4651 Bas March 14-SSN 1754-3452

Issue 39, Spring 2014
ISSN 1754-3452
Nutritional and physiological challenges of preparing athletes for the Winter Olympics
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The Sport and Exercise Scientist
Issue 39
Spring 2014
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Contents
On the cover 4 BASES Conference 2014 Update Dr Claire Hitchings and Prof Clyde Williams OBE, FBASES 14 Nutritional and physiological challenges of preparing athletes for the Winter Olympics The physiological preparation of snowboard athletes for Sochi 2014 John Noonan and Dr Graeme Close Regulars 10 News and Diary Dates 12 Letters 20 Reviews Sport apps and book reviews 22 CHuTzPAH: Charlies Thoughtz on Physical Activity for Health So what would you say to the All Party Commission for Physical activity? Dr Charlie Foster 31 Final word Dr Zoe Knowles FBASES Also inside 16 Sport and exercise scientists to reect on their role in fostering a climate of Clean Sport An overview of the UK Anti-Doping BASES Strategic Partnership Prof Susan Backhouse and Anne Sargent 18 Interview Prof Greg Whyte, OBE, FBASES, FACSM, a BASES member recently awarded an OBE for services to sport, sport science and to charity 24 Acting on good intentions: Why do people fail to follow their New Years resolutions? Chris Fullerton, Prof Andy Lane FBASES and Dr Tracey Devonport 26 Do we have a valid public health strategy for exercise prescription? An invite to think about the truth about exercise; with a call to look more closely at the facts from intervention studies Prof Jamie Timmons and Prof Stuart Phillips
The two day programme is rich and provides some of the best new research and established work as well as insights by our top practitioners.
Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES, p4
28 Do golf ball dimples negatively affect golf ball roll kinematics? The effects of the impact point on a golf ball and the impact point on a putter on the resulting ball roll kinematics Ashley Richardson and Dr Gerwyn Hughes
The Sport and Exercise Scientist The Sport and Exercise Scientist is published quarterly for the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The publication is free to BASES members. BASES is a nonprot professional membership organisation promoting excellence in sport and exercise sciences. It is a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered in Cardiff No. 5385834. Editor Dr Claire Hitchings n chitchings@bases.org.uk Editorial Advisory Board Kelly Goodwin n Adam Hawkey n Dr James Morton Len Parker Simpson n Samantha Parnell n Claire-Marie Roberts Dr Garry Tew n Dr Ken van Someren FBASES Social Media Editor John Mills Editorial Assistants Jane Bairstow n Marsha Stankler Want to place an advertisement? Visit www.bases.org.uk/SES-Advertisers or contact Jane Bairstow 0113 812 6162 n jbairstow@bases.org.uk What do you think of The Sport and Exercise Scientist? Were keen to know what you want more of, whats missing and what we should drop. Were also keen to hear from potential contributors. Contact the editor, Dr Claire Hitchings n chitchings@bases.org.uk Want to submit a letter to the editor? Letters, which may be edited or shortened for reasons of space or clarity, should be no longer than 300 words, must refer to an article that has appeared in the last issue, and must include the writers name. Publisher Mercer Print, Newark Street, Accrington BB5 0PB Tel: 01254 395512 n info@mercer-print.co.uk www.mercer-print.co.uk Front Cover Zoe Gillings n www.experthealth.me
Design and artwork Andy Smyth Disclaimer The statements and opinions contained in the articles are solely those of the individual contributors and are not necessarily those of BASES. The appearance of advertisements in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement or approval of products or services. BASES has undertaken all reasonable measures to ensure that the information contained in The Sport and Exercise Scientist is accurate and specically disclaims any liability, loss or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly of the use and application of any of the contents. Copyright BASES, 2014 All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in substantial part without permission of BASES is strictly prohibited. Please apply to the editor in writing. Authors may use their own material elsewhere without permission. We ask that the following note be included: First published in The Sport and Exercise Scientist, date and issue number. Published by the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences www.bases.org.uk n BASES Board Prof Ian Campbell (Chair) n Peter Cooke Dr Michael Duncan FBASES n Adam Hawkey n Dr Claire Hitchings Dr Stephen Ingham n Prof Lars McNaughton FBASES Prof Mary Nevill n Dr Keith Tolfrey FBASES n Dr Bob Price OBE Prof Richard Tong FBASES n Prof Clyde Williams OBE, FBASES Want to contact BASES? BASES, Room 103, Headingley Carnegie Stand St Michaels Lane, Headingley, Leeds, LS6 3BR n Tel/Fax: 0113 812 6162/63 n enquiries@bases.org.uk n www.bases.org.uk www.twitter.com/basesuk www.facebook.com/BASESUK The Sport and Exercise Scientist is printed on paper from sustainably managed forests and controlled sources. Please recycle
Issue 39, Spring 2014
ISSN 1754-3444
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Spring 2014
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All copies of The Sport and Exercise Scientist are available in PDF format in the Member Area at www.bases.org.uk. You will need your username (your e-mail address) and password (sent to you via e-mail when you joined BASES).
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Spring 2014
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The agship event for the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Dr Claire Hitchings, BASES Executive Ofcer provides the latest on the must-attend event of the year.
Welcome
Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES - Chair of the Scientic Programme Committee
Im condent that our world-leading content and venue will provide the perfect event for anyone interested in sport and exercise sciences. Our Scientic Programme Committee brings to the task of designing the Conference Programme a vast range of experience, expertise and personal commitment and so I am delighted with the content and format chosen and Im condent you will be too. The two day programme is rich and provides some of the best new research and established work as well as insights by our top practitioners. The prestigious St. Georges Park is a perfect venue for the BASES agship event and provides a great space to unwind and relax with likeminded professionals. I do hope you will join us on 25 and 26 November for what promises to be one of the highlights of the sports and exercises sciences calendar. I look forward to seeing you there. Important Dates Abstract submission opens: Tuesday 1 April Abstract submission closes: Friday 25 April Early-bird registration closes: Tuesday 1 July Whats new for 2014? A world-leading Scientic Programme Committee, chaired by Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES, is responsible for the conference programme, ensuring a wide range of sport and exercise science hot topics presented by leaders in the eld. Condensed into two days - BASES Conference 2014 will take place on 25 and 26 November. AGM and BASES Strategic Plan 2015 onwards event scheduled for the evening of 24 November. Prestigious venue - St. Georges Park. The Football Associations brand new, state-of-the-art talent development centre is located in the heart of the country. It is the perfect setting for our event with world class facilities all under one roof.
Working with leaders in sports conferencing management. The Media Group were personally recommended to BASES and have a proven track record in delivering high quality events. 400 word abstracts containing no tables or gures. All accepted abstracts will be published in an online supplement of the Journal of Sports Sciences. Abstracts with a BASES Fellow as an author or sponsor will automatically be accepted to the programme (space permitting). Authors will submit abstracts via ScholarOne (the system used for Journal of Sports Sciences article submissions) The must attend event Two-day programme focused on the hot topics relevant to sport and exercise scientists Engaging content including debates, keynotes and invited symposium presented by experts Opportunities to present your research Open doors to opportunities via the largest sport and exercise science network in the UK Fives BASES re-accreditation credits per day. Present your research Share your up-to-date ndings and receive valuable feedback from colleagues Free communication sessions available for work demonstrating excellence in terms of originality, signicance and rigour All abstracts will be published in an online supplement of the Journal of Sports Sciences Poster sessions held in the Conference Hub - right at the centre of the event Contribute to your overall research prole Meet other researchers and make valuable future contacts Awards available for BASES members Gain 10 BASES re-accreditation credits per presentation. Abstract submission deadline - 25 April 2014 Social The event programme has been designed to include chances for you to network with like-minded people as well as opportunities to relax and unwind in the bar or the gym. The end of Day 1 culminates in a gala dinner with complimentary drinks and guest speaker Prof Greg Whyte, OBE, FBASES. Dont forget to bring your running shoes! Day 2 starts with an early morning run around the beautiful grounds of St. Georges Park. Were also offering complimentary guided tours of the extensive sporting facilities.
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Early bird delegate rates (available until Tuesday 1 July) BASES Conference 2014 is run as a not-for-prot event. Delegates fees have been set based on break-even projections. All delegate fees include VAT. Two-day packages (including one nights accommodation on Tuesday 25 November): BASES Member - 400 BASES Student Member - 300 Non-Member - 500 Single day packages also available: BASES Member - 200 BASES Student Member - 150 Non-Member - 250 (Excluding gala dinner tickets @ 50). Accommodation BASES Conference 2014 offers accommodation packages designed to be exible to meet different budget requirements. BASES members and non-members The two-day BASES members and non-members residential package is inclusive of accommodation in the onsite 4* Hilton Hotel. Guest rooms are beautifully appointed, many with stunning views of the surrounding countryside. Each room includes a workspace with a large desk and a comfortable space to relax in. BASES student members The two-day BASES student members residential package includes more affordable 3* accommodation located within 15 minutes of St. Georges Park. A free shuttle service will be provided to and from St. Georges Park. Exhibitors and sponsors Your organisation can be a part of the agship event for BASES Meet budget holders and decision-makers Central location in the Conference Hub guaranteeing footfall and exposure. The Conference Hub will house refreshments, the poster sessions and delegate social activities World class venue with everything under one roof Up to 500 delegates per day - including sport and exercise science academics and practitioners, BASES members, industry professionals and researchers Position your brand alongside world-leading content Gain valuable sector insight.
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Above: The prestigious St. Georges Park is a perfect venue for the BASES agship event Courtesy St. Georges Park
Exhibitor and Sponsor Packages Early bird discount available - book before 25 April 2014 and save 100 Centrally located exhibition space for two days; 600 + VAT - Save 100 - Book by 25 April 2014
2012 Impact Factor 2.082 Ranking 22/84 (Sport Sciences) 2013
Both online only
Regular 70 Student 29
www.tandfonline.com/rjsp
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Abstract Guidelines
BASES invites BASES Conference 2014 delegates to submit abstracts in the following sport and exercise science-related themes: 1. Biomechanics and Motor Behaviour 2. Performance Analysis 3. Physical Activity for Health 4. Physiology and Nutrition 5. Psychology 6. Sport and Performance. The deadline for abstract submissions is Friday 25 April. Abstracts should be no more than 400 words, containing no tables or gures. Word counts are calculated using the word count tool in Word. Abstract title, authors and institutions are not considered in calculating the wordage. Studies using qualitative and/or quantitative methods are invited. On the on-line submission form the presenting author, on behalf of all of the authors, needs to declare that the material submitted is original and unpublished, and that it is not under consideration for presentation elsewhere. All accepted abstracts will be published in an online supplement of the Journal of Sports Sciences. Published on behalf of BASES, in partnership with the World Commission of Science and Sports and in association with the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry, Journal of Sports Sciences publishes articles of the highest standard. 2012 Impact Factor: 2.082 Ranking: 22/84 (Sport Sciences) Thomson Reuters, Journal Citation Reports Types of presentation Two types of presentation are available: 1. Scientic Communication. A scientic communication is an opportunity to share ndings from scientic research. 2. Applied Practice Presentation. An applied practice presentation is an opportunity to share ndings from applied practice. The presentation could include ndings from or reections on applied work. These sessions should be particularly useful for practitioners and those members on supervised experience and/or seeking re-/accreditation. The aim of such abstracts is to allow practitioners to broadcast evidenced-based practice. As such, there should be clear evidence that the work is underpinned by theory and research. The needs analysis undertaken to determine the clients requirements and the content of the resulting support/intervention package should be explained. The results should be presented in a format that To assist with programming, each person is only permitted to submit an abstract as rst named author for one free communication presentation and one poster presentation. The rst named author must present the abstract. Presenters must pay the delegate fee for the conference. Abstract review process Abstracts will be reviewed and authors will be notied of one of the following decisions: 1. Accept 2. Accept with minor amends 3. Reject. Abstracts with a BASES Fellow as an author or sponsor will automatically be accepted to the programme (space permitting). 1. Abstract Format Guidelines 1.1 The following guidelines are designed to assist authors prepare their abstracts. Because of the differences across research methods, there is no one prescribed format for an abstract. Authors are encouraged to use a format most appropriate for the methods used. 1.2 Authors must adhere to the Journal of Sports Sciences guidelines for authors, extended guidelines are available at: www.tandfonline.com/action/ authorSubmission?journalCode=rjsp20&page=instructions 1.3 Some important style points include: British English spelling and punctuation is preferred. Please use double quotation marks, except where a quotation is within a quotation. Present dates as 20 December 2012. Abbreviations, units and symbols should conform to Systeme International dunites (SI units). For all abbreviations other than units, write the word or words to be abbreviated in full on the rst mention followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Avoid the use of non-standard abbreviations within the text.
