SRRSRAMVAAMREW TES REA Hee BRS EMS. PRE AE Bir. eH I BURT BR Pl BRS BL Ao Bb HoH Bt SwRi. MTA S RMBLAY RAS HAS BRT YRS ABATKY PAA eMBTLAY AUR EAL SURE RAKE KEBIAS SOA WAH TMS RBA PUBL EL AE OFF Be LM AL AR PE IT WRB. BRAY RBA RRBLAE WAR ASE ARIMA PASE ir SLT BRCHAS WAS MKS LIEK EBA 4 HADiF RGAREARAKRERE AER, HFRPSRFARAMRN AR, Kies iapatin. BARRE. ERG. AR. Bear, RM AMAT, KT HRA-KAR. HOELARMAGCK, BARE PRIF, H-RAEH KAY SLE RH BIL, SURYA RHREMATAA. APR shh, ME-LESTHMHFEAT MARBSRNLB” SLAP AE HARE, DAHLE, RANRMASSRMAR, APAULTSRESTR. ETH uA A, PARAOLE. MAR BRERA MER, KAS HARSERARE. RASA. -RAMNRHRAHE, FRRRT AD SEL OTELRHHAR, BARMAN HPAL RARER Rae: RAS, MAM, BSW, 12 RHE AAR IO BF. RAPE SLM BHD 1/ 4-1/5, Hig— FAA RAL 10 SEROMA R. DAS RRA a RMA, SR 12 het HH P, RANDAL HAMPE LRA OMKH, RETA MBER Hed 5am, BANE, MERKELANRMOEI. TAMARY SENT L MFERAAS ERA RAE LR Rison, AAU HH DR PRRBEA ORT RA ERREE, AIP RM A EK a HH RMP, LRAT RO RSH AREY C1 a ED. ER. EOERRR- MRE, RRELAWKMELTATAREER PRGCKREAE, PHAR ET RF, RMAASH HREM AD BAT, AERMNA—TRA AMOK, LAF. we ARGH 2000 48 J)Dit ATHEAIRAFREUP MRR, RERAHR MD HELE KR, STAMPLHMAMCIAR AwL S he. PR RE A RERSHAMHARBRENIAAG AL, 1998 #125, MARMOT S LREB ERR AAR RAHA, Hid T Sob rkid foak fsb ike AE HATELKE, AMSERROEME, OREHSHHMREH. £ RABRERATRHER. KPA ELARLRAS. BR PRR AAR. MR ALA ELMAR RHR, BAR ReeaEEGRTAR, ARPA L, ME-LEMBRPRTHHAY RPL LAN MARA Root. AL, MRLLEMERHREE RL TARPRAKPARAPAOAAKARHR PRES, AM im BHR RAIL ALS LR SH. AKAMOPHAHARHES, RORST ARENT HKALE BILAL AVA BAHASA OFS LSE HB AE PLARRAERE RADY, GRATPLARHLETR. Oh BREST. H.R. BAGG, AREAS ROG PRA Ribs FA RS EL, RK RARE, MESURE OGRED OA RRR Y (sk HART RAMSAY), ARRAS DRS LBS PRRA. AAD HME, SRT PHA (DRAKE AFLRERAREME, ER RURIT d MIE WEEK, MERLCLHRAHLF, HTS URIBE RB. Biey Hho. Bit, APAMEPELAHDEATA, MRASHE TRE (DRRMHA A SERERAO RAS RIB KS LR RAM HRI, ALOR, Be. SVAN PEELE SSG AMAA AVAL. HASRE. KERR EHS SARE. HELRE, HRT. AAMT URBGHBET SHEE, Bou eH RERRGO RAN, BER. TAME T ELA AE. See OURS, PTH AMER AG RR, Esa. dhatatiieed TARE RIS K aR FY 5D. Yo ab Ap An Bab fe A oe AAABAHZE, H-ERAPBEUEEMHE EH A, HEAVI ALMEEE DA MRE’ FERRE HHL, FSR OK USELRAME MR. UH, OMG. KHADR, FAR AT RERELATHAAS HA LEZ OHASUREERZA, F ZPLERUELRAME ETH, RP “ELCLABARW EA” AF AWE, FULEBERCAUS HE He CMRERANHLYRESS 4 PARES IMA, ATRPERRR AP SPRELREREL SEMTRPAIT, KA AERHPOE THES HOD, RERDA. REREARKUMA EA SEMMLOCL, BP-AMADWEARMTRRARRAMHYABH. VRGERE YD. SEMLHTMHREHELRSORAAR, Rika HAPMRE. FLORA GATRSOP TY, BERANE LR RAWK, SENERHEPALHLARRA-+ERHFIAL, EB FAAP RAB RACER, R-LEAS COSA, He A-AHEDWH KATH DEM SERRA fot Ht RE Bae el LA SAAS OY MERAFRED, ATRMAPHHAR SE AH LARAANSIERE BRE. ABH MBA PAK EAH ER ARIES fo FAR. KR RARAPEMRAAGE PPM THR, REL AS ASAE, Bae FLUAPSH AMHR MLTSRRARARRH ARMOR BERT ET HEL, AMBLER, KAM THAR RBH, BABY RIG Eo fe — ty Kw HP a at RB BARR aE! ABASULABREARM ASR, WEKEAM, MMR, BB PRRAREREK, BGS ESS PRE th ® 2001 +2 A7 # * 8-H SURSHGA- R—) PER A EAR UE BE oy RE +A 5 BR i. AOA . RA + BRKAL + Seth Rot MAR —. PCR aE Cae Hal RIF VLR ABE Rt RMP Sh aTewneal AIC LABR EDA AHR AE Bai SRA - os ARR weHee ~~ Sb BE TE SRT ~ —. RRA A sae A WRMNSHE - We aime Ty ASA SE %VIE Ky Ee be RT ER Ay iAP BSED Ay KAD bt. RAR +~. MEHR Po. SWARHE SSMS Pub RAY LS -. ARR =, SAE iy TAREE S GF BIW PPLE TM: —. MATERIALS =. FOUNDRY = PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSE: Bi. WELDING --- RAY HSE SRS H-t WherAsRRY SE —. TE HEGRE, BORG MRE ES fe FBS Pe PR AB DD Soe aR HERTS A AD SS HERB SUSIE XS HE EUREKA + CHROME RSH AER CRGSR TH . EXASHRR - di. ROM SHE Ay BR ti. BHM REY APERS RRR SSE —, WERE =. SM AR ERS WE ¥jot 0 cae SIR ATAI ATURE vere PU, FRR A AR Set Meh BOR EPS MASILRBS A HR Ha HR PS EHD BSRER - BARK yt ISSBR SORIA SW RE LAE BROS AL ae RA ES RS CRE URAMTMR EP BREA SEURRAS REM. BES BRERETRARAM, PRAMAS OMAR. USO RRS BS -#HAOHGE. GAESMAEH SUS, ERICA. BRE. MEA AER FSSA DAOH MRS SAR. CERT Ro RINE 4 AER SII: PUREE “FEO TET A RIC REM CR AM UAL. ASME. BE SER aS SUE, SURAT SMe iB REALS HE CAFASUREAEMS ORD, ABM BPS ML PANALER, SRAAGCME, Ue RETME 1 OB, BW BNA SURBUREARASALE RARE HARAS. GE. BB ERAS, RARAVSMANALA, BREST. MAD. ERE. Alt, “SR E.G” RSW RS RS Wa Rik CAME. SHE) ORABR. HURRY KO- BAER, HARAAMTR-BABAN, FRAIL EBT —. aE A aon APRAMAAMRAARATEN SUS ARIRENE. HAR ATORERIY, BRAAEO MRE. CUTS Om A UR, CERAM. PRL eh, felt] RT ae se TR HRPM ASHER. SEAM, PAMATRRRAE PASH, B SEE HB BSA Ud A a we eS SR EA 40, AAMT RAT A ER BOR. RE FH Be PACK: Graphitization characteristics of either conventional malleable irons and magnesium-treated white irons have beea proposed or reported in previous literature. However, no detailed investigation has been conducted regarding the2 heat-treatment responsiveness of Mg-treated malleable irons. In this paper, the influence of different foundry variables(e.g. section size, composition of the iron, nodule count, etc, Jon first-stage and second-stage graphitization was investigated, Magnesium treatment contributed to improved nodularity, uniform nodule size, uniform nodule distribution and shorter first-stage graphitization time. Empirical regression equations were derived and indicated that the pearlite-ferrite ratio in the matrix can be controlied by varying the second-stage graphitization cooling fate through critical temperature range. The pearlite-fertite ratio also depends upon the section size of the castings, the composition of the iron and the nodule count, AWE RAE T TRA PRADA HAE, RA RBA ET BAR A thE ah AK LAER ROSE T KPH EMERY, BREAD, AERRE) RRR AEE eR, RABE HTRAGLRLL, REERALADANY. Hae BR RRS Rice] REWER E HT ORR, FR. ite RR AIT ZACH it ve RRL BO ak A TUG RRR OR A IBAA” EAE, RRR TU RP A, thee BR Kt B BH ERAGE, ETAT ORIGOH HR, PATH, Baw 7 ite HET ALE WAG RO BE ey, HE ek SE RRET T AT. RBG TARDE. Sy T BLOES Lp ae HLH SR RAEARIE CEASERS AER, BER EIB SA. SE. AR, PARRA. eae IL PRR MAR IB, RR BCH UT La a A By Dh, BABS T aT RAED BE iki] CEARER, AMAA ART RO. CURR ee AM tt APRA BA Oe RE Ee ea, ARE oe PATRI, 4 BORAGE. i “RRR” BPO REAL OAS TDA Aa HE AL, RRL AO ti ka ae a ERE. ATRIA AMI, RIE T MARDI a Bee RHA “shape factor”, J TORE RMA AREA. RTT UTR RR UT ARO Reh DTT ALP TC Beep hy RBA A 2 EE BSL EERIE SL fe PER AT ARE. EUR TELA RUMAH WS, RAR Bee aa ERS3 ABIROK, Mi T SB aT AO Set. RAR. GRASS ee AMA CIEE RAPA HIN, PRR SIAM, =. RHEE HY OMG MRARH RE SMS, BEE A BOARS, BU RRP ORR SE BF PK ARS. WEL -RADD, NRA DIR RMES, MARES HZ. SEE PA MSI A NA ER, IMAP EPR A Hy. (RITA “by” SIA, RT ERT AS BLES BULL oh, Otc mR. RAE. Bla: (1) The structure of a material can be investigated on several levels. PH GID TRUS BK ER, (2) After the hot-worked surface has been cleaned and oxides removed, the metal can be cold worked to give the final dimensions and properties. ANB i LOREAL HERBS ALS. THERM je LMR AMR HRA, (3) In forging process a continuous “grain flow” can be produced in the metal which can be oriented to follow the shape of the patt and result in maximum strength efficiency of the material AGRLEY, SEARPA—HERY RA, Hoke hoe HI, RAPRERA RLU, (4) Hard spots can be removed from castings by heat treatment, either annealing or normalizing, unless the iron contains alloy elements such as chromium. REESE RENSEAL, RAT MEANT (RKAEK SY DERE ide. (5) Rapid progress in the exploration of outer space has been made possible by new methods and knowledge of welding metallurgy. PEAR Oh HH Hy ih Ao ROAR AGS BE RM RR RAT HE (6) The amount of undercooling degree that occurs with a given analysis of alloy melt and cooling rate is strongly influenced by the presence of auclei in the melt. E-RMLERDAHARE, SERA RHALENOERS G 5 dh A AG FR BYR , Ad, ANTAL RB A “by” BRIO, Wah, WBE4 BA» MORALE A BITE Pe A RE UE. PRE. dos (7) By carefully applying a current to the joint after welding, it is possible 10 retard the cooling rate and produce a machinable weld joint. EPRB AL CT RRA eA, ATRARRA Pk RA GRR THE ATAU Ho Lf PE ¢8) By increasing carbon and/or silicon contents the propensity of cast iron to solidify white is reduced, WAN Re (A) EHSE, ERAN RAM GRABT. =, eR SAE, MAKER al. DA, HARARE RGh) SAE, RRA ASRS. HR, MSS FE SALT UA FARA is SA A RE STR ASK — Ph Be FL PB aR SY 2A AT PEA EEO ANG. Heep eR A} bia BREA AL, MTERKHAT Th, PRBAHEMAB ABN, HEM MIANAHOMS. HATRARBRLE RH. 1. AAA ZUSGED, SAR RMA EET OR eH, wR REDRREDEOKRMA, fey TABS. Pam. (1) In taser hardening, the surface of the workpiece, coated with a substance which increases its absorptivity, is heated to austenitizing temperature. FMLA a. AERA A RH AEA th BF Ri AB! RRB, (PME E EEE) (2) Examined under a microscope, gray cast iron consists of meta! matrix and graphites. LAME TAR, RORUSRR SZ. AER iB) DAAIEG CORR a> RA e ty, HAH HIE AMATI aa Al. pee (3) Agitation is critical, the aim being to distribute silicon carbide particles homogeneously throughout the aluminum melt, RHZAEA, RAGRASCHREY DORAN BRE (CF WS a>5 (4) The process is called dieless drawing, as the product being formed without direct contact with a die. HPA RAACEPARBRRRAM LE RY, eae Le ARG HR. CRB AD (5) The process involves the moulder placing a box around the pattern, filling it with sand and then applying a squeeze board by means of levers, thus exerting the necessary force to compact the sand around the pattern profile. BAUM CCAU LEO RARRAAE. AEB, Rest A BRAN, HARK GROER, GM PRIBME) (6) In the heat exchanger of blast furnace the air flows through the outside pipe, the gas through the inside pipe, with heat exchange taking place through the wall. AGVRRASY, SULUPE, MARHAE, ARBRE SY 40. (AAPA) ER (6) LAE. SMS SAIN with Cwithout) 2 ARACIRE fe A BOA. AF SARE AF ise. 2. Bea SDA AD NAY Te TT A AR SM TR A), Sap FBiz. Gilda: (1) The finest wire made today is manufactured by drawing a metallic rod encapsuled in a glass tube. RFK MHASHAAAALBREUA-RARE HEAR HEN, (2) Iron is made by reducing iron oxide in a large device called blast furnaces. RR AA OA Oy K DIRS 8 ib tH I RL, (3) Asthe bending progresses, the top roll is pressed further down and the radius of the bent workpiece decreases. MAS ws, RRA-S TR, RP HT HHFEA. (4) The formation of complex gas can be controlled by reducing the oxygen content in the melt and this is achieved by adding deoxidants. BEALE RAPRMSETARALAVAGUR, BERD wARM FW KIL. (5) The adverse effects of segregation associated with slowly cooled large section castings can be reduced by_conirolling the purity of the charge materials and by increasing the nodule number.SEALE HAR AT AD SRR Ae Ae BR, TA RRR OP KT tht ih TLE a A 2 aE (6) A metal part formed by forging must withstand the rapid application of a force without breaking and gave a high enough ductility to deform to the proper shape, NABAARUV ORLA LAKE MRAGEFR, HOB ARBRMMAARARA HBR, 3, AEE ASE SUE UP OO, EP Re Ra THREAT AAD, CAD Pea My GR. Gl: (1) Ze control the transformation behavior of austenite, the process of alloying and heat treatments can be used. ATHEMRRAOHLAM. TURMSSUMNB TY, (2) To insure manufacture quality of electrodes, the American Welding Society haye set up certain requirements for electrodes. ATAREAHMEAE, LUPRSSMETORBARSH EH a. (3) There is a high requirement of skill in carrying out this operation zo produce products with high performances, MTRAREN GRRE, UE AAA Be PR, (4) Certain elements such as magnesium, cerium and calcium can be added into the cast iron melt of suitable composition fo change the growth habit of the eutectic graphite from flake to nodular on subsequent solidification BEREERA MRAP RMORERE, wth, He, TRAM EH RAPHE REMARK AUK RAR HDR, (5) Metallographic samples may also be taken from testbars or from castings fo examine the form of the graphite and matrix or 10 determine eutectic cell size. BMRA TT ARAB RA AMEE ERP, RES Bo hb 4S, AAMAMEAAM BA. M. Bikey “SR AE RR lt oft 21+ UE” ON AER A Hy. 8 ale RORALEAT. ARNE. ROR RRM. SB ATRE KONE, EWA ME REE RM DER, Meare ime. alWMA RAH ane: If forgings are machined by this method, there will be some loss of material, FEE USER HR ZA Zl a HBB RK The machining of forgings by this method entails some loss of material. MIR AH thee LAR ik EAE AL. CAS TARE IIT EE Fed: (1K Control of the type, size, distribution, and amount of these phases provides an additional way to control properties of alloys. BMRA AD, Ab, PHPRERATL-ARA SEM Hae é. (2) The pearlite structure can be achieved by control of cooling rate after salidification or by subsequent heat treatment, PRIMA ART vk HLL ZS LAG naps SOG A RF (3) A reduction in heat loss by the use of insulating refractories in heat treatment furnace seems to be of obvious henefit. BALIN IP PAR AL ea KY AR RAS (4) An increase in nodule number and improvements in nodule shape in large section castings can be effected by the addition of a small mount of antimony. BAG HBHS, doy Seber ie RRA ERE BAR (3) The. itu oir results in a very considerable increase in melt temperature. FLRRAM MBSR, WP EB ade BOR AL. (6) In recent years concern has heen growing over the production of various industrial parts with MMC. HARAM ARMA ENERRR OM PRAT EE (7) The ultrasonic metal inspection is the aplication of ultrasonic vibrations 10 materials with elastic properties and the observation of the resulting action ofthe vibrations in the materials, Be AyHe BAR RGAE A IB ah aT RA Hg tA, HL AB Bb Mat oP & cate A (8) Proper design and chaice of the product and its parameters are important for the successfid application of HERF process in production.Emit foie A AR RM TAP Rhee) VERE TERE RH, E. #85) CENTRO RERMREUATAR, BUFR. WARE RH LSM BD RRS HS, CGA RO LTD. te HR EZ ME oR SS HOARE: Le PRIUS A at hy PA as} —— EH, AR CWS aT Nai) eRe EY VAR. to: The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, while the second treatment would require only 26 hours. H-AABRVES AGL, HRAARBRES 2 bat. ARR A The first weatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, the second only 26 hours. 2. AREA a GEMS, “REMAMEBMLQU SERA. Mee BAH AAEET AR, AM ERIS — aes, pt. (1) [When (they are) ] heated under pressure. the constituents fuse (together ) . SERA PAIL, BMPPIES A — ae. (HAR IBAA +P Oy 3d HOATT ES, RALT-HAB: 2OP MHMMAN LT HS, | (2) [If Gitis) ] alloyed with tin, copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze, PRERTBRO, KREME -AW OD. (RRM PAS ETE A BY Sh ia AY es, ect RY Ap (3) This method, while (itis) simple, can make very complicated castings RAFTS RAD, WME LAME, GEEIAMADD EEA LAR PRADA BRR AT, BAABIE “os in Fig. x" Bl “as in Table x” 47, Rho. Fla. (4) The punch force p is transmitted to the deformation zone through the pressure on the bottom of the cup as_(it is shown ) in Fig. I. HEA PALABRA ARSE RW, JOR 1 Be. CH SURE SA Case” ch ie TBE “Tis shown”)g Sob, AE SARE ADE AGRA SR. HR PARE. MR RRR. MLR AAERO (2) BI TT Tk With tin, copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze. FA SAB rl AAO, 3. ERM oh He me SSID thar BR which 41S AC, ope Se IRIE aD MOAI AY Bid —H Be. BE Aj mY which BY] Pei Re. BEE Pee HAL oP ia] “known as bronze”; J} Hi ul ak ob ARR: Alloyed with tin, copper forms a bonze. ASE. RE RAR. Aw: (1) In this diagram the solid solution (which is) based on metal C is called the o phase EMAL, LEECHERS dO. (2) The speeds and feeds (which is) used for pearlitic irons often cause cracking of the ferrite in the more ferritic areas PDE RISERS te LRA fot TEER EAE S DRG RE HL. (3) The indirect are furnace is a furnace which is used )for melting nickel alloys. bronzes, gunmetals and special cast iron. EAR MO ARMREE. FA. Metta dh A thik 04g IP 4. FEU Has Ay C1) Be FH CORRS IDA, ngm He, WRK (OA) PHB AY Flt: in the form in which they have been presented, the test results give no useful information, HLA BTW Hee Thus presented, the test results give no useful information, AEG Eh iA ID IS A HEAR Ot ZAM OTE, ELC ADT. Hi dil ied“ thus” #C8# ADI “In che form in which they have been”. AR--+ 4974) “presented”, SEA)F HAY HL. Stan: Normally lead was extruded at room temperature, neither cold or10 hot, and copper hot. SOW, GER MTR, TAT AAA ADR, Wi Tad (2) (RAP MENA 1, OC aie. fA The interface composition between matrix and reinforce can be analyzed by EMPA, ALA BT RAR A TA DE ALAR By 38 2B hy ZO HR A CEMA Electton Micro Probe Analysis #4 3°74 } (3) (RAM 2 URL ATLL Gt RS. Gl: The lower the temperature of bainite formation the finer are these carbides and the structures produced become similar to that of tempered martensite. PLATE 08 BAIR, Ub Ahn, RG OME RE DK DRAB A ae 5. La aR yY OMAR Pe eeu a, gn. As described above hott fit oT SK As explained before toR 3 ite As shown in figure 3 SR 2 Fgh As indicated in Table 2 tom it voit af As already discussed “he Ea HAA 8 As noted tater to RAGE. PRES, If any (anything) WORF RE If convenient XE to Rha Tf necessary WAT HE Tf possible RES (78) If required is If not PREAH, Rado If 50 BRB: Bt epet When in use oka When necessary FRM, PRES When needed ATR ALE. tod or ae Where possibleAY RAAB it WOT SRAM. RT RR ARAM, BEAM AS OL in CARNES) Ow aR a) OTE AA I eh WAIE>. RANA: It appears that- Tt can be seen that + Ik has been proved that +> It is evident that ~~ It is necessary to point out that ~~ tis not hard to imagine that ~ It is possible that + tis well known that ++ It may be remarked that --- It must be noted that + It was reported that «+ It should be mentioned that --- It will be found that --- It follows (from this ) that + TA AAG PARE BR Ha HERE aay IME: HAUG e hana RM IRR: iJ. PAM: Of importance is Care) - Of recent concern is (are) “= Particularly noteworthy is that“ The case (question) is that - FRR HA RERGA- MAREE HR RA Tn The conclusion is that ++ The fact is that ++ The purpose of this paper is <*> CH ARGU LAS HR MA SUI FE AD, a Calculations indicated that -+- Experience has shown that - Fig.2 illustrates + T suppose that ++ ‘One can only say that --- People say that -- Results demonstrate that ++ Some believe that --- Tests have proven that + This implies that =Practice has shown that -* ‘We believe that ++ RA RBA - BL ABARA - B2AMT oe BEE BULA + ARR reer ERG - RRA BATA +. RR KE BE PSM EAA RRA IL ARAL, UBER AEA. HE Pe, HSU RAM RE SRO RA EN Bem RR AAVBY, MEK RAMEN, MT ica z p SUA THANE RASH a RE MES IPRA, We AoE PRE ADR Ee YAR. OT ES Al BW. REARZA LLB RHEAS. SNOB Ree SARY NEAR BEA. AT AMER RMS RRR EY la], Af. RB. BR. Wa. ABR. EK. AK, Ree . RAMEMARLBBAEA, RALERARAR OM BAK ERMA Hh. TALES RE TM BATS ial IG, TTS OA MARGE RAGED, BREKEY, FERRO Cab BE. RTE a Se BRR. VUREPRANRA KA TOR, RK MPM + RA. plo ©1) One of the ways of further strengthening a solid solution matrix is to obtain fine distribution of a hard intermetallic compound throughout the structure in order to further restrict deformation mechanisms, large crystals or networks of such compounds must be avoided however since they can cause embrittlement. MPRA BRAM REL —A: ARN PRA Rm OHS RAPES, AR-PIRMRG MEL, LR LIA Re PAM th RR, AACS ERR, (2) The research results indicated that when the conditions assumed in the formula used for calculation are obtained by the complicated pouring basin the frictional losses caused by the viscous forces in the metal are not as great as those reported by other workers, ARG RG, GH LE MOAB RUT OAM REM. & Ay? RE APE RE ERE AAR RIOT, oS 09 EKa3 (3) Shaving further develops when the dead-zone material does not adhere to the drawing die but starts to move backward, peeling off as in a metal-cutting operation; the core of the billet deforms less, or may no longer deform at all and move throngh the die with essentially no change in diameter and with exit velocity the same as the entrance velocity. SHES AP SURREN FRAG BEM, YRS FR Re ERE Eel Lp AR PR, ALA BY RAT He BABE, HARKS BR fede Fl og a AER HR, C4} Itis important to remember that the composition of a given grade of steel can be subject to variations within the range of its specification, and such variations in composition, impurity elements and also grain size caused in hot-working process will result in differences in both response to heat treatment and variations in mechanical properties, ERUHARLE, PARTIALS RDARRAR AAT ERA RtG, CHW ELH IRHAATAD. RATE. BE BALL RG, HRA BLAS ASA Ae ES, WAS Fete RACK IL MELA Sh, BUR ORS, EA. (AS SR. CBR, I, SRN S. ee NBA TRS. MO, SEIUMEM >. Hata. SRM AM AC -RORERT. RANGA, ABD RIG DUETS caaket, dees NARA. RT RE, BTR HR, Ro PRES RCA RRR, BRR ARR, SRE BOE Gb MSORSORIC. BMS. BAM MTEL, HERE SERA SL iad CoE PRE eS, Tae AICI, DRS Beye ae Wik, UT SUSRS WRB A RTS e BY. —. PARAL RE PRCT TA BASIL, EIB ARE BLA I eR ARI, SPEEA ACB 1. este RARSTIAROU PUAN SWAT RA. HERE BR, SW, RRA AR. KRAMER RS. WH44 FERS BRE. MBM A. oo: graphitization Bh macrosegregation 4: 3) {her desulphurization [iL 5t galvanoplastics ($6 diathermometer AHA WMse 1% microcrystallography tk 4igac# 2. ew RAIL AE SRE ER A, RT A eA il Sh, EARLE AA. LM “flux” — ial, HORA) Oa aa, BO", HEGRE MA. Bal, Ba. BPA a. at AB” SH. Rin “feed” i], Hag AR RAS ACO pe RAE SALAM RE. A te Re a “chi RAT A SIO”, WEE WARREE AL RAK BB. RR AOR" RAW NAS, WERE, RRIERL AY, TT), BAR A. FEC WSR LTR, BOR, Ze OR PERL” NILE Ra MA ia. 3. BIDSE Ab aC AAA TIL Ra HE AE RP 2b 1 PE a HE EAS AHS TH Sal A Es TR EHF Hel LATA AT to apply. to generate, to yield, application, implementation, available, appreciable “$24 SURE PARA RE CHER ME Ae ae MRS MA A, SATE IE. ln ARE Fo Gy f: Then the light is turned on. BERRY PRA: The circuit is then completed, ARH complete HERR, AT LURE. itt tarned on FRE AF, CAREX, to: The success ofa pienic usually furns on the weather. (4%) The deg turned onto me and bit me in the leg. (3c) G0 “find our” 4 ORS. Hak. Rab” BEPREM. HS Bbw YY, EGBA DA FW, OH “discover” Sat “KIL, fH “search Couey” Aas “PR”: AY “determine” BR “Rk”; SREP CAE RB. FAIR, uy BY convert CH, AA) FUR “change”; FH absorb RH “take in”; Fi observe OME) AREF “look at”: HI transmit CHE) FUR “pass on” Sf SARE ARAL RET. Baa, evaporate (RA) -- ile15 MSF ia 4 “turn into vapour”; minimize (iM ER-) SF ]- “reduce ww the minimum”; reciprocate (42 S34 3) ) FF “move backwards and forward in a straight line” 34%. ESTE PIAS MEA OP hae. “to be under construction” (£42382), “to come under load” (KE hi HK. Frit £4}: “to come on stream” CRA 4); “to take into account” «# $)) SH. H PRA He HEARS AA. PUREE Sk FAW, RAN SRAM. =. MDE Be 1 LBA, BEVRBSHN- TREN Sf TRT ACIS, WALT RRS TL. PEAY LAT LS ft Kh. RES HIER. 1. #46 (conversion) Hho ORME Oh TR AE ROR, LB i SL a: melt CBD _ to melt CHILD wear CBR) - to wear «BoD chili CSR) _ to chill CHS > finish CEB) = — to finish CHB» mould RL) _ to mould Cea alloy (ae) _ to alloy CER 2. SA Ccomposition) ANP RES AW AM PE. SMH. Bilt Aud, +H, DAM, Zt DW. P+ Bi, BRAWL Hs. Me foundryman eg SED workshop C# TD shakeout CRB) blow-out CEE) burn-on CRB no-bake CBB) 3. UR RAS (derivation) WR RSA Fe SL A SAH OI OT ALI MTU 1) 4 oe BL Se HR HG. ME CLE il16 ILA), MILL “hydro-, hyper-, hypo-, inter-” HABMNAE, RSA RP RE RCT Es A meter” ee RE RUE RAB PRT OE AR RA, URE EE RATES BL Sb aL BA. Ril Hi ® 8 sx ow ime between, among inertoce RH iyper over typereatectic HSER hp ver hyposutecio SSG feu iron fecrosicon Eat am. against amicorrsion RRS cowie ceainst countetlow i a we diphase 30H heter (0) tnixed heterogeneous SHBAT. 45154084) home ven, sane homogenizing B95) hyo ter Iydroblasting AB macro. iarge rmacrograie BA rico. sma inirostnucinre BAMA inuli many wnuliphase £4 ou above, beyond uegate ARIST ae vat phovomicrography BARE - me before preheat Fat ua (ate quasiewtectic 25 sub- beneath, fess than subskin blowhule BER TFL ~ super above, over superalloy Ak Thermos heat thermocouple $6: me dee triplex melting = BRESSa a8 a ai ultra beyond ° ultrosonic MA COD “en oF penon caster I mater nodulacizor RR HL graph revorder autograph HAN RO “ism theory mechanism HUA). GUE ist person metallurgist ake “phone sound maictoptone YAR ERMG “scope ‘onserve, see 1 microscope BORE Rll wei wR wl a % a a oe mat impurity AR ine not insufficient NBR. AS © m0 irreversibihty RATEtr on cS onscund ARES . ~ible, Tele may aeghivible S08 09 - “ant, ant tending convergent WGK, BEB ee have no rusties UB) a8 “alt fall of veordertat AGO, Wie ive tending to weactive HEAL. HOLA cess without restless BEEK. AB LRT “proof cesstan aeideproot AAAS Ris wwe _ ae 2 i i > ting away fom | absorber ala? . cone together Conconmration H&E, Fete te cuuve nario be desulfuraion BE _ dis the oppose Uintegrawe Wee FL oo ut expiinion SER - re again recrystallization 783% men too much cvercharge LE rans crow Cranterysulligg Bal under too little undercooling grephite il¥S47 ze take, betowne weaken WS. % rake purty H. TitK ° ize Gise) Take oxidize Ate18 =. aC AERE TTL CVSS Py LLU ON TE” ORR, TAO ARS RY INGE RAL te. AR a ICA. PU Sp ee PL (ts FL a we i. 1, AS initials) PFRACLRT AR. TARR AANA PAAR. CAEP STWRAFASH. Ha: RE — rarecarth Mt (0#) CE — carbon eguivalem 4B ADI — austempered ductile iron 2 WIRE SEM — scanning electron microscope #4 HF LAGE AFS — American Foundryman’s Society © (N #i&Ji-# BWRA — British Welding Research Association 2& IK 7 RENTALS ASTM — American Society for Testing and Materials Si MARIE 2. 4ARE ia) (acronyms) AMSAT MRA), LS NS TY. pede ROM — Read Only Memory FUikde tae RAM — Random Access Memory BA BL7E RC (6 8 Laser — Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation #O% 3. FERIA (clipped words) RMR E. UTR, REE MEINEM UE TT Ate Et AE a. iM P — pearlite REE gt— graphite Ae F — ferrite DR fig.— figure Har met, — metal ek mach.— machinery I fi rupt, — rupture = We ref.— reference BH RR A, #44] (abbreviation) etal—andother AAtAR eg— forexample ete— etcetera Ak vs.