 2 p M N
, e
j2 m + k2 n -i 2 p M N
= e
m= 0 n= 0
M -1 N -1
-i 2 p
( jMm + kNn) e+i 2p( jMm + kNn)

1 1
=
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c , if j1 = j2 and k1 = k2 0, otherwise
.
37

Therefore
{e
- i 2 p ( ux + vy )
u , v, x, y } and
{e
-i2p(
jm M
kn N
j, k , m , n, M
are orthogonal basis sets. This suggests that function f (x,y) defined on the real plane, and sequence {{ hmn }} for integers m and n have analogous Fourier representations,

f ( x, y ) =
- -
F (u , v) e+i 2 p ( ux+vy ) dudv and hmn = H jk e

j= 0 k = 0
M - 1N - 1
jm kn +i 2 p + M N
where the Fourier coefficients are given by

F (u , v) =
- -
f ( x, y) e-i 2 p ( ux+vy ) dxdy and H jk = hmn e

m=0 n=0
M -1 N -1
jm kn -i 2 p + M N
(True for finite energy functions f (x,y) and {{ hmn }}.)

Continuous Fourier Transform
The continuous Fourier transform assumes a continuous image exists in a finite region of an infinite plane.
The BoingBoing Bloggers
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Discrete Fourier Transform

The discrete Fourier transform assumes a digital image exists on a closed surface, a torus.
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Discrete Fourier Transform

The discrete Fourier transform assumes a digital image exists on a closed surface, a torus.
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The 2D Fourier Transform of a Digital Image

Let I(r,c) be a single-band (intensity) digital image with R rows and C columns. Then, I(r,c) has Fourier representation
I ( r , c ) = I ( v ,u ) e
u =0 v=0 R-1 C -1 vr uc +i 2 p + R C
where
1 I (v,u ) = RC I ( r ,c ) e r =0 c=0 R-1 C -1 vr uc -i 2 p R+ C
these complex exponentials are 2D sinusoids.
are the R x C Fourier coefficients.

What are 2D sinusoids?

To simplify the situation assume R = C = N. Then
e
where
i 2
vr R
+ uc C
=e
2 (vr + uc) N
=e
2 ( r sin + c cos ) N
,
v = tan -1 ( u ).
v = w sin , u = w cos , w = v 2 + u 2 , and

Write
N = , w
Then by Eulers relation,
Note: since images are indexed by row & col with r down and c to the right, is positive in the clockwise direction.
1 ( r sin + c cos ) i 2p l
= cos [ 2lp (r sin + c cos )] i sin [ 2lp (r sin + c cos )].

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What are 2D sinusoids? (contd.)

Both the real part of this,
Re e
1 ( r sin + c cos ) i 2 p l
} = + cos[
2p l
(r sin + c cos )]
and the imaginary part,
Im e
1 ( r sin + c cos ) i 2 p l
} = sin [
2p l
(r sin + c cos )]
are sinusoidal gratings of unit amplitude, period and direction . Then

w 2pw is the radian frequency, and the frequency, of the wavefront N N N is the wavelength in pixels in the wavefront direction. w
and =
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2D Sinusoids:
... are plane waves with grayscale amplitudes, periods in terms of lengths, ...
I ( r , c) =
2p A cos (r sin + c cos ) + j + 1 l 2
orientation
= phase shift
2D Sinusoids:
... specific orientations, and phase shifts.
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The Fourier Transform of an Image

c v v
I
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Re[F{I}]
Im[F{I}]
47
Points on the Fourier Plane

If R=C=N the point at column freq. u and row freq. v represents a sinusoid with freq. and orientation . If R C then = 1/ where is the length of vector (C/u, R/v) and the wavefront orientation is = tan-1[(v/R)/(u/C)].
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Points on the Fourier Plane (of a Digital Image)

In the Fourier transform of an RC digital image, positions u and v indicate the number of repetitions of the sinusoid in those directions. Therefore the wavelengths along the column and row axes are -v direction
More about this later (pp. 66-87).
u = C u wf
and v =
R v
pixels,
of a digital image
-1
and the wavelength in the wavefront direction is

2 2 2 = RC (uR) + (vC ) .
The frequency is the fraction of the sinusoid traversed over one pixel,
u u = C , v = v R
- direction
, and
(0,0)
u direction
wf =
1 2 2 (uR) + (vC ) cycles. RC

row freq. column freq.
The wavefront direction is given by

v wf = tan -1 ( . ) = tan-1 ( vu C R)
u
Note that the wave front direction = only if R=C.