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is not only practically relevant but academically defendable. Authors are encouraged to explain how the results of the work have contributed to knowledge and practice in the eld.
Format of presentation Two presentation formats are available: 1. Free communication presentation - a 10-minute presentation of your work followed by questions, in a chaired session with other presenters. For programming reasons, slots for free communication presentations are limited and preference will be given to those demonstrating excellence in terms of originality, signicance and rigour. 2. Poster presentation - your poster will be displayed with others and the times you will be available to discuss your work with delegates will be published in the programme.
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Above: Poster presentations will take place in the Conference Hub, guaranteeing footfall. Courtesy University of Glasgow
Use capital and italic P for p values; use years not yrs; use min, h, s for minutes, hours, seconds. See extended style guidelines online for more information. 1.4 Authors are encouraged to include social media contact details, such as Twittter handles, as part of their correspondence details. 1.5 It is anticipated that most papers will follow the format of: The title. This should be concise and reect the work being described. Only the rst word begins with a capital letter, unless a proper noun is used. Background. The authors need to present the theoretical and/or empirical framework that the study builds upon, or is related to. The purpose. All research should have a purpose. The purpose should outline the principal objectives and scope of the study. For a quantitative research design that tests a specic hypothesis, it might be: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the inuence of A on B. It should be emphasised that the authors are encouraged to state the purpose of the work concisely and if the purpose was exploratory, then this should be stated. The methods. The methods describe how data were collected so that another researcher could repeat the research. There should be a statement indicating that ethical approval was granted. Results. Authors must provide a clear explanation of their results and are encouraged to use the most appropriate format to do this. Quantitative researchers should report effect sizes and P values (e.g., P = 0.048). P < 0.01 is appropriate for values exceeding 3 decimal places (e.g., P = 0.000021). The number of decimal places a P value is reported to depends on the statistical analysis undertaken and what is being measured and its meaningfulness. Thus an author could report P values to 2 and 3 decimal places in the same abstract, but in different analyses. Qualitative researchers are encouraged to use themes and /or quotations to illustrate their ndings. Conclusion. Authors must conclude the relevance of their ndings in relation to existing knowledge. This could be theory, research, and/or practice. Authors are encouraged to provide clear recommendations on the value of their work and reect on the extent to which ndings relate to one or more educational, professional development or applied issues for sport and exercise scientists.
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1.6 The font should be Arial size 12. Statistical abbreviations should, normally, be italicised (e.g., t, P < 0.05), with vectors (e.g., v) in italic typeface. 1.7 References must be kept to an absolute minimum and must be used only if essential. When used, any references must be incorporated into the text of the abstract. The required style of referencing for abstracts is shown in section 2. 2. Referencing Referencing must follow the APA reference guide provided at: www.tandfonline.com/action authorSubmission?journalCode= rjsp20&page=instructions The following are examples illustrating the referencing method to be used. 2.1. The resultant hand forces were calculated and projected onto the forward direction (propulsive force) for each phase of the stroke (Schleihauf, A. A. [1979]. In J. Terauds & W. Bedingeld (Eds.) Swimming III (pp. 300-316). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press). [This illustrates the citation of a paper or chapter in a book]. 2.2. A 1% treadmill grade was used, after the recommendations of Jones and Doust ([1996]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 14, 321327). Our ndings were similar to those previously reported (e.g. Jones & Doust, 1996). [This illustrates the rst and second citations of a journal paper]. 2.3. Propelling efciency was dened as ... (Toussaint [1988]. Mechanics and energetics of swimming. Amsterdam: Rodopi). [This illustrates the citation of a book]. 2.4. The differences between groups for the nine release parameters from Best et al. ([1993]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 315-328) ...[This illustrates the citation of a source, here a journal paper, with more than two authors]. Copyright BASES, 2014
Acknowledgements: Dr Claire Hitchings, Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES, Prof Edward Winter FBASES and James Munro.
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Programme Highlights
The Scientic Programme Committee, chaired by Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES, is delighted to announce some of the sessions scheduled for BASES Conference 2014.
Debate: The future of physical activity and public health Dr Hidde van der Ploeg (VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands), Prof Ulrik Wisloff (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway) and Prof Jamie Timmons (Loughborough University, UK) Moderator: Dr Jason Gill FBASES (University of Glasgow) Dr Hidde van der Ploeg will discuss the evidence regarding sedentary behaviour and health outcomes, whether this is independent of physical activity, the mechanisms involved and novel interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour. Prof Ulrik Wisloff will consider the evidence for the benets of very high intensity exercise, the mechanisms involved, and results from randomised controlled trials in healthy and clinical populations. Prof Jamie Timmons will discuss why the benets of exercise may not be the same for everyone and how it may be possible to identify responders and non-responders to exercise interventions. All speakers will consider the implications of the evidence for the future of physical activity public health guidelines. Invited Keynote: Peak performance - emotional and physical resilience and its potential to save lives Dr Alys Cole-King (Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board and Connecting with People, UK) Chair: Dr Rich Neil (Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK) Dr Alys Cole-King will provide an overview of research showing the false dichotomy of the mind-body split and the prevalence of mental illness in general public and its relevance to sports. It will introduce delegates to Connecting with People solutions and how all have a role in suicide prevention. Evidence for building resilience will also be presented. Invited Keynote: How I became the best in the world! Three times squash world champion, current World number1 and double Commonwealth Games gold medallist, Nick Matthew with multiple world champion coach David Pearson Chair: Stafford Murray (English Institute of Sport, UK) This session will explore and examine how Nick Matthew has successfully deployed sports science throughout his career helping to give him an edge over his opponents around the globe. Through the highs and lows of his incredible career Nick has always seen the strength of sports science and has created novel personal methods of applying science in his training and performance. This session will outline successful scientic interventions and will also question how we as scientists decide which will be most impactful. David Pearson will add a fascinating insight into how traditional coaching methodologies should dovetail with modern science applications but should never replace them! Invited Symposium: Talent vs training Dr Ross Tucker (Sports Science Institute of South Africa, South Africa) and Dr Stuart Laing (English Institute of Sport and UK Sport, UK) Chair: Dr Peter Brown (English Institute of Sport, UK) This session will provide a variety of perspectives on what it takes to be talented and a successful athlete. There will be a scientic perspective of nature vs nurture from an academic, a real world perspective of undertaking current and future talent identication and talent transfer projects within the English Institute of Sport and UK Sport, and also an athletes perspective of how talent ID projects have made a difference. Invited Symposium: Trainability during childhood and adolescence Dr Melitta McNarry (Swansea University, UK), Dr Alan Barker (University of Exeter, UK) and Dr Jon Oliver (Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK) Chair: Prof Mary Nevill (Nottingham Trent University, UK) This session will provide a concise synthesis of the present controversy surrounding the presence of a maturational threshold. The conclusions of this synthesis will be applicable within talent identication and development programmes and, more generally, in the treatment and prevention of inactivityrelated disorders in young people. Invited Symposium: Nutrition for optimum training adaptation Michael Naylor (English Institute of Sport, UK) and Mhairi Keil (English Institute of Sport, UK) Chair: Dr Kevin Currell (English Institute of Sport, UK) While there is an increase in research looking at the interaction between nutrition and exercise and the effects on the adaptive response to the exercise bout, applying this in the real world can be challenging. This symposium will take a practitioners viewpoint on how nutrition can be used to enhance training adaptation in different sporting environments. Invited Symposium: Exercise and healthy ageing Prof Marco Narici (The University of Nottingham, UK), Prof Janet Lord (University of Birmingham, UK) and Prof Dawn Skelton (Glasgow Caledonain University, UK) Chair: Prof John Saxton FBASES (University of East Anglia, UK) In this symposium, three outstanding researchers in their eld will present current evidence for the role of exercise and healthy lifestyle behaviours in ameliorating the negative health consequences of ageing. Conference dinner After dinner speaker: Prof Greg Whyte, OBE, FBASES (Liverpool John Moores University, UK) Details will soon be available on the following invited symposium: Improving performance of disabled athletes challenges and solutions, Prof Wolfgang Potthast (German Sport University Cologne) (conrmed) Sports science of football, Prof Barry Drust (Liverpool John Moores University/Liverpool Football Club, UK) and Tony Strudwick (Head of Sport Science of Manchester United Football Club, UK) (conrmed, pending xtures for next season) Applied Sport Psychology: An Expert Panel Discussion, Dr Chris Harwood FBASES (Loughborough University, UK) (conrmed) Football Clubs: Venues for Health Interventions for Fans.
Scientic Programme Committee: Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES (Chair), Dr Peter Brown, Dr Kevin Currell, Dr Jason Gill FBASES, Stafford Murray, Dr Richard Neil, Prof John Saxton FBASES and Dr Paul Worsfold. The Sport and Exercise Scientist Issue 39 Spring 2014 www.bases.org.uk
Issue 39
Spring 2014
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News
BASES Fellows in the Top 100 Scientists
Three BASES Fellows have been recognised within the Top 100 Scientists in a list published by the Science Council. To identify its list of 100, the Science Council organised a competition around 10 different types of scientist roles. The list of 100 has 10 different examples of each of the 10 types and gives a broad picture of the many different ways people work with science, making valuable contributions across UK society and the economy. The BASES Fellows recognised within this prestigious group of scientists are: Prof Alison McConnell FBASES Entrepeneur Scientist category.
Alison is Professor of Applied Physiology at Brunel University. She is responsible for creating the breathing training product category POWERbreathe. She is also responsible for ensuring that inspiratory muscle training is available to NHS patients on prescription.
Diary Dates
1 Apr. BASES Supervised Experience scheme registration deadline 8-9 Apr. BASES Student Conference 2014, University of Portsmouth 10-12 Apr. 6th Exercise & Sports Science Australia Conference and Sports Dieticians Australia Update: Research to Practice, Adelaide, South Australia 11 Apr. BASES Biomechanics Interest Group Annual Meeting, Manchester Metropolitan University 30 Apr. BASES Workshop Power: Understanding Cycling Performance, National Cycling Centre, Manchester 6 May. BASES Undergraduate Endorsement Scheme deadline 7 May. BASES SE Workshop 4: Understanding Your Client, University of Chester 12 May. Introductory Course on Dietary Assessment Methods, University of Aberdeen Further information: www.bases.org.uk Events n Awards n Grants 13-15 May. Advanced Course on Dietary Assessment Methods, Jurys Inn, Aberdeen 14 May. BASES SE Workshop 4: Understanding Your Client, Teesside University 16 May. BACPR Exercise Professionals Spring Group Study Day: Pushing the Boundaries in Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Aston University, Birmingham 1 June. BASES International Conference Grants submission deadline 4 June. BASES SE Workshop: Reective Practice for Sport & Exercise Scientists, Cardiff Metropolitan University 5 June. 2nd Strength, Conditioning & Research Symposium, Coventry University 18 June. BASES SE Workshop: Professional Ethics for Sport and Exercise Scientist, Leeds Metropolitan University 25-26 Nov. BASES Conference 2014, St. Georges Park, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire
Prof Greg Whyte, OBE, FBASES Communicator Scientist category.