— versus Bhs via —by way of = 4ey in ex, — Bb. NR, ie —thatis BO, BLE com — cemtimeter AUKig g According to the statements in this chapter, analyse the grammar and word characteristics of the following paragraphs abstracted from papers in material science and material- working technology. a C2) (3) A new kind of material developed recently is a heat-resistant, wear-resistant and high strength Al-Si alloy wherein (A) 5% by weight based on the toial amount of the alloy of alumina particles having a maximum particle diameter of 30 microns or Jess and an average particle diameter of 10 microns or less and having shapes with no sharp edge and (B} 0.5 to 3% by weight based on the total amount of the alloy of graphite particles having a maximum particle diameter of 10 micron or less as measured on a cross section of the Al-Si alloy structure are dispersed in a matrix consisting of 16 to 18% by weight of Si, 4 to 6% by weight of Fe, 2 to 4% by weight of Cu. 0.5 to 2% by weight of Mg, 0.1 to 0.8% by weight of Mn, based on the total amount of the alloy than said alumina particles and said graphite particles. and balance of Al plus incidental impurities and having primary Si crystals. the size of said primary Si crystals being not Jarger than 10 micron A machine is provided for centrifugal moulding of low melting pt. merals or synth, material comprising a main structure supporting a lower plate support for a centrifugal moulding dic and an upper plate such that they can rotate about a vertical axis. The plates are mutually superimposed facing cach other on a horizontal plane and mutually movable by actuation parallel to the rotation axis. The plates are accommodated in a chamber which is delimited by side walls connected to the main structure. The machine front has an opening for access 10 the die which is closed by a movable cover connected to the side wali by a pair of connecting rads. Deep holes are pierced progressively, using relatively sharp punches af approximately 60-70" included angle. If the hole is to have a syuare bottom. the next to last piercer may have an included angle of 120° maximum. followed in the final stroke by a flat punch. Normally, however, the flat punch is used directly after a 75” piercer. The penetration of the punch into a long unsupported bar would lead to buckling and eccentric piercing. A rir forged initially will prevent this, as shown by the forging of a drag link. IT it20 (4) (5) is not desired in the final product, the rim may be trimmed off subsequently. Electrode force is usually determined from graphs relating air or hydrautic pressure to force produced by the cylinder. Force gages are commercially available to verify settings for critical applications. In general, only static forces are measured. Proper maintenance and lubrication of moving parts help to assure uniformity of applied forces. Periodic electrode dressing assures the application of uniform pressures and current densities. Consistent secondary currents can be assured by the use of curreat or voltage regulators, maintenance of proper line voltage, consistent fit-up of parts, proper spacing of welds, and allowance for magnetic materials in the throat of the machine. The molten environment encountered in steel sand casting applications is quite severe in terms of refractory fiker material requirements. Sintec bonded alumina filters were once considered due to their relatively low raw material cost and resistance to chemical attack, but they were abandoned due to their inconsistent thermal shock or spalling resistance. Mullite was also considered due to its low cost and higher thermal shock resistance, but mullite has relatively low high temperature strength and resistance to chemical attack, Zirconia-alumina composites offer a good combination of thermal shock resistance and resistance to chemical attack, but have relatively low hot strength. Partially stabilised zirconia using magnesia (MgO) as a stabiliser offers the best combination of hot strength, creep resistance, thermal shock resistance and resistance to chemical attack. The combination of these properties allows for fabrication of lower density fiers which will easily prime without excessive superheat or filter preheat.ALS WLR RSRAKLTN HER, QAR SANE eae Bue “PE”. BERS — AB FE BH) 2 BS PAR RIA Hy SA OD TD 5c MW PS OR A Le I ea A BRAGA RMA, EAR SS BE CER Hh TORRE BR Se fe TPA TR AAR. a Be, WU J, te. EA. MAMA RMN RSA A, BRAG QHARBRZEAREGSH ASL, EAS RS Re MHRA. HARA AMARA MAAR ALAR. BELL EMA BOMERR— PAR OAE. b ME, SRR AAT REMAP, Hi, SUSE EAL RL A Bik a Ho CLEVBANKLS LN EADP AAA em RAR Ce PTA BL. TERE RR PMR, PRA AL SMH SLA. BT USES AE, RASH IE Sh. HSL EH We. Ra. ACHE PATE ML SS DUPAGE ME ATL ERE ESP dT ea EY a, TH. URMENRAA AY: STR EMIC. HU MIEL HFA, CO PAGAL UR RE PHAR, AA PASE RE RTS Ww et oy BO RAR SALE RY RAE AE ATA SAILS MRR. IR. le . KEM BRA TAS. DM. PES “Me. TRE SN. BE LEER AZ A. RAR RET RE ARR CRS RCHE (Me nL WE RARE. Bi HR. NTRS REE MERM, ES eee He TEAL I EEF 2 —. AFR ES BREATH. RAMA, AA, TOL ERAS, El Sie22 % URAAM AMER, RRA TAME. mE ERP, Rha TAA SF ay ae FR SP RS SE. fh CE ACA AA EE, PUR IB FR, SAD Re. BON. (1) We are interested in producing a component that has the proper shape and Properties and permitting the component to perform its task for its expected lifetime. AMARMARMNEAAREUREERMEF, LHRAEG AAR Mig BTL. (RAT PEM in. to, for. and SA. a BA, MRA RA HORI HM KR, A that Geis 4 ) (2) Manganese reduces the harmful effect of sulphur by combining with it to form globules of manganese sulphide which are normally uniformly distributed throughout the structure without seriously lowering mechanical properties of steel. BELHSRLOURRRM REMY OA EER, WER HID WER EEP Ih. MANN AEM A, CRIES RM of 3 HZi&, A by. to. throughout. without Fi. ARIS hi Xo 19 MMAR PER. DY. ROR. A which sh Ribs gy) (3) Because of the mechanisin by which the sand is compacted when jolted the joint and lower horizontal faces of the pattern produce the most compacted parts of the mould and the sand at the back of the moulding box is very loosely packed. REUTER, ALAM, PROMEMRKY KE BARA E FERRE, HPAP HMVIRS ERD. (ROT. M Because of BIER AR BRGE. AL when S1-F ARM IREA, URAL of. at. by. and FAP RAD. Aa). ik ob ima LAT RB ik on Bay de pha) HY BT AN Bab oa), =. WiLL Res REALE AARL, TOARMA SSMS EER PRR Ale 1. WRF EAX LARA SMES E RD AY PL, Baht au: CD SRT) SRR. alin. steel a pearlite TRIERaluminum 8 solidification A polymer Row undercooling He temperature aa microstructure SS Gteg 48 (2) RRMA SRN RAMAN. SAY AT RAE BR LAREAD ZS. MRI “furnace” 1, EDGR PIER PR ALI OP", BERR RU CEP, SP, HR, Eee : BOS. Ti “cupola” (RR ADD OPA. Rta. BUH 41, ASSEN “characteristic”. “property”. “performance SLD AA RE MAT RAS HZ. (3) ~ PSR RAINE MS ILA RAED i AE aE WAU. WN. FAG “metal” EMEP SZ MINAS il “eR, SR. BR. BRS. WR, BOK" S, A MER Oe. Be BR, MASH” S. Lo “can” WEP “A. Ra. R ae. BOR, BH, BH). Boel. eae. PAHO’ Se, URAAANIA RMAASA WM. HES, SiR AEA Sear ALTE EA LA ABR, G0: extrusion casting. liquid forging, forging casting F, AERA — HIG RASPES HP. ET A OP PT RE, EER A VARA SCF RE, APSE UE AA thi Rh. HE, MEWRARE ME, ERT Mt, 2. SBE EBL HS OH RAE Se RMA), SRB AOL ie) I dae te RAWEA, RHRWESRMAR AWM BML. Dilan SHeiL. WSS “heavy” — HERAT, CMA REM. Fala. Se. KEG" S. BSP SAA, PUI Ht AINA ARN, to: ~ “behavior” heavy alloy BERGE — heavy current KB heavy casting ARGH heavy load tH heavy machine = - EMAL heavy traffic AK RB heavy iron RAP Ee heavy repair A heavy mill AGLI heavy fire BRIE K heavy plant ELUSe heavy crops Fk heavy scale ABR heavy storm ARR heavy oil Em heavy snow AG24 heavy wire AER heavy polymer ASTRO RenB iw spia “burn” AVL LI HR AR Re” Bat LAA ep, SPREAD CAL) BA AUT, TR DORMER. RFA: bura away eR burn-on ey bran back teak burned sand ab ey burn in Fie burned-on-sand eer burn-off ieee, burning-in Areti Ab sy 3. WRIA TIER AD Fe RP EAH BA RO ED AEST IE TD lt vie thtitennn EER Be. aE FRT. SORANOUA PEARED, RBA. PRES HURST E 7 AMASTER- KHER. CREAT. BEBE TRA, e SER BRM CUE), RBA SRA. MW MEE SCM AN OG R). ERIE, IRE EM RD i Wm. hu: CL) The redistribution of carbon atoms by diffusion within the austenite is necessary to allow ferrite which contains very little carbon or cementitie which contains 6.7% carbon to form. ATU RERELE YS HRERKERE A OTHER, RAP RERRA PERE RE DH (2) A centrifugal casting has superior mechanical properties to that of a similar casting produced by conventional methods. Bs tlpik et CA — MBA PY ROE A Be RO Pe a ERBATH, GSREA—-THG, AU RRBED OMNTE MT TPR). SARS TEE a], BRR RE, SRR SUSHI AA, AEE. PALM RE Ree AOR, WUBERTACET A. WAT REE BAR Ma ai Hae de tee JT. BARBERS ZT, TTA ah IZ. BG Eh RE RRR EME HTT. wlan. (1) This process offers a very good contro) on the gas content and the amount of insoluble oxide films in the liquid metal. BLERRB REE BRS UAE RR RUE ORME am.35 (2) The trend today in metal plastic-forming is more and more to replace hot forming by cold forming. LAS Se Hy HA HG 1 Aa RAR AR S I RAR, (3) Successful welding of many alloy steels requires a controlled rate of cooling because when heated to a high temperature and cooled rapidly they readily harden. RDP BEG SPAS Ka wae, AAR BRAY PMCS DER, (4) This feeder has an atmospheric puncture moulded into its top surface whieh is so placed that it can feed the heavy flanges on both the casting. WITH —-PRERRMAGMBQALMRL, tI ERPE LT HO RE et ht FB ik EK A AT aha 2. SAMMUT FORA SEL AY REIL TA AZ AE Hi). EAE LA PT AAU Dr AIL 1. YALE SBR RI TA A A ADE Be A PA RA. LA EE AZ a a Zia) AOARUR-S INTIS AK. TALIA. AHIR Ey UA OB a MBP RENEH. ALSTOM AMR Aah, RSA) FRI te Base SG, ATE RC BA SE SPA. The primary B dendrites solidifies before eutectic reaction when the temperature decreases. SRAMIRG, MA RRRARARBZHRAH, 2. EE PE SYA A Be MOLAR Fy TAD, RA RHR RBS tL Be St) SERHKERA- EKER, WLR RRR Dee) AR, BRAS” HR ARHED. Gi. The coreless induction furnace is often used as an initial melting unit for nodular or spherical graphite ($.G. } irons, since it offers greater control over metal composition and temperature, furnace atmosphere and treatment time HTLERAPTOREREMSEAD. BE. RFRA Me wot HL, AR AES AAR RGR Oh A IE aon “FINS. “ARSE” RR HBA A, DORE Ast OF MR SIRI, AC ABH CB) ZER. A (eid26 fei". BUA: Without a feeder. the pressure of the mould cavity and the inside pressure of the sand mould become negative, the mould will then collapse because it loses the pressure difference necessary for supporting its formation. RRA ST, MEM AAPM AHRERARE, BOR HPA AT AMER LAME A ARR BIT SRA EE AN AG 9 NA Be AA FL BE SA Pa HR Ey EAR ARE. APSE LEE, BRL PRINT OIE, Ae POR RHE THOR. Ob TTR UATE, OEM oe OE. —. BRA ATE EM, RAR AAD. aS mG Bd). Be Om KRM TAB ABR RAE SEY we FR” We 1898 2B. Ae RG ALMPER CRD) MO CRIED Fea. SRR, A. Uk, OR, RGR. CAR! BURR, Pi. RRP Re. EP REE BEERE, AERA, MZWANE, AMIR, AE ALANS BU PP BE PAA Se eA, EO AUS AS AGS AER. TER MME. Ze TR. ik BP WER. 48" RARER SHEAR ACR CRIA AL, “OS” UROL ie: OR’ ERE ALR, HRB. HIT EE ICR FT A A A LBL, Bl ae A fe ATONE. ABER. PRIA UEC PA SE. PRC BSE TRC. VAR OAT SEAR A, AA UM AEN LER RMR, RENEE, R AIMEA REBAR E AMEE AE DS IAM OR. RETR ALR -RhR GH, GERNARMUEREAROR DL. BeUAR PME, A Bf ERM RMT MEE. MO. CARR GH, Bop A Mi eH PS He RCN BT AL ALT, CRIA PUREE, SEARS ASI. ORDA HAS UALR a RP. BORE BSRER, SARIN. Ba. Aad. ALBUS RAS 8 REGIE OU, Jy RSH. OR TT SR RG EFTCENT RMU Y BR. BURR EE OE AR iM.27 HERE GAPS te.” ERE AR BT RTL. PULA. HG Aok, SAREE. ESE. TICLE. LEO. WARRING Sed. SRR AL. WISTERIA “BE CI iB”. SRB ME”, BOAR LE Hh RAINS RQ BES 8. PRR, ARK, RRA EE. DERM i HR BN FT A A, SOREL” QUBOR PE SCIPS PPR i I EE OR Se FEE TETRA. HLAPENAURHORAIGL, HY RIMES, Hes. RTM FR” OBERT JETT AER LAA RE. =. mE BALA HRM, RRA MRR NN. IE AMAMWE, RTOS RH MER ASS T HA A, RAEN MEH LMG, RACER AS AILSA Oa ie mL ALLA, ROMA AE RET aU ERR AU &. Le RAEI TBE i AP ICL AR. ET IEA, BR PE, PSHM RIERA MAS. YTB. BES PAIL hs 1) BEARERS LS MAPLE AM EE PRA LIAL, TORS BURIAL LAR, (2) SFRMRAR. MWR. BUH, BaR, EM, ARAL: 3) BAA, AN ARAIE, im, SUgAyEEE) AZ. Bish. FEO RSC ATE 14 DLT, UU. RE Lb LEM MDPTL. AB LAS RU I, ka kB TS SUNS, RAM 4) BURNIE. mm rem LK EAR A TL, MATA TAR, TATA R Ge. mop RAXMEAR: “What about sulfur in your cast iron?” ARTA28 Bo ah Ae ae BEAL A RS “What about you?” (th IF 2, WEA: “AR AEGR P LAE?” FAP RA 40). By Fe 6 fe EU HE He KY #. PRARTMBARRAN AERA, RBG RMA. We AS la) SE AT OT SE OT ER. AE. AAO i SC BY aR aE Tt 9 HE a KP ANH ARRAS EP 2. WR RAG FAT AE Sa? OH Re TAG ES ER. RS EAL TAP BC RE. PRE BRE Alig MIR. ER AGE, BSH RAEY RAM OIEMRARLERAM. OER. feat REMEOCMRWARE, RRB E OM RT, TUE ea KAST2. BTR. AMTBERPAT, EREURA “MK, BS AYR AOR Sey. CERRY, PER TR RCE BRIA EAD RE, WARE BT. ROBT. BUA RHE ERR HGR a LEMS, (RRA AER PALL. Rake LPAR, MEA AREA a OA aie, NE CL FEAF. DRIES AE BEE, ULAR TRAY RIK Ue RP ON Ao. eg FY Se SEM APE: “UR SCH ROR. BARAT A UL, ROL ak Tae PMS, BPR T MRA RAE, BUG AOR, BEC, KOMBAT. AMT. EM. AIA, OTA EAD RIN, FEAR RA OB RAAB AR. CLMELAPAE RU MAREREREMEX. SMM: In most instances, casting designs ute affected in some significam way by manufacturing processes, ASR, HORT ARA EEF RRMA GE, PE RILA RB, ER LAL NT “i th. EERE CASA RAMA DH. REAR R. HUM RLY H, AT: ASM tL Late IRA EE OY Bo, (DEBRA BERRI - TEM A, mye2g PRIMES PROTAERA, ERENCE ERIE, LAW ABRNAT EAR NEAR BR, BRRERL. Ho In conclusion, molding sand must be monitored in a regulated manner at ail steps along the way, while monitoring all inputs and outputs. 82, SENT REMAP AR AH, BCMA FAAS ALG RAL GAT Md RAL MAREE R LEWIS, AMARE: tPA Re fa ih TAY Us AER SS ET TRL? ME SRE. MOPS Rem BEC ag He te TP I? (RS BARA. SR, BRE aH while nae Re “while” EREMNBAREDE XO BA CRE - i Re *, PRATHER, PARE. EMBER: &z. JS 050 AVES TAT SAEAT Tl, Oa ae Se $B LN LF SO AU fT HA, RALPH RNAS OMEGA. th RAREXASTARRORE TA. WL, SHER ESA Rie FETS Ar. CRU REL. aR ee Rik Lia. 3. PRE OTR HORE ETT AEA RAE a. ETE RO BE Oe Ba MESA TAUPE. MIME, BME AACR “fi. 8. E ERNE. CRAM A I “OA eoRAacRiL. TERETE SOREN “HE” be PIR. BAM ei, eM OGL, SERRA REN bh, CORRE LTR AAT Ub. tn LF Bhat: The amount of technical information available to today's scientists and engineers is vast and increasing daily. HARE: PRONE RPLAPT RAM MARA RS LO AAA Unb fe, KALE, PAMALEBMT. EE OR” LAUT BR, Che” eR AE RR. UAT IEEE. GARE aI. RAE Rio LRA EMA ARAB. NTA, CHP A NRL AGRE, GATES. shia BU, RARRMRRA.30 Boi WLR MRM TEER —. SERMONS SORES: ZAI, MA. BEM, Poe ARE RNA FEM, FPA MIARR. CW REP KARE, SHAAN ETRE, RMA PRE. SB Ti Boe SS HR RA SE. EPA, ER BG TRA DR. CER L POR, A OT, BUA a APIS. (OA. Ble FRE” OAR RETA, FRU RAS, RARE AAR a EE. Ra PRM: British and American metallurgists attived on the patent office doorstep at about the same time in 1948 with their processes for manufacturing a new form of cast iron called ductile iron, a marvelous product that could be made using most of the available equipment and technology of the gray iron foundry and had some special physical and economic advantages setting it apart trom gray and malleable irons and forged or cast stecis. LOA E. BRA, (RRA ES i A UAE. BA. RASS IB ATR Hea arrived on, MARAE HL aR ai, 40 manufacturing, called, could be made, using, had, setting %; EF ACES AZ metalturgists, XIE patent office doorstep. i -2b 9} 47 WD $5 at about the same time in 1948 #1 with their processes for manufacturing a new form of cast iron called ductile iron 473) AL St WEI fF -SATTUIR IE: a marvelous product At ductile iron (UF : that HSER AK. HE product WIAA. HAs could be made M had BMAP AA SBE, on using 21 setting J} BAY T TPP SRB AN PS REI, EM made Al advantages. Af} 'P ductile iron BEM BAMA, Hea ALL ---P Ie product KALB i MERU Adie ee, BAUR AMET FBSA BG. RAPA ATT, Bet Li TAR. BNF ADS Beat be WEY. FERRET AMAR, NTR BED: REPANHCRFRA 1948 HAMM MAE, SHPHOMATEH BAO ERM R RHE ALL, TEMES MORE HH, LABRA—H GM, CHEM ARAMA AR OU Bodh RAE, HARADA HRB, TURK tae TAK ay — tk at shag3h WIL Se EMA. BRAEMAR. B- MELM AMEE MRM AX, ARG ESS (TRE. (Sia a BASE AE, OA ee SRR LP RET. PUAN TERT Se LAW RH. AMS AY BE. ALFRNRAR. MRA. RE PRR. BREAN ARE, ABER RING WR, OT SA, BRR” MARAE ARN, BY i TR RKO ABA A, ARAN A, ARIS LAL ABE. BRAM RT ME ATE: LEST RAD TEA, SRAT IR, We AA WLR, FRE bay 1 RS A. AR Ac, BU EL AT. UAL HS MER EE. Hab F BREE RAT. =. FAM ANEIE FA a RR TAY. ET FREAM THERM NORE. SRB EW RA RUBE A DL, ta austenite (QKAK, ferroalloy 4kS4*), tumblast «He BRS) |. Ri. Ria WENA WEREMMA +O, Ae LSE SSAA TE, ROT i MER BABE. Bin “green” Mh “RE”, (AH “green hands” (af > PE RB “ABI”. TE “green sand” (AEA) PORE oon HEH", MZE “green casting” (443444 > PCM RAL “RB ea RE MAT ES WS RE EE, TLL CE RE EA EAP He 2 Aa SR WM. WEP EY. ARGO EPR RLRA MAA RAT Hin ® x eM ae 0 AER SOMBER. AMARNLMR+ bE Mee. Mie, LEP RAMEMR A. BRE. WAS LOM hid fA, WRAL, URW VAS FAAS A. MLA ATM WE LAB SF: LRA, WAY FREE LTE AHP HE — eA ARE. DO dad AL, Bult, EAN ASAE PR OR, MEE32 ai. RE PRM BLA: (1) Aluminium is a dight metal. Gight EH. BILRial) (2) The foundry produces fight castings. (light (ERA. BiB Fl) > (3) Light cannot pass through opaque object. (light E21, i)) (4) The beacon Lighted the plane to a safe landing. (lighted 2ifiB2h i > ligh MARAE? TETRA, Bil, MAME. 44H PAA. AMOR ARMS, HRBL PRR. Be YAS A MOREE 113 FE A: (1) BR —-PRE H, (2) RPT A PR at (3) KAR Raw Ahh, (ay RE CMEL EM. 2. Roa. Be X WHS LEURRAAM NBS Lh. SHES RR, Ee OP AEA APF SEP RAB AIA iM. AE. AMDT SA el at GSC, TLRS RTE aR A Re A PY BIA): (1) The fourth power of thee is eighty one. BCH) (2> Bnergy is the power todo work. (3) (3) With the development of electrical engineering, power can be transmitted over long distances. CHD (4) The surface morphology of spheroidal graphite in ductile iron can be observed under a 1000 power scanning electron microscope. (#18) ZED AP, power ATR AMHA (21H), RRR RRL. (AERA eMeA , ATEA SRG ADP CR INA RE Me PRAEGER “power” ZK AA Pa MISE SR. Se, “RAN AEH. SAIN LAA: (1) 2H O9KBAATRH. (2) ERA HED. (3) MA BRL RHAR, BHM AE Pe, (4) KEGRP RAS SHA GMT AFB Od wT EAE PUR, power MZ RIN CEN MCAT SE, io. kL RR. ae. Ru", SS. AMO RAI ER AIC FRR, SUSE HS Pik. MR Ut PRE. Te T & GLAD 2a, HAMAR WA, RR.Ba 3. ARI. FRCAY RAARBRSA-RAMBMRIM, RERRMACVAWAZAIK Bi FOAM LLL. RAR AS Ay A SEE LIM BO Sy APR A BRET PRA. RAKES TMM. EL PARR RAMSAR AF, CAA UNAM, Fak ILS Ad: (1) High siticon cast iron posseses Aigh resistance to oxidation at Aigh temperature. HAKATA RRA RB RAED. C24 “high” 4, BUGPAMEA 8", FAR EA GE" (2) A_large pressure and a large current are needed to get a /arge amount of water power. ATRAARHKA, GER K RFRA KE, CAD “large” SHB, BA MEA RD 4. RREFR. BAX REPARSEARA SMS XL, AUER TTS) SRR aT 4). RE ial ai RAB BRA RPT RAB ASE pli: C1) The strength decreases as the temperature increases. RMR RO HA, Cas ISR AA). 7 “RD (2) Small as atoms are, electrons are still smaller. BFR, RFR, Cas] REZEARIB A), EY BRD =. NHI KR RAMA RARAN BALA S EM, Ci LTR AE SEMA. WREAK, SEMI. SM. KARRI Aid BEM, BPR. AMR ARI L PMB AR, KM -Saltiol REAR NLA, HD RA ET USE, MTG HSIN SOR AW. RARER, KREME PR, Hee FRARRZAOKR, MPSA MNAR, LALA eal, ANAGRAM RR NAM 1. SORES | (H BAMETFN A MELL RAR GRAM DE RASH RRS34 TEMES SRS FE TA 2 AR. Blt CL) The extent of decarburisation in a white heart iron depends on manganese io sulphur ratio as well as on section thickness. ST RAE EAR OO FE ER FAB a ee BA CEU TR APACER, white heart iron RHE, Bie» “@ stk” BOR, HA ERED (2) When high pouring temperatures are used to ensure satisfactory running of thin sections of castings the primary austenite tends to form long coarse dendrites BARI Bh RIERA RE 0 FH ABA Rag RR AK WROTE RK GAA GRR Cunning MB “via”, RATER RAGE. Mtn Re ATs runming AER ty GAP AE De et lak Ce Ts aE), LST EH “RACY. (3) Experience hes shown that the application of mould coats are generally ineffective in eliminating rat-taif from the casting. BEAR. AMSA ie LR AAA AM, (rat tail J2-- RECESS LB Pee Ye eB | — Wea. MURIEL BM, HOES SAN EO", HERKATO 2, Sie S| th HaHES HMA sce A TR A wit, ie rUiMLU. (1) Wrought alloys possess good forgeability, it gives way to pressure. REOPRA RETR, AEAFSEM. (gives way to pressure RAED: SABER A) (2) Electric resistance furnaces have their electric energy transformed into heat BERGA EB IRAE. (HLA have HARI “AD ‘3 This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation. RGMEORAGY, CLEAERR. (ab design # EH IR #") 3. Rekee 3) tn SERB US PRS BOE, ANNI, ARETE II) eR ES OME ART, FR ARE. dn. (1) The casting takes both the size and the shape of the mould. WAAR REG RMA HR. (BIER “cee +P ER, AT) Keb fo ak” ah35 (2) Alloys betong (o a half-way house between mixtures and compounds. SEAR FIRS HS th Zi] — FP ED, (house RAL "Fe F', MABEL FARAH “HID (3) This new annealing furnace is a fuel-efficient model. LEAP ATA LEK PAA WARK. (fuel-efficient model REA “MAA BURR", HIAL ARASH) (4) In gas metal are welding process, with faster travel there is a narrower heat affected zone and consequently less molecular disacrangement, less grain growth, less heat transfer in the parent metal, and greatly reduced distortion BEAMS BEBE LEY, MPRA RR. MAE. Mach Bia, GES Kb, PPR. FA RPA T RAS) AY. (RAY “molecular disarrangememt” KAHL 4 A AA A 44 HOLATIL, HERAT “dh iedaw” ) BD. ia BOSE ERE CI AERC A A Lali. BRE BAT Moe. RE RIUEE Dito ee ROS ASSEN TTA Hi NMS DEMIR, EMRE Y RST Mee OR. EIR, RAS REI ES BLUR CHEN, ARTEL. MACHR ER AREMT MH. RE FEE PK UR 1. TRIB a 4 ae RRA AMM HRT RRMSM, We a, St SA, THERE LRM. Pl: (1) Afier a series of experiments important phenomena have heen ascertained. B-BWNEBE, SAT HLRFEME. (2) The first steel castings produced by full mold process went into use in 1978. KRM FB GALLS 7 Od FT 19078 FAA, 2, FAR aX BAA EMERGE ARI, UAE | FRI ORR He aE Ma Mia UN OPE ORR ORR IL aE”. OE, win. (1) Qxidation will make iron and steel rusty. BAG RAMA (2) Corrections and changes are made in accordance with the observed36 performance. ARAG LAS 3] 44 Hs Bt TSE fo KR, 3. MRE RGIS TE BSA AED PSL UAT. AUTO = ori’. “PU” ial. oop RE. PMP SARA. HEELS, A PER ARME Ta. Gt: C1) Both Steel iron and cast iron have the structures of eutectoid, hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid Sito thABA AT. Th Sea fe (2) Ductile irons are manufactured by melting, inoculation, spheroidization and pouring, REGARDS RK, RRA RA ih Fh CP aL goR. 4. ASE Ae aE A ia SSEH SAAR | PRAMAS TREES HS BM. (ADE Ee E, AMSRPE RAG. pth CL) Metallic matrix composites became useful only in the late eighties. EOERAM, SRALSMAT RAM RS, (2) The more complex the casting, the more difficult the alloy and more difficult the applicable specifications, the greater the financial benefit. BR AMLEA, SRE: GHHENMORAL RAR. OAR RBWAR, 5. RR RE AEH FREAER, ANRMRECERAM A, RB MR. BUT: (1) This question is really a technique design rather than an operation problem. RPAMERELAT ICRU HERES eH, (2) Many persons learned to program with litle understanding of computers and their applications. RRYSAMUPMAAD MAAS YT some eT mah, Hy AR AE GRA HARP AGE ROME. ERP, Ay MESA LPR BAR DAD, RARER. Rite NZ: CAA PARR, MER P ARORA. A37 BARA. Bot, AMA MRAWRBSE- “ER BASR. RR. W BSW ANERGCHAS. CREAT, PORE RRB Yh. BUM TLS RVI. FRA ILA A LR ae. 1. ae aE Sei HC i FE A Sl BB — pe), ee MATE AT AY WI HO i ae AT EI. BL BPRAMA, PRA SCAM, ACARD, Be ee ARS. ARMM A AE. fb (1) The direct are furnace is particularly suitable for the production of high alloy irons. ERGDPHIIEATA PROSSER. AE LAR AL HED) (2) A liquid metal becomes a gas at or above its boiling point. ERAAMRAL, CHRSERUA. OGASAWARA | (3) A protective flux is generally best applied as a low melting point liquid, which can easily and efficiently cover the molten’ metal surface RPA ERGO ERRM MEN, SRRCSTAPRMES BRA. (LP RR AL A EIT LE) Hot, HA A eR in) AA. lio a8 a consequence Bik, am in a few words sz on an average FRR in the end Re, RE make the grade RSP, SPER hit the mark te. ADAH RESP AGAL, Es EAR ZEAEAT IIR BABI. SAN HREMSR SAMO RAZA, RRA, ity HARES ERA ARON AN, A. Glin (1) The smailer carbides will easily decompose and go into solution in the austenite and produce a more homogeneous austenite structure. MOM RL RAE RR, PA B34 eB he iW Shae TALE, A oe aba IRR) (2) Double ladling is an old method and used only to a limited extent. REER-HEAWAR, ERA-PARO MAM (AEE ae EY AS a RD (3) The case with which the two surfaces "wet" cach other, and the composition38 of the initial charge and the temperature will determine the carbon solubility in the iron, RADAR EA SAR HERE. MHEPAMLERPURBR, ALAA BR. CRP HAEPD RAH, BAST 3% PROP RTAB, AAA ARIEL FRA 40, CAI ion # coke AHMAD ) 2. SalI HA, AAC i wR i PRA A a, MAM. HAAS. nial Zits AREBALWFNRARK SD. ALERT, SRM IT SIS, RNAS. vi: (1) The temperature of metal moulds should always be in excess of 200°C PARRA AB TIRE A 2000 KE. Cin Rit) (2) The content of metal titanium in this alloy is 12.3%~ 18.6% by weight. PABREBASLYP HEED PLS E (REP) Hy 123%~ 18.6% (by aie ) (3) In 1990 aluminium alloy castings transfers amounted to perhaps $30 milion in the market. 1990 4, PALGERSRHERRRHRETR EA. CD in OH BS (4) An inerease in nodule number and improvements in nodule shape in heavy ductile iron castings can be affected by the addition of a small amount of antimony. iL Raey SOG, Tae Ae RAI pa ERAS Boy H&S. (2 in WAR, BPH effected GIF ) Fish, Asia Me Bw) i LRA RE Al 09 fi, — RM MRAP. flan. (3) The structure of cast iron consists of metal matrix and graphites BARU DEB ARGOS Fink. (of fos 14 to consist H AILIE SHI, BE) (6) The chemical symbol Fe stands for the iron atom with atomic weight of about 55.9. WEES Fe RARE EHH 55.9 MRF. (for foshi4 to stand HR MiB AA, AE)39 AAD AE RECQEMALRAMESR, OEE RB TAL. BOR MHYEIEER RNR, RUA. AS BIRO) Pea aT ewe FPR SAUER, TEE, SRS LI RIE. WL ATE Ay. FAERIE, APPS US UES HE. fal (1) Manganese goes into solid solution and then it forms a separate constituent. ENB, RSW ARS oa, (1844) and HF) (2) The use of mould coatings on the running system surfaces usually prevents erosion aud should be considered essential. AEA RR GEM EM EA PAE LR, BARBARA LET veh CLE MB), (449 and WA) (3) These metals usually require a certain amount of preheating before welding and then allowed to cool stowly after the weld is completed. BESMRPRRAMRAE GH RGR, AMEE RRR SR (ie and Mail in) then MiwhiF 4. i ADE C1) ARR ACIE a E DIB od. TE BSE, WO EY MIF SE, Rb QR OR A. MR Aha. Hee Ji AAR ial de os A CA OP A A, PN RSM AA. FABER PAE SER AAR aT tT AY vf DA E. Pao: 1) Most producers are fully aware of the various process routes, and indeed they have often been using the same system for many years. KSKEPEPPEESAL EB, MELEBMSPRE R-AK MA—-ALE AR. (AFAI they AF) 2) Most of these alloys are covered by proprietary names and they are normally produced under licence from companies which have developed them. KSRRHMSEARNSNRRL ORY, ARAFAT HNO TET PTE, (ab, Age RI they RAAT Mii] and Bais a) 3) Manganese increases U.T.S. but its effect is most noticeable in the first 1” addition, above this it has little influence. HY mR AER, RE MAA-D 1% RAE ARRE. @ SLES SUR TT. CRRA ARR it) FASh, AAR AT we A you. AUR PAE RIL, AA OM40 48" AE” HX, EMASAAE. pilin: 4) Before you begin to work the instrument, first read the instruction carefully. AFRRA AME, TG ALT ORM H 5) Given the weight and the specific gravity of a body, we can calculate its volume, SHMAHEEHER, WRK RAR, (2) BERRI SPIE RRM. DEP EK ROZGANAA TAS PAE RAR RRA, Bt, eet aes REWERMNBGRTOEM. Hin: 1) The process of separating a metal from its ore is called smelting. ARAMA BY DB WRG LAR BIR. (At RA its) 2) Ivis possible to vary the fluidity and chemical reactivity of slags by adjusting their composition. BUBELERD, ATRARCRMRORERERRM. (ER their RH ) (3) RMR RRR ATH RE ETE TT RAR, ER. SERA TRE, btn: 1) Like zine, iron also converts itself into a vapor at high temperature. BH-H, RARE TRERRRA. (ASA itself AH) 2) One-cannot see the metallographic structure of alloy with one's naked eyes. AAA fie Fl A RA BOS 0h Seda oe (ARIA one 64 FAL HSH K one's RF) 3) Industrial experience has shown that ductile irons treated with pure magnesium tend to have less problems with dross defects, HPAI A ARAL RRA FOF eR A AG (A ARIA) thar aX if) 4) It has been confirmed that under rotating bending conditions the fatigue Properties of as-cast surfaces approach or equal to that of machined surfaces provided that they do not contain surface imperfections. LORE, REMRGHA GAM, RET ORE TESA MRS BRERST WIA DY RRA, (R-AK A RI thar. BOMBER RAL that, % 2.44 provided at A414 4 that HAH, 4 Hea in RA ) S. Sinem FALL GB ah AS RR On Oh HE RRA EMR AS, SRT a) in) Ta4 MEU. REET IF RDA TY babi. CLT REATICS. MLNS PAAR LAMA, RRBARAT ASR SEO LR Si, Ea ARE. ER BD LSC LAIR RE, IEA, BE SVUENRAY ME, Pe: (1) The following provides a brief review of applicable theory for pressure die casting. FHRRPE— FETA ABE MRE. (ABDI provides, 219 review 4328 AHI ) (2) This process offers a very good control on the gas content and the amount of insoluble oxide films in the liquid metal. ULECRGARUNE RAP MLM SE REG HRE, (OME #44 offers, £7] control #48 AAR is ) (3) Precipitation-harden stainless steels have been developed by gisking certain alloy additions to martensitic, semi-austenitic and austenitic alloys. TR AR IL RAG LG LB RRO SAE RM, ER RR RI ARP HRA, (#74 making WF, % 74 additions ¥ HiFi ) (4) Making use of free-silicon nodularizer results in a requitement for improved spheroidizing treatment technology. BL ERG ER aE a, ORE TY making #1 results, ZEW IE I 5 oh 94 we M7 BSN ALN Spd of, in) Fidb, EAB be, become $F, MGM RBAB Aula, HERE, Hin. (S) In ductile iron trace element levels should be as low as possible. REAR MEAE ASE BRT EIR, (be AGE) (6) The difference in temperature between solidifying metal and mould will be small when the casting is of large cross section and the conductivity of the mould material is poor. SRP OMGRTA. BD MHOAGE RM, RAS R PERL HRA). (A> Rabid be WHA INA in, PEA and Bar FB) 6. TSA RE Ai 0H 15] there PVARIZ A to be RRMA R Hah i) (Rl appear, exist, happen, occur, remain, seem, stand 6) HEA), Fon “fe, HW" Mae. Lc WRAY there SI WGA ADSI, RAL ABI “cee” at#2 BX. RETR UAE, RUE. AO. RL it # PANS AAR RAEN ES. BREA, HWS PRT), therm it OPARANM EMER, RPE, PADRE Ly WEE. fd: (1) If more thought were given to the consequences of injuries there would be jess tendency to ignore safety precautions and thus, fewer accidents. HRESWAREENGR, ALESHA. aay Fa. (there ESB, MED (2) There appear to be no impurities in this long welding seam, RERREP REPRE HARM. there SKEW ie appear #Al, hk ie) (3) It is important to reduce the carbon level in stainless stevis as low as possible. HARGMP ARERAAT KREG CRATE PMS ia it iE) 7. ARGRAB Bt is BE EAT HH ae EEE H, SATE EGR, BURT] ee HOY WERRK, RMPAPN PETE PLIL, HOMER AIL. ARPT RAR, BATALI “or” ER. PHM EM | BARA CARR ARE BR. ARR, WT eM, BATE RRS MA, HGR REI — AOU HAND 2 aR T. bibo. CL) The force of gravity acts vertically dowawards and gives an object “weight ness” EARL TEM, RHKLE FE. Cweight M gravity BH. if) (2) Widespread use is made of slag coagulants to remove slag ar dross from the top of the melt in ladles. PRRARGNRAROAE RRR MOE, (slag Al dross ES. ink VET: aha made RE) (3) Each nucleation site gives rise to a crystal or grain which, when solidification is complete, meets neighboring grains at a grain boundary. Gs RMP AGA, AAR EE Rt 5 api oy HAAS F He iO. Corystal Al grain EM, WHE) Fo AMIEL, ERB BR RAM. UREA ceB EIR CC i FE ATE de (4) The advantage of induction furnaces melting is that it melts phe mezal with minimum element loss. PIR RA URS. ORE AAD HH “it melts the metal” WR) (5) This workpiece that has been delivered to vou has undergone a special protective process to enable it to withstand damage by corrosive agents it will encounter. ERDAS MW CAM TT AMBP, RETR OF PETES] “tharyou” AR; BOP REM Al “it will encounter” ve. bi sh4 ft Pk Se, RE. RE WEA SPR. PR. BRIA RATE “BUROR PE”. WEE ay PMRAREA BLA LER-A, GERRAAMLANAM Re PE SON, RUSTE “Uk aa”. TR GE ADAL, CE BEPC BE FT a EEA MA A. a AB 2: EE SR HE BT AD Fe. TERI ALMRARM EN REA CPR PAINE. DORM RAY ot BA-ENGHAW. RRMA ELE: 1. SARRAMARBR A (1) The experiment proved to be a failure. FRAT. (Bide ASA) (2) The defects of castings show considerable variety. MP RBAS HSH, Bie HIET ia) (3)Grain growth can be kept to a minimum by effective control of preheating and post-heating in welding process. AUMERHY, GUAR GIA SrA THE RRR oh, CARA ahi, TENANT EHC A BD 2. HARKRA BA (1) Cast steels behave differently from cast irons which contain a Jot of carbon. GAR CE HAR T ORE A RAK. (2) The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability. RRROHAAGM RA, PHAR.44 3. BRR A Khia (1) This metal matrix composite is fairly recent development. RAEBLI SMH ABET A RAG, CHER NID (2) These components may serve as an illustrative application of the surface alloying process. REAAT LAMAR ASSUICH AM. (RRA AIA (3) Silicon is mach more soluble in austenite than phosphorus. FEAR Rh OM AREAS. (He a> 4. mee AE hid (1) This hydraulic press is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained. EGKAMMTEH ARMS, BEER, HME HD (2) The device is shown schematically in Fig.3. QIRTTAHAROMA. Hei) (3) The extrusion die must be dimensionally correct. ERG RARER. CHB HD (4) The 61st World Foundry Congress was on in Beijing from September 24 to September 29, 1995. F 61 HERGAANF 1995 9 fl 24 2 29 AMARA, (HEM ail) 5. AiR AD il 1) The letter A is commonly used for austenite, F for ferrite, G for graphite. BENS FARER AA, FEPARAEA. FEGCREEE. (2) The inner surface of this kind of workpiece castings is often protected against corrosion with a special coat. SAP ARTE Oh FY RGB BARA AR RP A ty MHA HT RAMA RAAKEMES, ABH Sa ee RIT RIAN OEE PIER ER, RATEBEER S Tp HS HS), AMDT CNA RRO. AAR, wie SPADA IA BRAINY TP TG SP 2a ek AN Ta HE BE 1. BAR hE SRO PAR BER XM tS eR CE is D> , BUR AGEM ARMED I, ARB EGS, TOR Sa. Bion.45 CL) This device exhibits a.high efficient CRGHRERS, RUE: RERSEKU RAH) > ‘The runner gate should have a flat bottom. MRE RARE. GRIER: BEM A EAR) 2. PARES SRP HT WRAER LLAMA LEARN DM. ROE RHE -UESH, TC CRAEA, MPAA. Bl (1) The thermal eapansion coefficient of aluminium-silicon alloys is on the AE Ha RAR AS ARS OY AR AMAR RA. CR ELAR: GREE SA A I A BEBE) (2) Cast irons differ in their graphite morphologies. SPMKNBEUATA. ROR: SPPREWMTENHARE ) 3. RBS EEE This equipment is.a well-designed structure. RGR BIRT ERE, GOR IRS A REL A Rs $548) 4. EHS ER BAEC EE DRE BMRB. phd: (1) Arsenic has a diffusion coefficient an order of magnitude lower than that of boron and phosphorous. BREA WR Bib MF BK — AHEM, (2) In buried-are CO, welding process most welding wire diameters range ftom 0.045” to U8", PLR A ARP HRT EP, BH DD 0.045in F) 18in, (LBB ERIE, Rib LIB) 5. EBOHERE SEA YM, lA Mes Ae EA AU “there” fe 3]-S5ia] MA, MRT LR RMAC RIE, ARPA, Say Fae BRL, AWERTAEB A, C1) Carbon is found in almost all ferrous metals. AFEBHLESEY MEHR, (2) An gustenite shell is formed over the entire surface of the graphite nodules.46 ADEROERA GUAT -HRERRE. 