Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ျခင္း မွ လြတ္ကင္းေရး by Daw Aung San Su Kyi
ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ျခင္း မွ လြတ္ကင္းေရး by Daw Aung San Su Kyi
ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ျခင္း မွ လြတ္ကင္းေရး by Daw Aung San Su Kyi
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
atmifqef;pk=unf
(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm)
“ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ?
tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG
jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk
oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk
a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru
,lqxm;onfrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#
jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991)
(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
atmifqef;pk=unf
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
ESifh
tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;
a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf?
La Haule Books
(xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm)
ra=umufr±GHŒESifh
vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm
a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh
EdkifiHa&;pepfukd
awmifhwaeol
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;tm;
&nf!$ef;ygonf?
(rmwdum)
rmwdum
pma&;ol. trSm 1
pwnf;. trSm 2
Am;pvAf[mAJvf. pum;OD; 5
a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; 7
aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef; 43
tydkif; - u
1? atmifqef; 54
2? 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 97
3? a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; 113
4? ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`m,ftppftrSef 120
5? &nfrSef;csufrsm; 127
6? awmfvSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif 132
7? ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm 138
8? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf 141
9? EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaom rdef‹cGef; 145
10? EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ ay;pm 151
11? vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rSay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; 153
12? pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; 155
13? ppfrSefaomvHkòcH&modk‹ 159
tydkif; - c
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvrS 1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
pma&;ol. trSm
atmifqef;pk=unf
pmwnf;. trSm
(1)
vGefcJhaom &SpfESpfcef‹ 1985 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESif;xlxyfpGmusaeonfh xdkESpf aqmif;&moDwae‹wGif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh yxrqHk;t}udrf usaemf awG‹qHkcJh&onf? xkdpOfu t*FvefwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS
vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; orkdif;q&m-q&mrrsm; a&muf&Sdaecdkufjzpfojzifh atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfwGif wae‹
pka0;=uonf?
xdkae‹Yyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk‹ ZeD;armifESHu olwdk‹tdrfwGif vBuf&nfyJG jyifqifxm;ojzifh
usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.?
a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrek f‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef;
a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif
vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.?
a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh
pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm;
jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf?
(2)
xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI
vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf;
a':pkudk awG‹&onf?
usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk;
EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf?
a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif
cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG
tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf?
(3)
a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom
"Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk
jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif
usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹
jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J
jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk;
tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf
t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif[k vlwkdif;vdkvdk i,fpOfuwnf;u
od&Sdxm;cJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf
em;vnfoabmaygufrdol tvGefenf;yg;vdrfhrnfxifonf? xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif a':pk txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfrnfrSm
ajym&efrvdk[k ,Hk=unfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHI rdrdudk,fydkif
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;aom a':pk. tawG;tac:udk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufonfh
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsKd; ay:ayguf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&SdcJhyg? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwGifrS udk,fusKd;pGef‹I wkdif;jynftwGuf tepfemcHvkyf=urnfh
i,f&G,faomacgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif a':pkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk
&,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_
&,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf?
(4)
uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/
tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI
atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?
a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹.
udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf
wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh
Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf?
rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef”
[laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf
jzpfonf?
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh
tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m
c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf?
a'gufwmatmifcif
vef'ef
7-9-93
* * *
p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv
(19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u
awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk
(Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek)
wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u
cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdu k faom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS
bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm;
csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf
tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;)
tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk
ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y
txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf?
Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk
pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf)
("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;)
tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf
Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf
atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf
+Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf
(0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf)
ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/
zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm;
xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr
b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu
0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY
xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf?
usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom
oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif
jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/
rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?)
+Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh
&JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom
twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;umv aemufydkif;Y jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef 0ifa&mufvmaom
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhyHk/ aemufqHk; ppf+yD;acwfY vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk
+Adwdo#wdk‹ vdkufavsm&onftxd tywfwukwf óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJhyHk ponfwdk‹udk pma&;q&mtrsm;u
tao;pdwf a&;om;wifjy+yD; jzpfygonf? a':cif=unf. twˆKy`wWdudkrl aphaphiSiS rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usr owd&aeaom tcsuftcsKdŒrSm txl;atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;udk twWvD (Attlee) tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk
acgif;aqmifum AdkvfcsKyfa&mufvmaom 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHY tqdk;qHk;aqmif;umv.