Greg is Professor of Applied Sport and Exercise Science at Liverpool John Moores University. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed papers and assisted in the preparation of ve Olympic and three Commonwealth Games teams. He is a member of the Sport Relief (Comic Relief) Advisory Board and has worked on 13 Sport Relief projects.
Prof Clyde Williams, OBE, FBASES Developer/Translational Scientist category.

Clyde was appointed OBE in the 2009 Queens Birthday Honours list for services to sports science. In 2011 he received an Honorary Fellowship of the Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (Ed) and Royal College of Physicians (London).
BASES High Performance Sport Re-Accreditation

Misha Botting, sportscotland institute of sport. Richard Bradshaw, Self-employed, Edward Caldow, Salford Royal NHS, Craig Herron, Gateshead NHS Foundation Trust, Anthony Macdonald, Northumberland Tyne & Wear NHS, Yasmin Pain, The Samson Centre.
BASES Certied Exercise Practitioner
Study Postgraduate Sport at Winchester

MSc Applied Sport and Exercise Science*
Study a mixture of approaches to sport and exercise science which draws on physiology, psychology and biomechanics. Experience a blend of theoretical, practical, experiential and professional approaches to sports performance and exercise health. Learn the skills required to work in an applied sport and/or exercise science setting.
BASES Masters Dissertation of the Year Award
Philip Hurst, Canterbury Christ Church University, is the winner of the BASES Masters Dissertation of the Year Award and wins an expenses paid free communication presentation at BASES Conference 2014. His dissertation was entitled Caffeine: Expectancy and pharmacological effects on 1000 m running performance and was supervised by Jennifer Roberts and Lisa Board.
Specialist modules include:

Applied Sport and Exercise Science Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology Applied Sport and Exercise Biomechanics Applied Sport Psychology Applied Exercise Psychology
BASES Change of Address
MA Sport and Society*

Study the main issues impacting sport and society from a multidisciplinary social scientic approach drawing on sociology, history, management and law.
Please direct all correspondence to: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Headingley Carnegie Stand, Room 103, St Michaels Lane, Headingley, Leeds, LS6 3BR.
Specialist modules include:

Sport and Society: Theoretical Perspectives Sport, Gender and Sexuality Sport and the Nation Commercial Inuences in Global Sport
Social Media You can now follow BASES on Twitter @basesuk Like us on Facebook /basesuk Keep up-to-date with all the latest information, job vacancies, access to articles and reminders of those all important deadlines!
For further information
please visit www.winchester.ac.uk/courses or contact course enquiries and applications on: +44 (0)1962 827234 or email: course.enquiries@winchester.ac.uk * Both courses start in September. Entry requirements are a relevant degree (2:2 or above).
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Celebrate 40 years of excellence from Human Kinetics and save 32% with BASES membership
As a BASES member youre entitled to a 15% discount on all titles from the worlds leading publisher of sport science since 1974. To redeem, simply enter the promo code BASES1 on our website. But thats not all. For an extra 20% off, join the 14,256 academics and professionals who receive our email newsletter once a month. Its free and joining is easy. Youll get great articles, events and news, plus information on our latest resources and exclusive reader offers. Join today and enjoy the benets. humankinetics.com/rewards
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Letters
Letter of the issue
Share and share alike
Re: Data sharing I enjoyed your paper on Y, can you please send me the raw data. Would these words elate or horrify you? The social sciences have a long history of transparency and data sharing, which are now appearing as recommendations in some national research funding bodies. The data from ESRC funded studies (and many others) are held at The UK Data Archive; a fully searchable repository of high-quality research data - www.data-archive. ac.uk/nd. It is hosted at the University of Essex but data are feely available to most academic institutions. Many social science studies now contain biomarkers meaning researchers (staff and students) can access nationally representative samples of: blood pressure, body composition and even handgrip strength. It was following my own unsuccessful search for the term cardiorespiratory tness data in 2006, I began the East of England Healthy Hearts Study. These data, including cardiorespiratory tness, power and strength, physical activity, screen-time and indicators of socioeconomic status of more than 8,000 children will also shortly be made publicly available via the UK Data Archive. The methodological rigour of epidemiologists are admirable and while cluster-controlled, nested, multi-level sampling is beyond the needs of many sports science investigations, we can learn much from such research. Archiving data will soon be a requirement of many funders which, I personally welcome. Knowing your data will be publicly available creates an unrivalled need for accuracy and even a sense of responsibility for the accuracy of your data. I would like to see the East of England Data being used in teaching sessions, statistics practicals, under- and postgraduate projects and further research by BASES members with fresh, innovative research ideas. I also look forward to more data sharing between sports scientists and collaboration over shared data in the future. - DR GAVIN SANDERCOCK, UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX BASES Reective Practice workshop As a BASES SE supervisor and reviewer I would like to commend Professor Andy Miles and Dr Brendan Cropley for the superbly engaging Reective Practice workshop they recently delivered to aspiring sport and exercise scientists starting out on their journey of supervised experience. As a reviewer I am interested in the reective practice approach adopted by practitioners and, on occasion, concerned by variation in the standard, depth and breadth of evidence submitted to meet the requirement of that particular competency. Then there are times when I reect and wonder if the feedback and advice I offer as a reviewer complements or contradicts the information presented through the core workshop. Only one way to nd outattend the Reective Practice workshop! The one day workshop was thoroughly enjoyable and invaluable, both to me in my role as a supervisor and reviewer, as well as for the intended audience. The pace was excellent, the content was focused and the applied examples put reective practice into context. Throughout, Andy and Brendan offered clear advice about how to evidence reective practice, presenting examples and usable templates from their own practice. To conclude, I was heartened to hear there is no single way to approach reective practice, what is important you nd the way that works best for you. Over the day, having introduced myself as a BASES reviewer, I was asked on a number of occasions what exactly reviewers were looking for in the portfolio of evidence. Interesting conversations followed. I just wonder whether, or not, SE candidates would welcome more opportunities to meet the reviewers during their attendance at core workshops? And, on the other hand, are there supervisors and reviewers eager to attend core workshops, (1) for their own personal development and (2) to contribute to the development of others? Just a thought- LISA BOARD
Technical excellence is taken as a given
Re: Letters: What makes the perfect sports scientist? And Sound scientic underpinning of a practitioner It was with interest that we read the letters from Anon and Dr Morton. It is pleasing to know that both agree with our central tenet: To succeed as an applied practitioner it is your personal skills that enable you to fully apply your technical ones. There are 100s of sports science graduates/post graduates each year with a sound scientic underpinning knowledge seeking employment. For those looking to work in high performance, this level of technical expertise is taken as the base non-negotiable. It is, as Dr Morton notes, an individuals bedside manner (i.e., non-technical skills) that will make the difference regarding whether he/she can be truly effective. It is not as simple as Anon suggests ie can you communicate your technical knowledge to a child? It is much more - can you inuence an Olympic medal winning athlete to change how they train? Can you persuade your Performance Director to divert funds to support the untried technological innovation you wish to introduce? Can you dissolve the conict between the coach and athlete who have differing views and both want you on their side? Can you take on a leadership role, becoming the boss of team mates who are all older than you? In our experience, unless practitioners have or develop these skills they will not get the best opportunity to do what they set out to, namely help make a performance difference. This is why we used a series of case studies in Achieving Excellence in High Performance Sport. All of the experienced practitioners interviewed noted that technical excellence is taken as a given; however, to be effective and successful, practitioners also need excellent non-technical skills. It is also the reason that having these skills are core requirements for BASES Accreditation. - DR SARAH ROWELL FBASES AND TIM KYNDT
Good guys or Good scientists - a dilemma for practitioners working in the high performance environment.
Re: Letters: What makes the perfect sports scientist? And Sound scientic underpinning of a practitioner Anon and Dr Morton argued for more emphasis on science, with Anon going on to say a good practitioner should be 98% scientist, 2% good guy. But apportioning percentage contributions is probably unhelpful, since in reality you have to be both a good guy and an excellent scientist in this game, with the emphasis highly dependent on the situation. The Beginning: This is all about coach and athlete buy in. Here the practitioner is going to need to build a rapport with the coach and athlete by using emotional intelligence and exing their communication style to the people in front of them. The Problem: Support at an elite level is an exercise in problem solving, normally a very complex problem. Here the practitioner will need good listening skills, good technical knowledge, be a critical thinker. The Solution: The biggest skill here is to make the solution simple, and t it into the bigger picture of the athletes life. It needs to be communicated in the manner appropriate for the client, and of course needs to be based on sound scientic principles. The measurement: The solution should be monitored. Here good scientic principles should be applied to ensure appropriate numbers and data are accurate. Validation: Scientic principles apply here. However, so do persuasion skills, as the practitioner will often have to work with those in academia to prove the validity of their solution. A good guy will get buy in, but struggle to solve problems with a strong evidence base. Likewise, an athlete and coach wont care about publications or the title Dr before a name, but will demand someone with the knowledge to make a difference. DR KEVIN CURRELL, HEAD OF PERFORMANCE NUTRITION, EIS AND DR EMMA ROSS, HEAD OF PHYSIOLOGY, EIS
Write the Letter of the issue and win a years free BASES membership. Letters, which may be edited or shortened for reasons of space or clarity, should be no longer than 300 words, must refer to an article that has appeared in the last issue, and must include the writers name. Please e-mail chitchings@bases.org.uk
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FAculty oF HEAltH, SociAl cARE And EducAtion
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John Noonan and Dr Graeme Close examine the physiological preparation of snowboard athletes for the Winter Olympics in Sochi 2014.
Introduction Whilst skiing has been an integral part of winter Olympic competition since 1936 (Germany Winter Olympic Games), snowboarding is a progressing sport and was only introduced in the 1998 Japan Winter Olympics. This year, a record number of ve snowboard events took place in the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Despite a growth in professional competition and growing media attention, there is still a lack of understanding of quality practice for athlete preparation tailored to meet eventspecic needs. This article examines the physiological preparation of snowboard athletes for Sochi 2014 with a specic focus on the strength and conditioning and nutritional challenges. Technical demands of the sport Like many progressing sports, the major challenge to the sports scientist is the lack of scientic research to draw from when it comes to preparation of the athletes thus references must come from ski-related research. However, care must be taken when applying the same training principles with diverse time motion demands seen across all ski and snowboard disciplines. Alpine ski competition can be divided into two areas: Speed and technical events. Each event is differentiated by gate placement, turning radius, speed and course length, with speeds recorded in downhill and super giant slalom up to 130 km/h. A downhill race may last as long as 2-3 minutes and a giant slalom race, which involves more turns but a shorter course, usually lasts 1-2 minutes. Technical events of slalom and giant slalom are slower, with skiers only reaching 20-60 km/h, but occur on steeper terrain. The giant slalom typically lasts 60-90 seconds, while the slalom lasts 45-60 seconds and includes very narrow, short turns. In contrast, snowboard events are dened as alpine racing and freestyle (technical) events. Alpine racing events of parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom take approximately 22-30 seconds, and 35-45 seconds to complete respectively. In contrast, the freestyle events do not base performance on racing, but rather tricks and movement expression, as seen in slopestyle and halfpipe competition. In slopestyle, riders perform tricks on boxes, rails and other man-made features, while halfpipe riders will compete on a trough-type feature made either entirely of snow or with a base of shaped earth. Competitive runs take around 20-30 seconds and involve 6-8 hits. Finally, the snowboard-cross event includes between 4-6 athletes that race simultaneously down a man-made course, negotiating a series of freestyle like features, whilst traveling up to speeds of 85 km/h. Typically, race duration is around 1 minute with an expected 6-8 races completed in a single day from qualication through to nals. Environmental considerations An obvious challenge to the winter sports athlete is the added demands of differing environmental conditions. Whilst the vast majority of land-based training will be performed in the comfortable conditions of a temperaturecontrolled gymnasium, the real conditions that the athlete may face are somewhat different. Fortunately, the reported conditions at the Olympics in Sochi (altitude 1,200 m, temperature 2-5 C) do not pose as big a threat to exercise performance as other competition environments such as Lake Louise, Canada (altitude 2,000 m, temperature -25 C). Such conditions can signicantly impact on athlete physiology and performance and create some logistical problems for the support staff.
There is again a distinct lack of research on the specic energy demands of elite snowboard-cross and therefore the amount of food required to fuel a training programme is more difcult to prescribe than other more researched sports.
Strength and conditioning considerations for the elite snowboard-cross athlete Considering that snowboard-cross is a sprint-based event it is suggested that one of the most important roles for the strength and conditioning professional is to maximise the athletes physical performance and skill to inuence groundbased horizontal velocity, and rider momentum. This can be manipulated by focusing the training on two key areas: 1. Increased explosive strength (rate of force development) of the upper-body, trunk and hips during an all-out concentric pull off the start gate, increasing board velocity at the start and maintaining this throughout the race (Sandbakk et al., 2010). 2. Minimise braking force and net losses of board speed during landings by optimising the riders deceleration mechanics, in conjunction with increased eccentric capacity of the muscular system throughout the kinetic
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mass whilst at the same time maintaining low body fat although research on the optimal body composition for these athletes is lacking. Until this research has been gathered the only option is to look into research from similar sports, both on snow (skiing) and off snow (skateboarding, mountain biking). The sports nutritionist also needs to collect data regularly and have exibility in their plans to allow subtle changes to be made if key performance indicators are not moving in the right direction. Pilot investigation into the effects of simulated environmental conditions encountered by an elite, female snowboard-cross athlete on physical performance getting ready for Sochi! Given the lack of research in snowboard-cross, combined with the desire to provide scientically rigorous advice, we decided that some pilot experiments on an elite snowboard-cross rider were clearly warranted. To complete this investigation we attempted to replicate a snowboard-cross competition over a 3 hour period in an environment chamber. Using an elite female snowboard-cross athlete who competed in Sochi, 2014, the environment chamber was set up to recreate the conditions predicted to be faced by the athletes in Sochi (altitude 1,200 m, temperature 2-5 C). Analysis showed that a HR maximum (HRM) of 155 bpm, a HR minimum of 59 bpm and a HR average of 89 bpm was achieved. Energy expenditure, measured using an acti-heart monitor, suggested that a typical competition day (spanning 3 hours) would only expend ~700 Kcal. Further research is of course required to fully understand the physiological demands of snowboard-cross competition, however this pilot has been so far a great help in the design of training programmes and the preparation for Sochi 2014.
Above: Dr Graeme Close with snowboard-cross athlete Zoe Gillings following a cooking lesson. Sometimes the soft nutritional skills are just as necessary as the hard science!
chain. Ideally, landing patterns of the rider should resemble those in gymnastics, were the absorption of impact through large joint exion must be constrained through well-timed joint stiffening to allow soft tissue dissipation of forces (McNittGray et al., 2001). An optimal landing will be high on the eccentric transition (backside) of the slope and involve high degrees of muscle stiffness to ensure maximum gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy (velocity) of the rider (Turnbull et al., 2011). Considering the magnitude of impact loads that are imposed on the snowboard-cross rider (especially if the rider lands low on a slope, or experiences a at landing), the rider needs to distribute these forces across the musculoskeletal system if the injury risk to any particular anatomical structure is to be minimized (Salci et al., 2004).
Nutritional considerations for the elite snowboard-cross athlete Nutritional preparation of winter sports athletes presents some unique challenges where the answers cannot be found in standard textbooks. Athletes may spend most of the day on the slopes and are often required to bring their own food with them. Whilst this in itself is not unique (we often advise athletes to bring food with them to training), it is unusual to deal with the challenge of what to do when your chicken wrap freezes due to the extreme weather conditions! Have you ever tried eating a completely frozen Muesli bar? The athletes often do not want to stop to eat due to the need to keep warm and therefore where possible warm food is preferred. This then requires great imagination regarding the amount of meals you can make in a hotel bedroom that can be kept warm and tasty in a Thermos Flask. Hydration can also be an issue on the slopes with some athletes purposely limiting uid intake either due to temperature reasons or to reduce urine output, which can be somewhat problematic when fully kitted out in thermal snow clothing and on the slopes were toilets are not readily available. There is again a distinct lack of research on the specic energy demands of elite snowboard-cross and therefore the amount of food required to fuel a training programme is more difcult to prescribe than other more researched sports. Like many athletes, snowboard-cross riders are often looking to maximise lean muscle
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Dr Graeme L. Close Graeme is a Reader at Liverpool John Moores University. Graeme is BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist and is currently lead sports nutritionist for British Ski and Snowboard.
John Noonan John is a PhD student at Liverpool John Moores University investigating the physiological demands of snowboard-cross and the Lead Strength and Conditioning coach for GB snowboard-cross & Alpine Ski Squads.
References: McNitt-Gray, J.L. et al. (2001). Mechanical demand and multijoint control during landing depend on orientation of the body segments relative to reaction force. Journal of Biomechanics, 34, 1471-82. Salci Y, et al. (2004). Comparison of landing manoeuvres between male and female college volleyball players. Clinincal Biomechanics, 19, 622-8. Sandbakk, . et al. (2010). Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 947-957. Turnbull, J., Keogh, J.W.L. & Andrew, E.K. (2011). Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Elite Snowboard Half Pipe. The Open Sports Science Medical Journal, 5, 1-11.
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Sport and exercise scientists to reect on their role in fostering a climate of Clean Sport
Prof Susan Backhouse and Anne Sargent provide an overview of the UK Anti-Doping - BASES Strategic Partnership and consider the role of BASES members in shaping its future.
In September 2013, BASES formed a new relationship with UK Anti-Doping (UKAD). As the National Anti-Doping Agency, UKADs mission is to protect the right to participate in clean sport. Central to this are its prevention through education programmes, which depend on active partnerships with a large range of organisations across the sporting landscape. The new UKAD-BASES strategic partnership signals BASES commitment to supporting UKADs mission. With signicant changes to the World Anti-Doping Code coming into force in January 2015, this development is timely. Roles and responsibilities of sport and exercise scientists The World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) denes the role of athlete support personnel - such as sport and exercise scientists - in antidoping practice. These roles and responsibilities are established under Article 21.2 of the WADC. According to this article, athlete support personnel need to be aware of and comply with their responsibilities, cooperate with athlete testing, and positively inuence athletes anti-doping attitudes, values and behaviours. Four of the eight rule violations can affect athlete support personnel: 1) Tampering with any part of doping control; 2) Possession; 3) Trafcking and 4) Administration of any banned substance, aiding, abetting or covering up an Anti-Doping Rule Violation. UKAD-BASES Strategic Partnership While research suggests that athlete support personnel can inuence the doping and anti-doping landscape, there is little evidence of how aware athlete support personnel are of this, or how they act to actively prevent doping. The limited research highlights insufcient knowledge of anti-doping rules or their roles and responsibilities under the WADC, leaving athlete support personnel at risk of an avoidable sanction. Research also suggests that while athlete support personnel are expected to develop an awareness of anti-doping through athlete-focused education, they are often left to deduce their responsibilities individually through their own volition. Responding to this situation, BASES formed a partnership with (UKAD) to bring together professional bodies to inuence and inform this specic audience. This partnership will offer a proactive response to help BASES members to meet these obligations while also optimising their professional preparation. With a focus on professional development, the new partnership aims to utilise the expertise from the BASES membership and beyond, to help inform UKAD practices and decision-making. It also provides a stimulus for research that will explore the doping and anti-doping experiences of BASES members. This will ensure that anti-doping education packages are context-specic and draw directly on the real experiences of the target group, as well as being evidence-based and sustainable. Indeed, UKADs current approach is based on a model that links athlete development, behavioural change and cultural awareness. The effectiveness of UKADs impact relies on UKAD forming strategic partnerships with key agencies and sporting bodies that will cascade and deliver a consistent anti-doping curriculum. In turn, it is hoped that these partners will uphold a strong interest in maintaining clean sport and be willing to integrate anti-doping education into their existing programmes. This commitment to protecting sport and its athletes is already exemplied in the BASES Code of Conduct. Specically, BASES members must take into account the three following principles within their working practices: 1. All clients have the right to expect the highest standards of professionalism, consideration and respect 2. The pursuit of scientic knowledge requires that research and testing is carried out with utmost integrity 3. The law requires that working practices are safe and that the welfare of the client is paramount. Announcement of the Clean Sport Interest Group The BASES Board has agreed a Clean Sport commitment statement. A Clean Sport Interest Group (CSIG) is also being convened; this will provide members and afliates with continuous opportunities to shape the direction and focus of the partnership. For example, CSIG members will inform the education workshop programme, established as a part of the BASES CPD structure. Importantly, the partnership creates important opportunities for BASES members to inform UKAD practices, programmes and decision-making through research and consultation activities. To join the Clean Sport Interest Group, please contact the convenor, Dr Sue Backhouse (S.Backhouse@leedsmet. ac.uk). For information or questions regarding UK AntiDoping, please contact Medical Education Ofcer, Anne Sargent (Anne.Sargent@ukad.org.uk). For information or questions regarding the BASES strategic partnership with UK Anti-Doping, please contact Education Ofcer, Kate Mills (kmills@bases.org.uk).
Prof Susan Backhouse Susan is a Reader in the Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure at Leeds Metropolitan University. She is a UK Anti-Doping National Trainer, a BPS Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist and a professional member of BASES. Susan is the convenor of the Clean Sport Interest Group. Anne Sargent Anne has been working at UK Anti-Doping for four and a half years after studying Sport and Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine at Exeter University. Annes current role is Medical Education Ofcer within the Education and Athlete Support team.
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Interview with Prof Greg Whyte, OBE, FBASES, FACSM

