ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242 ELEC 222

BJT Biasing 3
For the Voltage Divider Bias Configurations Draw Equivalent Input circuit Draw Equivalent Output circuit Write necessary KVL and KCL Equations Determine the Quiescent Operating Point
Graphical Solution using Load lines Computational Analysis

Design and test design using a computer simulation

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Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

Voltage-divider bias configuration

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Voltage Divider Input Circuit Approximate Analysis

This method is valid only if R2 .1 RE Under these conditions RE does not significantly load R2 and it may be ignored: IB << I1 and I2 and I1 I2 Therefore:

R2 VB = VCC R1+R2 We may apply KVL to the input, which gives us: -VB + VBE + IE RE = 0 Solving for IE we get:

IE =

VB - VBE RE

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Updated 23 February 2005

Input Circuit Exact Analysis

This method is always valid must be used when R2 > .1 RE Perform Thevenins Theorem Open the base lead of the transistor, and the Voltage Divider bias circuit is:

R2 VTH = VCC R1+R2 Calculate RTH We may apply KVL to the input, which gives us: -VTH + IB RTH + VBE + IE RE = 0 Since IE = ( + 1) IB
RTH + VBE + IE RE = 0 +1 Solving for IE we obtain: -VTH + IE IE = VTH - VBE RTH + RE +1

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Redrawing the input circuit for the network

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Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

Determining VTH

R2 VTH = VCC R1 + R2
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Determining RTH

RTH =

R1 R2 R1 + R2
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Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

The Thvenin Equivalent Circuit

Note that VE = VB VBE and IE = ( + 1)IB

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Input Circuit Exact Analysis

We may apply KVL to the input, which gives us: -VTH + IB RTH + VBE + IE RE = 0 Since IE = ( + 1) IB

RTH + VBE + IE RE = 0 +1 Solving for IE we obtain: -VTH + IE IE = VTH - VBE RTH + RE +1

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Collector-Emitter Loop

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Collector-Emitter (Output) Loop

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law: - VCC + IC RC + VCE + IE RE = 0

Assuming that IE IC and solving for VCE: IC = VCC - VCE RC + RE Solve for VE: Solve for VC: V E = IE R E VC = VCC - IC RC or VC = VCE + IE RE Solve for VB: VB = VCC - IB RB or VB = VBE + IE RE

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Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

Voltage Divider Bias Example 1

VCC = 22V R1 = 39k R2 = 3.9k RC = 10k RE = 1.5k = 140

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Voltage Divider Bias Example 2

VCC = 18V R1 = 39k R2 = 8.2k RC = 3.3k RE = 1k = 120

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Voltage Divider Bias Example 3

VCC = 16V R1 = 62k R2 = 9.1k RC = 3.9k RE = .68k = 80

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Design of CE Amplifier with Voltage Divider Bias

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select a value for VCC Determine the value of from spec sheet or family of curves Select a value for ICQ Let VCE = VCC (typical operation, 0.4 VCC VC 0.6 VCC ) Let VE = 0.1 VCC (for good operation, 0.1 VCC VE 0.2 VCC ) Calculate RE and RC Let R2 0.1 RE (for this calculation, use low value for ) Calculate R1

VCC - VB R1 = R2 VB

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Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

CE Amplifier Design
Design a Common Emitter Amplifier with Voltage Divider Bias for the following parameters: VCC = 24V IC = 5mA VE = .1VCC VC = .55VCC = 135

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Voltage Divider Bias

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

CE Amplifier Design

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CE Amplifier Design Voltage Divider Bias

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Voltage Divider Bias

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ENGI 242/ELEC 222

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Collector Feedback Bias

ENGI 242 ELEC 222

BJT Biasing 4
For the Collector Feedback Bias Configuration: Draw Equivalent Input circuit Draw Equivalent Output circuit Write necessary KVL and KCL Equations Determine the Quiescent Operating Point
Graphical Solution using Loadlines Computational Analysis

Design and test design using a computer simulation

23 February 2005

ENGI 242/ELEC 222

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Voltage Divider Bias

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ENGI 242/ELEC 222

Updated 23 February 2005

DC Bias with Collector (Voltage) Feedback

Another way to improve the stability of a bias circuit is to add a feedback path from collector to base In this bias circuit the Q-point is only slightly dependent on the transistor
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Base Emitter Loop Solve for IB

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law: -VCC + ICRC + IBRB + VBE + IERE = 0 Note: IC = IE = IC + IB Since IE = ( + 1) IB then: -VCC + ( + 1)IB RC + IBRB + VBE ( + 1)IBRE = 0 Simplifying and solving for IB: IB =
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VCC - VBE RB + ( + 1) (RC + RE)

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Base Emitter Loop Solve for IE

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law: -VCC + IERC + IBRB + VBE + IERE = 0 Since IE = ( + 1) IB then:

-VCC + IE RC + IE

Simplifying and solving for IE: IE =

23 February 2005

RB + VBE + IERE = 0 ( + 1) VCC - VBE

RB + (RC + RE) ( + 1)
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Collector Emitter Loop

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law: Since IC = IE and IE = ( + 1) IB: Solving for VCE:

IE RE + VCE + ICRC VCC = 0 IE(RC + RE) + VCE VCC =0 VCE = VCC IE (RE + RC)

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Network Example

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Network Example

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Voltage Divider Bias

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ENGI 242/ELEC 222

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Collector feedback with RE = 0

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Design of CE Amplifier with Collector Feedback Bias

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select a value for VCC Determine the value of from spec sheet or family of curves Select a value for IEQ Let VCE = VCC (typical operation, 0.4 VCC VC 0.6 VCC ) Let VE = 0.1 VCC (for good operation, 0.1 VCC VE 0.2 VCC ) Calculate RE, RC and RB

.1VCC IE VCC - VCQ VCC - .6VCC .4VCC RC = = ; RC = IE IE IE VCC - IERC - VBE - IERE VCC - IE (RC + RE) - 0.7V RB = ; RB = IE IE +1 +1 VE = .1VCC RE =

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Common Emitter Bias with Dual Supplies

Voltage Divider Bias with Dual Power Supply

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Voltage Divider Bias

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Voltage Divider Bias with Dual Power Supply

Input Circuit Find VTH and RTH
R2 VTH1 = VCC R1 + R2 (Note VEE is negative) R1 VTH2 = - VEE R1 + R2 VTH = VTH1 + VTH2 R2 R1 VTH = VCC - VEE R1 + R2 R1 + R2 R1 R2 RTH = R1 + R2

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Voltage Divider Bias with Dual Power Supply

Output Circuit
-VCC + ICRC + VCE + IERE - VEE = 0 If we assume IE IC (when > 100) IC = VCC + VEE - VCE RC + RE If we use the exact solution IC = IE IC = VCC + VEE - VCE RE RC + where = +1

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Voltage Divider Bias

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ENGI 242/ELEC 222

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Voltage Divider Bias with Dual Power Supply

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PSpice Simulation

Voltage Divider Bias

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ENGI 242/ELEC 222

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PSpice Bias Point Simulation

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PSpice Simulation for DC Bias

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Voltage Divider Bias

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ENGI 242/ELEC 222

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PSpice Simulation for DC Sweep

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PSpice Simulation for DC Sweep

The response of VC demonstrates rises rapidly towards the Q Point and then increases gradually towards a maximum value

The response of VCE demonstrates that it reaches a peak value near the Q point and then decreases

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Voltage Divider Bias

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PSpice Simulation for AC Sweep

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PSpice Simulation for AC Sweep

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Voltage Divider Bias

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