6. SERS EAT EB AT ME EDF ERIN FE A AE It RAB By SR — HD SRS ET SRE Sil AL TSE. Bf (1) Many factors affect forging qualities. Bie hE LR RS. <2) The ZA alloys has as their distinguishing features high strength and excellent swear resistance. ZACEHLEMREERE, MBMERR. 3) The graphite flotation may be due to the high CE value, heavy section, or to a . ri SLEP TRAM TRAD. AMOR, ARERL BRAM. (4) Lower temperatures are associated with faster crystal growth rates. Cit PE TEBE AAA ERE AAI A Kok RY, EL 5a 7. AREA TOG BO Fh aR A BARE Hd a I PS Ha OP RE PA A SEALED SRD. AE RET ER ARE AO LB Ek eat Ah: The triple-diffused structure has its advantage of having a uaiformly doped collector region. ARP RE ARAB RASH. JN. GRAN Sah FREE EMER TR, CMR UTA A yy SE DA APH FS PEI He A) ALIAS PADD Bh aA C4 BM, -REBNER. KLEOATELES EWES). Bie, SERSIE RCO OB”, “GRLME”, Pe RINE OS 75 (BYE aR A FAD RO EG ij BOE Be A eh Oe CAI. €1) The pouring temperature must be below 1340°C to_minimize liquid shrinkage, DTHERERAMAR , BARRLBIRT E40T, (48 B49 Bg KBB) ‘2) The dross problem is caused by the formation of magnesium oxides anusulfides resuiting from the Mg treatment. Sf sth AR oe a ee HY i 0h BA oo th OS MRD, OBIE EP! ia eS > (3) Slip and twinning are the most important modes of deformation and account largely for the plastic strain that is generated before fracture. ABPY RE RARTRARUAA, FRARBABRAB ERY AE EAR. APEPMMER EAH) (4) Forving the graphite flakes that are characteristic of gray iran to agglomerate into spheres is the challenge for the metallurgist. AEH RG RAE RE ERR, MESER APR. OE fa AGE i) RD ia RSD (5) In short-arc welding, the shielding gas mixture consists of 25 percent carbon dioxide, which provides increased heat for higher speeds, and 75 percent argon which controls spatter. ERBFRP, RP RULRROMEA GM ARMA SCHR | FHURBREOTRRRA AE, MAA AMM CA Ah FE Fe nT TE CaF) Fidh FR, CORE OR. pilin: (6) Presented in the paper are new data on this subject. LPR ETATA-MRM aM, (RI, FRA ME tenet nonieon ak ) A. RAMEE SUREPOS, EAEN SRNR, BEX OMI CR. SEAR RR RA TFS SET DAT RL. AAUP IB ty PA BAAR St — TPE, PATRAS PN, ASK Ye A RE RTE NE FAS. KARRMDLSH EH, a RA UP oa: 1. PRR ERE IRE) AGERE RICK, (CMR ANUP RUA RA MALT. 4 ep FAR EY 2) HA DE PSR Eh tye eH fo This method of compaction is accomplished by raising the moulding machine table to a given height by means of a pneumatically operated piston and then BRIE AH RYE ORR.48 allowing the table, box and pattern plate with sand to fall under its own weight to its original position, this process is repeated in rapid cycles, the distance traveled by the moulding machine table is known as the stroke of the machine. BRAFEARAL RM: PMH LAERHSMATL HERA OY REL, AGULEG, SHRM -RARAETRBAE REE, C-HRVURRHAMER, APPLES BHHBA RAD Bey aR. 2. ERE CHER) SRRUKALURRAPOHERY, HRPM, BSR RES EAE AR. SURE SAE RK a, RARER RIE BF. Bilt: Aluminium remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. WEBER RAR RELY RR ( Bn ABA Ht Rho HR) — OB AHR, OLE RET ABR AE AASB, la HS) 19 ELGG A AA PR $a, 3. BARRA (GUE) APREKDHHFA, RARAABME SP SWE MRK, 3X Hy TOUT RA, TERK AT. SRILA BRA RRR RIE. RDS EHUB SE ae. Forging processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical castings being produced. BRA EAD ALAS PARA PR HK: PEEP RE Por saya, REAM ALP REA 4. RAR Cae) KORRES LRA ROA EAN. dn The final part of the paper highlights the areas for potential application of Squeeze castings and emphasizes the need for information to facilitate design of suitable forming equipment for exploiting the potential of squeeze castings in a series of conditions as a means of producing various castings with enhanced property combinations. LEG RG UT A SAE RE AR, RU AT49 HRM RRA RANA MHA, BERET RHR. VARIG SEGRUR EG, EAEPEHLARFRSRREA YTS, +, PRAM RS 1. #aayee WORK, REP CRRNBES. ARBRE AB. AU AMET ART A ETT A, ARAL. I PR PH MASA. HE Hy aah aR I. BSE DLT) 2) RIE. eT 1) PRR HAYS BAS, 2 ARB INRMA, AM, Bt, ST” SaR AMA, 3D BEF AAG AL Ms RD AS TE Wy EE DERE ARASH. filta: (1) Tensile strength is measured in MPa. REERAMPaHRERE. (A ERDE (2) Metal aluminum itself had been known to man. SM BAAR Bho. ERIE) (3) The operational sequence is illustrated in Fig.21, 21 MAT RMA. CR BAS) (4) 1420°C is showed on the pyrometer. HBA 14200. RE ILR ER (5) No steel can be melted without electric furnace. RCP RRR. CER ATAAD 2. Pete REVERE EAMCRE AAR, BLAU, ZS, NERV ARA CRB, RESRUWSRES RL. BoE POE ID RN BE DLE LPs (DSRER RTH AAA MORE MAR. WAL. No, not, none, nothing, nowhere, neither, nor FAH. WME BIT: “A, RA. BR. OR” EH. 1) None of these castings have shrinkage defects. SE AEP AT A ALAR, 2) Neither of the compounds are intermetallic compound. HAG RAS BI edb,56 3) None of these three factors should be neglected. BAPARP PEA AS AR, DMG MEPAA ARE Ri, BA A AR Sei nor EAL, AOR ADA, ARABS) Ae. IRA) fy: all, both, every. everybody, everything, complete, whole, always, many, much %. #4 #1 a ARDEA: “AAR. FEAR. FEAR, DER. BR” SH. BO 1) All eutectics do not grow to produce lamellar structures. HA AT OE AAA RAE HRB AQ, 2) Not both of the instruments can serve the purpose. ILE ABE ORS iD CD RES REP AA no, nor GRAAL LA WIE, fyb REBEY. MERE AEs, BARES A. BAO Ay no + not Co) aA without + not RA - not “+ until gas. never *-* without Bit fo + other than FARM, ER not + too “+ not (none) ++ the less ‘fella: 1) Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature. Be Ay Khoj 8| — By BR PE te, 2) Variations outside the ranges given are not unlikely. RACAL ALR OTE WE RT ab. (OBLLHAE RT RM, BRA Lad BERRLAEM. WHA. il, WHT. Pil, MIM. Ha Ay WMA: toh butfor Wn RR in the dark free from HRA. RF far from shortof = Rb too + lan: 1) This steel ingot is too large to be moved into the furnace. BRM ARA, TAP A, 2) The gating system of this casting is far from being complicated.EABHM REAR REEL. 3) The blast furnace can operate without being repairing for several months, EV TARE LILA A ASIA. +—. RAE EMRE RADBGRS, HARPREH MARAE, Oe MIE AS We A i bE RAS ES, RCA eM ly EMER, (MEN ESET, FOUR. 1. BeBe eB a RAL CRE RRA Ob OR? SRE IS TAR oT i) BRP TT" A, A OP RAP. LE oF PRE): HALAS Bl. PH: RD ABW LOK a thousand a billion a thousand en thon sean KOVAL mitlion bition bilfion Jo billion ateiltion a quadcillion ten quadrution RR + C109) ae Gay Tae 101s) 1 lors» ERRATA, th PB At: 2 (the metric system) AISEE 4 (the British and U.S, system). 2. SHEAR PL RAW RACAMMN, ASR PARE. fle tens aT” hundreds LB 4 dozens Ut millions FAR. FOR 3. BORE Fei PRONE Se A, MP A BAUR. RESO ER - WL WK, C1) fe 8ik-- 4 “increase by a factor of +” 4] 7 AIF double, treble F AiR MER, BRM MERGER, ASAE. kn. 1) The melting velocity of copper has increased by a factor of four times. PAR RCE RIB be T 248, 2) As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the electrotimer burnt. UT RERAM TOE, HARE RAEI T (2) RRA FE “increase by". “54+ more than", “(8 —as TSR tas" SAP SINGER AN. SRA RUBIO R.32 1) This year the output of wrought titanium alloy has increased by twice as compared with that of last year. SHERRRSEY PS A EM to HB, 2) The region of depletion is five to six times greater than the region of transition. HREWUREK 5~ 64. The tensile strength of ADI is 2 times as large as that of ordinary as-cast ductile iron. RAGA GHB LR ER SRR Ag HB. 4. ba ny Be BRD EL A AP TRL CL ABP at Ma Mt “reduce by 20%", “decrease to 40”. TR ARR. FR “ay 30%". “YH a0”. faldn: 1) The cost of the centrifugal castings was reduced by 30%. Bb Hy RARE 30%. 2) Melting time of the new type electric furnace was decreased to 2 hours. PAL GP HEE OT HE Sa A Rt (2) FARR FIA B01 “reduce 7 times”, VERE “RP HL, “Bb T tae. The length of alloy furnace tube was reduced five times. SEP EUKEPRT APL (A: CLP SGKEMED RR E BPL—-) 5. “Sie” 5 RE” MERE JE) “every” SBME, Hak “BIE” OR RI” RR. Bu: 3 every three days=every third day HIR-SRAK= BROOK RCE OM.” Ot, OUI ea 6. Wa AY Pe WORE HAR CLE. AR. BP. DE. DLE DK? BRO A Bl AL At ia), FC AS el SG ABE LAY. HE ALY TALI AY: over, above, more, than. under, below, less than, some, about, toward(s), nearly, from to “++ ,between « and + SE. Gilda:33 over two years HHL twenty and odd days 208K below eighty dollars 80 RAUF under two hours RAB AT five to nine volts 5~9 RA 7. RAMANA SRT AUS MARAT AMMA DAS X. EAL WE B, hi. ahundred (thousand ) and one KR. HB 05 by halves RAE, Ri fifty-fifty (half and half) FH, BE first of all RA, BS second to none HAW, ATER +l, Ske ME LAB REAR. PAE. BR, BPE. ROTATE. RL & RSLEBELRP CRD RAD, CHURN EAR ABD RA BH 1. FRR LP MT, 1. RR FRY, RAR RANLRA VERA MORE R. RAI AL SUMMER RARNREAN TH. CARRS HER, SMSC ANd ALAR APTE, MER RARH IE. wl: grayiron A CH) RK spectroanalysis 36384) sand thrower #2 #1 rare earth metal *% |b polar crystal ARPES ausform-annealing #3844 4b Wi solid solution E34 temary eutectic 2 Ji JER SETA FT PERI. FIA AR POR AE PT RG recarburizer BUH no-bake sand Hib thermocouple #455 /% antifriction alloy WIE A dé self-feeding AANin# multi-muller XegL ALE AL . BE MPRA AGERE SRAM, TG BRILL aE, CD SAS, RBA PR RORAL AIRE. fe54 muffler 4 Fp Monel RUAN CPRaED shaw process PEIGHE (iy REALE) Alnico Pal SE BRB ES oe (2) HEALER. QE AL. os ohm Fae CUBE BR hertz ee RR) — BP 3. FeRRIL SRA SS RE CREM ER, ae AUPE. SCHED FUT UT. MTR ERY. V—process Vik Tle ie N—process Nak FARA FCT AD Bh Y—alloy Yee RRL AS S~curve S he As} TR] — 3 Be — 2 AS Ft 4. BRIE PRT SR i J CE yO Sh A, UR UP AY Ge ae ek gh XM, BLA RE. BU V-notch VERO V~belt RAY U-pipe DBE U-steel aA T—square TER Y—section SRE SW AGRE ae ~. BESS SRR LM PRB AYE, MEHR COLCRUL ARIA ALD NEM b ae ETRE BR”. RR “RUBIA RAE. ff SMA ANE BEE RHP RT REE, DARIE AAR RL EE eT ERM Me “RP BL, ube ART PSE AE BS BH J SCN AS ASRS PA ER, RVRERDAE. 8 Sus ‘10 This is the oldest method of mould production and relies heavily on the skill ofthe molder, RARSAUUB EP HA, ERR EE Ags, (2) Silicon carbide crucibles also consist of silicon carbide and special graphites but with the addition of a small quantity of silicon. RGA RD RAC aba HS ER, (Lae Ty Boba. (3) It is generally found that the effectiveness of an inoculation treatment becomes reduced or fades with time when melt is held in the ladle before pouring castings. AFAR, PELRYHRMSREHRKAREAB RO MEK (4) Whenever man has used his hands to manufacture items he has, with time, generally introduced mechanization and then automation at some stage. FSAMAM RF Hibs ot, MAM, MUERERA ad th, EAM ADA RRA SP, EMO, MECN ABA, AOR AA RN. ONE Rm TREY", WAR UOR RIAA. OR. HEIL, BOCH) ASA. BAL. UOTE ELA MERE, ME LL ELIE ERASE RN. ABATE RY Tiel RMA PS A, SEN ONT AB wy EY AEH Dy ok SABE ACE AU aR Ala, BUT DRS BOF ADA SC TR LU Ek OY AO BRIN ASU Wa NIE WET A EA, RHR ra RE Hi: (5) Tt may scem strange that in this modern electronic time, the physicists are still a very tong way from understanding the ultimate structure of matter or existence, PEE: RAHA DE, LASER, WLERER RRNA BY RAE MEA RK-ABE, FRRAAARH, RXNWARAEOER. EMRE. SEM FEAR ORIG, IESE “MLE KIB TE RA RG IRIE AA RE-BR" PAR. WR MARR, Hy, BEDGFAR, BEZENLERARAMAMAAM RRR, & WD He IE RRL RHA UTE. LB, Kine ML WORE, TRU AA: RAR EPIRA — APE a LATS56 EX ESM S. GH, ASM Be OR EL FY AA. =. Rie Sale CRT HEM ESE L, ERE AA RO, Bale SPITE AD A Ba ce MALE Ee ROME. RTA. ARTS IR CH Eee POWER ALE, PRET AME, AG TBE, (1) Problems encountered in the test indicate the need for following additional design refinements. XA PES) ARAB TPE ob eR, PAC OA. ERR PRS. WR AR AE BAZHBHR RAS. RRR NRA, PREP I FHMURRMAAKRA ERS AL. HAARRA BE" EERE SAAR. RUS, ERR SMES A, WEEE, Te OS RE”. Te Eh HEBEAG HEX ASP RAM MAG, LER MRI TT eK Bea: (2) There is not room in this chapter to do any more than mention some of the research which has been carried out. FAKSGED: ERED, RARFAORRARELBRG MALES OB. BAR, R-PRBLADAEE, BR PAI, ME REAM, KERRARMD CMTE, ARMREE, HELE AL RN UES. AY A AP PY. ALA) TE RE See, HLS aH OE AHEM a, AIA TOL AE A, ME, RR RT HA. BRT AMER: MRM ER, A PROBE, CBAC SPRAY. AW Al, COCKE SEM, KNB ERE aE RAL H. AMRF ERAAOER LAD, BARR AKB AN. BER FEAST TE HD ADT AB AR FT ROA, eH SE A FR RE SORA ALI. BLE A At CARDGAM LE RAD MARE NS, ER HLRCLS ALA, ON ER BRIM FH GRA RAR BM TRIS. EARARA GM A: MME RUE, (aD AL, atrial Fe ERM RE. MT REMER. BME OG. Ay ASU A (CTR, AI him. TAD ALGA URE, Ti RR ER lS JESU ATA SA RHE. TE Wt ABO WERE, PRAM ORB. SFR, BRON REA Gy a,59 B iA PEPHR-AMA, UAREG-AEMAAET . ME nee ROW. KR Re. ARMA AMENEB OR, CRNA TRE HE. AE PRUL HEATER ARREM TARA. EMA RANA RBH. ZR PR ie. At, WAAR, BTR CR) ZORA TS, TA RS EILKARM A. FURRNES Sek, BE a BLE ANA Ril op Hh a] MUN SK DURA A SB ADT ME UA, ISLS “iy WWE TARE. BK, DESSES RA, KPI Ei PRATT ARSE EAS, SCT A. Mute SEN: GLa A ta) SURO ARE AS BT (BE TAT VA HELA, BA Ao A Be a tha Bt. Aik, BRVRADA LHX AMRBAWAX, HRA A, RUPE A MRA ML. SA, ia ARES BA. HOBO. UCT SR. ale eee AGA SC REA] A se ATES PAY A — Boh, ACT AEs a FPR a be HARA, HORM NT, —MAM AAR LAG BAIR RT TERE BR. LTR LAE EF UTA SHASTRA XE. abe PATEL, ae PH RARS, SSH. HAWS RATE! ZedLis HA BTR), SOR iT es AAT ia] MAE. ERLE SC AAS LL A. fit fe, FROM ANRARR, REPT MA MERE ML Bah. M FORTEC OR” HORA, WS ROR SCBA, FR RURAL kik THA AL. ARP th RD SL, WARREN, RAMI LATE: (REA WEA AR. FEF] dk BAH Samuel Johnson HALE: “Dictionaries are like watches, the worst is better than none and the best can not be expected to be quite true,” “ALAM hth, BURA L, MR RR TW MBS MRR POA ASL AA Le SRB SB A TH 1 SCPE, RSE LE 2B MRA RE A EAN60 —, MATERIALS 1. Solidification and Grain Size Strengthening In almost all metals and alloys, as well as in some ceramics and polymers, the material at one point in the processing is a liquid. The liquid then solidifies as it cools below the freezing temperature. The materia! may be used in the as- solidified condition or may be further processed by mechanical working or heat treatment, The structures produced during the solidification process affect the mechanical properties and influence the type of further processing needed to achieve the required properties. In particular. the grain size and shape may be controlled by solidification. Nucleation During solidification, the atomic arrangement changes from at best a short- range order to a long-range order, or crystal structure. Sotidification requires two steps —- nucleation and growth. Nucleation occurs when a small piece of solid forms fram the liquid. The solid must achieve a certain minimum critical size before it is stable. Growth of the solid occurs as atoms from the liquid are attached to the tiny solid until no liquid remains. ‘We expect a material to solidify when the Liguid cools to just below the treezing temperature because the energy associated with the crystalline structure of the solid is then less than the energy of the liquid, As the Stable temperature falls further below the freezing temperature, the energy difference becomes larger, making the solid even more stable (Fig.L) . We might refer to this energy difference as the volume free energy AF.. However, in order for the ln Stable liquid Free energy Freening temperature , ‘ Temperature solid to form, an interface must be created separating the solid Fig. 1 The volume free energy versus from the liquid, A surface free energy o is associated with this interface, the larger the surface, temperature for a pure metal, Below the freezing temperature, the solid has a lower free energy and is stable.él the greater the increase in surface energy. When the liquid cools to the freezing temperature, atoms in the liquid cluster together to produce a small region that resembles the solid material. This small solid particle is called an embryo. The total change in free energy produced when the embryo forms is the sum of the decrease in volume free energy and the increase in surface free energy. AF = far ae, are a where Saris the volume of a spherical embryo of radius ¢ énr is the surface area of a spherical embryo, o is the surface free energy. and AF, is the volume free energy, which is a negative change. The total change in the free energy depends on the size of the embryo (Fig. 2:. If the embryo is very small, further growth of the embryo would cause the free energy to increase. Instead of growing, the embryo remelts and causes the free energy to decrease, Thus the metal remains liquid. Since the liquid is present below the equilibrium freezing temperature, the liquid is undercooled. The undercooling is the equilibrium freezing temperature minus the actual temperature of the liquid. Nucleation has not occurred and growth cannot begin. even though the temperature is below the equilibrium freezing temperature! Poi Surface energy = 4nr2g, & : Nodeus £ 3 ‘Radius of embryo. t or nudes 5 Volume eneey Neaitive Fig.2 The total free energy of the solid-liquid system changes with the size of the solid. The solid is an embryo if its radius is less than the critical radius and is a nucleus if itsradius is greater than the critical radius If the embryo is large, the total energy decreases when the size of the embryo increases. The solid that now forms is stable, nucleation has occurred, and growth of the solid particle, which is now called a nucleus, begins,62 Nucleation only occurs when enough atoms spontaneously cluster together to produce a solid with a radius greater than the critical radius *, corresponding ‘to the maximum on the total free energy curve. Homogeneous nucleation. As the temperature of the liquid cools farther below the equilibrium freezing temperature, there is a greater probability that atoms will cluster together to form an embryo larger than the critical radius. In addition, at larger undercoolings there is a larger volume free energy difference between the liquid and the solid; this reduces the critical size of the nucleus. Homogeneous nucleation occurs when the undercooling becomes large enough to permit the embryo to exceed the critical size. ‘We can estimate the size of the critical nucleus if we differentiate the total free energy equation. ‘The differential with respect to ris zero when r = rt, since the free energy curve is then al a maximum. d d 4 (AF) =—(G ar AF, +4nr'o) = gp OPH Gar ak, +4nr'o)=0 4ar® AF +8nr*o =0 (21 uae where AH; is the latent heat of fusion of the metal, T, is the equilibrium freezing temperature in K, and AT = T,, — Tis the undercooling when the liquid temperature is Z. The latent heat of fusion represents the heat that is given up during the liquid—solid transformation. By combining Equations (1) and (2) (4) As the undercooling increases, the critical radius required for nucleation decreases. As an approximation, homogeneous muclear- ton oceurs when AT = 0.27, (K) (5) Heterogeneous nucleation. Except in unusual laboratory experiments, homogeneous nucleation never occurs in liquid metals. Instead impurities in63 contact with the liquid, either suspended in the liquid or on the walls of the container that holds the liquid, provide a surface on which the solid can form (Figure 7-4) . Now, a radins of curvature greater than the critical radius is achieved with very little total surface between the solid and liquid. Only a few atoms must cluster together to produce a solid particle that has the required radius of curvature. Much less undercooling is required to achieve the critical size, so nucleation occurs more readily. Nucleation on impurity surfaces is known as heterogeneous nucleation. All engineering metals and alloys nucleate heterogeneously during solidification Grain size strengthening by nucleation. Sometimes we may intentionally introduce impurity particles into the liquid. Such practices in metals are called grain refinement or inoculation. For example, a combination of 0.02% to 0.05% titanium and 0.01% to 0.03% boron is added to many liquid aiuminum alloys. Solid titanium boride particles form and serve as effective sites for heterogeneous nucleation. The grain refining or inoculation procedure produces a large number of grains, each grain beginning to grow from one nucleus, The greater grain boundary surface area more effectively blocks slip, or movement of dislecations. and provides grain size strengthening. Glasses. In extreme cases of very rapid cooling, nucleation of the crystal- line solid never occurs. Instead an unstable amorphous, or noncrystalline. solid forms, A short-range order of the atoms in this solid gives the structure a glassy appearance. Cooling rates of 10°'C/s or faster are required to suppress nucleation of the crystal structure in metals. This rapid cooling rate is obtained by directing the molten metal onto a chilled copper surface. These materials were originally discovered by firing small droplets of liquid at a cold surface; when the droplets hit the surface, they spread out as a thin film and cooled rapidly. This cooling process was termed “splat cooling. More recently, continuous thin ribbons of metal glasses, about 0.0015 in. in thickness, have been produced. Metal glasses include complex iron-nickel-baron-phosphorus alloys. The metal glasses combine high strength and good ductility with some. excellent physical properties, including ferromagnetic behavior, that warrant their continued development. In many ceramic and polymer materials, nucleation of the sotid crystalline structure is prevented at normal or even slow cooling rates. The ability to produce6¢ ceramic and polymer glasses by relatively simple and economical manufacturing processes gives us the transparent materials we need for so many uses. Growth Once solid nuclei have formed, growth occurs as atoms are attached to the solid surface. In pure metals, the nature of the growth of the solid during solidification depends on how heat is removed from the solid-liquid system. Two types of heat must be removed — the specific heat of the liquid and the latent heat of fusion, The specific heat is the heat required to change the temperature of a unit weight of the material one degree. The specific heat must be removed first, either by radiation into the surrounding atmosphere or by conduction into the surrounding mold, until the liquid cools to the freezing temperature. The latent heat of fusion, which represents the energy that is evolved as the disordered liquid structure transforms to a more stable crystal structure, must be removed from the solid- liquid interface before solidification is completed. The manner in which we remove the latent heat of fusion determines the growth mechanism and final structure. Planar growth, Let's suppose that a well-inoculated Liquid cools slowly, rium conditions. The temperature of the liquid metal is greater than the freezing temperature and the temperature of the solid is at or below the under equi freezing temperature. The latent heat of fusion must be removed by conduction from the solid-liquid interface through the solid to the surroundings for solidification to continue, Any small protuberance that begins to grow on the interface is surtounded by liquid metal above the freezing temperature (Fig. 3) The growth of the protuberance then stops until the remainder of the interface catches up. This growth mechanism, known as planar growth, occurs by the movement of a smooth solid-liquid interface into the tiquid. Dendritic growth. When nucleation is poor, the liquid undercools to a temperature below the freezing teraperature before the solid forms (Fig. 4) Under these conditions, a small solid protuberance called a dendrite, which forms at the interface, is encouraged to grow, As the solid dendrite grows, the latent heat of fuston is conducted into the undercooled liquid, raising the temperature of the liquid towards the freezing temperature. Secondary and tertiary dendrite arms can also form on the primary stalks to speed the evolution of the latent heat. Dendritic growth continues until the undercooled liquid warms to the freezing Temperature. Any remaining liquid then solidifies by planar growth. The difference between planar and dendritic growth arises because of the different8 sinks for the fatent heat. The container or mold must absorb the heat in dendritic growth. — Growth direction Freezing temperature ‘Temperature Distance from solid-liquid interface Fig. 3. When the temperature of the liquid is above the freezing ‘emperature. a protuberance on the solid-tiquid interface will remeht, leading to meintenance of « planar interface, Latent heat is removed from the interface through he solid ‘Temperature Distance from solid-tiquid imerface Fig. 4. If the liquid is undercooled. a protuberance on the solid-liguid interface can rapidly grow as a dendrite, The lacent heat of fusion is removed dy raising the temperature of the liquid back te the freszing temperature, In pure metals, dendritic growth normally represents only a smail fraction of the total growth. cAT Dendrite fraction =f (6?66 where is the specific heat of the liquid. The numerator represents the heat that the undercooled liquid can absorb and the latent heat in the denominator represents the total heat that must b¢ given up during solidification. As the undercooling AT increases. more dendritic growth occurs 2. Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions In order for a precipitate to form from a solid matrix, both nucleation and growth must occur. The total change in free energy required for nucleation of a solid precipitate from the matrix is AF = tar ar, +4nrtot dare 7 The first wo terms include the volume free energy change and the surface energy change. just as in solidification. However, the third term takes into account the strain energy e introduced when the precipitate forms in a solid rigid matrix. The precipitate does not occupy the same volume that is displaced, so. additional energy is required to permit the precipitate to be accommodated in the matrix. As in solidification, nucleation occurs most easily on surfaces already Present in the structure, thereby minimizing the surface energy term. Thus. the Precipitate nucleates and grows most easily at the grain boundaries of the matrix or at other lattice defects, including slip planes. Increasing the number of lattice defects permits us to exercise some control over the number of nuclei produced Growth of the peecipitate normally occurs by tong-range diffusion and redistribution of the atoms to satisfy the phase diagram, These reactions proceed telatively slowly, since the atoms must diffuse in the solid, but occur more readily at high temperatures, where diffusion is more rapid. Thus, the growth rates are usally controlled primarily by controlling temperature. The relationship between growth and nucleation plays an important role in the phase transformation in solid-state reactions, just as in the solidification of materials. We have known that lead-tin alloys containing between about 2% and 19% Sn can be dispersion strengthened because the solubility of tin in lead is exceeded. A similar situation occurs in aluminum-copper alloys. For example, the Al-4% Cu alloy, shown in Fig. 11-1. is completely a, or an aluminum solid solution, above 500°C. On cooling below the solvus temperature, a second phase. 8, Precipitates. The @ phase, which is a hard brittle intermetallic compound CuAL., provides dispersion strengthening,67 Unfortunately, we often are unable to control the precipitation of the second phase so that the requirements of gocd dispersion strengthening are satisfied. The second phase, such as 0 in the aluminum-copper system, may not have a desirable size, shape. or distribution, Several factors influence the shape of the precipitate. Widmanstatten structure. The second phase may grow so that certain planes and directions in the precipitate are parallel to preferred planes and directions in the matrix. This growth mechanism minimizes strain and surface energies and permits faster growth rates. Widmanstatien growth produces a characteristic appearance for the precipitate, such as plates, needles, rods, or even cubes. Particularly when the needlelike shape is produced, the Widmanstatien precipitate may embrittle the alloy. Interfacial energy relationships. We expect the precipitate to have a spherical shape in order to minimize surface energy. However, the shape of the precipitate is also influenced by the interfacial energy associated with both the Doudary between the matrix grains (y,,) and the boundary between the matrix and the precipitare (j,) . The interfacial surface energies fix a dihedral angle ¢ between the matrix-precipitate interface that in turn determines the shape of the precipitate (Fig. 4) . The relationship is @ Ya = 2,085 If the dihedral angle is small, the precipitate may be continuous. Il the precipitate is also hard and brittle, the thin film that surrounds the matrix grains causes the alloy to be very brittle. On the other hand, discontinuous and even spherical precipitates form when the dihedral angle is large. Fig.4 The effect of surface energy and the dihedral angle on the shape of a precipitate Cooling rate. The rate at which the alloy cools past the solvus line determines the time available for diffusion and consequently affects the shape of the precipitate. Fast cooling rates help offset the effect of very iow dihedrai angles and permit a discontinuous rather than a continuous grain boundary68 precipitate to form. In our example of the Al-4% Cu alloy, stow cooling permits the hard brittle @ phase to form as a thin almost continuous film at the « grain boundaries. The slow-cooled Al-4% Cu alloy does not have a desirable microstructure. Some improvement is obtained by increasing the rate of cooling as the alluy crosses the solvus line: however, optimum properties are still not obtained. Coherent precipitate. Even if we produce a uniform distribution of discontinuous @ precipitate, the precipitate may not significantly disrupt the Surrounding matrix structure. Consequently, the precipitate blocks slip only if it lies directly in the path of the dislocation [Fig. 5a] . But when a coherent precipitate forms, the planes of atoms in the lattice of the precipitate are related to, or even continuous with, the planes in the lattice of the matrix [ Fig. 5b]. Now a widespread disruption of the matrix lattice is created and the movement of a dislocation is impeded even if the dislocation merely Passes near the coherent precipitate. A Special heat treatment, such as age hardening, may be required to produce the coherent precipitate. 