Following Prof Greg Whytes recent OBE, and the conclusion of his highly popular The Whyte Answer in this publication, Dr Ken van Someren FBASES puts a few questions to him. , USA (wonderful times!) and a PhD at the University Greg, huge congratulations on your recent OBE for
services to sport, sport science and charity. What does this mean to you and how does this rank alongside your achievements to date? Im absolutely delighted and honoured to receive the OBE. Receiving an award from your peers is always very special, particularly when it is unexpected. To be recognised for services to sport, sport science and charity is wonderful but it is the recognition of services to sport science that is heart-warming. Its an area I have dedicated my entire working life to and one that has received limited public recognition, despite its ever increasing importance in modern sport and exercise. Im also looking forward to a day trip to the Palace! Your recognition certainly helps showcase our profession of sport and exercise sciences. What more do you think we can do to raise the prole and enhance public understanding of what we do? Sport and exercise science has grown in importance dramatically over recent years. I remember graduating from Borough Road (now Brunel University) in the late 1980s and I had to explain to people what sport science was! The growing importance of sport in UK society and the move to professionalism has led to an increased public understanding of sport science. However, it is the burgeoning health crisis of inactivity that I believe is going to be the most important platform to showcase the importance of sport and exercise sciences. As I have written in a previous The Whyte Answer column in The Sport and Exercise Scientist, one of our major impediments to raising the awareness and importance of sport and exercise sciences is the absence of an effective lobbying voice. Unlike the pharmaceutical, food, transport, alcohol and tobacco industries (to name but a few), sport and exercise is virtually silent. To become a credible and powerful voice capable of effecting real change we need to work hard at raising the prole of the profession across the general population and in the halls of government. There are multiple ways of achieving this (i.e., research, public engagement etc.); however, the key will be in having a unied voice or critical mass, which I believe could be spearheaded by BASES. A few years ago, you were a Modern Pentathlete, competing at Olympic Games and winning World and European Championship medals. How has your athletic career inuenced your education and career choices? Since 1998 successful Olympic sports have received funding through the Lottery, which has resulted in athletes having the privilege of training full-time without the need for educational advancement or the development of vocational skill. Whilst this has resulted in Olympic success, it has led to one of my biggest concerns for elite sport in the UK: What happens post-retirement? I was fortunate that when I competed there was no funding, an unusual statement to many. However, this meant that I either worked or studied. As a Modern Pentathlon I was training c.40 hours per week in ve disciplines and so work was not an option, but studying was. Completing my undergraduate studies at Borough Road, I went on to complete an MSc in Human Performance in the of Wolverhampton and St. Georges Hospital Medical School. By the time I retired I had begun my transition into the working world of sport. There is no doubt that my sporting career inuenced my vocational choices and the reason I continue to consider myself privileged to work in one of the most exciting, vibrant, impactful and continually evolving areas of science. Youve held some key senior positions in high performance sport through your career, e.g., Director of Research for the British Olympic Association and Director of Sports Science and Research at the English Institute of Sport. What have been some of the highlights of your applied career? There have been so many highlights for me in my applied career. Of note, not all the highlights have been isolated to elite sport; some of my most treasured experiences have come from working with celebrities and the general public. My motivation over the past two decades (and more!) has always been the same: Beyond better. The challenge of winning an Olympic medal is
The inclusion of three sport and exercise scientists in the Top 100 UK Scientists is a major coup for BASES and sport and exercise sciences, which I believe marks an important day in the recognition of our profession.
as difcult as reducing the incidence of sudden cardiac death in young athletes or coping with cancer. Recently the wife of a cancer patient I worked with came up to me in a caf and thanked me for everything I had done for her husband while he was undergoing treatment for colon cancer. Sadly, her husband died but our work to improve his quality of life had given the family, including his two young children, the opportunity to spend more time together. There are very few things more rewarding than improving quality of life, whether its through an Olympic gold medal or coping with disease. Youre perhaps best known outside of our profession for having coached David Walliams to swim the Channel and Eddie Izzard to run 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief. How has this work compared to your previous experiences? To date, I have worked on 17 Sport/Comic Relief challenges helping raise over 20 million for people less fortunate than ourselves. These projects have been incredibly challenging but enormous fun. The challenges of these projects are related to the
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requirement to transform a celebrity into an ultra-endurance athlete in a very short period of time, with the pressure of failure not being an option. The success of these projects has resulted in ever increasing demands on the celebrities whilst dealing with an expectation of success before the challenge has even started. There is no doubt that this part of my work, which I do for free, pushes me out of my comfort zone; something I recommend to all practitioners to ensure they remain at the top of their discipline. Until recently, you held the prestigious position of Chairman of the charity Cardiac Risk in the Young (CRY). How has this enabled you to bring your research expertise in cardiac structure and function to public health? I was a trustee of CRY for 14 years and Chairman for 10 years. My work with CRY was closely linked to my research interests and alongside my good friend Prof Sanjay Sharma, we established the UKs rst cardiovascular screening programme and the worlds rst dedicated Centre for Sports Cardiology at the Olympic Medical Institute in the 1990s. Working closely with government and governing bodies of sport, we were able to highlight the importance of sudden cardiac death in the young as a public health issue. This led to a range of changes, including the establishment of a national sport pre-participation screening programme and the inclusion of the new Chapter 8 in the National Service Framework on Arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in the education of medics. I am extremely proud of my time with CRY and along with colleagues at Liverpool John Moores University and universities across the UK and internationally, I will continue to research in the area to reduce the incidence and impact of sudden cardiac death in young people. Without doubt, youve made an enormous contribution to sport and exercise science through your research, support of sports performance and health, charity and raising public awareness. Whats next for you will there be more epic challenges of human performance and what else would you like to achieve in your career? Recently I was named as one of the Top 10 Communicator Scientists in the UK by the Science Council as part of their Top 100 UK Scientists. With thanks to BASES for nominating me for this prestigious award, I was especially delighted as I have grown increasingly aware that communication of our discipline is of fundamental importance if we are to have palpable, long-lasting impact. Also in the Top 100 UK Scientists were Prof Clyde Williams and Prof Alison McConnell. The inclusion of three sport and exercise scientists in the Top 100 UK Scientists is a major coup for BASES and sport and exercise sciences, which I believe marks an important day in the recognition of our profession. I personally believe that our signicant contribution to sports performance is well-recognised and will continue to grow; however, it is our work in exercise/physical activity and public health that requires greater public and political engagement leading to impact on policy and practice. To that end, I am working hard, along with a large number of esteemed colleagues, in raising public awareness of the fundamental importance of physical activity and lobbying government to establish a long-term approach to physical activity across the life-span. And of course, there are always epic physical challenges to keep me busy in my spare time!
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Prof Greg Whyte, OBE, FBASES, FACSM Greg is Professor of Applied Sport and Exercise Science at Liverpool John Moores University. He is also the after-dinner speaker at BASES Conference 2014. Interview by: Dr Ken van Someren FBASES Director of Research & Development at the GSK Human Performance Lab.
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Reviews - Apps and Books