49
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Points on the Fourier Plane

y
Note that is the wavefront direction only if R=C.
x This point represents this particular sinusoidal grating

The Value of a Fourier Coefficient

is a complex number with a real part and an imaginary part. If you represent that number as a magnitude, A, and a phase, , ..these represent the amplitude and offset of the sinusoid with frequency and direction .*
2013-03-08 1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II
*See
p. 49.
51
The Value of a Fourier Coefficient

The magnitude and phase representation makes more sense physically since the Fourier magnitude, A (,), at point (,) represents the amplitude of the sinusoid and the phase, (,), represents the offset of the sinusoid relative to origin.
The Fourier Coefficient at (u,v)

So, the point (u,v) on the Fourier plane represents a sinusoidal grating of frequency and orientation .* The complex value, F(u,v), of the FT at point (u,v) represents the amplitude, A, and the phase offset, , of the sinusoid.
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*See
p. 49.
53
The Sinusoid from the Fourier Coeff. at (u,v)

FT of an Image (Magnitude + Phase)
I
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log{|F{I}|2+1}
[F{I}]
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FT of an Image (Real + Imaginary)
I
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Re[F{I}]
Im[F{I}]
56
The Power Spectrum

The power spectrum of a signal is the square of the magnitude of its Fourier Transform.
I (u ,v) = I (u ,v) I*(u ,v)
2
For display, the log of the power spectrum is often used.
= [ Re I (u ,v) + i Im I (u ,v)][ Re I (u ,v) - i Im I (u ,v)] = [ Re I (u ,v)] + [ Im I (u ,v)] .

2 2
At each location (u,v) it indicates the squared intensity of the frequency component with period l = 1 / u 2 + v 2 and orientation
q = tan -1 (v / u ).
For display in Matlab: PS = fftshift(2*log(abs(fft2(I))+1));
On the Computation of the Power Spectrum

The power spectrum (PS) is defined by PS( I ) = F {I(u, v )} . We take the base-e logarithm of the PS in order to view it. Otherwise its dynamic range could be too large to see everything at once. We add 1 to it first so that the minimum value of the result is 0 rather than infinity, which it would be if there were any zeros in the PS. Recall that log( f 2) = 2log( f ). Multiplying by 2 is not necessary if you are generating a PS for viewing, since you'll probably have to scale it into the range 0-255 anyway. It is much easier to see the structures in a Fourier plane if the origin is in the center. Therefore we usually perform an fftshift on the PS before it is displayed. >> PS = fftshift(log(abs(fft2(I))+1)); >> M = max(PS(:)); >> image(uint8(255*(PS/M)));
2
If the PS is being calculated for later computational use -- for example the autocorrelation of a function is the inverse FT of the PS of the function -- it should be calculated by >> PS = abs(fft2(I)).^2;
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The Uncertainty Relation

space frequency
FT
If x y is the extent of the object in space and if u v is its extent in frequency then, x y u v 1 16 2
space
frequency
FT
A small object in space has a large frequency extent and vice-versa.

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The Uncertainty Relation

frequency small extent space large extent
IFT
Recall: a symmetric pair of impulses in the frequency domain becomes a sinusoid in the spatial domain. A symmetric pair of lines in the frequency domain becomes a sinusoidal line in the spatial domain.
small extent frequency large extent
large extent space small extent
IFT
small extent 2013-03-08
large extent 1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II 60
The Fourier Transform of an Edge
edge
Power Spectrum
Phase Spectrum
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The Fourier Transform of a Bar
bar
Power Spectrum
Phase Spectrum
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Coordinate Origin of the FFT

Even Odd Even
Center = (floor(R/2)+1, floor(C/2)+1)

Odd
Image Origin
Image Origin
Weight Matrix Origin
Weight Matrix Origin
After FFT shift 2013-03-08
After FFT shift
After IFFT shift
After IFFT shift 63
Matlabs fftshift and ifftshift

I = ifftshift(J):
origin
J = fftshift(I):
origin
from FFT2 or ifftshift
after fftshift
J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1) I (1,1)
I (1,1) J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1)
where x = floor(x) = the largest integer smaller than x.