&moD'%fudk tvl;tvJcHae&csdef jzpfygonf? vef'efòrd‹v,fY ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;onf &Sif;vif;I
rxm;Edkifavmufatmif xlxyfpGmyHkae+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wnf;cdk&m a':csuf(pf)wm[dkw,f
(Dorchester Hotel) oGm;vrf;udkyif ydwfqdk‹vkrwwf jzpfaeygonf? ppf+yD;pacwf
òcd;+cHpGmaexkdifa&;pepfonf tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdojzifh jrefrmrsm;vnf; tjcm;vef'efwGif aexkdifol
vltrsm;enf;wl ae‹pOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm v#yfppf"mwftm; jzwfawmufcH&onfh'kuQudk aumif;aumif;}uD;
&ifqkdifae=u&ygonf? [dkw,fcef;rsm;wGif rD;aoG;rD;/ xif;rD;wdk‹ESifh [kef;[kef;awmufaeaom rD;vif;zdk}uD;rsm;
r&Sdyg? ao;i,faom "mwfrD;vif;zdkuav;rsm;om &Sdygonf? tae&txdkif& roufomvSaom
tcsdefjzpfaomfvnf;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfwufºuGjcif;wdk‹ jrifhrm;aecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh awG‹qHkEkdif&ef *±kwpdkuf pDpOfcJh.? vef'ef&Sd
jrefrmrsm;qdkonfrSm ynmoifaeolrsm;/ tvkyfvkyfudkif aexdkifaeolrsm;/ c&D;oGm;&if;vm&if; c%wðzwf
&yfem;aeolrsm;ESifh usruJhodk‹ cyf=um=um tvnftywfa&mufaeaom {nfhonfrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
pdk[dk&yfuGuf (Soho) &Sd jrefrmxrif;qkdifwqkdifwGif AdkvfcsKyftm; *k%fðyonfh {nfhcHyJGusif;y=uygonf?
tawmftwef jynfh=uyfaeaom {nfhy&dowfudk E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
usrwdk‹wOD;csif;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;pGm pum;ajymygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. &eH‹oif;aom *k%fowif;rsm; usrwdk‹xH
a&mufcJhonfrSm twef=umyg+yD? vltrsm; todtrSwfðy&aom ol. t&Sdeft0g/ awmufajymifvSaom ol.
wnf=unfajzmifhrwfr_/ twdkuftcHrsm;tm; udkifwG,f&mY vdrRmyg;eyfyHk/ *syefacwftwGif;u *syefrsm;ESifh
ppf+yD;cgeD;ESifh ppf+yD;acwfY t*Fvdyfrsm;tygt0if/ olESifh qufqHvkyfudkif&olrsm;ESifh tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tm%mydkifrsm;. av;pm;jcif;udk &,lEkdifyHk/ olvdkvm;onfh vGwfvyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;tm;
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifonfh tqifhwdkifatmif jrefrmEkdifiHudk o,faqmifvmcJhaom ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ponfh udpPtaygif;udk tm;vHk; odESifh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? TtrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;}uD;onf usrwdk‹
wOD;csif;pD. euf±_dif;aom ±dkaoav;pm;r_ukd &&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ol. ±dk;om;I [efyefrygaom cifrifr_onf
usrwdk‹. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;óuH;vdkufygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0ifrsm; tvkyfwm0efrS tm;vyfaom naersm;wGif usrudk
AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹wnf;cdkaeaom [dkw,f{nfhaqmifY xrif;pm;&ef zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? xrif;
pm;aomuf+yD;aomtcg "mwfrD;vif;zdk cyfrSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hum ppfrjzpfrDu ta=umif;rsm;/ *syefrsm;xHrS
ppfynmoif=um;pOfu ta=umif;rsm;/ tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;Edkifaom ypPKy`efumv
ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdk‹udk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefcJh&yHk ta=umif;wdk‹udkum;
rsm;pGm ajymavhajymxr&Sdyg? tzJG‹wzJG‹vHk;twGuf udk,fa&mpdwfyg oufomap&ef tyef;ajzcsdefyif
jzpfygonf? ppftwGif;umvwGif usru e,l;a'vD&Sd tdENd,jynfvHk;qkdif&m toHv$ifhXmeY
tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum
("gwfyHkrsm;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu
tay:
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdom;pk?