23 Hones So Pe Be Od € bd. ae EERE SS » » Fig. 5 4) A noncolterent precipitate bas no relationship with the erystat steueture of the surrounding matrix. b) A coberent precipitate forms so that there is a definite relationship between the precipitare’s and the matrix’s erystal structure. 3. Solid Solution Strengthening By producing solid solution alloys, we cause solid solution strengthening. In the copper-nickel system, we have intentionally introduced a solid substitutional atom Csay nickel) into the original lattice (say copper) . The copper-nickel alloy has a strength that is greater than that of pure copper. Similarly, by adding less than 40% Zn to copper, the zinc behaves as a substitutional atom which strengthens the copper-zine alloy compared to pure copper.69 Degree of solid solution strengthening. The degree of solid solution strengthening depends on two factors. First, a large difference in atomic size between the original or solvent Jatom and the added( or solute Jatom will increase the strengthening effect. A larger size difference produces a greater disruption of the initial Jattice, making slip of dislocations more difficult (Fig.6) . Second. the greater the amount of alloying element added, the greater the strengthening effect (Fig. 6) . A Cu-20% Ni alloy is stronger than a Cu-10% Ni alloy. Of course, if too much of a large or small atom is added, the solubility imit may be exceeded and a different strengthening mechanism — dispersion strengthening —. may be produced, Vield strength (psi 8 10 2 30 Percent alloying element Fig. 6 The effect of several alloying elements on the yield strength of copper. Nickel and Zine atoms are about the same size as copper atoms, but berylliva and tin atoms are much different than copper atoms. Both increasing atomic size dilverence and amount of alloying element incteasc solid solution strengthening Effect of solid solution strengthening on properties. ‘The results of the effects of solid solution strengthening on the properties of the material include the following. (1) The yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness of the alloy are greater70 than for the pure metals. (2) Almost always, the ductility of the alloy is less than that of the pure metal. Only rarely, as in copper-zine alloys, does solid solution strengthening increase both strength and ductility. (3) Electrical conductivity of the alloy is much lower than that of the pure metal. Solid solution strengthening of copper or aluminum wires used for transmission of electrical power is not recommended due to this pronounced effect. (4) The resistance to creep, or loss of strength at elevated temperatures, improved by solid solution strengthening. High temperatures do not cause a catastrophic change in the properties of solid solution-strengthened alloys. 4. Dispersion Strengthening When the solubility of a metal is exceeded by adding 100 much of an S alloying element, 2 second phase forms and a two-phase alloy is produced. The boundary between the two phases is a surface al which the atomic arangement is not perfect. As a result, this boundary interferes with the slip of dislocations and strengthens the metal. The general term for strengthening by the introduction of a second phase is dispersion strengthening. More than one phase must be present in any dispersion -strengihened alloy. We call the continuous phase, which usually is present in larger amounts, the matrix. The second phase, usually present in smaller amounts, is called the Precipitate. In some cases, two phases form simultaneously. We will define these Structures differently, often calling the intimate mixture of phases a microconstituent, There are some general considerations for determining how the characteristics of the matrix and brecipilate affect the overall Properties of the alloy (Fig. 7) (1) The matrix should be soft and ductile, while the precipitate should be bard and brittle. The precipitate acts as a very strong obstacle to slip of dislocations in the matrix. However, the matrix Provides at least some ductility te the overall alloy, (21 The hard brittle precipitate should be discontinuous, while the soft ductile matrix should be continuous. If the precipitate were continuous, cracks could propagate through the entire structure. However, cracks in the discontinuous brittle precipitate are arrested by the precipitate-matrix interface.al b) o.0 = 2_%o) fo 6 ooo NY] fova sho | 99 oI D one og ou ear ‘Good Poe 2 ry Fig.7 Considerations for effective dispersion strengthening, 8) The precipitate should be hard and discontinuous ) the precipitate particles should be small and numerous ©) the precipitate particles should be round rather than needlelike 4) lager amounts of precipitate increase strengthening, (3) The precipitate particles should be small and numerous. increasing the liketihood that they interfere with the slip process (4) The precipitate particles should be round, rather than needlelike or sharp-edged. The rounded shape is less likely to initiate a crack or to act as a notch, (5) Larger amounts of the precipitate increase the strength of the alloy. 5. Age Hardening or Precipitation Hardening Age hardening, of precipitation hardening, is designed to produce a uniform dispersion of a fine hard coherent precipitate in a softer, more ductile matrix. The Al-4% Cu alloy is a classical example of an age hardenable alloy. There are three steps in the age-gardening heat treatment (Fig. 8). Step 1: solution treatment. ‘The alloy is first heated to « temperature above the solvus temperature and held until a homogeneous solid solution « is produced. This step dissolves the @ precipitate and reduces any scgregation Present in the original alloy. We could heat the alloy to just below the solidus temperature and increase the rate of homogenization. However, the presence of a nonequilibrium eutectic mucroconstituent may cause hot shortness. Thus, the alumiaum-copper alloy is solution treated between the solvus and eutectic temperatures, assuring that any eutectic microconstituent in the alloy does not melt. In the Al-4% Cu alloy, this Ireatment would be done between 500°C and 548°C.706 500 rr rr Weight perwent copper Fig. 8 The aluminum-rich end of the aluminum-copper phase diagrams showing the three steps in the age-hardening heal treatment and the microstructures that arc praduced Step 2: quench. Afier solution treatment, the alloy, which contains only « in its structure, is rapidly cooled, or quenched. The atoms do not have time to diffuse to potential nucleation sites and permit the @ phase to form. After the quench the structure still contains only a. The a is a supersaturated solid solution, containing excess copper, and is not an equilibrium structure. Step 3; age. Finally, the supersaturated a. is heated to a temperature below the solvus temperature, At this aging temperature, atoms are able to diffuse shot distances. Because the supersaturated @ is not stable, the extra copper atums diffuse to numerous nucleation sites and a precipitate forms and grows. Eventually, if we hold the alloy for a sufficient time at the aging temperature, the equilibrium @ and @ structure is produced. =. FOUNDRY 1. Sand Moulding Although many process variations are used in metal founding, the production of castings from solid patterns in rammed refractory moulds accounts for the greater part of the industry’s output. Sand castings, a term used loosely to include other castings made in refractory moulds, range in weight from a few grams to several hundred tones, thus covering almost the entire size range for cast parts; virtually all types of casting alloy are produced. The reason for the dominant position of the process lies mainly in its great flexibility in relation73 both to design and to production facilities. In these respects it epitomizes the qualities attributed to casting processes as a whole and discussed in the Jntroduction. Almost unlimited freedom of shaping is combined with low capital and operating costs, whilst the process is suitable for any quantity of components. Thus, although other casting processes may excel in individual respects, sand casting is uniquely versatile in relation to weight. composition, shape and quantity. The manufacture of a sand casting can be considered in three main stages, namely the production of the mould, melting and casting, and finishing operations. The first major stage in founding is the production of the mould, with its impression of the casting and its planned provision for metal Flow and feeding. For this purpose a pattern is required, together with foundry equipment ranging from moulding machines and coreblowers to moulding boxes, tackle and hand tools. Following a survey of this equipment the basic techniques of moulding and core production will be reviewed. It should be emphasized that the moulding procedure for a particular casting is largely determined by the means chosed at the outset for pattern removai and embodied in the construction of the pattern. For this reason, decisions as to the entire manufacturing technique should be taken at the earliest siage, including consideration of the orientation of the casting for gating and feeding as well as for pattern withdrawal, A rational choice can then be made of the system of parting lines, cores and other features to achieve overall economy in manufacture. A further decision which greatly influences production costs concems the size of mould unit to be adopted and the arrangement of patterns in relation to mould dimensions. The object should be to employ the largest size of mould that can be conveniently handled by the plant, and to achieve intensive use of mould space through a high packing density of castings. This reduces the number of moulding operations and minimizes sand consumption. These objectives are achieved by the use, whenever possible, of multiple-casting molds in which two ‘or more patterns are grouped round a common spruc or feeding system, or in which mould parts are stacked to produce super imposed layer of castings. In the case of stack moulding it is sometimes possible for the back of one mould part to form the face of the next as shown in Figure 9, virtually halving the number of mould parts required. Where such parts carry impressions on both faces they may74 be produced by machine squeezing between two pattern plates. A further advantage of such systems is the possibility of improved casting yields through the sharing of feeder heads and gating systems. Tt can also be advantageous in certain cases 10 combine components into larger units for casting purposes. A black casting may thus be designed for the production of a number of machined parts. Single rings may be patted from a cast cylindrical bush, or a half round component may be tied to a similar component to provide more symmetrical cooling and avoid distortion; all such measures need to be determined before the Fig.9 Grouping of castings tor production: arrangement of stacked moulds to employ both faces of mould parts. pattern is constructed, The nature of the moulding practice is closely reiated to the moulding material employed. Various classes of binder were examined in Chapter 4, as were the characteristics of green and dry sand practice and various mould and core hardening reactions. These considerations influence the choice between moulding box and block moulding, for example, and thus affect the pattern requirements from the outset. 2. Precision in Casting Precision of form is one of the basic attributes of a casting. Since the fundamental purpose of founding is to produce forms at or close to finished size, the success of the casting process might be measured largely by this criterion. The quality of precision encompasses not only the accuracy of individual dimensions but surface finish and general appearance. An ideal casting would not only fall within specified dimensional tolerances but also its outlines would be crisp and clear cut, its surface would be smooth. With precision is coupled the quality of intricacy, the reproduction of elaborate features and fine detail should be seen. Economic aspects. Measures to increase precision can include modificat- ions to standard sand casting procedures as well as the use of separate processes.In most cases, however, additional costs are incurred. For economic reasons ihe vast majority of castings are not made to the maximum attainable standards of precision. The mainstream of foundry production is the production of castings which are functionally adequate, the need for high accuracy an¢ smooth surfaces being met by local or general machining. Increased accuracy may, on the other hand, reduce total costs by the reduction or elimination or machining, especially where difficult contours. awkward access or tough alloys are involved, As additional assets. more elaborate design may be feasible or the improvement in appearance may be a decisive element in sales uppeal. Such advantages must again be weighed against the extra costs incurred. There remain those cases in which increased precision offers the only technically feasible solution to a particular design problem and in which costs are no longer decisive in selection, Factors influencing dimensional accuracy. Factors contri- buting to the dimensional accuracy of castings have been examined in some detail: before considering measures for increasing precision it will be useful to summarize these factors. They are: 1) Accuracy of the pattern or die equipment. 2) The accuracy with which the mould reproduces the pattern shape: important sources of error include pattern rap, distortion by sagging, and inexact mutual fit of mould parts, 3) The accuracy with which the casting conforms to the original shape of the mould, depending on the degree of filling and dimensional stability of the mould cavity on pouring. 4) The contraction factor, which determines the predictability of dimensional changes during cooling. 5) Finishing operations. Increased precision must be based upon improvement in one or more of these fields. tations and possibilities in sand casting. Normat sand castings are subject to appreciable dimensional errors from all the foregoing causes Production is, for example, frequently based on the use of low cost wooden Patterns of miscellaneous origins, stored for prolonged periods and showing varying degrees of wear. Limitations to accuracy arise from uncertain clearances in core prints, dowels and box part location systems. Sand mixtures are6 susceptible to deformation in the green state and the normal finish on sand castings, especially in alloys of high melting point, is far from smooth Major errors, however, are not inherent in the process and can be pared down without radical departure from the sand casting principle. The availability of special processes should not obscure what can be accomplished, often at lower cost, by additional precautions or modifications to conventional practice. Such measures include 1) The use of precise pattern and moulding equipment. Metal patterns and accurate location systems, for example close tolerance box pins and core box dowels, can reduce mismatch to low levels. 2) Techniques giving more accurate mould impressions. Machine moulding techniques, with their automatic pattern draw mechanisms, are preferable to hand moulding: this is especially true of high pressure squeeze moulding with its output of dense, dimensionally stable mould parts. Manual patching and rubbing need to be eliminated by careful maintenance of equipment Of special value are those techniques enabling mould parts 10 be partly or completely hardened in contact with the pattern or core box, using the self- hardening or carbon dioxide hardening systems. Core assembly moulding techniques are particularly useful since they embody rigid and accurate mould cavities and integrally moulded location systems. 3) Measures to improve surface finish. The use of fine sands or refractory facings can minimize metal penetration and reduce the mean surface roughness of the casting. With improved as-cast surfaces additional care is needed in the selection of finishing processes, such as shot blasting, which also affect surface finish, With such measures, and with newer developments in sand moulding, the division between ‘conventional’ and ‘special’ casting processes is becoming much less distinct. Hot box and shell coremaking, for example, have many similarities; whilst the cold setting and fluid sand processes have features in common with permanent pattern investment casting. In general, however the accuracy of sand castings still falls short of that attained in the more specialized Processes. Speciat processes of precision casting. Shell, investment and die-castings derive their qualities in the first instance from the production of highly accurate moulds; this is achieved partly through precise pattem, die und mouldingsa stresses induced by casting, quenching, machining, cotd working, welding, ete This applies equally well to ferrous and nonferrous metals. Process annealing is applied to soften metal for further cold working, This also applies to both ferrous and nonferrous metals. For ferrous-base alloys (plain carbon steel and low-alloy steels) , this normally means heating to between 1000 °F and 1200 °F, holding, and cooling at the desired rate (usually by air cooling} . Full annealing. for ferrous metals involves heating to above the transformation range, holding at this temperature until austenization is complete, and slow cooling. The stec] is usually allowed to cool in the furnace after the heat source is shut off, although any arrangement which allows equally slow cooling is acceptable, This treatment is used for grain refining and for improving machinability. Pull annealing for any nonpolymorphic metal or afloy requires heating, holding long enough for homogenization, and slow cooling. Full annealing implies the closest practical approach to equilibrium. Full annealing is commonly used for hypoeutectoid steels by heating above line -K (Fig.13) , hold for one half-hour to one hour per inch of thickness, and furnace cooling. The resulting microstructure is ferrite plus peartite. For hypereutectoid steels, heating is to above 727°C but not normally above line K- G (Fig.13) . This does not completely austenitize the steel but leaves excess cementite mixed with austenite. After cooling, the microstructure is cementite and pearlite. Normalizing is similar to annealing, but cooling is accomplished in still air rather than in the furnace, For hypoeutectoid steel, the same temperature is used as for full annealing. This treatment gives somewhat Seater strength than full annealing plus considerable ductility and a microstructure of ferrite and fine pearlite,109 Te * sem | of graphite | tn quid Fe O-¥e) Austenite 1100 Cementie Fe) 800 og 7 709 soo | at Peo 100 : Lam. 4 pt _1__ ij ve 05 101820 25 35 35 46745 sq $5 G0 8 __ Weignt percent earton Icon-cementite a9) equiltarium dragram Hoa Tron-grephite equilibrium ciagram Won carbide (Reps) varstormation Curie temperature af ferrite = Wron- cementite (#e,€3 fauidus Fig.13 Carbon-iron equilibrium phase diagram, Dash lines show true equilibrium of iron and graphite. Solid lines show a metastable phase diagram of iron and iron carbide (Fe,C) . ‘The metastable diagram is used in the same manner as a truc equilibrium diagram, In hypereutectoid steels (especially with more C) , heat treatments which involve slow cooling normally leave the excess cementite as a network around pearlite grains. This network is stable and makes further heat teatment difficult Since it is unaffected by ordinary annealing treatments and does not entirely dissolve at the normal hardening temperatures. Normalizing can he used to break up the network and keep it from reforming by heating to above the A,, line (lineHd K-G, Fig.13) to completely austenitize the alloy. The following air-cooling is sufficiently rapid io prevent excess cementite from reforming the nctwork o1 forming large plates. The resulting microstructure is a mixture of fine cementite and fine pearlite. This structure gives somewhat greater hardness and strength but less ductility than Jully annealed steel Normalizing is aiso often used to homogenize structures in “utld” (low carbon steels, particularly heavy forgings. It is common to find nomuniform structure and grain size variation due to unequal amounts of working and possible thermal gradients. Normalizing develops uniformity. Sphervidizing produces a rounded ot globular form of carbide in steel. For example, if a normalized high-carbon steel is reheated to just below 727°C and held, the carbide particles coalesce into spheroids. The microstructure then consists of rounded carbide particles in a ferrite matrix, and the steel is relatively soft and machinable. In addition, this structure is well suited to absorption of carbide during subsequent hardening treatments, thus increasing the potential hardness. Spheroidizing greatly reduces the danger of cracking during hardening but it does so at the expense of considerably increased heat-treating time. Quenching is accelerated cooling. This can be accomplished by contact with a quenching medium which may be a gas, liquid, or solid. Since rapid heat removal is desired, fluids, especially liquids, are generally used as quenching media. The choice of quenching medium is based on the desired rate of heat removal and the required temperature interval. Other factors such as boiling point, viscosity, flash point (if combustible) , stability under repeated use, possible reactions with the material being quenched, and relative cost are of interest sn selection of the quenching medium. Metal-to-metal quenches are also possible, for example, with local heating as in welding, brazing, induction hardening, etc. This “self-quench” can have serious consequences. Hardening applied to steels, normally implies heat-treating operations which produce microstructures which are entirely or predominantly martensitic The procedure involves heating a stee] above 727°C or lines G-S and K-G in Fig.13 to partially or completely convert it to austenite, soaking | holding) at temperature long cnough to ensure the desired degree of austenization, and cooling at a rate equal to or greater than the critical cooling rate. The critical cooling rate is the slowest rate which permits no austenite transformation above M.Mi The pscudostable phases below the critical temperature are ferrite and cementite. There is no method by which these phases can be caused to transform directly into martensite. Since martensite forms only by quenching austenite quenching from below the critical range is completely ineffective as a hardening treatment. Tempering is any process of reheating quench-hardened steel to below the critical range. holding, and cooling at any desired rate. Martensite is extremely hard and strong but has low ductility and toughness. There is ample evidence that steels with martensitic microstructures cannot undergo appreciable plastic deformation or resist sudden applications of load. Tempering imparts ductility and toughness to the strong and hard martensitic steel Martensite is a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in alpha iron and, like all supersaturated solutions, is unstable. The crystallographic distortion which determines its properties is perhaps somewhat analogous to the distortion found during the early stages of precipitation hardening. Martensite, like precipitation- hardening alloys, is susceptible to a process similar to overaging. During this process, Fe,C is precipitated from solution, the unstable body-centered tetragonal matrix structure reverts to stable BCC, and hardness, strength, and brittieness of the steel are markedly reduced, Precipitation of FesC is temperature dependent and probably occurs by normal nucleation and growth. Some indication of the degree of dependence is given by the fact that Fe,C precipitation takes place in the order of seconds above 200°C, in the order of minutes at 100°C, and in the order of many years at atmospheric temperatures, In fact, undecompased martensite has been identified in prehistoric steels. In the early stages of tempering, it is presumed that an unresoivably fine precipitate of cementite appears along certain crystallographic planes: Precipitation of cementite is accompanied by changes in the martensite iattice which slowly approaches that of ferrite. With sufficient time, martensite will entirely disappear, In effect, tempering softens martensite by precipitation of carbide particles and of ferrite having a normal a lattice. As tempering temperature is increased, the degree of growth of these phases incteases. Tesulting in structures having less hardness but more ductility than martensite. Tempering at 200--500C gives a structure consisting of submicrascopic particles of carbide in ferrite. As tempering temperature is increased, the structure gradually changes (by indistinguishable degrees) into one in which the112 carbides have a distinctly granular appearance. At stilt higher tempering temperatures, the final stage of agglomeration of the carbide is spheroidite. When carbide particles in tempered martensite can be observed, they are spheroidal and interrupt the soft, tough, ferrite mauix to a lesser degree than cementite platelets in pearlite. A given steel, at a specific hardness level, is stronger and less brittle as tempered martensite than as pearlite. Tempered martensite generally has one of the best attainable combinations of strength and toughness for a given steel, 3. Vacuum-sealed Moulding This unique concept for mould production was invented in Japan in 1971. The process uses no bonding medium between the sand grains. The dry silica sand is placed around a conventional pattern which has previously been covered with a plastic film, the moulding box is filled to the top with sand and the whole is sealed and air tightened by plastic films. The air is sucked out of the mould through the moulding box walls via a vacuum pump, the moulding boxes being speciaily designed with cavity walls to facilitate the extraction of air. For iarge moulds pipes are laid through the sand mass to enable a more efficient extraction of the ait. The moulds become stiffened under vacuum suction pressure and the suction pumps are maintained until after the casting has solidified. ‘The process is very much dependent on the type of plastic used for the covering film for the pattern and sand. The best material is ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer containing about 15% of vinylacetate used at thicknesses of 0.05~-0.1 mm. The plastic film must have good forming properties to enable it to be stretched, without tearing, over the pattern and joint profiles. When the vacuum has been applied the moulding box is removed from the pattern with a film supporting the sand at the top and bottom of the box hence cetaining the shape of the pattern. The top box is then produced in the same way and then the mould closed. The metal is poured into the mould cavity, and the vacuum retained until the casting has solidified, whereupon the vacuum is released and the sand falls away, from the casting. The pouring time for a mould should be kept as short as Possible to avoid destruction of the film layer exposing loose sand which will inevitably lead to sand inclusions in the finished casting, Once pouring has started, the film is destroyed gradually and any air or gas in the mould cavity is sucked out through the sand grains, at this stage the feeder inhales the atmospheric air into the mould cavity, Without a feeder, the pressure of the mouldU3 cavity and the inside pressure of the sand mould become negative. the mouid wilt then collapse because it loses the pressure difference necessary fur supporting its formation. 