App Name: Strava App Developer: Strava Inc. App Cost: Free (upgrade to premium membership for additional features Download at: iTunes & Google Play Devices: All with GPS capability Strava (apparently the Swedish verb to strive) is a website and mobile app that enables users to monitor and present athletic activity, primarily running and cycling via GPS technology. It shares common features with sites like Garmin Connect and Mapmyride. However, Strava offers some key additions. In keeping with its West Coast USA origins there are considerable social networking opportunities embedded. The most controversial is the setting up of virtual races through segments. Users can divide up training sessions into route segments, which allow any other users to post their times on exactly the same segment. This is contentious as there have been reportedly serious accidents that have occurred where users may have been reckless in pursuit of a Strava King or Queen of the Segment accolade. Users can give virtual competitors feedback and Kudos to acknowledge their performances. Strava is a useful monitoring tool. It is Facebooks athletic cousin. I like it, but it does open your training diary to the world. - DR TONY WESTBURY, EDINBURGH NAPIER UNIVERSITY Rating 9/10 The Sports Gene: Talent, Practice and the Truth About Success Epstein, D. (2013) Yellow Jersey Press: London Hardback available for 13.64, Paperback for 6.29, Kindle version available for 4.31 and Audiobook available for 20.55 from www.amazon.co.uk The title of this book could be considered a little misleading. The Sports Gene (singular) perhaps doesnt prepare you for the breadth of content if you were expecting a narrow focus on one remarkable gene. You dont have to have an in-depth appreciation for genetics to follow this text. Epstein offers key theoretical information where necessary and brings the content to life with applied accounts of inuential scientists and Olympic athletes. A pragmatic balance of the age-old nature versus nurture debate in the context of sporting talent is maintained throughout. This realistic approach to identifying what makes the perfect athlete allows the construction of a well-rounded argument, which brings in contributions from culture, anthropometrics, the environment and a willingness to train. Each fascinating chapter commences with a real life observation, which is then examined and unpicked with the help of credible scientic studies. The addition of supplementary notes and citations is useful for some readers, although these are not comprehensive. This enables the keen (perhaps academic) reader to pursue primary sources of information that shaped the content of each chapter. The book is written in a popular scientic format and provides an engaging read for the sport scientist of any discipline. I cant recommend it highly enough. - HELEN GRAVESTOCK, UNIVERSITY OF WORCESTER Rating 10/10 Everest - the First Ascent, Bloomsbury Tuckey, H. (2013) The Random House Group: London. Hardback available for 13.40, Paperback available for 8.07 and Kindle version available for 8.03 from www.amazon.co.uk Published on the 60th anniversary of the conquering of Everest, this is a compelling biography of Grifth Pugh, the physiologist who played a key role in the 1953 expedition. Pugh is probably best known to sport and exercise physiologists for his novel observations and publications in high altitude physiology, but he also developed the mountaineers supplemental oxygen and hygiene strategies, and made key innovations to the expedition clothing and equipment. Authored by his daughter, this is a personal insight, highlighting both the man and his scientic career. Pugh was not only the unsung hero of the Everest expedition, but arguably the grandfather of modern day sport and exercise science. The accounts of his pioneering work in hypothermia and survival, exercise-associated hyperthermia and hydration, acclimation for the 1968 Mexico Olympic Games, and even the benets of exercise in ageing will fascinate todays applied scientists. Its intriguing to see just how far sport and exercise science has come over the last 60 years, though many readers will feel an uncomfortable familiarity with some of the challenges Pugh faced in engaging the mountaineering community with his scientic support and applied research! A must read for all sport and exercise scientists. - DR KEN VAN SOMEREN, FBASES; GSK HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB Rating 9/10 Youth Sport, Physical Activity and Play: Policy, Intervention and Participation Parker, A. & Vinson, D. (2013) (Routledge Research in Sport, Culture and Society) Routledge: London. Hardback available for 74.84 and Kindle version available for 52.39 from www.amazon.co.uk An excellent, well written comprehensive guide to physical activity among children. The book is up-to-date in dealing with the issues surrounding participation in sport, physical activity and play among the young. It is a denitive detailed resource for students, academic staff and anyone with an involvement in sport and physical activity in young people in the UK. It is organised into three distinct parts: 1. Policy - this section discusses the political culture of sport within the UK and Europe; 2. Intervention - addresses the psychological and social aspects of engagement in physical activity in hard to reach populations of young people and; 3. Participation investigates sedentary behaviour of adolescents and discusses different avenues available to young people for participation in sport. The book concludes with an afterword, outlining future suggestions for sport and physical activity in this population. The writing style is clear in an easy to follow layout with a limited amount of data via the use of appropriate tables/gures and the key points are summarised at the end of each chapter. I would recommend this book to academics and anyone with an interest in physical activity in children and young people. - SAMANTHA PARNELL, UNIVERSITY OF EXETER Rating 9/10
Send books for potential review to Claire-Marie Roberts, 3 Royal York Mews, Royal York Crescent, Clifton Village, Bristol, BS8 4LF Want to be a book reviewer? Email c.roberts@worc.ac.uk Reviewers get to keep the book in return for a 200 word review Additional online book reviews are available at www.bases.org.uk/SES-Book-Reviews
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50 YEARS OF LEARNING 1964 - 2014
CHuTzPAH: Charlies Thoughtz on Physical Activity for Health