a&SŒwef;wGif xdkifaeolrSm
atmifqef;pk=unf
atmuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
pkpkudk ayG‹csDxm;pOf
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg;tquf)
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh *syefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom tm&Se,fajrrsm;odk‹ toHv$ifhygonf? xdk‹aemuf qefz&efppPudk
(San Francisco) odk‹oGm;I ,ck AGDtdkat (VOA) ac: xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ppfjyef=um;a&;±Hk;Y tvm;wltvkyfrsKd; vkyfygonf? jrefrmjynfrSa&mufvmaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
rawG‹&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfI uJGuGmae=u&pOftwGif; jzpfa=umif;&,fwJhukefpifatmif
ajym&eftcsdefyif ravmufEkdifyg?
xdk"mwfrD;vif;zdk rSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hae=uonfh vlpkxJ yg0ifolrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ/ bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmwOD;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg usruJhodk‹aom {nfhonfrsm;
jzpf=uygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpf+yD;/ *syefacwfumvtwGif;u trnfcHt& vGwfvyfaom
jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfoHrª;tjzpf wdkusKdwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom Adkvfp}uFmvnf; xdkvlpkxJwGif yg0ifonf?
pum;tenf;i,fpJaomtcsdefrsm;Y olu *syefwGif aepOfu wwfcJhaom tvGrf;taqG;oDcsif;rsm;qdk+yD;/
usrwdk‹u jrefrmoDcsif;rsm; qkd=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu ol. rdom;pk/ ZeD;ESifh om;orD; oHk;a,mufta=umif;/
ti,fqHk;rSm rdef;uav;jzpfa=umif;wdk‹udk ajymavh&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;wdk‹twGuf vufaqmifrsm; 0,fay;yg[k usrudk
ajymygonf? odk‹ESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ tvkyfudpPrsm; +yD;pD;I vef'efrS jyefoGm;aomtcg ol. rdom;pk0if
wOD;csif;pDtwGuf usr 0,fay;vkdufaom vufaqmifrsm; AdkvfcsKyfESifh twlygoGm;ygonf? pktwGuf
t±kyf}uD;wck 0,fay;vdkufygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umaomtcg xdkt±kyf}uD;udk pku rysufrpD; aumif;rGefpGm
xdef;odrf;xm;vsuf&Sdao;onfudk awG‹&I usr auseyftHhtm;oifh&ygonf?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ rjyefrD &uftenf;i,ftvdkwGif rdrdwdk‹ +yD;pD;vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaom udpPt00ESifh
ywfoufI bDbDpDjrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS toHv$ifh&ef pmwrf;wapmifudk AdkvfcsKyf jyifqifxm;ygonf?
toHv$ifhrnfhae‹wGif usrwdk‹u AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmfwdk‹tm; bDbDpD pm;aomufqkdifYqHk+yD;
ae‹vnfpm twlpm;&efjzpfygonf? xdkae‹vnfpmpm;yJGrSm aysmf&$iftm;&zG,fr[kwfcJhyg? xrif;pm; pm;yJGonf
qdwf+idrfae+yD; AdkvfcsKyf. rsufESmrSm +cdrf;awmhrnfhrdk;uJhodk‹ tHk‹r_dif;ae.? bDbDpDjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf
Xmerª;jzpfol (t*FvdyftrsKd;om;wOD;) u t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfrdef‹cGef;.
tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk jzwfawmufjyifqifcJh+yD;/ rl&if; jrefrmpmwrf;udkvnf; tvm;wl jyifqif&rnf[k
t=uyfudkifaeygonf? bDbDpDrS xkwfv$ifhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;yg EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
xm;&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;uef‹owfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&efjzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;jyygonf?