4. Full Mould Process This process has been used with conventional bonded sand systems, but greater potential is seen of the process by using no bonding medium between the sand grains. The pattern is produced from expanded polystyrene having a density of around 15~-35 kgm”. The pattern is readily made by carving or cutting with hot wires or suitable instruments. The main advantage of this material is that the pattern need not be extracted trom the mould since it vaporizes with very little gas evolution when the hot metal is poured into the mould. There is no need to produce split patterns and there is elimination of complicated joint lines in the mould. The full mould process can therefore be used for a variety of castings ranging from large to small, simple to complex. Dry silica sand is poured around the polystyrene pattern and since there is no bond the sand grains flow relatively easily imo all recesses of the pattern to take up a faithful impression of the pattern profile, flow of the sand can be helped by vibratory techniques if necessary. The metal is then poured into the mould; the polystyrene vaporizes in front of the advancing metal until the liquid metal occupies the space previously taken up by the pattern, A certain minimum pouring rate is essential to obtain successful castings by the full mould process. The pouring rate itself is dependent on such things as pouring temperature, casting alloy, pattern material density and casting shape. Alloys poured above 100°C require comparatively faster pouring tates because of the speed at which the polystyrene vaporizes and therefore the possibility of mould wall collapse due to lack of support. Castings of higher surface area to volume should also be poured faster than those castings having a lower surface area to volume ratios ¢.g., a plate casting would require a faster pouring rate than a spherical casting. A development of the full mould process is the magnetic moulding process which starts by forming the expendable patterns in a die. The patterns are then coated with iron grit which has a particle size distribution similar to that of silica moulding sand. The iron grit takes the profile of the pattern when subjected to magnetic field; the molten metal is then poured into the moutd vaporizing the polystyrene pattern. When the casting has solidified the magnetic field is temoved and the iron powder is collected, cooled and recirculated to theAld moulding station for further mould preduction. 3. Solidification Modeling Of late, considerable developments have taken place in the field of solidification modeling of casting processes. In the current state-of-the-art solidification simulation, several software packages are available to analyze the solidification behavior in complex- shaped castings. These packages make use of several different approaches for solving the various problems associated with casting processes. An overall architecture of a comprehensive solidification modeling system is shown in Fig.1. This figure depicts the various modules available in the current state-of-the art solidification simulation of casting processes, the information available from each modute and the interconnection between the modules. It is evident from the figure that the initial casting design is linked to a module called the quick analysis module. Here, one can make use of approximate analysis schemes, such as the modules approach, which uses geometry-based considerations to provide valuable insights into the solidification times and, therefore, the propensity for defect formation during solidification. ‘The next stage is to design the rigging system for the casting, which includes the design of the gate, risers, downsprue, etc. This is currently based on the “rules of thumb” of foundry experts and empirical charts, Once the rigging design is established, the stage is set for solidification simulation. Here, the continuum mechanics problem of heat, mass and momentum transfer is solved for the Casting process simulation. Thus, one obtains the cooling history of the casting Subsequently, one can obtain information about the microstructure in the casting by coupling the module for microstructure evolution. Further, the simulation data can be post-processed using special-purpose models for defect Prediction that enable one to visualize the defects under a given set of processing conditions. Apart from porosity type defects, Prediction of other defects such as macro-segregation is possible. Since macro-segregation primarily occurs due to the movement of solid phase by convection during solidification, solving the fluid-flow equations in the mushy zone provides a solution. Modeling the development of stresses has been another area of great challenge. Of tate, several researchers have addressed the issue of development of stresses during and after solidification, which is often the cause of distortion in castings. This is especially the case for highly nonequilibrium processes, such asHS die-casting. Special numerical algorithms and techniques are being developed for handling more complex casting processes, For example, in large structural thin- walled castings, the normal solution methods would require an extremely large number of clements or nodes in the mesh, which significantly increases the computation time. Apart from the above-mentioned areas, there are several other research issues that have been addressed in the solidification modeling lifetime. The use of special techniques, like inverse methods to determine interface heat transfer characteristics, is being actively pursued. Issues related to determination of high- temperature material properties are also actively being researched. In this paper, the authors have attempted to summarize the various ongoing research efforts in recent times in the area of solidification modeling of casting processes. 6. Spinning The process of spinning resembles in principle that process in pottery whereby clay is placed on a rotary table, spun, and shaped by hand to make axisymmetric pottery articles. Jn spinning, however, the workpiece is made of malleable metai and the tooling is made of harder material than the human fingers Both processes originated with early technology, and it has been suggested that artifacts dating from the Egyptians of the Pharaoh's era may have been made by spinning, In Ref. 1 it is suggested that the Chinese produced hollow vessels from metal sheet at the beginning of the tenth century and that the process was introduced later in the western world, In common spinning practice the mandrol is attached to a rotating head. The mandrel is shaped so as to impart the desired shape to the product as it is formed by the tool, which forces the workpiece against the mandrel. The mandrel and the workpiece are rotated while the tool is applied to a local area of the workpiece at each instant, causing localized plastic deformation. Through the spinning motion of the workpiece and gradual feed of the tool, the zone of contact and the plastic deformation traverse the workpiece, completing transformation of the shape fram blank to product. Because the tool is applied locally, the total forming force is low and smaller machines can produce larger total reductions and change of shape than in competitive processes like forging or deep drawing. When applied knowledgeably, more severe deformations are tolerable during spinning without damage to the product. Thus, better mechanical properties can be expected from16 spun products, Production rates, however, are lower. A large variety of axisymmetric shapes, limited only by the limits of our imagination, can be spun. Even some components lacking axisymmetry, like the automatic gadget designed to collect the scattered pins in a bowling alley, have been spun. From the first basic lathe-jike machine where the too! was applied and manipulated manually, new designs emerged of a variety of power-fed and automated machines, While the basic concept described above applies to all these machines, their design features and the products they make are diverse. Through diversification and sometimes duplication of names, spinning may be called power or shear spinning, hydrospinning, flow turning, flow forming. sitetch- plenishing, or bulging. Product shaped by spinning may be classified as (tubes spun from heavier gauge tube or Zcontoured vessels spun from flat disks. Combinations of those basic categories occur. A conventional manual spinning is as follows. A mandrel shaped 10 conform to the interior of the product is clamped to the rotating head of a spinning machine. A stick of hard wood, with or without a copper tip, is manipulated against the blank, back and forth, progressively laying the thin gauge blank against the mandrel. Holes, at intervals on the bed of the machine, are pegged to provide support and leverage for the operator. When necessary the leverage mechanism is made more complex. The operator may strap himself to the frame of the machine, like a window-washer on a tall building. Two operators may assist one another, and heavier gauges of harder material can be worked by heating the workpiece. The friction between the tip of the stick and ihe workpiece is large. In later models, especially in power spinning, the solid tip of the stick is replaced by a roller to minimize friction losses, replacing sliding by rolling friction. The proper manipulation to achieve good results was an art gained by experience, Because of springback (which is a major factor in spinning with manual tool manipulations) , and the closeness of the operator to the operation with no safeguards, all “old-timers” in spinning carty scars caused by close encounters with the edge of the rotating blank. Cooking pots and frying pans of aluminum and copper and like products were made by conventional manuat spinning. Precision of size and wall thickness and tepeatability are not critical for such products, and cannot be achieved byuy hand spinning. The process is slow, labor-intensive, and unsuitable for mass production. But the tooling can be made simple and inexpensively. 7. Production of Superconducting Wire Foreword. Superconducting wire comes in a variety of structures; all of these structures are composites of various degrees of complexity. A typical superconducting material, Nb;Sn, is a brittle compound that can hardly be formed into the required geometry. Furthermore, to serve in a device, the superconductor must be supported by a matrix of a regular conductor that serves as a heat conductor as welt as a heat sink. Thus a typical superconducting wire is a complex structure. A single wire 0.43 mm in diameter may contain from a few hundred to several hundred thousand Nb,Sn filaments. Typically, one hexagonal cable contains 44532 pm diameter filaments in each of six strands, each cne surrounded by the copper matrix. The actual assembly of a composite billet is much more complex. The brass sleeve, for example, may be wrapped in a bartier of tantalum sheet (or in a tantalum sleeve ) with an outer Layer of copper. The Filament and Its Surroundings. For best performance it is desirable to have numerous filaments of the superconducting Nb;Sn of as smail a diameter as possible embedded in a matrix (usually copper). The procedure described here calls for the assembly of the intended filaments at larger size and achieving the small size by plastic deformation through extrusion and drawing. The original filaments, in rod form, are made of Nb, which is ductile, and only after the final size is reached the small Nb filaments are infiltrated by Sn to form the superconducting Nb;Sn, which is brittle. A typical procedure calls for the assembly of individual Nb core rods with a bronze (Cu-Sn) sleeve into a large- diameter billet. Each core-sleeve combination starts as separate cylindrical Nb rod in a bronze cylindrical tube. The bimetal assembly is drawn through a hexagonal die to form a bimetal hexagonal rod. These rods are assembled manually into a bronze tube of about Jin diameter, and the assembly is plugged at both ends. The Present Procedure. ‘This assembly is heated and extruded two or more times to form a rod of about 1/2 in (12.5 mm) diameter. After the extrusion the rod is vold-drawn through a succession of dies to its final diameter. Through the entire operation care must be taken to assure: (1) A sound product without filament fracture.8 (2) Avoidance of diffusion of the Sn from the bronze into the Nb filamencs. (4) That perfect bonding is established between the individual bronze hexagons until all boundaries disappear. See fading boundaries in Fig. 8.9b. (4) That perfect bonding is established between all individual components of the assembly. If only a few hundred filaments are required, the original assembly will contain the required number of rods. When tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of filaments are required, they are usually obtained by drawing the first assembly down to a hexagonal shape of about 1/4 in (6 mm) diameter. which then serves as the rad for a new assembly into a tube of 7 in (17.3 mm) diameter. The extrusion and drawing are then repeated. ‘Typically the initial 700 rods become 490000 rods. Smaller numbers of rods can be assembled in one tube, but then the assembly must be done three times to achieve the large number of filaments. The assembly and the components are actually much more complex, but for the present discussion this simplified description wiil suffice When the wire is brought down to size (and twisted) , am anneal is employed to cause diffusion of the Sn from the Cu-Sn matrix into the individual filaments. At this point the filaments are so fine that the diffusion distance is small and deep penetration of the Sn is feasible. The surface of each filament to a certain depth transforms into a Nb,Sn superconductor, but the core of each filament is not tully transformed. Now the filaments are superconducting, and the fact that they have became brittle is less of a nuisance because the reduction in size is complete. One danger in the sequence described relates to the conventional extrusion process. The billet must be heated, and the extrudate reaches even higher temperatures because of the work of deformation it undergoes. Some diffusion of the Sn into the Nb is experienced during this stage. While a little diffusion may be tolerated, excessive diffusion embrittles the filaments, which may subsequently fracture at any drawing stage. Minimizing this diffusion, or fully eliminating it, is a stated goal in Ref. 4. Filament fracture in fact still often occurs. The state of the art in the study of the processing parameters that leads to this fracture is presented in Refs. 3 and 4. Furthermore, only a small reduction is allowable per drawing pass, leading 10 excessive embrittlement caused by strain hardening, which necessitates numerous intermediate anneals. This excessive handling raises the price of the wire andWy lowers its reliability. Therefore alternative procedures such as hydrostatic extrusion are worth considering. 8. Full House im the Press Shop The German press builder Schuler SMG GmbH & Co. KG has supplied a second automated hydraulic press line to Active Metalforming Technology in the Detroit area, a supplier to the automotive industry. The manufacturing system ‘pens a new chapter in the history of sheet metal forming on hydraulic presses in terms of press capacities and bed sizes. The press line will produce complete body sides for automobiles and pickups for various customers including DaimlerChrysler, GM and Ford. The leadoff press is 10m (33 ft) high and has a capacity of 36 000 KN. The bed size uf the five presses is 108 in x 84 in. The press line is able to process aluminum as well as steel. “Bumper-to-bumper” is one of the major upcoming production targets of automakers. The number of panels used on antobodies will decrease while the size of the stamping equipment will become even larger. This trend was initiated by the automotive companies and now is taking hold in the suppiier industry With its investment in a second hydraulic press line, Active Metalforming Technology bas set the course for the future. The large dimensions of the press windows also permit the production of other large custom parts used, for example. in boat construction. The automated manufacturing system supplied consists of five hydraulic stamping presses, blank loaders and blank washers, centering station, feeder automation and quick die change systems. Press one is the donble-action leadoff press with drawing slide and blank holder. Presses two through five are single- action drawing presses (press two: 27,000 kN, presses three to five 13,500 kN) All five presses are equipped with hydraulic die cushions. Destacking, Washing, Centering. The production process starts with an automatic blank loader consisting of the blank destackers, washer and centering, station supplied by Schuler Automation, The blanks are destacked by a movable dual destacking system permitting the continuous reloading of blank stacks from the second destacker when the first one runs out of blanks. The blank washer cleans the blank of cutting lubricant and applies a thin film of drawing oil, Washing the blanks prior to the forming operation results in superior panel quality and increases the service life of the dies, which operate on a three-shift basis120 Coming from the washer, the blanks are transferred onto a belt conveyor to the centering station, where double nonattached blanks can be centered side by side. After centering. the feeder of the leadoff press loads the blank into the first forming station. For die change or for maintenance work, the blank washer and the centering station can be moved out of the die space. Leadoff Press Features: Drawing Slide, Blank Holder and Die Cushion. The double action leadoff press with die cushion offers a high degree of flexibility for the production of a great variety of parts since the die cushion also can be used as ejector or pad. The coupling of inner slide and blank holder allows the operation of this press as a single-action press with die cushion. Variable Press Force Control. All presses in the stamping line are provided with a variable press force control for the individual cylinders. This ensures that the specific forming speed needed for each individual part is available. This feature ensures an extremely high output rate for the press line. Press-to-Press Automation, The complete line is automated by press feeders achieving high efficiency in part transfer. The main advantage of using feeders instead of robots is that they can handle large parts more flexibly. Components are loaded and unloaded by feeders while press-to-press transfer is accomplished by three inline shuttles and one rotation station. The shuttles allow for the reorientation of components in three axes, if required. In the rotation station, the parts coming from the lead press are turned over and transferred to the first follow-on press. Setting of Dies During Production. For quick, automated die change. dual moving bolsters are provided for each press. While one bolster is used in the press, the other bolster located outside the press can be used for setting of the new die. Even the inline shuttles are available in dual configuration so that one can be prepared for the next part while production continues. Other quick die change features include hydraulic clamping, automatic safety gates and energy docking systems designed to minimize the time needed for die change. 9. Stud Welding Stud welding is a form of electric arc welding. Two methods have been developed, each with a different principle of operation. One of these is recognized by the use of a flux and a ceramic guide or ferrule. Equipment consists of a gun, a timing device which controls the DC welding current, the specially designed studs and ceramic ferrules, Studs are available in awide variety of shapes, sizes and types to meet a variety of purposes. These studs have a recess in the welding end which contains the flux. This flux acts as an are stabilizer and 2 deoxidizing agent. An individual porcelain ferrule is used with each stud when welding. It is a most vital part of the operation in that it concentrates the heat, acts ( with the flux) to restrict the air from the molten weld, confines the molten metal to the weld area, shields the glare of the arc, and prevents charring of the material through which the stud is being welded. In operation, a smd is loaded into the chuck of the gun and a ferrule positioned over the stud. When the trigger is depressed the current energizes a solenoid coil which lifts the stud away from the plate, causing an arc which melts the end of the stud and the area on the plate. A timing device shuts off the current at the proper time. The solenoid releases the stud and spring action plunges the stud into the molten pool and the weld is made. Another method is characterized by a small cylindrical tip on the joining face of the stud. The diameter and length of this tip vary with the diameter of the stud and the material being welded. This method operates on alternating current, and a source of about 85 pounds air pressure is also required. The gun is air-operated with a collet (to hold the stud) attached to the end of a piston rod. Constant air pressure holds the stud away from the metal until ready t make the weld, then air pressure drives the stud against the work. When the small tip touches the workpiece, a high amperage. low-voltage discharge results, creating an arc which melts the entire area of the stud and the corresponding area of the work. Arcing time is about one mil second (0.001) , thus a weld is completed with litle heat penetration, no distortion and practically ne fillet. The stud is driven at a velocity of about 31 inches per second and the explosive action as it meets the workpiece cleanses the area to be welded. A minimum thickness of the workpiece of 0,02 inches is desired, particularly if no marking on the reverse side is required. Both methods of stud welding are adaptable to welding of most ferrous and non-ferrous metals, their alloys, and any combination thereof, 10. Ultrasonic Welding If two metal pieces with perfectly smooth surfaces are brought into close contact, the metal atoms of one piece will theoretically unite with the atoms of the other piece to form a permanent bond. Regardless af how smooth such surfaces are, a sound metallurgical bond normally will not occur because it is722 impossible to prepare surfaces that are absolutely smooth. No matter what means are used to smooth surfaces, they will still possess peaks and valleys as measured by a microscope. As a result only the peaks of wo workpieces which come into close contact will unite, leaving the countless valleys without producing a bond. Furthermore, smooth surfaces are never actually clean, Oxygen molecules from the atmosphere react with the metal to form oxides. These oxides attract water vapor, forming a film of moisture on the oxidized metal surface. Both the moisture and oxide film also act as barriers to prevent intimate contact. In the witrasonic welding process, these three existing barriers are broken down by plastically deforming the interface between the workpieses. This is done by means of vibratory energy which disperses the moisture, oxide, and irregular surface to bring the areas of both pieces into close contact and form a solid bond. The vibratory energy is generated by a transducer, The welding equipment consists of two units: a power source or frequency converter, which converts 60-cycle line power into high-frequency electrical power, and a transducer, which changes the high-frequency electrical power into vibratory energy. The components to be joined are simply clamped between a welding tip and supporting anvil with just enough pressure to hold them in close contact. The high-frequency vibratory energy is then transmitted to the joint (or the required period of time. The bonding is accomplished without applying external heat, or adding filler rod or melting metal, Either spot-welds ot continuous-seam welds can be made on a variety of metals ranging in thickness from 0.00017in aluminum foil) to 0.10in. Thicker sheet and plate can be welded if the machine is specifically designed for them. High-strength bonds are possible both in similar and dissimilar metal combinations. Ultrasonic welding is particularly adaptable for joining electrical and electronic components, hermetic sealing of materials and devices, splicing metallic foil, welding aluminum wire and sheet, and fabricating nuclear fuel elements. Welding variables such as power, clamping force, weld time for spot welds or welding rate for continuous-seam welds can be preset and the cycle completed automatically. A switci lowers the welding head, applies the clamping force and starts the flow of ultrasonic energy.223 Successful ultrasonic welding depends on the proper relationship between these welding variables which is usually determined experimentally for a specific application. Thus clamping force may vary from a few grams for very light materials to several thousand pounds for heavy pieces, Weld lime may range from 0.005 to 1.0 seconds for spot welding and a few feet per minute to 400 ft/min for continuous-seam welding. The high-frequency electricat input to the transducer may vary from a fraction of a watt to several kilowatts.Bon CWS So. BR, Rik PARR FEAT UA. FRSA A AL STC or AOR. BRA ot BHU a) AH LP OB IHL ah SoSH 9 SKB R PRAT 75 1 BE TE i SP A EIR. HELIA DEH AUMO RRA RS OK, SEERA. BUS b SUR S ft HRP. UM AB RY ARE RES E ab BORE EEA, PEERS ER BESS AA LAH, MEE A CH IE EY Ok Rh ABB HITE I AE AY Ee OI BP A ST GB PROS. ARABS WELRAABH SL, Hye e we CER RPAS DO EHS fy. BW SLSR ES fF PE (Abstract) AAA SRA. ELOY SCS ge mee HORE URINE AS CPOE. LURE IA ei EET SAR RIO, A ART TR kee ELAS: CRA RAE, CRT, Bee WA — CRE. REARS ERT, HARE REY BT SCP ASR. COREA AO SELL OS, th HSE LANE EME. Gh, RE RAMEE Re RAM PALA G RAE XW LER. BREE RNS ARMTRAE BA CIE TRO IE OP, te AR REA Mb we Sci eB Ewe. lULdn, Oy ATOL GA AARWR LER ER. 2 ROME SE TRAE, BAMA BE A A EL SU A. ey 2 bed PRL, ae ~ Me ITIL. —. WED Abstract fi} iE 4 — REA ALP. — A) AUR CARTE ARI “Hye, SO RN CE SCT ME, A FEN “Se. ty a gy125 HER SAD I IRR AR ESE ES AT EE RP MERA RE”. KRALMRORAMBA, MET ALHRH, MRE (Informative abstract). 7#astEHSY! (indicative or descriptive abstract) AIK S—J8R YEE (informative-indicative abstract), —AtRMALG. BAAN HACER RAT RSE. HRS oe Re a Tt WE. HMR BHE SD ARSE SE CK. 1. 4RSYEMRE informative abstract) RP SURES, TAS o) Rese MMAR BR MRA, TE AS AY AE Ae AS ED ae PE NT oS PER A eA i. KARE RAMS MAERUA. URAL PES A RRRS RAA, RRL R CCAR. Bk BMATHRMABRE. TARCLRSROL, RAK, A RR BARS BYE A 100~250 POEM. AKER OT AR sO ML PHELRKROARRAY) MBIA 500 FRBM I. FIA RF SCAR FL HE TITLE: Formation of @ Phase in Ti-Mo alloys after aging and deforming ALA; Wa RBS Ti-Mo 2 PF oth Hem [Abstract] Investigations of @ phases formed by isothermal aging in Ti- 20wt-%Mo alloy and by deforming in tension in Ti-l4wt-% Mo alloy were carried out using transmission electron microscopy( TEM). Four @ phase variants in the same region of Ti-20Mo alloy single crystal aged at 623 K for 28.8 ks were observed using dark field TEM imaging. The microstructure of the « particles was observed using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) . Dark field images were taken by using the diffraction spot due to respective @ phase variants and with the incident beams parallel to [101], [311] and [212]. It was found that all w partictes grew in the <111> direction and were ellipsoids. The growth direction was the same as the direction of motion of atoms for forming co particles according to a model proposed by previous authors. This result was confirmed by HREM images of the @ particles observed using dark field TEM. The volume fractions of respective @ phase variants were estimated using a conventional method. The @ particles were also observed, using dark field imaging, in the plastically deformed Ti-14Mo allay. Although fine @ particles were observed in the as quenched state of this alloy, it was found that particle growth occurred only in the twin bands that formed as a result of the tensile126 deformation. [iE] RAMA RT ROG (TEM) FDS Bie RA KA TH200t Mo & B40 3 13 ip KH 84 Ti-L4wt-% Mo S$ FY Be) oe. A Be BRA, MART Ti-20Mo &4-# hb 2 623K (RIB 28.8ks of Ah ES HEAA Sotto ke. AA RPE DF BR (HREM) MRT wit Ft Shige, AR Sth RG A ETE LOM]. (3 A(212b AA RF RA, RIAL Hott ARAL 2k, HELMDK, R-EKFOSRRUAMA ARH Ros th RF EAR A AM 1, SRE wR 8G TEM ER ott F 44 HREM ARTE, RARMASCRTS SoM ROAD, WE Reh Ti-t4Mo 2a ott F423 Ane Re TUR, BR tk Wik HOStALT MbHokt, QPAFMAKRANTEHEH ASHER PRR. 2. SHARE indicative or descriptive abstract ) TR BAT SL, ACTEM. MIU RR CK. CRAM SIMA BAA, MUTANTS, IS. Re MRA. WORK, SRM IO. A MR. ANA TAN. AN: (1) TITLE: An ASS Market Primer ALA: RRR A BIE [Abstract] This detailed review of austenitic stainless steels examines the material's evolution, market potential, and physical properties. CASE) ARPT TR ROR RA TE A UE fe. (2) TITLE: Composite Made of Al-Flying Ash MH: BERD AMAL [Abstract] This metal composite system could be a look into the future tor automotive, small engine, and machinery componemts, CHORE) RP SIR OBR 9 OT RR LEE. DAD ALL HE, 3. RE— AAEM Cinformative-indicative absteact) RSPR RAR LRT OME. OM RID LURE ROARK, HPCE, HEC FA GMAR EM RRA HS RET, ROLE SIR Sa TERE oe A i BS Ke BPR PPR A BB LAR ER A SR A127 AMZ A cP A A, BOR. pita: TITLE: Electrical Contact Resistance under High Loads and Elevated temperatures Bl: SAAPHBPHRRE [Abstract] This paper is focused on characterizing electrical contact resistance involved in resistance spot welding of thin sheet steels. A special test fixture has been fabricated that allows contact resistance at the electrode-to-sheet interface and the sheet-to-sheet interface to be measured under typical welding pressures and from room temperature to elevated temperatures. Bare and galvanized mild steels have been considered. The characteristic of the contact resistance is discussed, and experimental findings are presented CWE] ARTA T TR AAA WY PERK RBA, ER ERM RE DAA Si RA Pk PAR FR aA — SH TRL. SR A A BAN. HIRT PM FEE, Se RR =. HEMEAAR. BRERA 1. EME AAA SER CD) WES SAREE SL BEA AY ASN OI 3 BY AR (2. SRB. BA. RR. ER, : Se FES Hh SORIA SR ARS AMORA A. TOE LN RLF RAA MHA. (D Dorset HARK MAT MRAM RR Ze TS PRMELAS, MATRA REMER XL. HRT pe Rse SUMNER), HELPMY. HARM BAY. AAA CENAMAAS, EG CALM TRAM ER a DRAM AEERGE, AYN XMNERSR (ua FAH: KMET TR, Wee MRS. RRL AR Seo RE ELE. FAS BR CB ae EHIE A 250 TRA ARTY: AMOR KL 500 TR We RHRBPMMSRRME, DLR MEL 250 WE. Be Ev 350 WkANH. —ERRERNEANY HORNE, RO SKIN Vew3%. BREE. ETO A A PAIRS P PEERS RIE, GRAM RS BT Px he128 #80. LNESERSHLBRM, RABLR BK SR RK, AVA LENE LAE PS, PAINT, SURE AR HERA ERE SH RAWEAR RK. WIE TRAIAN RR. PUMP RI. Ah, ERM. AWAD DETER ie CAR, BALAK EP IE AMA S HT. AT LRA AB, RARE (Hao PEP UARDERRAM EAB, RE ABS HK. AMARA. Ri, MSk. BR. SH LMP RAMPS HOA. ARC. Seal. SS. AAMT Sat. ae SHUEY A UA EARL. DA RSIS A eH Fe OT. BECHER aY AL Fe SUEUR CSE SPAR PFT A ED ETE (5) AR HE -MURS ARB TRIEARBABE, DIBA BR, AMAA WL. AE OR RR. RT Se Mo ORR IPC RE} BAR AYE > (OUSSHS MEOKSAMRA RRERM-Aitew, b SPARTAN. BERMEP AHN RU RSE RM AMAR Be fE. RAST MiG RB) Ae, HMB S, ike BN TREARMEME, TULMBAT ATI. BI, A. OW AS MAM. (DERBASSHE WEVHIIN. BR. ASHER A Ai, ERK, RELA AL SRA, BERS CHE, HMM LBHE A ROGER, be. AeA IE HASSLES, C8) bh EXCRETA a EEDA: MRO EDE, TAREE DEE Sa. BURR IU, SORES BOS SAMA. EAR UL ES SHOTS eR A. RO. EE (9) RAB] FMA) Chey words) EWRMACKRR. HAHAH P, WHR E AA RAAS REY ANE. BRA RH LE SHELA CKRRERAOR RTD, CRRA A HER RAHAT. EMR, AMHR RR. EN QAR. AWERLRD HERES RE, RES she THE. RACHA E, BRERA GRE 38 tA. RA RARGIOREB. FAR. WA. RAR. er QUA ED REN AWA. AA RHMAERRMIOK, A,£29 ERWRALHEN, REAGKBAMRARL. 