Dr Charlie Foster is The Sport and Exercise Scientists physical activity health columnist.
So what would you say to the All Party Commission for Physical Activity? The human body was designed to move. But in a very short period of time, we have become dangerously inactive as a population. We are witnessing a physical inactivity epidemic. All Party Commission for Physical activity website - http://activitycommission.com/ Since mid-December 2013 a group of MPs have been reviewing oral and written evidence to make direct policy relevant recommendations to tackle this physical activity crisis. The Commission is supported by a number of key national organisations including the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Sustrans, Premier League, Lawn Tennis Association, Nike, The Young Foundation. The Commission is chaired by a cross party set of MPs, Charlotte Leslie MP , Julian Huppert MP , and Barbara Keeley MP , and Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson. The Commission has focused on examining ways to encourage and sustain physical activity in children and young people and has organised four evidence sessions spanning Transport & Urban Planning, Health, Education, and Sport. Written submissions were made via the All Party Commission website alongside the oral evidence sessions, and rst indications are the organisers have been overwhelmed by the volume and quality of submissions. I was lucky enough to be invited to make an oral submission to the Health Committee meeting but it proved to be far harder than I imagined because I had to decide what to present in my 7-minute (PowerPoint-slide free!) presentation. So for my nal CHuTzPAH article I would like to share my submission. Its a personal view so please forgive the rst person (and I have added references for information). I wish to make three key points for the consideration of the Commission: 1. The solution to physical inactivity does not lie in focusing exclusively on children. 2. The solution to physical inactivity does not lie on the promotion of sport 3. The solution to physical inactivity does lie in population approaches that use existing local and national level legislation to protect, provide and create environments that are conducive to moving as part of daily activity. The solution to physical inactivity does not lie in focusing exclusively on children You cant bank the benets of an active childhood as a young adult. You cant bank the benets of being an active young adult as an older adult. Our population surveys consistently show the distribution of physical activity is highest in children and young people and declines as we age. Points of rapid decline relate to specic life events, transition points of change, for example transition from primary to secondary school offer, leaving school, rst job, independent living, moving house, partnerships/ marriage, children, health events, work changes, health events, retirement and caring responsibilities (Allender, Hutchinson & Foster, 2008). So if our physical inactivity epidemic is most prevalent in adulthood, its cost is in premature disability, dementia and frailty. Modelling on age and gender consistently points to the effectiveness, and cost effectiveness data only supports middle-aged adult interventions (Thorogood, Naidoo & McPherson, 1996). The evidence to support the assumption that an active child equals an active adult is missing. I recognise it is politically expedient to focus on children and young people - its a low political risk, you are unlikely to get complaints - but this choice is not cost effective at a population level. So lets focus on delivering evidence-based interventions to those who have most to gain, data are consistently supported by evaluations of the effectiveness of interventions, produced by NICE. If you want to know how to achieve these impacts look at the NICE Public Health guidelines (see www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ index.jsp?action=bypublichealth&PUBLICHEALTH =Physical+activity).
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I am delighted to have this chance to support the Commissions thinking on potential cost-effective options for physical activity. As we are living in a world of nancial austerity I have chosen to answer question 5: In a world with limited nancial resources what are the most cost-effective approaches and how can existing resources be realigned to have the greatest impact? I want to make it clear that my submission today comes from a public health perspective, which demands actions that take place across the population and are based on the best available evidence. Interventions are equitable and do not favour a minority. My research is focused on improving the evidence-base for physical activity promotion, which is presented as part of the suite of evidence reviews for NICE, HTA, Cochrane Collaboration and the BHF.
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Left: Active play and walking, not sport, make the largest contributions to being active
So my analysis of who to target by examination of the population prevalence of physical activity against the epidemiology of physical activity and health leads me to my second point. The solution to physical inactivity does not lie on the promotion of sport Sport is denitely not the answer to changing population levels of physical activity. Sports contribution to overall physical activity disappears after 35, is very socially patterned, and despite huge investment in facilities and programmes remains stubbornly at the same levels for the last 30 years. Recently, my research team has proled what types of physical activities contribute to being active from 5 to 75, and also examined if there are differences in the contribution of different types of physical activities by gender and socioeconomic status (Blanger, Townsend & Foster, 2011; Payne, Townsend & Foster, 2013). This analysis clearly demonstrates that for children active play and walking, not sport, make the largest contributions to being active. By teen years relative domain contributions are amplied by socioeconomic status, so promoting sport might increase inequalities in physical activity and health. Adult physical activity proles see sport vanish by mid 40s with a consistent and increasing contribution of walking (for transport and recreation) across all ages and genders. Trend data that increase in sports and exercise participation, seen in middle aged and older adults, have been driven by men from non-manual social classes, higher income households and white ethnic backgrounds (Stamatakis, Ekelund & Wareham, 2007). The consistent decline in occupational physical activity from the 1950s to now, alongside greater occupational and domestic energy saving technologies have reduced physical activity and increased inequalities. Small spikes of change in physical activity at retirement age will be delayed if we all have to retire at older ages. Writing in the Foresight Obesity report Fox and Hillsdon neatly summarised the reasons why as a nation we loll at the top of the physical inactivity podium (Fox & Hillsdon, 2007). These included: (i) increased labour-saving technology in the home, work and retail environments; (ii) changes in work and shopping patterns that have resulted in greater reliance on motorised transport; (iii) increased self-sufciency in the home, including entertainment, food storage and preparation; (iv) controlled climates and greater comfort; and (v) reductions in walking and cycling. What if we decide that sports promotion is the answer? Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials clearly show we can intervene with inactive adults and maintain activity at two years, but the evidence base for the effectiveness of sport interventions is far less developed than for the promotion of physical activity (Foster et al., 2013; Richards et al., 2013). It appears that most sport programmes are researched within quite a different paradigm to physical activity and health programmes, with a general lack of controlled research designs (see www.sportengland.org/ media/103075/full-report-inactivity-sport.pdf). For some it will be a viable option but for the majority the sole promotion of sport will widen inequalities and will not save lives.
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So what are our cost-effective options? The solution to physical inactivity does lie in population approaches that use existing local and national level legislation to protect, provide and create environments that are conducive to moving as part of daily activity So how can we construct these places as active spaces? Local authorities can, through legislation, construct environments that are conducive to moving as part of daily activity (Mitchell, Cowburn & Foster, 2011). Local legislative powers can also be used to protect existing physical activity promoting environments and create new ones. Best practice examples are presented by the UK Health Forums (translation of Evidence into practice) website - www.healthyplaces.org.uk/. Examples include Street play, 20 mph zones, workplace parking levies, and Greenspace protection. There is a strong, vibrant and cost-effective evidence base, neatly packaged by NICE and others, on the most effective solutions to tackling physical activity via interventions, schools, workplaces, built environment and primary care. What is needed next is the development of the evidence base, alongside skills and pathways to translate this evidence into practice. It has been a privilege to be able to present my thoughts to the BASES community and I wish you all the best in our communal challenge of getting our nation to keep active.
Dr Charlie Foster Charlie is a Senior Lecturer/Researcher at the University of Oxford. He runs a research programme, funded by the BHF, to improve the evidence base for physical activity promotion. CHuTzPAH is the quality of audacity, for good or for bad. References: Allender, S., Hutchinson, L. & Foster, C. (2008). Life-change events and participation in physical activity: a systematic review. Health Promotion International, 23, 160-172. Blanger, M., Townsend, N. & Foster, C. (2011). Age-related differences in physical activity proles of English adults. Preventive Medicine. 52, 247-249. Foster, C. et al. (2013). Remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4: CD010395. Fox, K.R. & Hillsdon, M. (2007). Physical activity and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 8, 115-121. Mitchell, C., Cowburn, G. & Foster, C. (2011). Assessing the options for local government to use legal approaches to combat obesity; putting theory into practice. Obesity Reviews, 12, 660-667. Payne, S., Townsend, N. & Foster, C. (2013). The physical activity prole of active children in England. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10: 136. Richards, J. et al. (2013). Face-to-face interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4: CD010392. Stamatakis, E., Ekelund, U. & Wareham, N.J. (2007). Temporal trends in physical activity in England: the Health Survey for England 1991 to 2004. Preventive Medicine, 45, 416-423. Thorogood, M., Naidoo, B. & McPherson, K. (1996). Setting targets: what are the potential health gains? In Killoran, A., Fentem, P . & Caspersen, C. (Eds.). Moving on. International perspectives on promoting physical activity (pp. 77-98). Health Education Authority, London.
Acknowledgement from BASES: Many thanks to Charlie as this is his nal column after ve issues. Dr John Buckley FBASES will be taking over. John is a Reader of Applied Exercise Science in Health at the University of Chester. He has held several positions of national and international leadership in sport and exercise science and cardiovascular health and rehabilitation, and has over 30 years of experience as an exercise physiologist. www.bases.org.uk
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Acting on good intentions: Why do people fail to follow their New Years resolutions?
In this article Chris Fullerton, Prof Andy Lane FBASES and Dr Tracey Devonport examine theoretical perspectives on failed New Years resolutions and then offer tips to help achieve future resolutions.
Introduction The story goesChristmas is over, you are feeling guilty for your lack of exercise, overeating and weight gain, and decide that next year is going to be a fresh start. A renewed sense of hope that the New Year will bring positive change reignites good intentions. Like many others, you express your desire to get t and lose weight and then set about making big changes to your lifestyle. And continuesJanuary begins and for a short while at least, there may be excitement in anticipation of achieving these goals; the endless possibilities of a new self and the prospect of rectifying failures and ingraining new desirable habits. By the end of the month, willpower is running low; hope soon turns to dejection and a realisation that it is not a few lapses in your good intentions but repeated failure to commit to your resolutions. For many people, gym membership bought on New Years Day becomes a costly day out! Does this sound familiar? Evidence shows only an 8% success rate for achieving goals set as New Years resolutions (Norcross et al., 2002). Given increasing physical activity and goals that target improving health and well-being appear to feature so commonly in the New Year Resolution process, sport and exercise scientists might have a role to play if they help increase the success rate. Why do people fail to act on their good intentions? When someone sets a New Years resolution, self-control is required to follow through on that intention. Self-control is dened as the deliberate effort to override a dominant response
Table 1. Dual task model
with another for the benet of long-term success (Baumeister et al., 2007). Research has investigated why people show such poor self-control. A highly supported strength model offers a plausible explanation. According to this model, acts of self-control consume a limited resource. Gailliot et al. (2007) proposed glucose to be an important component of this resource based on ndings which showed reduced glucose associated with poor self-control and an argument based on evidence showing the brain consumes large amounts of glucose. The research design used to test self-control is the dual task model (see Table 1). The experimental group complete two self-control tasks, and the control group complete only one selfcontrol task. The idea is that the rst self-control task depletes resources. Data on the second self-control task are compared between groups. Overwhelming evidence shows that the selfcontrol group perform worse than the control group (Hagger et al., 2010). The implication is that if someone sets two self-control goals, one after another, then the second task is at risk of failing. Those ndings may help us understand the problem associated with setting too many New Years resolutions (goals) at once. Research suggests that where one self-control task (decision) follows another, this presents a challenge, and one that the individual may have not have expected to encounter. For example, lets say you set a goal of losing weight and try to exercise more. Eating more healthily is going to require making many food-choice decisions, and exercising more also requires behavioural change
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP TASK 1 TASK 2 HYPOTHESIS
CONTROL GROUP
Stroop test - participants are required to read aloud the font colour rather than Participants do control stroop the name of the word and so overriding this tendency requires self-control. (i.e., words and colours match). Self-control task (e.g., a muscular endurance task such as the skiers squat - the tendency being to give up quickly rather than persevere). The experimental group should perform significantly worse than the control group.
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Left: A typical Stroop Test where participants are required to read aloud the colour of the font rather than the name of the word.
(e.g., going to the gym, starting an exercise class; walking rather than driving). If someone chooses to complete a gym session and thus having made one self-control decision, the next self-control decision may be harder. In fact there may be a temptation to reward the achievement of an immediate exercise goal with a dietary treat! Lapses in diet after exercise might offer an explanation as to why diets have a low success rate. Overcoming barriers to goal achievement Research has suggested a method of overcoming barriers to goal achievement. It involves combining two techniques; a) mental contrasting and b) implementation intentions (If-Then planning) (Kirk et al., 2013). a) Mental contrasting Mental contrasting is a self-regulatory thought process whereby one imagines the attainment of a desired future outcome (e.g., losing weight, exercising more frequently) and then contrasts it with existing reality. The process works by identifying the goal - i.e., to go for a run 4 days per week. In the rst step, you describe indepth the most positive aspect of attaining this goal (e.g., increased tness). Second, you think about the best thing that would happen if you went for a run four times per week (e.g., lose more weight). Following this, you try to identify the biggest obstacle to reaching this goal (e.g., lack of time). In doing so, you have raised awareness of the goals and what barriers you face. Once this has been done the mental contrasting exercise follows the same process for the next best outcome of goal achievement. Mental contrasting has been found to be an effective behaviour change technique because it helps provide solutions to overcoming obstacles that stand in the way of an individuals desired future (Kirk et al., 2013). b) Implementation intention (If-Then planning) Implementation intention or If-Then planning has been shown to be an effective strategy for promoting goal attainment (Gollwitzer, 1999). An If-Then plan comes in two parts. The If is the situation, barrier or opportunity to use a solution you think will help. The Then part is the behavioural or cognitive plan you wish to happen when that opportunity arises. For example: If I have a craving for sugarand I feel like searching the cupboard for sweets and biscuitsthen I will have a piece of fruit! If I dont feel like exercising todayand I want to skip trainingand postpone my session to next weekthen I will say to myself If I train today, I am more likely to achieve my goal! If-Then plans are proposed to work by strengthening the association between the situation (If - a potential barrier to goal attainment) and what you would do to overcome this barrier. By setting an If-Then plan you are thinking through the barriers and rather than seeing them as problems, but re-appraising this as setting the opportunity to act on your good intentions (Webb & Sheeran, 2008). The if part you establish raises the accessibility or readiness to encounter that situation if it arises in the future. The If part has been primed to be linked to the Then response, following a similar mechanism to how habits form. Evidence shows that using If-Then plans help develop an automatic response, which also, and in relation to self-control theory, uses fewer resources. We suspect that for many readers, the illustrations presented could relate to either personal experiences, or those of individuals you are working with. The following recommendations are intended to be utilised as a self-help guide either for yourself, or when working with others when addressing the establishment and attainment of resolutions or goals.
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Practical recommendations Set a singular goal rather than multiple goals. If self-control is limited, then trying to follow all your resolutions is likely to reduce the capacity for successfully exerting self-control. Save your willpower for important decisions, or have fewer intentions in January. Set new resolutions when the rst set are automated and/or achieved. People often have good intentions but fail to act on them. Forming effective ways to implement good intentions helps motivated people change their behaviour. For example, mentally contrast where you are now and where you want to be. Identify barriers to goal attainment. Identify possible solutions. Develop these into If-Then plans. Implementation intentions serve the purpose of promoting the attainment of the goal specied in the goal intention. Lapses in sticking to goal intentions should not be equated with an absence of willpower. Examine the lapse and identify factors or barriers that contributed to it. Acknowledge these when looking to resume goal focused behaviours.
Christopher Fullerton Christopher is currently studying for a PhD on selfcontrol at the University of Wolverhampton.
Prof Andy Lane FBASES Andy is a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist and a BPS Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist. He works at the University of Wolverhampton.
Dr Tracey Devonport Tracey is a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist and a BPS Chartered Sport and Exercise Psychologist based at the University of Wolverhampton. Tracey has accrued a great deal of applied and research experience that addresses self-control in a sports and exercise context. References: Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D. & Tice, D.M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351-355. Gailliot, M. T. et al. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325-336. Gollwitzer, P . M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493-503. Hagger, M.S., Wood, C., Stiff, C. & Chatzisarantis, N L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 495-525. Kirk, D., Oettingen, G. & Gollwitzer, P .M. (2013). Promoting integrative bargaining: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions. International Journal of Conict Management, 24, 148-165. Norcross, J.C., Mrykalo, M.S. & Blagys, M.D. (2002). Auld Lang Syne: Success predictors, change processes, and self-reported outcomes of New Years resolvers and nonresolvers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 397-405. Webb, T.L. & Sheeran, P . (2008). Mechanisms of implementation intention effects: The role of goal intentions, self-efcacy, and accessibility of plan components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 373-395.
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Do we have a valid public health strategy for exercise prescription?