Ttjzwftawmufrsm;udk vufcHvkduf&rnfavm/ toHv$ifhtpDtpOfudkyJ zsufodrf;vdkuf&rnfavmESifh
AdkvfcsKyfrSm pdwf'dG[jzpfae.? AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; ,lvmaom usru
pm;aomufcef;odk‹ tenf;i,f ta&mufaemufusygonf? usra&mufoGm;+yD;aemufydkif; wjznf;jznf;
wif;rmr_ESifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒr_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;um ae‹vnfpmpm;yJG pwifygawmhonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;xH toHv$ifhtpD&ifcH&ef xGufoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; óudwiftoday;jcif;
r&SdbJESifh ol. pmwrf;udk rðyvkyfoifh[k ol ,lqaom wnf;jzwfr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh rnfr#
rauseyfrESpfòrd‹jzpf&a=umif;udk &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;}uD; odomapcJh.? Tonfum; AdkvfcsKyf. toGifwyHk?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfvnf; +yD;qHk;I jyefcsdefvnf; eD;vmav+yD? AdkvfcsKyftm;
{nfhcH=unfh±_cJhaom t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;twGuf {nfhcHyJG}uD; usif;yygonf? {nfhy&dowfvnf;
tawmfrsm;ygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDreftrwfrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfudpPt00 tqifajyacsmarG‹ap&ef
wm0ef,lcJhaom tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/
jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmjynf. tem*wfwGif pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm;ESifh vma&mufEdkifaom jrefrmrSefor#wdk‹
toD;oD;yg0if=uygonf? {nfhcHyJGrwdkifrDnu AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk {nfhcHyJGY oDcsif;qdk&ef ajymygonf? usru
vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf [kwfrnfrxif[kajymum jiif;cJh.? {nfhcHyJGae‹Y *syefrsm; 0ifvmonftxd jrefrmjynfwGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhaom t*FvdyfrdwfaqGa[mif;wa,mufxH usr tvnfoGm;cJh.? ol.
tdrf&Sd&mt&yfrS vef'efodk‹ tjyefc&D;rSm aES;auG;vSI usrESifhtwl ygvmaom rdwfaqGrsm; {nfhcHyJG
ta&mufaemufusrnfpdk;um &ifwrr jzpfae.? {nfhcHyJGrrDvdkufu AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ESifh
aemufqHk;awG‹&rnfhtcGifhta&; vGwfoGm;rnfxifum usrwdk‹ ylyefae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
uref;uwef; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; a&mufoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu apmifhaeygonf? tcsrf;ajy rkef‹tenf;i,f
pm;aomuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:wifxm;aom pEN,m;&Sd&modk‹ ac:oGm;+yD;/
‘jrefrmtrsKd;orD;av;wa,mufu oDcsif;qdk{nfhcHygrnf’ [k y&dowftm; a=unmvdkufygonf? usrvnf;
oDcsif;qdk&ygawmhonf? xdknu qdkcJhaom oDcsif;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfoDcsif;wyk'f/ jyifopfoDcsif;wyk'fESifh
jrefrmoDcsif;wyk'fwdk‹jzpfygonf? ,ck jyefvnfawG;=unfhaomtcg aemufqHk;wyk'fudkom qdkcJhoifhonf[k
usr xifrdygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkoDcsif;udk jrefrmrsm;uom em;vnfESpfouf=urnf jzpfygonf?
xdkoDcsif;rSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od=uaom v_difxdwfacgifwif. ‘pdefjcL;=umanmif’ abmv,fjzpfygonf?