2. PSEA Be FESR BY A HAS aS De ES A A AA AUER. PUTS CALI) (Chemical Abstracts) AN C44 ar AFD (Editorial Analysis Manual) 3 462¢ X48 FBV XE: The abstracts are short summaties of the original documents. They provide for the reader entry to the original literature, but they do nat replace that literature, They are expected to bé accurate, clear, concise and complete in essentials. They report the basic informational content of the original document. They are neither critical nor evaluative reviews. They are not meant to serve as laboratory manuals or chemistry handbooks. Their primary purpose is to provide accurately and quickly, sufficient information on the chemical content of the document abstracted to allow the searcher to determine whether it is necessary to consult the original publication for complete details.” BEARLMOHGRKRR, CNAKLA RAM ALKRH HTH. Or BABAR. CSNARRABRLAMA EM, FH. MW. THM. ER FRLAMRAR EAR. CMNETAMTUH, LKR A. E AVA EI EAR SOE GB. CIM ERA LH RRR KRMBELMMEASMHABEL, URLRFARA EH LEARBAR HePHEMAR, HK K FRAT (Chemical Abstracts} iF or BAR ape. &% (Editorial Analysis Manual) WEXUH RAB T PRR: C2) FREE BOR AE REAR BO SEA ER Ae, HER ABLORE, REA TSIM IES Meat Het TD R. GEVATKARKEBMNEER. LRSM LOT EB — SHAAN RLHERAR. (2) FOB De AES RU ET RR ew a DF (32 MRLRR- REM AY OR. RITRKRMES AK WEE SASHA NSMAA, REP RMMAB. HS. ME Gal) aT MFR AT SH (4) BEMERULEA, BO DAHER, ER TA oti. ABA W AOR BT BRL, Hibs he he ATT BE AR PERE RR R. EA, FRO ER BOR CCMA, DR ea130 AATRS MRR). TUPANMMB AEB. BL, EI EMR RRALAALHE, BAR, SM, Ae. AY it. POG TaD SA WOT SC He At PR BY A. =, MEMS HAR tee EEA CIC SC HE. PR, BTC RR BR i. SAERMEN SARE, HPRARCHTES, PURE SSH. LAER ACLAANARMMA, VERARENLAH WAR. WTR GRRL, ADR Fi “oc” BAT Sf W: FAAEAS, MORE) LH, AGRE. 1. EA Ba (D BEWARE WEMASMALA ERMA, AR BX MUO SRT SEHR, IRM) ENS Le RT OT ALY AAR MET TAO ARE OD fe BAL AA EK REHEAT. Bi. MOEA) HH CLE. BR. RE FEMS. BH Prato. 2) OEE Ae ED BAY. We a AE TEMA EO A eR PRS CRT MET IE. A LOA Ew aI. nS DH AMER RAS RAR AN SARE AER Sh. ety PY AAT. IRS Ee BAA RR OT. DHHZAR, HTS -SHM, REAR, 2) Ft. HAMA RGRHRAARONKR, -EMUTERER BRE BMRBAA TREN, HUES LAREN RBH RES 2h OTR A CUTE SG A TIA) BT RARE, SO Bs Et IVA HR, DHNBRHA. WROTE LN RREAN BRITA. AAD {AMR SUSU ee ee A a MA aM, 1 ACMAVABRGM AK. MAG DDR, He ae MLE a Ae HAMAS RHE AMEE. We. SHERRATT MES Sh Rear. a HE CLE. BR BE. MER. DRM) ITE. iF RCSL TEAL DEE BOR. ETL. PARE ew BH. VURABMIRATA LE. FT AWTAUESE BRAT SAUER REDE. ly FRREBAMAA SW TRA BA LARA R. AUT RA131 wh. FRB TR, AUCH NE, RASA Awe, ABT A. ROMREEH. KOA. Bi. MALAWI TA. FR. mR SALA DUBE AES EE AE, EERE. RE HUH ws REN SY SE aE AT 5) @R. ROMAGRAARELYRERNAX, BMRA BOM, KRETRALNR HE TMNT ABS. EITM AR ROU Rath ar Hoek, Re PRIA ee Be AA RE RT A PAR, RLY IR ARAL AR Heed Ae BL ORES. EBS} PAS a SSUFARENHLATR LEBEL, BREBE SAGE OH. WRG RAS PRAM RA. TR RMS RA KAM NER, RENRAU RAUBER, BEET TAR RDS Sei ial BE A 6) HEHE WE SCNU A EAE ALE ET RT ER 18 Oe ET SURRBLARERAL. BRRGRRAABGRN SL, See SURERHERBE. ANCRBA SE BS, KONO ie” HP. AT RRER, CHARMAN. RMOAA SpE” ey. LS LH PRE aR AT A BO a BOE ML 4 RD SIPS. UAT LAPUA AR RE ca TARE AEE ASTER. Ue RR SE 0 ATARI. UTE. © ei aR CLE RA Ae TE HALE Fy, Ee a R- © HAKTREAERITREM. DROME UMAR BRA SUE, RIEL, MUTT RAR. oe HREKHAA, OMB ENA AMS. oe FRHK. eo —HNARE A e. (3) BN AiR SS AR A RR de Fe 4: LD) MBP AA AES. “EH” 5 OF” AR RRS BEAR. HUM CARAS 2 RMS OR, aE RA DM“ AID RA. i” SP Fe A, HE NKE AS. BEA, BEAT OLS hie SANE SE aE AUD. Ce, ae132 PAP RAT EIEN AB: 3) SiG NG SEER” ARIES EL RA wa EB, Je NOU EL 12 RS 4) AR SCRY “RT, “RED” BSP HR te ERA DS ABW. BER BBUHACMPLAF BAS MR. SERS ERR, SRAM A Ie TE, BLY AIR ffi. 2. SETS AE EBA BHR MBL. MORE RIE. AP SEARATRSORN AE: 1) MENA RBRAAGA? LERDRS EMM RRNA ER?) BEAADERNAR? 2) PROS REGR? BAA. HH, BR? AHAB TEBE? 32) MECRSRMEATE? BHR AAKWA RE? WA CRREGE, RURBPHSARRADE, TEM RANL. SHAAN. 3, ESR ERE LLRRES RAR MAM, SAE. EE (OSB STE I. BRT GE Ce AER OH ABBR, HAT RAKAAAH LEK RS, BR, Bho EPR EN RE, LEB ERAT. nT CRO EH RE REGRET ARB Bh Ee AY 2, MUSAB RASS), Sb. KH ANGMAABH AS. Ak, CRE PHU TEBE Ry WORE R MITA ABA RAH, BAR PUMPS OME. HER TO BERG LS URE SPH SER, WT AMERIKA fe TB: KGS APT a Begin aE ch tJ CE RB. ESCUES SBS, BREN RIRM AE, DRL TBE fem: 1) PEORIA ERE? HE AHA Sis REAR HE et SR? 2) HBA PE. BR. A. Eee? DHRLELARH. PASM E EM? TESA? 4) HR ARRAS. Her IngaMs i133 A. BESET SAMS RAS 1. At intB EEE, HHA TR-TOLNA WERT Bia. ik HeWMMAAH ASRAMASHD RAMA. BPM. A) FAT HOBRDH. AUTRE SE Mic La +e. KC. (1) A new technology for the production of internal combustion engine cylinder deads. Aa Ae ATE (2) A forging classification system for forging estimation has been used EDT FPA TI Ee aE DK RK sR (3) Foseco strengthens its international aluminum industry market ieam. WRT (DD) PRAMS ABA, RABAT IUSH, RBASS ANE SBE LAGE. AFL RAHM SA AB RAR. CHE LONE OMe Se z. ERRACEMN, APHLRAMER: 1) SEE AGN &). RPMS MAR Oe id. to UT AY PAC 14, interior — AACR AE internal, HILFE (6 8 combustion engine ANDRA BME Sa. Mineo, “RL CEPR)” INFRA experimental method (result). if) 4 experiment method (result). DEMALZ AT, RM bee MH RRERH, WAZA AAC ER. WB CL) He i, LYRE il heads HS KABA. Nl: copper base alloys, channel furnace inductor boxes, fracture surface studies @. D MARAE “Sil+ot" Pim. i. « HGR FL”, RAEEED : a barrel of wash. RHE HEAR: a barrel wash; 4 AN4EIZ IH: a wash barrel ( ~4RELHAD. 2. BM ASS ARREMNE SERRA BAM BAG, ATT DULY BAR be PRACT EM, RABE MAE LN + EET. HARM AY (FEET C5 RAE LR CL) REAM HE 1) BBE RHE SNM ATA. WRAY CK Ri Tbe134 +ehiddit ASrial), TI: HAR +bed, HWA aE IB I 2 wa. lb: ‘This heating furnace has a circular steel shell which is lined with refractor (RAY he BP OS aE AS Kt A BB BED i Fs RR: This heating furnace has a circular steel shell lined with refractory. 2) SUR TESTE A Saari HERE Hah ant, Je nl fi PF BURR ET it Ais Rammers which are driver by compre ir can increase the production rates, (E98 3 30 Bh QaveTARA PRS, ) BFE SB aK: Compressed air-driver tammers can increase the production rates. 3) MATa MERA RS RY. DAG SP RB ERS aA Bt MS Ziel. filde. Castings which are made of high silicon iron possessed high corrosion resistance to acids. (SARA thE LA 7k ak ah AEBS > TERK: Hig ian ian castings possessed high corrosion resistance to acids. AALS SMR “in this way” 22 “in this mamer” IN, ef4 7 naive “thus” 8% “so” ZEB 2a. PERE MARFA 3 hel AE “thus” R“so” Zia. Pkt: . All forgings which are treated in this way form a thick oxide skin on their surface, GAA A ARMOR ARAMARARU AT -RERK.) Ty RAT Re: All forgings thus treated form a thick oxide skin on their surface. 5) MBSR GE ai “use” (FIRE, STR SP Rie, THT (KAA tbe MALE tused) HE. ARM WIR BE BUCS WA, MEPS MAME KA. Flim: The permanent moulds, which are used for the centrifugal casting of high alloy steel pipes, should be produced with wrought steel. (AF & 4 Sams 4 % RE A DA Bo GA ASE) TRA: ‘The permanent moulds for the censrifugal casting of high alloy steel pipes should be produced with forged steel Fin: The cupola is a furnace which is used for melting irons, OF AWE RM AL135 ROP Td WY ERs The cupola is a furnace for melting irons. RH: The cupola is a melting iron furnace (2) EHEAEEA IE ESA ARIA IRAE eR SR al, HMM BED ARAM, RAZ AMZ. 1) RAAB BA. HAE Cain tings J inl 18 BORA Zi. lia: This is shown in fig.3 which plots nucleation rate against undercooling degre. GREFHI, CHLTARRASEARHKARD AE SE aks This is shown in fig.3 plotting nucleation rate against undercooling degree: 2) MRAD RBM RAR Mobil, WOR TI We A BW Cay ing) BES FA. In this kind of heating furnace the heat is released from coke which burns CER tre PP, A A I a AR EAL) Oe a In this kind of heating furnace the heat is released from burning coke. 3) WR AGE DAE Rah, ST GIR, UA BS th whe SARA AWMAARRAM, WH (ap ting+ HR RI RES Wi: WH CARR ating) MERZ BT. itn: Metal welding is a process which joins metal pans, (PRP RARStS AUHBRRARM TE. TY YE SB a: Merat melting is a process joining metal parts, Metal melting is a metal parts joining process. SHER BARS RMA ORE ARS, RUF (Ziel — ing + CHAR) + ER RE + Rm) BER ZG. tilt. The agent which forces the graphite morphology to change from flake to nodular one is called nodularizer, (12 S43 25 ch HARK BRAK 6h ALP AH Hak TRIGA) TEESE a. The agent forcing the graphite morphology 10 change from flake to nodular136 one is called nodularizer. (3) JEP “be” I REESE Ba) RRR Eg Ri GERAUAM “be” MRA. 1) SAMAR TERR EN, PRATER ARES LMRZ A. Bild In hypoeutectic composition melt the austenite which is dendritic nucleates and grows firstly. (4 Batch RAGA YP, BA RM RR AAR EK) WY i pk: In hypoeutectic composition melt the dendritic austenite_nucleates and grows firstly. 2) WRB ARIAS PRT LIE. RRA SRE, WHE RERMAMB REA ABH. Pl: High silicon iron which is strong in corrosion is likely w be highly heat- resistant, (40th 44 & AEE RUT aR.) TY ER AB ak : High silicon iron srrong in corrosion is likely to be highly heat-resistant. 3) WHR AAA a RRA “be” BYZEL IG. GEC bee at JER + thant Sata) BESAZ. Pl: There are many ceramic materials which are more weat-proof than metals. CHS MRMH KER EGE. ) TF aR ahs There are many ceramic materials more_wear-proof than metals. (BE, Sia MURS RRS aN, Wd Zeit DS. RAMSKRA AMT. pin, The calorific value for tested cokes is 146 kJ-mol"'carbon which is higher than that in the controls, (ik 32 & 65-93 21H A 146 kI-mol! AK, weabse A, ROR.) THY EB Hs The calorific value for tested cokes is 146 kJ-mol-'carbon, higher than that inthe controls, (4) AGE RAINE TEA A) aR ae. AR TATE A Ga aE FEM. FIRS IS eB AAR HE DUPAFANEBAD, ACREMBABR MBA. MAKE Hii. The case with which slip occurs depends first on the type of crystal structure.CRBPFA ORS EARAT HABA MRD) FR AB SE As ‘The ease slip occurs depends first on the type of crystal structure, 2) SHNEAANEAD, HHEAA AARNE SMA A, ELF. SEAHAM AET TBH EHS, WKRERT, 2 FWARRARE RI. RR TAF: In ductile iron arsenic is a tramp element which must be decreased as iittle as possible. ERB SR, MELAS Wael RAR. In ductile iron arsenic is a tramp element which may be decreased as little as possible TERRE P, THEE AT DUS Wl ae ad sb eR TER In ductile iron arsenic is a tramp element decreased as little as possibile. ZESR ARGS ER TP Ab ASR wd BE cb HO 28 BE HK 3) FER RAN i Aah ial Ze) PH a A a EM HAS SEE TE i. Pin: These are the results which they obtained at the laboratory, (i463 Ae 14 Fw EH BHR) FR BE EE As These are the results they obtaining at the laboratory. 3. BLADER “iT” A ATAD “when” MEDIDA ME SRAM ALR EE IMG EO) A a A Fa AAGMAT AE, MURA. RSE: RR COMA be Mae Hee), BU (when at if+{Cid +be+ mhid-ed) Aime (when ak if + ahidl- ed). Ham: (1) The shell mould sand is relatively expensive when it was compared with normal greensand,’ (5 — Mt) BRE Aa hb AM Bde Ye.) Ay RSE mR The shell mould sand is relatively expensive when compared with normal Sreensand, (2) The remaining liquid will solidify as austenite + cementite eutectic if st is undereooled below the equilibrium gray iron reaction temperature. (2% AG RALA MRAP RAT, CHRA RRR RRR BHR) AY FB a138 The remaining liquid will solidify as austenite + cementite eutectic if undercooled below the equilibrium gray fron reaction temperature. 4. SUBSE FiTEM AEDT. AFG, VR AE ASR ROAF. TES pa SEBS, CD) HBS RAR aE RAAN: The need to carbonize or desulphurise irons as a post-cupola or electric melting Practice results from an improvement of the economics, technology and flexibility of the total hot metal flow system. This allows cheaper raw materials to be used in the initial melting process, e.g., replacement of pig iron by steel Scrap, reduction in the amount of nodulising alloy, e.g. nickel- magnesium with low sulphur irons. It also allows adjustment of the sulphur to carbon ratio to Prevent hard castings, so that when the sulphur content of light cast iron castings is too high and /or the carbon content is too low a greater ability to adjust the Composition of irons makes it possible to avoid the risk of producing castings in which chilled or mottled sections occur. SRARA BRS BLAME APP HAR I Be PH RE, OBR AT BRAPARGRARARAU IEEE REM ERR RAT SAL AEH Ma AN ARAL BA Ao) ARR eR ARIK hy ROH (ROE EME BATE ORE ab, MALE, AG SAREE Hh (A) MEER, RL KOALRE RA A, RAED TERR Pk A Oo io mk HA, FRE : To improve the economics, technology and flexibility of the melt flow system carburization and desulphurization of iron melts are needed, which allowing the use of cheaper raw materials and pre-venting hard castings. AT AM RAM RANA. LEC REI, FEAR BLN fie JAE ULB UL, SEO ee eT 2) AG AIF Ea Se a BA: A further common application is in the duplexing technique used for the Production of nodular irons in which initial melting is achieved in a cupola and holding, superheating and processing carried out in an induction furnace.139 —A PRS ERT SECA T RRR, Ak 12 FPO RTE AIP PET. RAK GT ERA EPA AD BEE aR AD A Ty RRR: A further use for producing nodular irons in duplexing technology. i PURKL AN ERA TR BRET (3) ARAGE SB Ba8 1) the foundry process by means of the centrifugal method. SO FROALH ELE. FR48 25: centrifugal casting. (Bs 4438 } 2) When the iron melt fails to spheroidization there is no change in the morphology of graphites. SRKRERLN, ARREREARE. RABY: failure to spheroidization with no change in graphite morphology Bb. MECHSE ALS SteS HH REGED. RERBRA EEA SR DENA, Byeigus 6 GDS Pe BS fe a Pee AY. ADAP AI ik PRR E SEL. TET TE. HIN RAE 1, SEG A a CL) ARAL GER, Mik, IR, FA) ee This paper investigates (presents, describes, discusses, focuses on) “++ (2) ASFA TY GERI, HET. RT) ee ~* is Care) investigated (discussed, described, presented) in this paper (3) RBA CHA, RT) This paper article) is concerned with (aimed at, limited to) ++ (4) ARM AMAR (ite, AR. Bw) It is the aim (purpose, objective) of this paper to discuss (investigate, present) + (3) BE BRR Toe Based on -~, «+ had been studied (investigated) in this paper. (6) ATA, BTR alikae. A series of iests (experiments ) has been carried out to study (investigate }--- (1) HRT Bea,140 (8) (9) The influence (effect) of -+ on -*+ has been investigated (studied) AUR, BEAT TRA, The simulation of -is performed by means of RALARAM HY. SHAM, TED ‘The results of this study show ( demonstrate, tell us, verify ) that ++ (10) KARR IE RT ALAA Breer (2) (4) (5) (6) (a) (8) The result of this study can be generalized as -* 2. Steplay RRA MEAR A. th 16. A Geet LR Behar 5 ete me MATT RAMA In this paper, a systematic investigation was made on the effects of minor elements such as Sb, Bi, Pb, Te, Al on the structures and properties of rare earth treated ductile iron. ALMA T ARDS APM PEE EEF fo AEA HER, This paper describes the results of ductile iron inoculation and treatment tials conducted in several foundries using vertically parted molding Process =. ALSARNERUA LEAR ES SUH LAM, The objective of this paper is t0 show the application of full mold technology in nonferrous alloy casting. AALFRIRKELRRPSMANSRLEZMHER, The relationship between the pouring temperatures of molten iron and the amount of gas evolved from different shell sands was investigated in this Paper. BARRY. RAT HPA AME ARLES AS - REE Hh). In this study, two methods were employed to measure the heat transfer coefficient, h, at the metal-mold interface during casting. RAFERLERPH BHR MS |, ‘The approach is based on the thory of thermal analysis. ATR EAE TH 09 T He, BAT TAR. Test has been carried out to study the possibility of tealizing this project. TSR TRS RAMU AEH ae, Results of theoretical analysis of this algorithm are found to be very close toidf the experimental data. (DREMERAN, BAY AO FH BREA ORT, FL The obtained results demonstrate that some forms of inoculants are more effective than others in reducing chill, and that = 3. REG HEE FAA PS Pb Ae SH A De TE HET IR WE, HAMEL. ARTSIALRENSE. BEARER AN RHRAMAE LAA, ADAM BER SURE RIA TRE A SEMCLAL, ERENTUAPHS, EARERERHAN RMS ZT BEAL) ROR SE, SURE RBA. BRAT LL BURA HG AF BR CL) IR: LO ARAL TITLE: Composite Friction Lining [#21] ARPT HUME E MEP HERBS ATR ARM LOR Hath. [Abstract] A composite duplex friction lining based on resin-bound ceramics and resin- bound metal fibres is introduced. (2) RRL: APRA SR abe HH TITLE: New Hot Box Binder CHEE] AA BGR TOT RAMA ARBBH MAREE PMS, HL Said HS TH oS HER OAR UT A BA 09 EA Pde a. [Abstract] This paper describe how cores can be produced by the hot box method using new inorganic binder systems and discusses, in detail, the influence and control of variable factors that affect the strength and setting time of cores. (3) PRE: 356 Fe 359 Sah pat KAR Hy pL AE TITLE: Comparison of Thermal Analysis Parameters of 356 and 359 Alloys (BE) APM AGES RPC BAKREM AURA, RHF RRD ERERPRSAS RMRMREUMKMR ME. AXst HA ALSiMe & BELA AHER FT ORAM ABET T OR, [Abstract] ‘Thermal analysis is a new technique used in aluminum foundries (o assess the molten metal quality. The assessment is based on telating certain thermal analysis parameters with the observed microstructure. The present paper142 compares the thermal analysis parameters of two Al-Si-Mg alloys at various cooling rates. C4) fel: HARE TY ale TITLE: Mechanisms of Mold Filling in the EPC Process CHE) RAL T HARGRLEPORAAM EDR, AR Oe RAG BARR AAR RP a BA Boh EERE. OT Ra SOR, HART RACE RF ah ay HBA KO [Abstract} An experimental study of mold filling in the expendable pattern casting CEPC ) process was conducted in this paper. The study included direct observation of mold filling and quantitative measurement of the thermal effects of pattern elimination on the metal. The results of the experimental study are presented, and a model for pattern elimination, developed from the results, is proposed. (5) HRB: EHR A ett aR eh do aE TITLE: An analysis of cooling Curves from the Fusion Zone. of Steel Weld Deposits (82) AN ZAAARBE, SRRART SOM eS LER DIR OT FSET Sek 2A a a NL BR AEF ON aah Be ob ge Te WDA, OA, ER Ao EIR: APE AY ALEK BL IS0-2560 44 OAR. HU RS Bela ob RE ET AAA Bot WRG PHASER RMR Bole, AL A BO RAR MI. ao TEA FFL AR 2 RAR A ME at Sahoo OB ad aR [Abstract} Experimentally determined cooling curves for the fusion zone of manual metal arc and submerged are welds have been rationalized in terms a! a theory for three-dimensional heat flow. The cooling curves were obtained for a wide range of welding conditions in which the welding current, voltage, speed and intepass temperature were varied, with the joint geometry being fixed to the standard geometry of 180-2560. With the help of a recent model for the prediction of mictostructure in weld deposits, the heat-flow analysis is used in understanding the effect of heat input on the microstructure of low-alloy steel weld deposits. It is demonstrated that the results can be used to predict trends in microstructure as 4 function of heat input, by analyzing a large amount of published data on weld deposits,143 (6) REL: RAAB SEHR RR OHH th lH TITLE: Fabrication of Fibre Composites Using an Aluminium Superplastic Alloy as Matrix (HE) AAS SHREARA. MUERALENAS BBA AHELS BH. KERMA SRAM T RP RRE ROH. WIRE. MY) RKGPRA LUHRRUT A. AEE Dam LEH. REAR PRA) 8, BAMKHRBSPLERE, GPLASPAMEBRH BARURAR, MAT AKAD EAMG LEER RE SHA, [Abstract] A range of reinforcing fibres were used to produce composite materials by hot pressing in the superplastic regime of the matrix alloy. High strength composites were achieved without the use of vacuuin or inert-atmasphere. The matrix alloy used is reported as having a wide superplastic range enabling to suite with a range of processing conditions. A significant improvement in strength was recorded compared with commercial aluminium alloys, despite the fibre fraction being 25% by volume. Higher fibre fraction composites should be feasible using this alloy since it is superplastic and has a high resistance to cavitation. ) RA: Bieta RL TITLE: Prevention of Nitrogen Porosity in High-Chrome Steel castings (HE) HME RY HAS ERM 200ppmom, AB AAIREH DS ® ERGRR. KRRA RRC RAE wh) oe AMR ARASBRPHR, CLITA PALABRA, Bet PoE th EMRE ERA RICA AR RR RIK AR a Tl A dy RR A AE BANK? RM SAE, [Abstract] Gas defects are a problem in stainless steel and Ni-hard castings when nitrogen in the melt exceeds 200 ppm. Strong nitride formers, such as zirconium, were used in this paper to fix the dissolved nitrogen in these melts in the form of nitrides. This prevented gas porosity in the castings without significant losses to mechanical properties. Steels susceptible to intergranular fracture, caused by AIN Precipitation at austenite grain boundaries, are also expected to benefit from zirconium additions. Open WER L—. ROS Oma 10%, AN RCI, MO ra.144 (8) BRE: Fe3Al 6148 do 0) FRE GE TITLE: Weldability of Fe,Al-Type Aluminide [AGB] AREAS TAG] FeAl MS age HE. ARABI IR RP (GTA) f BFK (EB) FALE od KB) 89 AS aR A eK AT AK SRR RRTAM, ARE, RARESSMSREPRAALE RD Fk, PHLSSTESABMLARY YAY RARE Kato HKAMSRARLESMMRA, AHAMSEP. MG, RIOR AFRALRTHRPHRRER, LESSPH-LERDRM OG. RH REEMA MP ERR. [Abstract] An investigation was carried out to determine the weldability of a series of Fe,Al-Type alloys. Autogenous welds were made on thin sheets of iron aluminide alloys using gas tungsten arc (GTA) and electron beam (EB) , welding processes at different travel speeds and power levels. The results indicate that although these alloys can be successfully welded using the EB welding process, some compositions may hot crack during GTA welding, Boron and zirconium additions have been found to promote hot cracking in these alloys. Among the alloys investigated, Fe,A] modified with chromium, niobium and carbon showed the most promise for good weldability. Some of these alloys exhibited a tendency for cold cracking. This is related to severe hydrogen embrittlement associated with this class of alloys. (9) bral, BALLAD PR phd eat TITLE: Computer Modeling of Microstructure during Hot Flat Rolling of Aluminium CHE) ALMAT ALSMg O& (AA 5056) AMMA ABA LRR RM. RA OH AG AR Oh SE tan te 5 OLA RR ROARK SURLDH A - RAR A RAS Re Oe aR TA TE PARAS DIE, KABA RARR RAAT RAE DEAS CAL WEA, MRT, PHRAAR, KASAM AI) ta Bate FS OAR Ae BK HOB oh, [Abstract] Prediction of the evolution of grain size in hot rolling of Al-SMg alloy (AA 5056) is described in this paper, Published equations that relate microstructure to Processing conditions in aluminium are incorporated into a thermomechanical mode! of hot rolling, Detailed modeling of the distribution of temperature, strain,145 and strain rate allows prediction of through thickness variation in the microstructure, The model described in this paper was developed to examine the effects of rolling process parameters ( roll speed, reduction, strip entry temperature, and interpass time) on the extent of recrystallisation and grain size in the resulting microstructure. C10) PRL: GB MAGE RAG AAR So Ht KIER P84 TT, TITLE: Corrosion Studies on Some Petmanent-Mold Cast Low-Lead, Cu-Base Alloys in Aqueous Solutions UHR) Ae Be ew a By RRS Oh he RAT BA, ARLE SA SM ie RPE ARAL BE ob et TE RE. AT HE OG CRY, PEGE (CB3490) RZ LAA (087600 4 C87610 ) Sy thE, i du 48 2k ok BA AR ( C8750 42 C8780 ). 4-H 48. C87E00 Ae C8761) AoE R AA (C8520) Met the AL Oe RRA AOS, AREER. PARA ERe SEES ret tL AE PAK, [Abstract] Studies on the corrosion behavior of some permanent-mold and sand moid cast low-lead copper-base alloys have shown that all the alloys have better corrosion resistance in the permanent-mold cast condition. Among the alloys studied, leaded-tin bronzes (83450) had the least corrosion resistance and silicon bronzes (C87600 and C876 10) showed the best corrosion resistance Addition of aluminum improved the corrosion resistance of silicon brass (C87500 and C878 00) , Silicon bronze (C87600 and C87610) and low-zinc yellow brass. (C85200> . Silicon brass had higher activation energy than leaded red brass, thereby, showing it has greater corrosion resistance. Greater turbulence of the solution resulted in decreased corrosion resistance of silicon brass and low-zine yellow brass. BOW SRL LMS HE —. SLR FE SCS ENT EE HO REI, TARR FA BL RD, PRG AT, OTR. AER. Hye, fo 5 (Rie cat ANAT LREGHMS SEEM, HEAR DRL Pe, FS) SE16 WAIL, XRLAGR, BR PREMERA. EMMA KE ASH, (SWRI IS FL Pana: 1, BAUS (Tide and Authors) 2. HR (Abstract) 3. EX (Body) 34518 (Introduction ) 3.2 RRS (Test Principle) 3.3 TOG (Test Condition and Method) 3.4 ARR SE (Test Result and Discussion? 35 He (Conclusion? 4. AER (Appendix) 5. BES (References) 6. Ai (Acknowledgement FS ATEFRR, BE RBH 3~8 PA (Key Words), GER SCHEHE NSF. ABER SAS ESE I BC BAH WO SCE BY OP, =. EMMMMEESHERES ELC RRARND, CHE TORN EM MT OMA. SR HAREX MAGA, AWORARAATRTM -. Ue RR, BEREAH LROERAK, UR TRAE. ELAM R RAY, RLM EY, SHARE. PERZAT ME. ES RES. MFRS REM, PHEROKMMREM ES RSE RM. UH. CUMS ST. RRR ICS HT RA J. RANTS fee FS RAC RG BNR PLA: C1) BREAD FE Ah RP A A, SEA AMA. (RD AR AREER AT etn (OBELSHD, BREW. —BH 0-12 MEL Pi, MR HERA, MURA GRR". BR SER RRR AB BIA Be th AG a) SS DREERTRHKA, SAWARA RA. SAAR EZ AE. AAA EASE, AAMT CARAT I, ROAR BER AERS. (4) OXRBERAMAAS, PASS, TE. (3S) HP RMRAAR EMR, PBI EA %, USCREM RAT. WEEE, REPT. Sip147 SE, TEE AEM ied, RRA MG TE. fhe RPAFEL TE Baer een a em ORM! Influence of Technological Factors on Seam Structure in Electro-Beam Welding (*Influence” FUL i) 2. ERAS Hekeat REPALSMENAR, TRABR. SARA, SARA OT FFP. (DD REHAR- ThAAY- Pi CMB id, Hi, BRAS eH —SERBAAS. geil Gta. CAE) BAD. in: APL S BH ATR ER He 0 Effects of a New Complex Inoculant on Properties of Ductile Iron (2D FABER. on kPa CN: EFFECTS OF A NEW COMPLEX INOCULANT ON PRO- PERTIES OF DUCTILE IRON 3. PABA SMAI HEBAUT REL, MBER RADE. TR OE BREW, ATEN. RERPRASAEN. BRA PHARG: BETS —FHAS, BOSERDS ZAM. AEERR SM, HF FRA, RUG — ELE AMES Z AOE al and (tlt oy FS BFE. HHS -RESEAA PA. BPH). PHAMERMT RES. FRORENMRAASEBALE, SRR -THS. MRE: EE, Reh Oki, >. HA. HERS ARS ERAT, DRT RES SD EES A TE, Be. WR Cae), ANB (Prof). BBG (Assoc. Prof). HL (Dro F MRMERST—A, WR TMS BAS, CRS, Beef. BEBE, MREXRSMARERSK, ARMY SRBS UHRA ME, MOMMA a, BR TE Beh THENER, HME AMC LAW AMAA “Sample” (HMR). LH REBT ey. PBB) Se 52 FEE EE SP TE (IC A (1) CAST SURFACE ALLOYING BY CENTRIFUGAL CASTING METHOD ZHANG Jun, TONG Xinglin and CAO Biao Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China148 (2) Investigation of the Nodularization and Inoculation of Rare Earth Treated Ductile Iron with Image Analyzing Computer ZHANG Inn, XIB Vida, ZHANG Cenfu Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuban, Hubei, PR.China 4. SUBIR AL A, ECR REREA — REAR IA TE, RAT IAM DARA. FO HAWG RUUA, KOEHOENBSS. CL) FoF re AGERE A Study (Investigation, tesearch) on + Studies (Investigations, researches) on “+ (2) RP MBER EMA A Theoretical and Experimental Study (Investigations) on --- (2) XM Y Bmw HI The Investigation (Study, research) of the Effects of X on Y (4) RP RRL A Discussion on the Theory of + (3) tree REREAD ++ and its Application (6) ER Development of the «= CT) see FF BLS AUF ‘The Research and Application of the +-- C8) sre BR Applied Technology of--* CD) ree ABE ALAR ay A Stochastic Madet of + CLO) ref RGR Optimum (Optimization) Design of + CD) RH Sarat Design and Development for --- (12) so RMR RE The Automatic Test System of ++ C13) ROB, MERBTE EA iE Development, Performance Assessment and Verification of ---149 C14) ose LD REE HF Reliability Analysis of ++ (15) se RARE SMT Error Analysis of (16) sree EE Recent Advances (Progress) in ** C1) vee Bea HE A Review and Prospect of -- (18) BIE Comments on = 19) RF Discussion on “+ (20) On - =. Ha SM SHE SARTRE LHS BE. RENT, AHS BABES OS PHEXMAR. SSHRBR RAK, ~ RRMA KEM 110. JRNSEERABR LRAT ERAS. SAM. OK AWA, HALE. GRA ERMA, AMM RE AR Tre SHER. SHAR. VERSES AN. PMLA AY 3ST RAK. C1) PARLE A EAE FES, BERT AR, OCA eb SEXERANH ABLE K. Win: A numbers of studies have been conducted on the characterization of spatial distribution of reinforcement in cast Al/Si metal matrix composites (MMCs) . Geisler" first point out that the widths of the inter-particle spacing is a function of the level of microstructural homogeneity, subsequently it has been supported by Thomas et al. !?--- NTR) BERG Sate (MMCs) of 67S Mp AE CBU T SL. Geisler TAA, MAL AAG SB Ate eR HARA, fe RL RFS Thomas FAW RH Pl (2) WAR PSE IEA, HEE REM UE He ke 1. Win: In order to remove the cured binder layer enveloping the sand grain without150 injury, a dry type vibration method has been applied in the reclamation of CO. sodium silicate bonded sand. In this report,--- ATRECLA OH ENE LARGO, ARB RRR Oy HEP RAT -HEARHR, KBB ee (3) ODP RiQReRM ARAL, RH - BTR. pila, The nucleation behavior of the hypoeutectic Fe-C-Si-S alloys to which small amounts of various types of SiO powders had been added was investigated by determining the number of dendrite grains, mean area of dendrite elements and degrec of supercooling.