Profs Jamie Timmons and Stuart Phillips invite readers to think about the truth about exercise; with a call to look more closely at the facts from intervention studies. They ask if we have solid grounds to believe that the advice given is as objective as possible.
Views within a scientic discipline are shaped by the backgrounds of the scientists. The vast majority of people that we have encountered working in exercise science have a current, or past, interest in sport. If we attempted to conduct a randomised clinical trial on this population, it would likely be deemed invalid due to being a unrepresentative sample of the population. Yet the global views held by numerous sport and exercise science societies embody this narrow selection process, to the point that some exercise-science organisations appear to lobby more than they conduct research. In 2013 we learned that 10 years of effective lifestyle modication in the Look Ahead study (LA, 5,145 men and women, aged ~50 y), did not reduce, even slightly, macrovascular disease (Wing et al., 2013). Oddly, the LA was the largest intervention study of its kind and demonstrated, in a single stroke, what other diabetes prevention studies had already hinted at. Namely the relationship between self-reported physical activity behaviours and major markers of health status or the most important outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, do not have a cause and effect relationship. Such studies fall into the highest category for evidencebased medicine, namely a randomised trial. Such data trumps current correlative dogma and the simplistic strategy encapsulated in the Exercise is Medicine movement and indicates that we need a more valid premise which to base our public health strategies on. In fact, it has been demonstrated that for the major physiological benets of exercise training, 20-25% of participants fail to respond (Davidsen et al., 2011; Timmons et al., 2010) while a minority (5-10%) demonstrate a variety of adverse events (Bouchard et al., 2012). In this short article we put forward the idea that one of the key missing elements for a broad exercise prescription is a scientic basis for personalisation of lifestyle prescription. Critically, without such a personalisation strategy our current onesize ts all public health strategy will be and continue to be largely ineffective. The current population prescription for health is for 150 min per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (Knox et al., 2013) on the basis that it will increase aerobic capacity, reduce blood pressure and improve insulin sensitivity. This xed prescription fails to yield the expected benets for all participants because it is either too little or too much depending on your genomic and epigenomic prole. Notably, the correlation between having an exercise-induced adverse response for blood pressure and making no gains in tness or fatness is not zero; thus, in a worldwide context millions will demonstrate a net negative prole in response to the xed 150 min per week prescription (at least based on risk-factor prole). Why does this happen? We have established that low or adverse responders fail to develop a normal blood
Above: Using advanced genomic methods Courtesy Vronique Duboc and Thierry Lepage
vessel growth and tissue remodelling response (Keller et al., 2011; Lessard et al., 2013). Hence, when a single prescription-based exercise regime is implemented to improve cardiovascular health then we may well be over- or under-dosing an individual. In that sense, the science is clear, what we lack are all the tools to provide personalised guidance. In 2013 we know that 3 min of intense exercise per week boosts aerobic tness and glucose tolerance in ~70% of people, removing the often cited time-barrier for modulating these risk factors (to what end is still unclear). What we need by 2020 is the ability to know in advance which 70% of the population will respond to such a protocol and prescribe accordingly. A crucial health issue is ageing of the world population. A key public health aim is to promote retention of musculoskeletal function and avert frailty in ageing persons. Resistance training is the most effective tool to achieve this aim. However, if middle-aged and older adults are put on a tailored resistance training programme then 25% of them fail to gain lean mass after 3 months (Phillips et al., 2013) while a smaller number fail to gain
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strength. An important question in understanding this variation is the role of dietary-related protein. Protein supplementation has been shown, through meta-analysis, to enhance lean mass gain and strength, however, it in no way reduces the variability in the resistance training-mediated response of either hypertrophy or strength gains (Cermak et al., 2012). We estimate hypertrophy to have coefcients of variation of > 80% using muscle bre area, > 20% based on DXA measured lean mass changes, and > 15-20% using MRI-measured change in, for example, mid-thigh area. Because protein supplementation does not reduce the variability in lean mass gains seen with training, then only a sub-population is responding to protein supplementation with resistance training while a minority may even adversely respond to excess protein. In fact, in most studies the effect of protein supplementation on hypertrophy was not signicant within the individual study itself, demonstrating that the average affect is small. Indeed, the differences in gains in fat-free mass between the supplemented and non-supplemented groups were on average 700-800 g (range: 0.47 - 1.1 kg) and the relatively greater gain in strength (leg press) amounted to 13.5 kg (range: 6.4 - 20.7 kg). These differences represent an advantage of protein supplementation of ~5-15% for gains in lean mass and 2-15% in terms of strength; put another way the non-supplemented trainees achieved 85-95% and 85-98% of the gains in lean mass and strength that those in the supplemented group achieved. Individual studies have not noted that dietary intakes of the major macronutrient relate to lean mass or strength gains in cohorts of younger and older men and women (Phillips et al., 2013; Thalacker-Mercer et al., 2009). Hence, while protein supplementation can enhance resistance training-induced lean mass gains it is not clear how much extra protein might be required or who requires it. With the aforementioned examples in mind, approaching the issue of age-related frailty in the population through a generic simplied one-size-ts-all resistance training programme, even with optimised protein intake, is not going to be optimal. We do recognise that for those that are highly inactive and undernourished, then they will be most at risk of frailty, and it is assumed that providing them with something rather than nothing is logical. What that something is, to get the most from their personal commitment, is very far from clear. To establish if protein supplementation alters the individual responses we need to determine hypertrophy in individuals in response to a resistance training programme with and without protein supplementation. One possible outcome is that some of the relatively poor responders to resistance training from a hypertrophic and strength gain perspective are so because of their relative under-consumption of protein. From our perspective the inuence of protein consumption within the same individual may well be small compared to their innate ability to respond to a programme of resistance training. Thus, to establish an optimal pattern of physical activity for the health of the individual requires a far more sophisticated approach to exercise prescription. It is well understood that there is variability in response to certain pharmaceuticals in terms of their efcacy for treating conditions; thus, why should our responses to exercise be any different? We hope that we have raised awareness that use of a generic exercise prescription approach will yield widely divergent benets and will induce adverse events not just for one or two phenotypic outcomes but for a wide range of health endpoints. This may seem obvious to some but this does not mean that current protocols employed in personal training offer additional value as none are particularly evidencebased. Having someone motivate you and accurately record
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improvements is a positive thing, but it does not mean that what you have gained is optimal for the effort put in. Why is any of this important? Well, if a patient approaches their GP with hypertension, and they belong to the ~ 15% of people that demonstrate an increase in blood pressure with 20 weeks of supervised exercise, how can we prescribe exercise as medicine to this individual? It may be that some patients adversely react to the prescription on a physiological level (the abnormal vascular response to 150 min of exercise per week that we have shown to occur in ~20% of people) or it may be the fact that the exercise is supervised, in surroundings they nd unpalatable. What we need are the diagnostics to identify these individuals, and randomise them to alternative exercise or treatment modalities. But before we have this we probably need greater awareness that some long held beliefs within the exercise science community are incorrect, partly as a product of the backgrounds of the scientists working in the eld.
Prof Jamie Timmons Jamie is a graduate of University of Glasgow. He is currently appointed Chair of Systems Biology at Loughborough University.
Prof Stuart Phillips Stuart is a Visiting Professor at Loughborough University and a Professor at McMaster University where he is part of the Exercise Metabolism Research Group.
References: Bouchard, C. et al. (2012). Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: is it a rare or common occurrence? PloS one, 7(5), e37887. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0037887 Cermak, N.M. et al. (2012). Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 145464. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 Davidsen, P .K. et al. (2011). High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(2), 309-317. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00901.2010 Keller, P . et al. (2011). A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype. Journal of Applied Physiology 110(1), 46-59. Knox, E.C L. et al. (2013). Using threshold messages to promote physical activity: implications for public perceptions of health effects. European Journal of Public Health. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt060 Lessard, S. J. et al. (2013). Resistance to aerobic exercise training causes metabolic dysfunction and reveals novel exercise-regulated signaling networks. Diabetes. doi:10.2337/db13-0062 Phillips, B.E. et al. (2013). Molecular Networks of Human Muscle Adaptation to Exercise and Age. (G. Gibson, Ed.)PLoS Genetics, 9(3), e1003389. doi:10.1371/ journal.pgen.1003389 Thalacker-Mercer, A.E., Petrella, J.K. & Bamman, M.M. (2009). Does habitual dietary intake inuence myober hypertrophy in response to resistance training? A cluster analysis. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie applique, nutrition et mtabolisme, 34(4), 632-9. doi:10.1139/H09-038 Timmons, J.A. et al. (2010). Using molecular classication to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(6), 1487-96. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01295.2009 Wing, R.R. et al. (2013). Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(2), 130624143016009. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1212914
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Do golf ball dimples negatively affect golf ball roll kinematics?