Matlabs fftshift and ifftshift

J = fftshift(I): I (1,1) J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1)
2 3 1 5 8 6 9 4 7 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
I = ifftshift(J): J ( R/2 +1, C/2 +1) I (1,1)
5 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 2 8
6 9
4 7
where x = floor(x) = the largest integer smaller than x.

Points on the Fourier Plane (of a Digital Image)

In the Fourier transform of an RC digital image, positions u and v indicate the number of repetitions of the sinusoid in those directions. Therefore the wavelengths along the column and row axes are -v direction
u = C u wf
and v =
R v
pixels,
of a digital image
-1
and the wavelength in the wavefront direction is

2 2 2 = RC (uR) + (vC ) .
The frequency is the fraction of the sinusoid traversed over one pixel,
u u = C , v = v R
- direction
, and
(0,0)
u direction
wf =
1 2 2 (uR) + (vC ) cycles. RC

row freq. column freq.
The wavefront direction is given by

v wf = tan -1 ( . ) = tan-1 ( vu C R)
u

66
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Geometrical Derivation of Wavelength

Since the wavelength of a horizontal* wave is R/v and that of a vertical is C/u, the line segment, h, that connects the two distances is parallel to the wavefront. The wavelength is the altitude of the triangle w.r.t. h (the perpendicular to h that intersects the origin). The area of the triangle, one half of base times height, is independent of the leg that is taken to be the base. Equate the expression with base C/u to that with base h, to find w.r.t R, C, v, u, & h. Then replace h with its expression as a function of R, C, v, & u to get the final expression.
*The equivalue lines are horizontal in a wave with a vertical wave front and vice versa.
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Coordinates and Directions in the Fourier Plane

decreasing rows (-r,-c) <0 <0 (+r,-c) increasing cols (+r,+c) increasing rows (-r,+c) (-r,-c) >0 decreasing cols (+r,-c) >0 (+r,+c) (-r,+c)
Since rows increase down and columns to the right, slopes and angles are opposite those of a right-handed coordinate system.
Inverse FFTs of Impulses

horizontal is the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
highest-possible-frequency horizontal sinusoid (C is even)


vertical is the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
highest-possible-frequency vertical sinusoid (R is even)


a checker-board pattern.
fftshifted
highest-possible-freq horizontal+vertical sinusoid (R & C even)


horizontal is the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency horizontal sinusoid


vertical is the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency vertical sinusoid


negative diagonal is the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency negative diagonal sinusoid


positive diagonal is the wavefront direction.
fftshifted
lowest-possible-frequency positive diagonal sinusoid

Frequencies and Wavelengths in the Fourier Plane

512 columns
+v direction
Note this
and this.
frequencies: (u,v) = (4,3); wavelengths: (u, v) = (128,128)

How can that be?
384 rows
+u direction

512 columns
u = C / u
u = # of complete cycles in the horizontal direction
frequencies: (u,v) = (1,0); wavelength: u= 512

384 rows

512 columns
frequencies: (u,v) = (0,1); wavelength: v= 384

384 rows
v = # of complete cycles in the vertical direction
v = R / v

512 columns
u = C / u

384 rows

512 columns

384 rows
v = R / v

512 columns
u = C / u

384 rows

512 columns

384 rows
v = R / v

512 columns
In the Fourier plane of a square image, the orientation of the line through the point pair = the orientation of the wave front in the image. Not so for a non-square image.
In the F plane the angle is -45 in this image its about -53 (yellow line). Thats because the fraction of R covered by one pixel is 4/3 the fraction of C covered by one pixel.
Also as a result, the wavelength is 102.4.
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,3); wavelengths: (u, v) = (170 ,128)

384 rows
Frequencies and vC Wavelengths in the Fourier Plane = tan ,

-1 wf
In general the slope of the wavefront direction in the image is given by (v/R) / (u/C). Therefore its angle is
uR
512 columns
wf 384 rows
-1
wf
wf
and the wavelength is:
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,3);

2013-03-08
2 2 2 (uR wavelengths: wf (= v) = (170 ,128) + vC . ) ( ) u, RC
84

512 columns
frequencies: (u,v) = (3,3); wavelengths: (u, v) = (170 ,128)