«- MHARHRABORE, ALAM EH HM RMAL, FLT Bid ER ARRAERABAY EAS Fe-CSiS SRYLEH I, ()) DARA BAA NEWS, ieee hae. elm, To counter problems existed in conventional east-on surtacing method in gravitational field, a new technology of cast surface alloying in centrifugal field (CSA for short ) was developed. --- UAEROEER GAM RAAGAM, FRIAR SAR ERE BEARDS GMAK (Mi2H CSA), CS) ARR BT MTEL. BEART RE, FATES, LET SMM ORES. oi. Linear elastic fracture mechanics has been used to estimate fatigue crack Propagation lives of engineering components and structures [1,2). In this paper the growth of a fatigue crack under constant amplitude cyclic leading is investigated with = Ae SER AR CLEPM ) 2a) ROR) CR A ae bh ah oh ae BL at BAGO KLAN LEPM HLT ERA AMMA TREK MAK, - (6) DATE AIST, WERE I Heas Be ye th. CONSTRAINS, Blan. Recently, considerable interest has been generated in the intermetallic alloys because of their unigue properties, such as yield strength that increases with temperature, and oxidation and corrosion resistance that make them attractive for high-temperature structural applications. However the weldability of intermetallic alloys are very poor, such as the advanced Fe.Al type alloys recently developed showed that the weldability is very sensitive to the welding conditions and composition, producing good welds sometimes and severelyi531 cracked welds at other times. This paper addresses the studies of the weldability and weld microstructures of this type alloys. HR AMAERASSP ST RAMHA, RAOTRASPAA ue BORE LH me, Re BL ER A By 8 A A Hed ERRAEE At FAH AMLRD A. ROERAMOSMMRE RZ, sR iA A OAR Peal MOS Raw IIR aE AL EAR ee te TERRE, AOR ET, MARR A A ORD BARAT HIER GS G09 HF LUE fi fo PAR ORE So CT) REN LIT, Pah: A principal concern in the production of ductile iron castings derives form the shrinkage behavior and the formation of shrinkage porosity, particularly as it develops in green sand molds, ++ HEDARA EPMA ZEMMBART RITA AU RAL, ERA UR A FRET, HOLA Ra, (8) LAAN LIL, Gat: It is well known that the principal functions of Al in steels are deoxidation and grain tefinement. Although some investigators have studied the effects of AJ on Fe,C!*! and VC?~* precipitation, but it had been noted that -- RAM, BARE HERE RRA, SRAM AMR TAB RE FeCl fe VOM Si a Hoh, 12 AMD aE E] ees RMIT Si HARA. PRG MBAR. EB SMe AT CLARE El CNS (PRE RE LAOS AE, LEW iG AGUA J, B. EXARORE BLE LA AYA Aa EIS STA RR. BLA ae NULL. RRA. ARRIOLA. FEM eee RAK. 1. eM ARIA SER — A HA AR — EB ELE HM TE SARA. G) BAe 1) The definition of -- is ++ , which (that) is -- 2) +» is defined as (is called, is said to be) «+ 3) means (signifies, is considered to be, is taken to be, refers to) «= 4) + be referred to as *, ( be thought of as +++)152 5) + be taken to mean ( be used in, be considered to be) -- 6) + isakind of «+ which (that) + (2D AWW “ 1) The AFS definition of sand is any mineral matter, irrespective of chemical composition, which ranges in size from 1/12~ 1/300 in, KAMER PSAF HF HALARD EMA 121/500. RE H FR hott ih ata 2) Graphite flotation is defined as carbon segregation at the top surfaces of ductile iron castings caused by the buoyancy of graphite particles in liquid iron. BEBAARLA: BRKY SEER AG ORE RR LR wate eth. High alloy steels are generally thought of as those which contain over 10%~ 12% of combined alloy elements. BEVARSEMALHODAR AROSE 10%~ 1255540, 4) This process is sometimes referred to as roller spot-welding because of the intermittent current. OTR E, RAP LER AMRARRRR TS. 5) Normalizing is a means of obtaining higher hardness and strength in steel by air-cooting them from some temperature above the critical and producing 2 pearlitic matrix, EXAMMPMBEERRRG- RMR TAS, FE RAAR Hh, Na AR LM fo Roh Fb, 6) Stress Relief is the heating of a forging to a suitable temperature and then holding long enough to reduce residual stresses, ARAALHA PORES HRA, AERBR SKE wy REA, Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a kind of ductile iron that has been heat treated by the austempering process 10 make it tougher than regular ductile iron of half the strength RKB (ADL) A-HBUDKAFRA KER, RLEMA SL HMKR-F RK, Electron beam welding is a fusion process where a high power-density beam O Rabe ae. 3 7 84153 of electrons is focused on the area to be joined. RFRPRE HE RAS ERO CTRERT PREAH RS TE. 2. PEALE PRA BT OE ITH RE RT OR, Pa SL ARR op MET BA Io C1) AB 1) Tris known that. --- 2) ++ as illustrated (shown) in Fig.3 -~ 3) As can be seem in Fig.6 that = 4) Investigation (experience) has shown that ++ 5) + is related of ++ 6) Following is a brief outline of ~~ 7) The general view of these authors is that --* 8) Common (typical? example is +> 9) An example of this involves ++ 10) It has been confirmed that --- 11> The results generated from --- showed that «+ 12) The empirical regression equations predict that ++ 13) Some of the most common problems related to---are described below. (2) BD 1) A schematic diagram of the modified forgings is shown in Figs.Sa and 5b. Sa hi RT AB Sa fo sb. 2) Curves in Fig.6 show the total solidification time as a function of cooling rate. AGHORR TT CORBA SAAR Re 3) Typical properties for such materials are shown in Table 6, which refers to BS. 2789:1985 and DIN 1693:1973. KH -EAH ROMA 6 Fi. RRRATE Bl tee BS2789: 1985 4 4 BL skARf DIN 1693:1973. 4 Experiments shown that when the stable coherent @ phase precipitates, the strength of the alloy increases. RRL TSRRMMK OH, Shee RAT. 5) Portability of welding equipment is an increasing requirement in today's construction environment. EAAARARAY, ABRERRE OE RARE He. 6) Tt has been confirmed that under rotating bending conditions the fatigue154 properties of as-cast surface approach or equal to that of machined surfaces. LEEE, ARE ORES, PRAGORFHERER ST OLA tee. 7) Experience has shown that the application of mould coats is generally effective in eliminating surface defects from steel castings. BRR. RAR RHA RA DRG Dib FAA KR, 8) The mathematical relationship can be expressed in a general form of Y= ApXq + AX, +A,X, + AX. +4,X, + where Yis'--, and Xn are the variables that --- RK PRA TUR MR — RAVES Y= AyXo+ AX, +A, X, +A,Xy+.4+4,K, $C SOR, Yoeeon, i X, Be BDZ 3. FRBLS RUT I MB ead: EMA SUE RPE AAD RE. RA, PK ARIE Rh PRAGELARLAAN MERE RA AES, ARF a HAG MH. OREM MRAS AAA, RAAT. falbe. CL) Fig.l The effect of aging temperature and time on the yield strength of an Al-4%Cu alloy. Ob MIRA feat at Al 4%Cu SAME GH, 2) Fig.2 Impact energy versus austempering time for three typical specimens. A 2EARM RE ES WARMER AM KA. (3) Fig.3 Variation of elongation with silicon content for various grades of ADI. DIKE MEAM ST RRARRM ES Fah Fe, (4) Fig.4 Drawing stress as a function of reduction. B4BRE ASAE RRKA. (5) Fig. Schematic illustration of the effect of tool angle and mode of flow on drawing force. AS LAA PADMA AM RE. (6) Fig.6 Compactibility vs, permeability of molding sand system. A 6OLPERMAAMSRTRUKR, (7) Fig.7 Typical unetched microstructures showing inclusion at various sulphur concentrations. AI ARRSE TREMOR Oh AM RD eR, (8) Fig.8 Optical micrograph showing crack propagation in yellow brass.F355 E&SKAPRAP RMAF LAB. (93 Fig.9 Scanning electron micrograph of Annealed fertitic stainless steel 1000) 9 ik K ARH UB A fa th da WER (1000 48). 4. PRCA RESO NHS. REM THRU RS AOE RSE SR RRL TT BOM, SERIO PRIN OD BA aL 1) can (may, might) be classified (categorized, grouped) into -» 2) Both + and ++ are -+ results in (demonstrates) + 3) A comparison between --- and --- reveals (suggests, shows) that --- 4) +» and + are (seen to be, happen to be) basically the same. 5) It differs Cis different) from + 6) There are some differences between +++ and + 7) ++ is smaller (far smaller, slightly smaller) than «-» 8) is more efficient than -+- (2) aD 1) The principal forms of resistance welding are classified as spot welding, seam welding, projection welding, flash welding, and butt welding, BBRMEERG DAA I SRI RR CAE) forth w 2) Sb differs from Cu; it segregates strongly to the intercrystalline boundaries during solidification. ew EA, CAM DTA} BATT RR. 3) Mg is an effective desulfurizer, deoxidizer and nodulizer, and less expensive than Ce. RAPA DLA. BAUR). PLE 4) Friction welding has several advantages over conventionat flash or butt welding. RRR AA UA RITE HA Oy A fo LH 5) Ductile iron is a relatively inexpensive material for many applications when compared with metals of equal utility. SAAR AE — RBA, RRR TIES MMe a Of. 5. BRS ABUL CEES ER LARS HED, JHE ALOE OE dn,156 PLE BY BH. ARS A PT LD EA) YT fe, UMLOMM RE. THEKARRARH I AL Roa. CD HAH 1) The assumption indicates ( shows, claims, implies, suggests, explains. states) that -"* 2) The hypothesis has been tested (was supported, proved, confirmed, verified ) by further experiments (studies, investigation, observation ) ++ 3) It is assumed (believed, thought, supposed) that -~ 4) What we assumed is in agreement with (contradicts with, is not consistent with ) + (2) fey 1) This hypothesis was advanced in the late 80's. SEMBLE 80 FAR AUR 2) Assume X=-1, it can be shown thatf (x) <0. MR X=-1, MTA f(x) <0. 3) What we assumed is in agreement with the experimental result. RM MAILS Fae RAS, 6. EX RSARLOKLMSH. RAMANA LOAM, Coa ewe ti. PRBS COLOR, BWR PRL AB. CASA EX AAW She AEM, (Rt PR ee AS, HSM E A RE. ARI, RURABTSLZ BOOT MLA ENT. PEAR AAt Sa cre mot, PRCT IRAE aS, PY fe A BR FMRI: RGR — ALTE SF LE. 1) Ductile irons had received much attention in the past because they have an attractive combination of mechanical properties. BAREGRERRIAGRSAPAER, CNAME HE B.C LQAHARR, ALAM, hE PERE Ra LS AR, RAM) 2) In Fig. 9.6 the resulting criteria for preventing shaving for extrusion are described in terms of the reduction in area as a function of the semicone angle. EB 96 FH. AM DPM Bak DMR ERY OW AAP AONE, RPE RAARANSALSER, MRPHRRE RA -PRARERAR)Is? 3) Based on Darcy's law, Niyama ct al. proposed the principle of feeding in casting steels. MR Darcy RAE, Niyama FAME TAA abe A A CRE? aR BRE, 2 RA MM AME, KMiteo.) (D ER-B: BREA PM, LASERS SH TR. PLAS ER. 1) RADA “and” SH, —RA RMA. win: The sizes, shapes and positions of chill, columnar and equiaxed zones are shown in fig.15. QISRPIMPA. BRARSFHALOAL, PREGE. BACKLARA ELEM EGLRRA BONES. HARB A. Bld: The lowest fuel consumer and the highest temperature producer was a new type of annealing furnace. RHEE Y. FARR BALM AMERY, 2) Alor. nor, either“ or, neither + nor. not only + but also HEHE HSE. WAM TEMA RAT. ple Metal chills or the riser is used to eliminate the shrinkage defects in castings. ABBA RAY OEE aL RR ALR. 3) Fl “as well as” ERMHMS 1S, WMT A MRM. Ho: Light forgings as well as this kind of heavy one are being produced in this factory. RAL EAS PES AMR OREM HH ORGEMREEN, DERRRAN AMR, TREK WARE RUD Reh. Glin: The organizing committee of 57th World Foundry Congress has agreed in the plan. 57 URGES REAR BAH, The committee was at odds over the question, LHSGRA NHN MA SR, 5) FA “number” (F338, fH “the” Mt, WBBM, ATR “a” ab, WRAL. Sh, ARE" RE” INE, SE — TE Rah. Ala. Eighty dollars is too much to pay for this part158 E80 RAERPEHRAKT. HARTA ATOR-SHKAN, BHSRH— +A ANT, RRR RI, EP TATE. RK, mB ARE AT A BAAS eB, A BE YB a] HB ATA SH, SORA TTT, MU TAHT. Gdn “austenite” PI, EVA aus. te, nite, BMF MIA, HAE “Ss” AR e” ZIGREAT. IF BU LTS“. (4) MEARE CPO EE A mH CHM SR ETS FL, ERT. IEMA. RCE, >, 2h~ BRATS OTT, MAMA ARS, ACL SWS iT, M+. —. x, ER RSA: DARARM, aS. dé de Ua PRS HAT. B. StH Ste CXMA CN EE. PUES, BAR MST MTG BATHAER, BRITAAB, URAL AE, IO, Sem: SSS ROE, i. AAA 1) It is ctear from the forgoing test that -+- 2) In conclusion (summary) , -- 3) This test shows that --- 4) The above results (data, findings) lead us to a conclusion that --- 5) From the results obtained it can be concluded that --- 6) On the basis of these result we conclude that --- 7) All these data confirm (validate) the previous assumption that --~ 8) The main conclusions evident from this work are as follows: «-- 2. pA 1) Based on results of a large number of runs, the following conclusions can be made at this stage of investigation: +-- PEA DGAME RR, AAU ROT ASIF Reb) 2) The present investigation validates data obtained previously regarding the important role of small amounts of plastic deformation in the solid-liquid condition in the hot cracking of alloys, KFRER AWE RAD RONLALET, EMERY EAD BAR ERM,159 3) The results obtained in this paper show that the thermal analysis parameters are affected by both cooling rate and silicon content, and can be summarized as follows: ++ KLEMM ERA, WPMRRENA IE ADADE DH. TRAIT, cee 4) The following conclusions could be drawn based on experimental results on the effect of changes in Mg concentration on melt cleanliness (inclusion level) , casting fluidity, H pickup, casting soundness and the mechanical properties of Al diecast alloy. KTREEMRLHAUBSEHOORAAR (ALE). RA th MRE. RA ASR) fey oe og oma Ra B STUART it abit. As Bit (ead “IR” ZS. BAAR" Zt AST LT Bere Bit. BUT LARS RU AAR, (AOA A AE ERR FOR AYER. BOAR 3 AR HAT OT LOE @ CTR HE UM AE PASE RE, SEU HE, MATES. APR ELTA. PRALINE Te EA, TERR AO It, Ie eT SOCABO UE SE SUE BE ba op HR. BRE “BE” EASE DUR. — HB BPS LEMAR, RRA RACK WAR IRAE ALE Al. SAORI. BS, RBS. HT RBA, PERS. its. HERA. kind generosity of --, who greatly aided---, through the courtesy of-+- 45 im). 1. RA 1) This work was supported by + 2) Financial support for this project was provided by --- 3) The authors would like to express their appreciation to + 4) In particular we would like to acknowledge the contribution of = 5) The author wishes (would like) to thank “+ for «++ 6) The authors are grateful to + for their fruitful discussion. 7) The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical coutribusions a? of “+ 2. AD160 LD ALPERT AW BARES SH OA. China National Science Foundation supported this work, 2) Me Sua a BAGH 9 Ee RRL TD TP SF BH RR as BE The authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Robert for his help in EMPA. 3) BUTE LAR re BO ARR Hh ed FAT ICS TL Our special thanks are due to Marian Cleland, MD and Walter Willett, MD, for their assistance in conducting this study. 4) BATALI ASS Ae De IL TT AR. We are grateful to Mal Belodoff for his help with the laboratory aspects of this study. 5) PEE RT EE ALT BE Be 2 Be BF RL Se Bl He EAL A STAB A ACHE Gee AY Be AR AR ak Se ‘The authors wish to express their sincerest gratitude to Dr.Masahiro Sakai and MrHaruhiko in Hokado Industral Research Institute for the kind cooperation in the research and the contribution to the experimental works, © FHA ARRAN AT IURAT MHS. ARTA APRN HRD SR SES se EFL ob HY OE mea FB, Partial financial support for this work was provided by Caterpillar Inc. The authors acknowledge MrDavid Spencict, Department of Material, University of Atabama, for his assistance with SEM characterization. tc. BERR FREI}, ALARA REA Hh CRA BIR BPEL CARA Shs BNE SL FA Nb bib BE SHES. PUES MAL BAS oh ROE a, HE BIRT A AY BLE a AE ATE HE. BARNA ATOR SEN RETR BiH IAI aR. Electr (LAR Isosv66—1982 THLE, SATRM ARLE WA FSMF: Author (5) /Tide/Facts of Publication ({£% / MF / BAGH SD. “ARIA” h, FBR, SLtR. tear BH. WR. HIE Sh. HIRE. ARE: WMO, fade. Hea. NH. WTA. CMD a. 2, IER. MR RAMEA, REWEA, AMS", pape MENSEE: RRERKSL EER, BBS GERRAT Th BR, Aes ea may, RHAKEHEMES 54296). FMB SMR IE SFE HG TOE RAT, LEAR EAST HA AGAR A HR ot167 RRA BI, MILER, Gil ip ze i fe aA AVIE GW] “to be published”: TF Ze HEV BU fe dh VE KE “in press”; S) AAR ATE AY A RNTE ME private correspondence”. Bab, TERS AR, MIE PS ARE T SS a: 1 RD. Eng, E.J. Ryan, J. Doyle, Nickel-based brazing with filler metals for aircraft gas turbine application, Weld. J. 50 (10) (1999) , 15-21 2 BJM. Aikin, TH. Courey, The Kinetics of Composite Particle formation during Mechanical Alloying, Metall. Trans. A 24 (1993) , 647-657 3. TB. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase diagrams, ASM International, Metals Park, OF, 1986 4 L Pillinger, P. Hartley, Numerical Modeling of Material Deformation Processes, Springer, Berlin, 1992 5. 8.K. Ghosh, S.R. Reid, in: T.A. Tobias( Ed), Proceedings of 25" International Machine Tool Design and Research Conference, Macniltan, New York, 1985 Ha APSRARCRNHB AS fe SUARFAAVA A AREAS BARA RUT ERE ARE HEX, EM T ULAR BE Raa. MARR A ROPE. at MS BNFAFRSEMAMKA, RAUL SK SF, MALE EAE Al. AES AA REAR LI TIA, CA te BRE RS OH Sauer asa ew. os ERER SMT WRERS RARE. AHR MY UES RRO RIK C41 World Foundry Congress); Hh OK HES Wk! ARBAB IY ah LK RRR AW Ci Asia Foundry Congress): dye REAR hE ABEL x2! RIX CM International Symposium On The Physical Metallurgy Of Cast Iron); Al~- RAGS RF REL. BSL RAE ERE oe LP Rei CH Annual Meeting Of The American Foundrymen’s Society) 2. RESRANEMAH, AKAMA. CMB TMDL WES Canmal meeting), FE42iX Chiennial meeting), ={F41¥ Ctriennial meeting), 79 £2 1X (quadrennial meeting). PETER ARH, MES ( Association,162 Society}. H&A (Federation of Union) RAMA iA Ms ERAT Ey wl. ARFASALS- BA 5-7 KR, EHREARV 2-3 K. SMS Me ARS, SWRA, SUILEA. SNERHASESRN ER, BE, PROLA, FW RMR, HRMiO AA EMEA, REE BARR RR. MURS RRERAT A, APRN ARE. BH MPM. ERS ARTE RL, OER). ay MT, SUPRA ROUSE. EMOREAU. Frag ba FURS. BM SMARBRRON. RRLMAR HSE MABE: FRU AC HERPFRA ROBB SE, ESSA Copening ceremony). FARE Colosing ceremony), 4/421 (plenary session). S48 CR) it i22E {panel discussion, parallel session). 34 (poster presentation) &. i¢ EXSV, RAMNA RBA IIER SN, HOO. MURR. Bf IRS, RUS R, SWRI. SABAH Cpanicipancs, attendants? RBEAMAREX, CGR. MA. a —KADNGS RUS LAW A ROCHE ETON REM, Re. WESRLEATRS ABD. & FIAT (C1O~t5 4D, KS WARES PRR. BRAIN AMR PALLIEAR (poster) JESUKI, RES HRA aL RH. MERE LAA OM RB AL. ERB. KEW HHS, AREASARBTAS MARS TE, Lam, HEE RER REAR ROMA AL, BRATS, WSS RAS A ee er A. MNELLEVEDRNHLMAB, HEED M EAE. AT Lie E. MIRREFREMA WER. MER. PRE AAMT. fh ee WAR. iO RATER, BOE. SUITE Ree, AAS MAE. HRSNA, URAHARA, CO HERS. KEBROAR SAKEHBAUS FRRAS RHE, ASAE AB RY EP AA 2 HHSVERR RARE. BR. RES, SRT AWARE BSG RARMS: HEB ARK EA. fin. sei ERMA. SHRED). GRRE. UTE. Rea. BM. Hi, Ww SPERMINE, RIMS. HBSS HAL R . =. SuRRERA WHER BEAK 2 WIE - RAT , « TRS RED fF BS163 BAGKPA". AAW SRT: C1) TABLE WE BT BY 5 Ae AS A EAR LY fee BH XUAN (Call for Papers). e(E MAT PIR SB 1) Sat PAE RL AT AG, el: Advanced Materials & Processes) (SEHEHM#! HU), €Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance? (#47 #9 EAE AYA). Cloumal of Materials Processing Technology } ¢ 4f €} NT #3). {Modern Casting» (Mit Ia. (Foundry) (442), (Foundryman)> (JH). (Metal Forming) ¢ 4/8 bi 3G). (Welding Journal) REA), (Welding Design & Fabrication) (A Beatle) GS. TEAM PA “Conferences” (200) Calendar” (Hi DE, APRA HER — EA MEA Bee SRL AO ERE eH et SU ee TRE 2) GAME A, TTB Internet BRR LM RIA HY HOT) SF ANARAwM LT MAMA, BS, MER ADKS & ER WHET RA CISA Website (Mit, HEM), ha tt nmrReia SRR. Ws SATE A: wwwasmintenationalore. fei A 1AM i: www.moderncasting com, WL RBA KA: www.metsl-forming.com. Rea HRA: wwwaws.ore%. 2D APES FRAMRBS MOM CMT) SER CER R. BitR. SERS. BESS) N-HLEMKSARM ERAS GE AES Bn FB at A A A te BE Ha. MA EAM RAST SRT A. ERMML ABA Hh. TROT, ASR. SU BIENB. RAK. eH PATO. SNVARBRSMAZB, SVM AHL. Db. 3 RA, E-mail CR FARCE) fA. Bia. HR. HRS. (2) RRSWEXHERREULEXLNAASRE. RSLS, Hb FEF BIE AAA (Deadline for Submission) Liaise 4412 Ww Hat (Congress Secretariat). WEMPM- A 300~500 PSEA. Ff AACS ASS. RR. A, E-mail AAR. im RR, MRE BAUR UE ERM. Be HELE RR EMS E- REA PROMS. BS, DEKE Melb ARUBA a Fae. BERT 4 TDA, oR te AE 9 FT ERA Re APARATO ASA, RS ERA RRR COBRA Fee RAPS de >.J64 CG) EEMMFRER SMEG, SRA PAR URES BI. HRCA RI LAM (Full Paper) (HAY SERS DUB ATL E HHA ARH, FERRE. (4) EXE LARA A, HLSRBRSAM BN, SMB fo REE AC 8 SAE OR AY A TBC Notification of Acceptance or Rejection), IHF WC RH AM LHR. RRR SL WER, 61 MLAS (6ist World Foundry Congress) #i2K 4 SHRM X (Official Exchange Paper), —AE2 HHI (Communication Paper) AOSHI (Post Paper). KPH GES Be FUE LALEAS (Plenary Session) HE, BRE KES TAA (Session) EER, MIRC EMIRAA (Post Session) KMBH. AHAMMAK Aidse Technical Forum), ci alhe re Ba GL MEA See BL RERBTENEA. HARKER OLEH E AG HAE (Camera-ready copies), #2904 Hi IAS WY Bd (5) ERS EA SAA LORRAT. (eSB SKF (Program of Congress). 2 ik #2 ATE AF ( Registration», KEE MIT (Hotel Reservation), 2iRAZ (Congress Program) WAR LS BIL (Work Visits). WAH (Travel Arrangement) Sale CRAM. PEAT Rote RERARERAS, HRM SBS AB. (6) Since MSS ATH ERS, BEE SIM IERIE ATT fee SUE RAMA BPI, SHES ES, INES ATPL. HRS as ARTERIES Te. =. SR NaR RS 16 TOES HAO PRE RAO, eT BERLE i Call for Paper), aR YG. TRIER, WIR]. Hk, MU, SiR, RKC, MLER, RSRRRH, ARSE HEPCMARLE MG, MBSMASERSALHS, SAUER HL FUBPAB{E (E-mail), ff Clenters). Wi (telephone), Hz (telegram), Ae (telex) BAEK (fax) BRAUT. MAKERAPE, REE WR FR TMM. BPE A. tHe, FANS MARAT 1X. DF MPACRMRU SE ym, FET LOR, ie. HT. AAG A AY a TT ARE M85 Dy AUB ROR TT Bs WL eR Pie ah 4 45 1A Sa BANULANE AE RECA BI. Peay,165 1. id fel fee RAM T RAUNT, RAAKAVRE, TSA. BA AB PLE (1) RMA RARER 1) REAR GE Aa Dear Dr. Kathy: lam a professor of the College of Matorial Science and Engineering. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P-R China. I have learned from Modern Casting, Vol.89, No.9 that the International Symposium on The Physical Simulation of Welding, Hot Forming, and Continuous Casting will be held at Ottawa, Canada from 12~15, May 2001. I am just writing an article which seems to be coinciding with the topic of the.symposium; I would appreciate receiving the Call for Papers, Circulars and other details of this meeting. ‘Thank you in anticipation for your early reply to my request. Sincerely yours, BRHF EL ARES EM CUE IE) AVE 90 SH OL, RAR EY. EE #7 2001 F 5 8 12~15 AEMRABALB YT. SROWESREERS M-RELAMS. FRESSLERAS. MARKHAM, BR BAB. SEM ES AM FREE “HES”: CALL FOR PAPERS International Symposium on the Physical Simulation of Welding, Hot Forming, and Continuous Casting. Sponsored by CANMET ASM Duffers Scientific, Inc. May 12-15 2001, Ottawa, Canada. The symposium will cover the physical simulation of welding, hot forming and continuous casting operations by various techniques such as torsion testing, cam plastometry and Gleeble testing, with the aim of understanding the effects of changes in process parameters on materials behaviour, Papers are invited which deal with the thermal/mechanical simulation of any of these processes. In welding for example, this would include HAZ simulation and hot cracking susceptibility. Hot forming will be divided into two sessions: the first on physical simulation to determine material hot forming166 behaviour, and the second relating directly to the physical simulation of industrial material forming processes. The continuous casting session will cover ways in which simulation techniques have led to a greater understanding of the susceptibility to cracking of continuous cast product. Abstracts are due by October 15, 2000. Submit abstracts to: DrJ. Bowker Physical Metallurgy Research Laboratories CANMET /EMR 568 Booth St. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, KIA OG1 Telephone (613) 993-7109. 2) RATE M Dear Professor Smith: Thave received your letter of January 18, notifying the acceptance of my Paper entitled Investigation of Interface Defects in Surface Alloying Castings. But, I have not yet received the registration forms for the 69th World Foundry Congress, Could you send me two registration forms at your earliest convenience with the information about accommodation? With best regards. Sincerely yours, KEMKACA 18 AMM. ARB CRASH SE HED WEXLER. CRMAKEIA 69 MURBIRS MAEM. Ae GRPECRH EHH RSE. ANE. EH RT HR. (2) THA WIE Dear Dt.Morgan: Dr. John Cummins, your colleague at AFC Company, visited my lab. Last week and told me that AFS Conference for Channel and Coreless Induction Furnaces will take place at Holiday Inn, Rosemont, Illinois from 6~ 8, October. 1am extremely interested in the conference since I have been working in this field for years. I would like to know the subjected theme and other details of this conference. ‘Your early reply is deeply appreciated. Sincerely yours, Usd AFS =] John Cummins +. LAWS MMH. {hei HR. RAPA LSHE FHERMP SIT 105 6~8 Fam @ Neh a BESTT.167 RAEN, AMPS THUALASS. RMR S RMRENEEHRCMT. BeSRSRH. (3) WERE Deat Professor Edwards: Since 1 have been studying on the technology and equipments of pressure diecasting tor many years, I am very much interested in attending the 18th International Pressure Diecasting Conference, which is to be held in Barton Creek Resort, Austin, T.X, from May 26-~30, 2000. 1 would be grateful if you could let me know the deadline for application and the submission of absiracts and papers. Tam looking forward to hearing from you. Sincerely yours, HRs SR BAERS LEAR EMM. RAM 2000 45 H 26 FE BO FA ZEA BBLS SABE Sa SE TT GAT PAB A AT SH LD SO HAVANA. FRR AG AIRS RMT Ch Le FSA BK. a. (4) OM RF HAN Dear Professor Bush: Thank you very much for your letter of March 16 and the enclosed Call for Papers, announcing the AFS 4th International Conference on Molten Aluminum Processing will be held in Orlando fram 12 to 14 November 1999. I am deeply interested in the conference and hope to know whom I may contact for financial aid for the attendance. I shall forward you my paper before the deadline for papers as indicated in the Call, L await your early reply. Sincerely yours. TASES 3 16 CACY SE aE SB NTE Si T 199 11 A 2~M ASR AAR. BA SUR, Se A SEES ETB TR AE A SG BN RE SE A UH JA, RORMFLR HER. BR. 2. OA Ei He CS468 BREASKAAH, SRMBR, FREVAREIMMERUS & PHENYL. KH. RTM. RARSMNBEKS. SESH PME 2h UE AE ZS OT DA RR ps PPL Pa BA EAH 4 C covering letter), REAR AK, AAATAL FLA: CL) BBB CRAB Dear Dr Brown: Enclosed pleased find the full text of my paper entitled Influence of Inclusion on the Thermal Analysis Characteristic Values of Magnesium Aluminum Alloy. It is expected to be included in the Proceedings of the 3rd International Magnesium Conference. Best regards. Sincerely yours, BLOCK CRROU REREAD ENE HEX. ax JE ARS Wit HR AR AHR. (2) &X6asee Dear Mr. Burgess: Enclosed is the second version of my paper that L submitted to you on May 14,1999. As you requested, I rewrote the title and the abstract as well as the Test Material and Methods section of the paper. I hope the revisions will not cause much trouble to you. Best regards. Sincerely yours, Hist 1999 475 Fo 14 HAMELIN BAR, HUE HIER, R EX THE. BEURRRHR ADRS. RBBB SS HR BEA BR SF DIR. ) BRAECL SMR Dear Professor Cook: Thank you very much for your letter of Jun 21, notifying the acceptance of my paper entitled The Influence of Magnetic Field on Solidification's Process of Castings for oral presentation at the forthcoming conference. But I found an error in the paper, that in the section under the heading Introduction the Sth Hine “ tissued a series of reports hetween 1906~1996" should have read “ +169 issued a series of reports between 1966~ 1996”. Please make it correct in the paper. Best regards. Sincerely yours. WAAR 6 A 21 Asef. SE CMR REPRE Bm) ZE HATMASLAE. CRAB HMPA: ESR” RAPALA “se issued a series of reports between 1906-1996" WISE “- issued a series of reports between 1966~ 1996”. i#ZES FLAY IE. Rabi. (4) SMR RAE RRA Dear Professor Burgess: Enclosed herewith are the full texts of my two papers, two copies for each. The one entitled Laser surface Alloying of $.G.Jron-with Chromium is intended for oral presentation at the panel meeting, while the other for poster presentation which covers an area of about 1m*. Best regards, Sincerely yours, RA ERA ARO, Hi. AE ORB REA Rm RRARS) REARS LH. ANNO. RAMEY Im?, (5) GR BEECH BEE Dear Professor Hale: Thank you very much for your letter dated July 18, 1998, asking me to submit the full text of my paper before the end of this year. Unfortunately. I did not read the letter until December 25, because of my absence from my office for a 5 months field investigation. The enclosed paper is mainly based on my previously published articles with addition of new data. I hope it can be included in the conference proceedings. 1 am sory to keep you waiting fot my paper and thank you for your assistance. Best regards. Sincerely yours.176 WAS 1998 F718 AR. REO RAMI. BM, FES RIS PA. ULB 2 A 2s AAAI. Ma Ae SORTA RIG SM BBP EERR FeR S Y. ROAE RE KASTEN. URSPRMER, THK. WA. DQ. ARFREREKHRRER He tARA- MMB GME REL (Proceeding). WY Mi) SRO RE. UFOS URINE RT Pee R RIGS (Proceeding) WEAR ABTA (manuscript : TEATHOGAR HE CUR RAS AE OTE > BEAR AEE (Ho SE eR ET CU AR HT Fig Apia AT. DLE SCAT AEN AR RAT ER ARI TEER. tie SESH ES, HAMAS. PSSM EET Re RUSE AVG ICA AK (sample for paper) ANE RIT MSAK (EI EM LI KECHAR-BAHRE ASHE, AERTS), TERE GTAD HC BORP, FRabes uh SiO AMAR. TENET L. Heath. KEE. PTSOSA, MR RARM RR. SHER, Se CHR MNTHI AK OER IR SRR RT. TUS BRS SME ET EO) AAT pH 0) SAR A A Ko TEM AN, RAT RABOT AR SAR PE CAO Microsoft Word - FEMIG CIN ELSE IE AMARA SE. UK AUST SBF IU HT EAL SNL. SRA ONL, SR RL ae. ADU E FAIA AY SOA AF CREA Oe FR HB EU ER. FP SCAR IMIR, SOR FALE OE IMT a) Se REF Sd ee 3K. FSB Microsoft Word “HARA” SUE KALR CRA CIB Fp WE CSS SRR LAD. ARATE, ad AT ASA RRR WR, BAO, ARAL ALL, SRA. PI RE ee. BOA. Ai ee AOATEHRA, URER MR. B-TRRE Ae Caption). TREES 61 RHRABARWE KARR STAIR, fe XR, KREBS.a7t THE 61ST WORLD FOUNDRY CONGRESS INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS The Academic Commission of the Organizing Committee asks authors of the Congress papers to comply with the following guide-lines and deadline: Technical Significance: The paper or communication should describe the latest development in the relevant specialized field in a hitherto unpublished form. It should respect the theme of the Congress and deal either with specific research work or the thorough investigation of knowledge and advances in a particular field or the detailed description of industrial method. Its content should be of general interest to an international audience. The presentation, text tables, slides, and overhead projection films should be kept strictly neutral. Any reference to trade names and company names should be avoided. 