Ashley Richardson and Dr Gerwyn Hughes present their research data.
Introduction Pelz (2000) states 43% of shots made are with the putter, highlighting the importance of this aspect of the game. In addition to this, putting performance has been the most highly correlated performance measure to score average (r = 0.68) on a professional level (Wiseman & Chatterjee, 2006). This makes it surprising that many golfers neglect putting during practice. This way of thinking needs to be changed with putting coming to the forefront of a players practice, and with the introduction of new technology things are slowly changing within the golf world. Technology, and specically Quintic Ball Roll is giving players the opportunity to receive improved feedback about launch conditions allowing them to identify kinematic variables that could have resulted in a missed putt. Four clear factors have been dened to contribute to putting direction variability, these are green reading, aim, stroke/ball roll and green inconsistencies such as spike and ball marks on the putting line (Karlsen et al., 2008). The less direction variability associated with a golf player the more consistent their putting is likely to be. Karlsen et al. (2008) accounted 80% of direction variability to face angle at impact (0.50 effective variability), 17% to putter path (0.18 effective variability) and 3% to the horizontal impact point on the putter (0.09 effective variability). Research investigating the effect of impact point on the golf ball while measuring the resulting kinematics is very limited. The impact point on the golf ball may be important, as a golf ball is not perfectly spherical due to dimples all over the surface allowing for increased ball ight during the long game aspect of golf. Pelz (2000) has acknowledged dimples do affect the direction variability of a golf putt, however only presents limited data. This direction variability due to dimple effects is depicted in Figure 1. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the impact point on a golf ball and the impact point on a putter on the resulting ball roll kinematics using a mechanical putting robot. Method All testing was completed in the Quintic Golf Laboratory on an articial putting surface registering 12 on the stimpmeter. The Quintic mechanical putting arm mounted on an 360 kg bearing was set up to simulate a level 3.2 m putt (see Figure 2). Two putters with different putter face characteristics (grooved and non-grooved) were selected and used for the experiment. The grooved faced putter used was a GEL Vicis putter and the nongrooved faced putter was the Odyssey White Hot #3 putter. Two brands of golf ball were also used, Srixon Z-STAR and Titleist Pro V1, which are both brands premium golf ball. The two golf balls were selected to test different dimple patterns, the Srixon golf ball had a single consistent size of dimple, whereas the Titleist golf ball had two sizes of dimple where a smaller dimple was encapsulated by ve larger dimples. To collect the data a layer of pigmented emollient was applied to the face of the putter that would leave an imprint of the impact on the golf ball, so that a subsequent photograph could be taken of the impact point and analysed. Impact variables analysed were the distance of the impact point from the centroid (a predetermined point on the golf ball used as the 0, 0 coordinate), angle of the impact point from the centroid and the surface area of the impact zone (total area of pigmented emollient). In addition the Quintic Ball Roll (v2.4) launch monitor (sampling at 220 fps) measured the horizontal launch angle (the degree of deviation away from the intended target line) and whether the ball was pushed or pulled (ball nishes right or left of the hole respectively). The statistical procedure used to assess the relationship between the impact variables and the variance of kinematics variables was multiple regression analysis with the level of signicance set at p < 0.05. Results Multiple regression analysis identied signicant associations for three of the four putter-ball combinations for the impact variables as a collective and the variance observed in kinematic variables horizontal launch angle and whether the ball was pushed or pulled. When analysed individually the only impact variable to be signicantly associated with both horizontal launch angle and whether the ball was pushed or pulled was the distance from the centroid location. The levels of variance (%) accounted for by the impact variables are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1. Diagram depicting the two types of contact possible during impact between the putter face and golf ball. A) A square contact with the dimple resulting in a putt that starts travelling on the intended target line, and B) Contact on a balls dimple edge (right) causing the ball to travel in a direction different to the intended target line (dimple error). The diagrams on the left resemble the posterior view of a golf ball, the white circle is a dimple and the red area highlights the point of the dimple the putter is making contact with.
Conclusion and practical applications This study showed signicant associations existed for three of the four putter-ball combinations between the impact variables and the kinematic ball roll variables horizontal launch angle and whether the ball was pushed or pulled. This could be attributed to the dimple
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Figure 2. The Quintic mechanical putting arm.
error during putting (Figure 1, B). Pelz (2000) states the larger the dimples on the golf ball, the more likely contact made on the edge will affect the roll of the putt in terms of horizontal launch angle, as each dimple is covering a larger surface area. However, the smaller the dimple, the greater the number of dimples there will be covering the ball, and therefore the chance of making contact with the edge of a dimple increases in comparison to a golf ball with larger dimples.
100 90 Variance accountable to IV (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Horizontal Launch Angle Push/Pull
have been successful. Therefore, the variation accountable to the impact variables can be considered negligible for a simulated 3.2 m putt. Karlsen et al. (2008) states that a stroke with a horizontal launch angle variability of 0.39 will miss approximately 5% of putts made from 13 ft. Data from this study falls well within this range (0.04 - 0.15). This may suggest a golfer can disregard dimple error as a cause for missed putts. However, for trials completed with a putting robot all other parameters of technique remained constant (putter face angle at impact, putter path and horizontal impact point on the putter face). When a human golfer completes a golf putt, stroke parameters will inevitably vary leading to increased variability in the horizontal launch angle, with the addition of dimple error (however small) may lead to an increased number of missed putts. So how can you minimise dimple error? First, you need to accurately align the ball each time you putt; this will increase the chance the same three or four dimples come into contact with the putter face during each putt. Second, use the same brand and model of golf ball during each round - results from this study have demonstrated that the two different brands of golf ball demonstrated different amounts of variability for the horizontal launch angle and whether the ball was pushed or pulled. Third, utilise the seam of the golf ball if the brand you are using has one, this can be termed a dimple free zone and will ensure that you minimise another potential variable that can alter the direction of a golf putt. In conclusion, the golfer should be aware of dimple error and take measures to minimise the small amount of variation observed. However, focus should still predominantly remain on other elements that contribute to a successful golf putt, such as the putter face angle, which has previously been found to signicantly contribute to the direction of a golf putt.
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Ashley Richardson Ashley is a lecturer in the Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences at Abertay University.
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Figure 3. The percentage of variance of the horizontal launch angle and whether the ball was push or pulled associated with the collective impact variables, (*) denotes a signicant association (p < 0.05).
Dr Gerwyn Hughes
The Titleist Pro V1 dimple had a smaller circumference than the Srixon Z-STAR dimple. Based on Pelz (2000) predictions more variability would be expected to occur for the Srixon golf ball, for the horizontal launch angle. However, more total variance was observed for the Titleist ball (0.43 - 0.44) in comparison to the Srixon ball (0.18 - 0.43). The impact variables were accountable for 0.06 - 0.15 variance of the four putter-ball combinations. These differences are marginal between each group, however, based on these results, it seems the different putters had more inuence on the horizontal launch angle, rather than the impact point on the golf ball, as shown in Figure 3 the largest variance accountable to the impact variables occurs for both groups using the GEL putter. For the push/pull variable the impact variables accounted for 0.20 - 0.61 cm of variability for the four putter-ball combinations. Based on the total variability observed, all 160 trials undertaken would
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Gerwyn works at the University of Hertfordshire. He is a BASES accredited sport and exercise scientist.
References: Karlsen, J., Smith, G. & Nilsson, J. (2008). The stroke has only a minor inuence on direction consistency in golf putting among elite players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(3), 243-250. Pelz, D.T. (2000). Dave Pelzs Putting Bible. New York: Random House. Wiseman, F. & Chatterjee, S. (2006). Comprehensive analysis of golf performance on the PGA tour: 1990-2004. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 102(1), 109-117.
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Study at the leading edge of sport

At UCLan our sports programmes are influenced by our world-leading research and our internationally renowned academic staff - many of whom are shaping policy and practice in elite sport, from delivering a pre-season fitness regime for our partners Wigan Warriors to developing a revolutionary new running shoe.
Our outstanding facilities have welcomed athletes from Oceania, during the 2012 Olympics, and members of the Ireland team for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup and we have extensive links with professional sports teams. We offer full-time, part-time and blended learning courses in: Sports Therapy & Physiotherapy (BSc, MSc) Sport and Exercise Science, Physiology and Biomechanics (BSc, MSc) Strength & Conditioning (BSc) Nutrition and Exercise Science (BSc) Elite Coaching & Elite Performance (PgDip, M.Prof, D.Prof) Working closely with key international partners, our research includes Sport and Exercise Science, Coaching and Performance, Nutritional Sciences & Food Safety and Sport & Exercise Rehabilitation. Enquiries about research degrees are welcome.
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Right: Zoe with her budding gymnast daughters Anya (8) on the bars and Caitlin (7) at Penketh Gymnastics Club.
Final Word with Dr Zoe Knowles FBASES

One person who inspired me Professor David Gilbourne, my PhD Director of Studies and career long critical friend. I wouldnt be doing what Im doing today without his guidance and ever onwards focused chats. He taught me to challenge the conventional and to look wider than that of our own profession for inspiration. I spent time working with operating theatre practitioners and teachers through my PhD. It was a revelation. One memorable publication and why The recent text on Reective Practice in the Sport and Exercise Sciences published by Routledge. It represents 13 years of hard work including a time period when I had some personal challenges. Amongst other things it allowed me to bring together my work with children and reective practice. The whole process of editing the book has stimulated collaborations for the future, which are really exciting! Dr Brendan Cropley has already been talking about our next venture...watch this space! One moment that changed the course of my career A meeting with Professor Gareth Stratton back in 2009 after maternity leave and part-time working. Family life didnt work particularly well with the time demands for psychology support in elite sport and we talked about transferring the skills and research methods I had gained over 10 years and a PhD in sport psychology. I had become interested in pre-school/active play through my own dealings with these services/settings. I came away with a sense I had got my mojo back and it led to me working with the dynamic team at the Physical Activity Exchange. One challenging aspect of my job Fitting it all in! I work school term-time only and that helps to keep a work/life balance. One reason Im involved in sport and exercise sciences Success can be dened in many ways in what I do. It can be helping a family, child or community to become and stay active; helping an athlete achieve a lifetime ambition with a medal or a student to get a qualication or support them onward with a career opportunity. I love that diversity in my working week. One challenge that I think sport and exercise science faces I lead on Public Engagement work in the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences and I think as a eld we could be better at creating impact, disseminating and promoting what we do. Public engagement shouldnt be about satisfying criteria for a grant application or REF but something our eld should embrace as part of our core business. Working creatively with opportunities that already exist like National Science Week or organisations like STEMnet and the NCCPE can make it an efcient and rewarding process. One hero/heroine from past or present that has inuenced me Karren Brady. I read her book Strong Woman last year (Harper Collins, 2012). In her opening chapter she calls for women to not feel guilty about championing their career whilst being a mother, never being afraid to be ambitious and considering the core values you need to succeed. These should then drive the company/people you work for and the person you want to be. I couldnt agree more! One thing that I like to do on days off I do some coaching at a local gymnastics club that my kids attend. I coached at an elite level for many years and had the privilege of working with Amanda Reddin amongst others. I got back into it when the girls showed an interest and now help when time allows. Something the Government should implement immediately I think the proposals on extending the school day to include activities from sport to creative subjects is a great one to consider. Active playtimes, a nationwide Forest Schools programme, a commitment to quality school PE and stronger school sports partnerships are all things I would like to see implemented. One quote that I really like By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reection which is the noblest; second, by imitation, which is the easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest (Confucius: Chinese Philosopher, 551-479BC). One piece of advice for up and coming sport and exercise scientists I sometimes feel undergraduates have a very narrow focus towards graduate careers, when sport and exercise science offers a route into so many. Whilst you may get there eventually I would say dont discount opportunities that may offer you the chance to learn skills, or understand people and contexts. Sports science is a people profession and I will always credit part-time work at a well known department store caf as being a contributing factor to my communication skills and for the ability to think on my feet! People I would like to have dinner with A former Governor of Alcatraz, the Captain of the Titanic and Betty Boothroyd.
Dr Zoe Knowles FBASES Zoe is a Reader in Sport and Exercise Psychology. She is also the Public Engagement Lead at the School of Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University. Compiled by: Len Parker Simpson Sports Physiology Research Scholar, University of Exeter About to change your home address? Update your details in the Member Area at www.bases.org.uk, e-mail enquiries@bases.org.uk or call 0113 812 6162
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