384 rows

512 columns
frequencies: (u,v) = (4,3); wavelengths: (u, v) = (128,128)

384 rows
The ratio R/C = in this image. Therefore at frequency (4,3) the wave front angle is
-1 3 512 -1 3 4 = tan -1 ( tan tan 1 45 ,Fourier = = = ) Frequencies and Wavelengths in the wf 4 3 4 384
Plane
512 columns wf 384 rows

87
wf wf
frequencies: (u,v) = (4,3); wavelengths: (u, v) = (128,128) wf

2 2 = 384 512 (3 384) + (4 512)
1 2
and the wavelength is
83.67,
2013-03-08
Power Spectrum of an Image
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88
Relationship between Image and FT

phase power spectrum
power spectrum
phase
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89
Features in the FT and in the Image

Lines in the Power Spectrum are perpendicular to lines in the image.
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90
Fourier Magnitude and Phase
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91
Fourier Magnitude
log
F {I}
2013-03-08
92
Fourier Phase
F { I}
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93
Q: Which contains more visually relevant information; magnitude or phase?
original image
Fourier log magnitude

Fourier phase
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94
Magnitude Only Reconstruction
2013-03-08
95
Phase Only Reconstruction
2013-03-08
96

EECE253 06 FourierTransform

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EECE253 06 FourierTransform

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EECE\CS 253 Image Processing

Lecture Notes: The 1&2-Dimensional Lecture Notes Fourier Transforms

Richard Alan Peters II

Signals: Space-Time vs. FrequencyDomain Representation

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Vibratory Modes / Standing Waves: Examples

displacement from rest position

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Emerge from the superposition of the modes.

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Emerge from the superposition of the modes.

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Fact: Any Real Signal has a Frequency-Domain Representation

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

The Fourier coefficients (of a square wave).

Example: Partial Sums of a Square Wave

the limit as n approaches infinity of the sum of n sines.

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

The Inner Product: a Measure of Similarity

where g * (t ) is the complex conjugate of g (t ).

pointwise product f(t)g(t)

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

pointwise product f(t)h(t)

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Inner Product of a Periodic Function and a Sinusoid

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Inner Product of a Periodic Function and a Sinusoid

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Inner Product of a Periodic Function and a Sinusoid

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

The Fourier Series

is the decomposition of a -periodic signal into a sum of sinusoids.

periodic : $l such that f (t nl ) = f (t )

2p n f (t ) cos t j dt for n 0 n l 2p n f (t ) sin t j dt for n 0 n l

The Fourier Series

can also be written in terms of complex exponentials

2pn 2pn + + + cos f sin f C t C t n n n n l l n=-

Cn = Cn e+ifn eix = cos x + i sin x

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

The Fourier Series

Contd. on next page.

Relationship between the real and the complex Fourier Series

l /2 l /2 2 = f (h ) cos wn h d h cos wnt + f (h ) sin wn h d h sin wn t l n=0 -l /2 -l /2

Contd. on next page.

f (h ) sin (wn h - wnt ) d h = 0. n=-

l /2 1 -i f (h ) sin (wn h - wn t ) d h = 0. l n=- -l /2

l /2 l /2 1 1 f (t ) = f (h ) cos (wn h - wnt ) d h - i f (h ) sin (wn h - wnt ) d h . l n=- -l /2 l n=- -l /2

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

1 = f (h )[cos wn (h - t ) - i sin wn (h - t )] d h l n=- -l /2 1 = f (h ) e-iwn (h-t )d h l n=- -l /2

Then some algebraic manipulations lead to the result.

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

1 = f (h )[cos wn (h - t ) - i sin wn (h - t )] d h l n=- -l /2 1 = f (h ) e-iwn (h-t )d h l n=- -l /2

Then some algebraic manipulations lead to the result.

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

Why are Fourier Coefficients Complex Numbers?

1999-2013 by Richard Alan Peters II

What about real + imaginary?

F (w ) = ( N2A co s )[d (w + N l ) + d (w - N l )] + i ( N2A sin )[- d (w + N l ) + d (w - N l )]

The FS of a cosine is a pair of impulses with complex amplitudes

The real and imaginary parts at the positive frequency, N/ ...