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Kitt BE) FO MAREE RE RE FR RAS CAFS Transactions) LRM AML, KEE WEBER SER. CB) Fatigue Behavior of Cast 359/SiC/20p Al Composite T.E.Klimowicz Duralcan USA San Diego, California ABSTRACT The high-cycle uniaxial fatigue and fatigue crack growth behavior of a cast 359/SiC/20p aluminum composite (Duralcan F3S.208) was investigated. The smooth-bar, constant-stress amplitude axial fatigue behavior was characterized at stress ratios of 0.1 and -1 and com-pared with unreinforced A356. At the -1 stress ratio, the composite material showed similar behavior at low stresses, but inferior behavior at high stresses, as compared to the A356. In contrast, at a 0.1 stress ratio, the composite material showed superior fatigue Properties at low stresses and similar behavior at high stresses. Notched-bar fatigue tests on the composite material showed identical behavior for the smooth and notched bars, indicating a natch sensitivity index "q" of zero. In fatigue crack growth rate tests, the composite material, as compared with the A356, showed a steeper da/dn curve, with lower crack growth rates in the mear-threshold range, but with higher crack growth rates at higher stressl74 intensity ranges. These results are discussed with reference to the microstructure and fracture morphology. INTRODUCTION Shape-cast particle-reinferced aluminum composites are presently being used or evaluated for numerous applications in the automotive, aerospace, sporting goods and industrial equipment markets. Because most of these applications involve cyclic loading, the fatigue properties of the materials are of great concern. This is especially true because of the limited ductility generally exhibited by the materials. Yet, while there have been hundreds of investigations published on the fatigue properties of wrought aluminum composites, there have been exceedingly few published on shape-cast composites, This is largely due i the relative newness of these materials; it is only within the past few years that they have been commercially available in significant quantity. In addition, cast materials, in general. pose a special challenge to researchers because they are extremely subject to variations in casting quality. These variations can easily overwhelm any metallurgical effects being studied, and often dissuade researchers from working with cast materials. The present investigation was undertaken in an effort to characterize the fatigue behavior of a 359/SiC/20p aluminum composite, and to compare it with a common aluminum foundry alloy, A356. Stress-controlled, axial fatigue tests and fatigue crack growth rate tests were carried out. In addition, the notch sensitivity of the composite material was evaluated, EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The patented composite material used in this investigation was produced by Duralcan USA using a proprietary molten metal stir-casting process. It was based on a matrix composition similar to Aluminum Association alloy 359, with 20 vol% SiC particulate reinforcement. Using the Aluminum Association's system. the designation for this composite is 359/SiC/20p, while the manufacturer's designation is Duralcan F30S.20S. ‘The SiC powder used had a median particle size of 12.8+1.0um and conformed to the Federation of European Producers of Abrasives (FEPA) standard for F500-grit powder. The unreinforced aluminum alloy used for comparison was Aluminum Association A356. The chemical compositions wereUS analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), and the amount of silicon carbide was determined by gravimetry. The compositions are shown in Table 1. In the case of the smooth-bar axial fatigue and the fatigue crack growth rate, material was remelted and shape cast info either permanent steel molds or sand molds with chill blocks, The notched fatigue samples were taken from direct chill (DC) cast billets, without remelting or shape casting Table J. Chemical Composition of Materials Cin w1%, except for SiC in vol%) Si Mg Fe Mn Za Ti Sr Es 3SGISICIOp | a8 055025 0.01 0.06 001 amis ta A386 73 O37 O43 OLD = Tensile tests were performed on cast-to-size permanent mold tensile bars that had a gauge diameter of 12 mm and a gauge length of 50.8 mm, These tensile specimens were heat treated prior to testing; they received no machining. Specimen blanks for all the fatigue samples were cut from the castings. solutionized at 538C for 12 hours, hot water quenched and then aged at 154: for five hours, to produce a T6 temper. The smooth axial fatigue samples were machined using polyerystalline diamond tools and then polished in the longitudinal direction to a 0.2m surface finish. Testing of the axial fatigue samples was carried out on a servo-hydraulic test system at room temperature. using a 30 Hz sinusoidal wave form. ‘The smooth-bar axial fatigue samples had a gauge diameter of 4.1 mm and a gauge length of 10.2 mm. The notched-bar fatigue samples had a gross diameter of 7.8 mm and a net diameter of 6.4 mm. The notch had a 60 flank angle and a 0.33 mm root radius. This notch geometry produced a stress concentration factor, X,, of 3.0. Fatigue crack growth rate testing was carried out using compact tension specimens with the following dimensions: thickness B=8.9 mm, width W=50.8mm and height = 61mm. Testing was performed in accordance with ASTM E647, at room temperature with a relative humidity of 60%. Afier precracking, the samples were subjected to cyclic loading at 20 Hz with a decreasing K-gradient. Once the near-threshold crack growth rates were established, testing was continued with an increasing K-gradient. The crack176 opening displacements were monitored with a clip gauge, and crack lengths were determined using the compliance method. The closure stress intensity factor, Ky. was determined from the load versus crack opening displacement curve at the point of first deviation from linearity. The effective stress intensity factor was taken as AK y= Koo — RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Representative microstructures of the permanent-mold cast specimens are shown in Fig.t. The secondary dendrite arm spacing of both the A356 and 359/SiC/20p was S9im, and the porosity level of both materials was approximately 0.1%. The microstructure of the A356 consists of aluminum-rich dendrites surrounded by silicon-rich eutectic. The siticon particles within the eutectic are well-rounded and globular. In the composite material, the SiC Particles teside at the interdendritic locations, as a result of particle pushing by the dendrites during solidification. Average tensile properties for the two materials are shown in Table 2. As can be seen, the 359/SiC/20p has significantly higher yield and tensile strength, as well as a higher modulus. The elongation of the composite, however, is substantially reduced. Table 2. Room Temperature Tensile Properties Materisl Yield Ste (MPa? Ultimate Sir. (MPa) log. C@) Modulus (GPa? 7356 io 298 a8 7 259/8;C720p 38 38 oa 98.5 Smooth-bar Axial Fatigue The smooth-bar axial fatigue results are shown in Figs.2a and 2b. As can be seen, the relative performance of the two materials is quite different at the two different stress ratios. At a 0.1 stress ratio, the composite material is dramatically Superior to the unreinforced A356 in the low-stress, long-lifetime regime. At intermediate and high stresses, however, the two materials perform comparably. In contrast, at the -1 stress ratio, the two materials perform comparably in the low- and intermediate-stress, short-lifetime regime. In all samples examined, for both the unreinforced and composite materials, failure was initiated at a surface defect. Three principal types of defects were observed: gas pores, shrinkage pores and oxide inclusions. In the composite177 samples, near the initiation site, the fracture propagated through the matrix, avoiding the particles. A typical fracture morphology near the initiation site is shown in Fig.3. Although quantitative measurements were not made, the area fraction of SiC on the fracture surface is clearly less than the bulk level in the material. The relative fatigue behavior of the two materials at R=0.1 ( where Ris stress ratio) is consistent with results reported by many researchers on other particulate-retnforced composites. In the low-stress, long-lifetime regime, where the strains are principally elastic, the addition of SiC improves the fatigue life because of the resulting higher elastic modulus and consequent lower strains within the material. In the high-stress regime, however, plastic deformation plays a greater role, and the lower ductility of the composite material counteracts the higher elastic modulus and leaks to similar overall fatigue behavior for the two materials, Under fully reversed loading (R=-1) , the composite shows similar behavior at low stress, but inferior behavior at high stresses, as compared to the unreinforced A356. Such behavior (where the composite has superior properties at R=0.1, but similar properties at R=-1) was also reported by Bonnen, Allison and Jones"! in a 2xxx series aluminum powder metallurgy composite, and has been ascribed by Allison and Jones'*! to the lower proportional limit of the composite and the differences in the micro-deformation behavior at the different stress ratios, They suggest that, at low stresses and positive stress ratios, plastic deformation (at particles ) will occur only in the first cycle. Subsequent deformation will then be elastic. At a stress ratio of -1, however, because of the alternating tensile and compressive strains, plastic deformation (near the Particles) occurs with the first cycle and continues with subsequent cycles. Consequently, under fully reversed loading, the cyclic plastic strains and resulting damage may be higher in the composite than in the unreinfotced alloy. The bulk elastic strains, however, are still lower because of the higher modulus, These two effects serve to counteract one another and result in similar overall fatigue performance at low stresses. In the present investigation, however, the validity of the cyclic plastic strain argument is open to discussion. If, im face, the higher cyclic plastic strain is what accounts for the relatively poor performance of the composite at R=—I, then how4I78 does one expiain the much higher fatigue strength of the composite at R=0.1? At 10” cycles, the fatigue strengths of the composite are 152 and 55 MPa, respectively, for stress ratios of 0.t and -1. It seems unlikely, although perhaps possible, that the plastic strain of a sample cycled under fully reversed loading at 55 MPa is larger than that of a sample cycled at 152 MPa with R=0.1. Another possibility to explain the superior fatigue strength of the composite at R=0.1 is its higher fatigue crack growth threshold, AKiy. As will be shown in the following section, the threshold value for the composite is significantly higher than that of the unreinforced alloy (7.8 vs. 5.8 MPa-m!) Given that the cast materials have numerous preexisting defects, such as shrinkage pores, gas pores and oxide inclusions, it may be that the high-cycle fatigue lifetime is controlled principally by the crack growth rate in the near threshold reeime, And because _o lower crack ormuth rate the enmmas179 Kap and Kegs Where Knig=0, and the crack surfaces maintain contact below a stress intensity, X.(the closure stress intensity >, then the effective stress intensity range that the crack tip experiences is reduced such that: AK =| J Ka a Several mechanisms for crack closure have been identified, including crack surface roughness, crack wake plasticity, phase transformation and oxide debris‘, Roughness-induced closure is one of the more commonly cited closure mechanisms and it arises from the mode II displacements that occur on a crack surface when the crack path deviates from the mode I crack plane. These displacements cause a mismatch between the contacting surfaces and result in closure. The closure levels for the two materials in the present investigation are shown in Fig.5. At low levels of AK, the amount of closure is significantly greater in the composite material than in the unreinforced alloy. As the level of AK increases, the levels of closure in the two materials converge. When the AK levels are corrected for closure, the crack growth rates, as a function of AK yj, become quite similar (Fig.6) . Consequently, it appears that the differences in the fatigue crack growth behavior of the unreinforced and composite material can be attributed to variations in the levels of closure. Parenthetically, it may be noted that the threshold values measured for the A356 in this investigation agree well with values reported by Wigant and Stephens! (6.0~-6.2 MPa-m!"?) . Regarding the crack growth behavior of the composite material, the threshold values measured in this investigation are significantly higher than those reported by Ogarevic!"!, who measured values of 4.7 and §.2 Mpa-m" for a cast 356/SiC/20p aluminum composite. Pethaps the higher levels of silicon in the 359 composite are responsible for higher closure levels and, in turn, higher threshold values. The fracture surfaces of the two materials for the near-threshold regime are shown in Fig.7a and 7b. The A356 shows a rather smooth, feather-like fracture morphology, while the composite material shows a generally rougher surface with much smaller areas of the smooth, feather-like fracture. This rougher surface, and the fact that there are relatively few broken particles on the surface, indicate that the advancing crack is deflected by the SiC particles, This greater degree of crack deflection, in tum, leads to the higher levels of closure, seen in the180 composite. Examples of the final, overload fracture morphologies are shown in Figs.7C and 7d. Both materials show a dimple-rupture type of fracture. In the A356, the dimples are nucleated by fractured silicon or intermetallic particles, while, in the composite material, they are nucleated principally by fractured SiC particles. Notch Sensitivity The notch sensitivity of a material is defined as a= (K-1) / CR-1) (a) where q — the notch sensitivity index K, —— the theoretical stress concentration factor K,— the fatigue notch factor Cratio of the smooth fatigue strength to the notched fatigue strength) . and it generally takes on values between zero and one. A value of zero would indicate that the material is insensitive to the presence of notches, while a value of one would indicate maximum sensitivity. In order to maximize any notch sensitivity of the material used in these tests, samples were taken directly from DC billets, without any subsequent remelting or shape casting. Because DC-cast material is cleaner than material that has been remelted and shape cast, any detrimental effects caused by the presence of a mechanical notch should he more apparent than in a sample that contains numerous defects. Fig.8 shows the microstructure of the DC composite. As a result of the higher solidification rate, the microstructure is stightly finer than in the permanent mold or sand cast material, with a secondary dendrite arm spacing of 38 um. ‘The notched fatigue data, alng with corresponding smooth-bar data for the same material, is shown in Fig.9. As can be seen, in the long-life regime of 10° to 10’ cycles, the fatigue strengths of the smooth and notched bar are identical. Consequently, Kj=1, and the notch sensitivity index, g, is equal to zero. This indicates that the material is insensitive to the presence of notches of this acuity (K,=3.0) . This finding is in agreement with what little has been published on the notch ity of conventional cast aluminum alloys. Previous work has shown a low or zero notch sensitivity. Fer example, Butz and Nordmark"*! found that, at lifetimes of 10° or more cycles, he performance of smooth and notched samples181 of A355-T6 was identical (that is, q=0) . Found"! also measured fatigue properties of A355-16, and his data indicate a notch sensitivity, g. of only 0.16 at 10’ cycles. The cause of the notch insensitivity in the 359/SiC/20p composite is probably the same as for conventional cast aluminum alloys — the fact that there are numerous stress raisers already present in the material in the form of pores, inclusions and, in the case of the composite, clusters of ceramic particles. Consequently, the presence of an external notch does little to further degrade the fatigue properties. CONCLUSIONS In this investigation, the high-cycle axial fatigue and fatigue crack growth characteristics of a cast 359/SiC/20p aluminum composite were characterized and compared with unreinforced A356 aluminum alloy. Based on the results of this investigation, the following conclusions can be made: In stress-controlled, high cycle axial fatigue: (1) The performance of the 359/SiC/20p composite, relative to un- reinforced A356, depends on the stress ratio and the magnitude of the stress. Al a stress ratio of 0.1, the composite materials has significantly longer lifetimes in the low-stress regime and comparable lifetimes in the intermediate-and high- stress regime. (2) In contrast, at a stress ratio of -t, the composite shows comparable behavior in the low-stress regime and inferior behavior in the high-stress regime With regard to fatigue crack growth, (3) At low, near-threshold-stress intensity ranges, the crack growth rates of the composite are lower and the AK, values are about 34% higher, compared to unreinforced A356 This is attributed to increased levels of crack closure in the composite. (4) At intermediate-stress intensity ranges (crack growth rates of 10 * to 10meycle) , the crack growth rates of the composite are comparable to those of A356. (5) At higher-steess intensity ranges, where Kya, approaches the fracture toughness of the material, the crack growth rates of the composite become higher than those of the A356. With regard to notch sensitivity:182 (6) Under fully reversed loading, the composite material is insensitive to the presence of notches having a stress concentration factor, K., of 3.0. This is consistent with previous work on cast aluminum alloys and is attributed to the relatively high level of defects inherent in cast materials. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of R.Dickinson in performing the mechanical testing, and the help of K. Lease at the University of Jowa in providing reference articles on natch sensitivity. REFERENCES, 1 J..Bonnen, J.E Allison and FW.Jones, Metall. Trans. 22 (1991) , p 1007 2 LE.Allison and J.W.Jones, Fundoamentals of Metal Matrix Composites. Butter- worth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA. 1993, pp 269-294 3 R.O.Ritchie, Mater. Sci. Eng., A103 (1988) p15 4 C.C.Wigant and R.1.Stephens, Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of A356-Té Cast Aluminum Alloy, Society of Automotive Engineers. Watrendale. PA. 1988, p 49 5 V.V.Ogarevic, "Fatigue Behavior and Elevated Temperatures," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa, 1992 6 GA.Butz and G.E.Nordmark, Fatigue Resistance of Aluminum and Its Products, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 1964 7 ¥.H.Found, ASTM Proceedings, 46 (1946) p715 & 3 A. Write the abstract of following articles in section five of chapter two: I. MATERIALS C1? Solidification and Grain Size Strengthening (2) Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions 2. FOUNDRY (2) Fall Mould Process (4) Nodular Graphite Cast Irons 3. PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES (1) Forging183 (2) Flow Through Conical Converging Dies 4. WELDING (1) Gas Shielded — Are Welding. (4) Laser Welding B, Translate following abstracts into English: (1) HAR: ROM LR ZA] OHH RA FH Beh WE: SLI RSA EBHASEERAP HEME, BRA & ZAI] GSP REEL, ARR T SRE a ERR OE Gh, RERATSRA SOCHHBRA, LA, BURA ALORA RKE. (2) HR: FHRBESCE PAREN HR: HABHARATTARAPREAFOABASE SAAR KR. TFHRRAW: ALAFHASLPHAAYHURR TASES AM KRG, ARR KARR BE RRA RR AE: RAMPS SEPHORA MRARHZ, CH—-NMP AMMA RARBRR Lb BERS RE Be NRE BALM Ya RK. (3) Fra: MALE RR TS -3 SSR MMR ASH EOE aS: 5) TEM fo SEM PM FRR T AMAR LEH Ts - 3 SS LMMRP APRN. PRA: SLAEAM BA BA, HFSSPRA BARRE, HOSMER. ADS ALS BL RRO A, A RA os dl, MA I A foot aot BAe, MALTA. SAH, SCHHRSRARMARA HD KAZARR, ALD, CEPHEHANAAANY RE. OF LUTHOR DLEARH SBM AD cHAARM ML. (4) HE: SiCp HEBER AZO RSA HERBAL HR ALAR T RAR EGO SICp/AZBO LSet ah RO BAR he. BRAWN: LOMAMHBRRFERASS, EOUHRARHEA © GCris HREM EAR, RLSM / GCrLS SAB BIRR Bt AZ80/GCr1S PRM IK: LOMA MH RARER FRKSS OM BR BRE, OLSMPAR RE SEL RAS SRR SE) Of, (5) Ha: PPM MAR ARH LS BE: MAAGUR-AHAMRBH HE, RHLEHH, EA, REM REFRA. ALAS PROBA EM foe aE. RM BALERS Mit TR AL. RIA T LAME SO HEH ER ULE, HRA RAH. (6) REAL: AAR Dh Rea184 HE: FRIPERUAAROMBREARARMAR, RY MAR Ge AG RR LAL 04 ARE BA A RN IGG 2 HR date Re. HAKAS REV OMSEBA. PLAS RRABADFAEMBOE RAT RAMA ARAM ORR SARA, RRS EA B. RARARIAREIERERRT Bite. (7) 4A: HAR ahah RAS aH dete aL A YP Re BH WH: AAAHP RAR, ASLAM. BEPRIESHT. HH BORAT RP KEES, OL TAR Ast B308-16 TORR RE HERP EER ARH, BRA, RHR AMAR, AR MOKECPENAE RD, KH OURMENE. ape ee AWS EMK. FAY GALE SAY RRM SEZO AAMAS, RAPUESRAAMARAERE RRA, BAe” Be, (8) AeRE: ABRIL CO, IPL AEP EE ER, HS: ALTAR CO, FLAP NEEM AR, A BLE PAF ORE A BAR RL, Hah TREY a BS Be Af PURE RAGRS, ARITRRARMRE BOM RR, AF ALAM AAT RD IES tie. PL ARIE RAH, AMLILLGR CO, MLAP, RET RAR ARMAS Te See ea OY ED MARA MH,Wt PS MAY BSR B. Translate following abstracts into English. (1) Influence of RE on the High Temperature Technical Properties of ZA-27 Alloys Abstract: The influence of mixed-RE on the high temperature mechanical properties of high Al Zn-base alloys has been investigated. The results show that, with addition of RE in appropriate contents, quite a number of hard dispersed complex compounds are formed at the grain boundaries. It results in the apparent increase in strength and hardness, also in some improvement on plasticity and impact ductility of the allays at 150°C €2) Morphology of Eutectic Silicon in Semisolid Al-Si Alloy Abstract: The morphology of eutectic silicon in semisolid AI-Si alloy with Sr modification or without St modification has been studied. The morphology of eutectic silicon in no modification alloy has been partly changed from long and thin strip in conventional casting structure to short and thick strip or broken lump. The morphology of eutectic silicon in Sr modification alloy is mainly iong and thin strip, and a little short and thick strip or broken lump. AU the results are telated to the solidifying process in the rotated magnetic field. (3) Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast TAS - 3 Alloy Abstract: The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast TilS — 3 alloy have been studied by means of TEM and SEM analysis. The results show that microstructure of as cast alloy is characterized as large B grains. For lack of strengthening action of precipitated phases, the tensile strength of the alloy is low. After solution treatment followed by different aging treatments, it was observed that a phases precipitated in the grains or at the grain boundaries. With the aging temperature raised or holding time prolonged, the precipitation phases become coarser continuously. Compared with the as cast condition, the tensile strength of as heat-treated alloy was considerably increased, but the elongation was dramatically decreased. Meanwhile, the dislocation186. tangled around the precipitation phases during the deformation process. The reasons for lower plasticity of alloy can be interpreted as the original large grains and the precipitation of a phases at the grain boundaries, (4) The Friction and Wear Characteristics of SiCp Particles Reinforced 4280 Magnesium Alloy Composite Abstract: The friction and wear characteristics of SiCp/AZ80 composite prepared by spray-stirring method have been investigated. The results indicated that the wear resistance of the composites was superior to that of AZ80 mattix-alloy. Because of existence of iron-enriched oxide layer transferred from GCr15 mating onto the wear surface of composite, the friction coefficient of SiCp/AZ80- GCr15 system is lower than that of AZ80-GCr15 system, while the wear rate of the grinding ring with composite is more than that with matrix, but the total wear rate of SiCp/AZ80-GCr1 5 system is less than that of AZ80-GCr15 system. (5) The Thermal Stress Bending of Tubes and Plates Abstract: The thermal stress bending is a special forming technique, which has following advantages: no toad and no dies are need and easy for operating in worksite. An expetimental study on the technology project of heating and cooling and on influences of process parameters on deformation for bending of tubes and Plates is presented in this paper. According to the research results the forming technology of both bended ibe and forming cylinder face is designed. The experimental results show the design is successful. (6) Prediction of Grain Size Evolution for Hot-Forged Workpieces Abstract: A coupled thermoviscoplastic finite-element model has been developed for simulating metal flow in hot forging process and for predicting the microstructure change by combination with the mathematic model for dynamic and static recrystallization of 34CrNi3Mo steel. The simulated distributions of the grain size over the cross — section of stigmata are shown, which is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The system can be provided for optimizing technology parameters. (7) Effect of Welding Current on Metal Transfer and Non-metallic Inelusion in Droplet of Stainless Steel Electrode Abstract: The effects of welding current on the droplet transfer and non-metallic inclusion in droplet of type £:308-16 stainless steel electrode were investigated by the methods of collecting weld droplets in a water trough, optical microscopy, SEM. EDS and heap welding on plates etc. The resus shown that with187 increasing welding current, the mass ratio and average mass of electrode droplet decreases, its transfer frequency and the non-metallic inclusion content in droplet increases, and there is no regularity correspond relationship between pore rate in weld metal and non-metallic inclusion content in droplet. The non-metallic inclusions in droplet ate chemical reaction products in droplet region and belong in internal produced nature. (8) A Study on Energy Distribution in Short - Circuiting CO, Welding Abstract: The heating mechanism of both the filler wire and the base metal in short ~ circuiting CO, welding is studied. The limitation of average current as the criterion for evaluating the heating of base metal in conventional welding process is indicated. The concepts of average short current and average arc current are proposed to substitute the average current. A sampling and analyzing system fot welding parameters is established as a testifying tool on above analysis and discussion. Results of analysis and experiments show that some process parameters, such as wire extension and frequency of drop transformer, have great effect on the energy distribution between the base metal and the filler wire.Caer naae ona 10 ii 12 13 18 19 20 21 22 ae a REDE . GA Be BE FULL ASML, = 1997 Le. RBG TAREE PN: RAS RURAL, 1986 TAKS . SHOR BRT OR: RPA EER MEL. 1991 ASAE . URL ASOT AEA TK IE: PRT HE. 1989 BARS . SHR RSAMPESE «AUREL. 1982 FOE Soe. ERG | CR: LEAP, 1980 BAR, BARHH AES dix: EB Law MeAt, 1991 BERS ICES HE A: aR A EMARHL. 1990 WARE PRRES CE I: SRNL. 1983 SERS FRESE ck: BEY RURAL, 1989 SAL, THE, KAWS MA SABEFORBE tm: ARP AEM EL, 1983 BUS . Nee PRESB RI ARAL. 1994 Michaelso HB. How ta Write and Publish Engineering Papers and Reports Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1986 Woodford. Scientific Writing for Graduate Students: A Manual on the Teaching of Scientific Writing. Bethesda, MD: Council of Biology Editors, 1986 Donald R.Askeland. The Science and Engineering of Materials. Monterey: Brooks / Cole Engineering Division. 1984 Zbigniew D. Jastrzebski. The Nature and Properties of Engineering Materials. Second Edition, New Youk: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.. 1977 Charles F. Walton, Timothy J. Opar. Iron Castings Handbook. London: Iron Castings Society, Inc, 1981 PR.Beeley. Foundry Technology. London: The Butterworth Group, 1972 Betzalel Avitzur. Handbook of Metal-Forming Processes. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 1983 Jon E. Jenson. Forging Industry Handbook. Cleveland, Ohio: Forging Industry Association, 1970 Joseph W. giachino, William Weeks. Welding Skills and Practices. Fifth Edition. Alsip, Iinois: American Technical Publishers Inc., 1976 W. H. Kearns, Welding Handbook. Sevesnth Edition. Miami, Florida:23 American Welding Society, 1980 AFS. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society. Foundrymen’s Society Inc., 1995 189 American23 American Welding Society, 1980 AFS. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society. Foundrymen’s Society Inc., 1995 189 American23 American Welding Society, 1980 AFS. Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society. Foundrymen’s Society Inc., 1995 189 American