y&dowfu ,Ofaus;pGm =obmay;=uygonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:rS qif;&ef vmac:+yD;
usr. tqdkudk ol rnfr#oabmusESpfoufa=umif; ajymygonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)
tay:
atmifqef;OD;/
a':cif=unf/
atmifqef;vif;ESifh
pkpk (xkdifaeol)
1948 ckESpf
atmuf
pkpk ajcmufESpforD;t&G,f
1951 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ txl;av,mOfESifh vef'efòrd‹ajrmufydkif;&Sd ppfzufqdkif&mavqdyfrS
xGufcGmoGm;csdefY wwdkif;jynfvHk; ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;ESifh zHk;v$rf;xm;qJyif jzpfygonf? E_wfquf&ef tqifhjrifh
t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm; tzJG‹}uD;wzJG‹ a&mufaeygonf? usrwdk‹ jrefrmtcsKdŒvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl [kef;[kef;awmufaeonfh rD;vif;zdk}uD;. tyl&SdefESifh aEG;aeaom {nfhóudcef;r}uD;Y
oGm;a&mufpka0;aeygonf? usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;xkdifpum;ajym=uygonf? c%=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu
t*Fvdyfrsm;t=um;rS xvm+yD; usrwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymygonf? usrudk òyH;+yD; ‘usaemfwdk‹ESifh Armjynfudk
vdkufcJhygvm;’ [k ajymygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwd‹k taygif;tazmfwpk ESif;cJrsm;t=um;&yf+yD;
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ av,mOf&Sd&modk‹av#mufI xGufcmG oGm;aeonfudk ai;ar#mf=unfh&if; vufrsm;a0S‹&rf;
E_wfquf=uygonf? aqmif;ae‹uav;. vGrf;zG,fhtoGifESifh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh cJGcGm&jcif;/ txl;ojzifh
AdkvfcsKyfESifh cJGcGm&jcif;wdk‹a=umifh usrwdk‹wawG 0rf;enf;woo jzpfae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcrsm
wdkawmif;vSaom b0oufwrf;av;r#om usefawmhonfudkum; usrwkd‹ rnfuJhodk‹r# rrSef;qrdcJh=uyg?
*syefacwfESifh ppf'%fwdk‹a=umifh ysufpD;,k, d Gif;aeaom wkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifI
jrefrmjynfwGif acwfopfxGef;aprnf [lonfh AdkvfcsKyf o,faqmifoGm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;òydifbufwOD;. ya,m*a=umifh xdkESpfwGifyif òyduJGcJh&ygawmhonf? bk&ifcH. tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG‹
tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf tcef;twGif;odk‹ vlowform;rsm; twif;0ifa&mufvmum ppfaoewfrsm;jzifh
tv,fwGifxkdifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfudk OD;pGmypfcwf+yD; tjcm;yk*~Kdvf &SpfOD;udkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfoGm;ygonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; wEkdifiHvHk; owdw&,lusKH;r&jzpf&aom tmZmenfae‹/ 19 Zlvdkif 1947 ckESpf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. usef&pfol ZeD; a':cif=unfonf rdrdtwGufomru wrsKd;om;vHk;twGufyg
a=uuJGzG,f&m Ttjzpfqdk;}uD;aemufydkif;Y olrb0udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ygawmhonf? jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme/ xdk‹aemuf vlr_0efxrf;Xmewdk‹.
t}uD;tuJtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif.? rtm;rvyf tvkyfwm0efrsm;txJ epfðryfaepOfyif
uH=urRm.'%fudk aemufwzefcH&jyef.? 'kwd,om;jzpfol atmifqef;vif;crsm &efukeaf etdrf+cH0if;twGif;&Sd
a&uefabmif±dk;ay: upm;aepOf vdrfhusum a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smonf? atmifqef;vif;onf ‘pk’
txl;cspfjrwfEdk; tm;udk;aomtudkjzpfI pktzdk‹ xdktjzpfqdk;}uD;a=umifh pdwfwkefv_yfxdcdkufcJh&r_onf
tawmfESifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r&SdEkdifcJhyg? ‘pk’onf olr. tudkudk rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifouJhodk‹ olr.
zcifudkvnf; rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifcJhyg? zcif. b0Zmwfa=umif;/ pmayta&;tom;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; aqmf=ocsufrsm;ESifh (32) ESpfwm oufwrf;twGif; jzpfajrmufcJhaom tHh=ozG,f&m
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rSm ‘pk’twGuf tqufrjywfEdkifaom pJGvrf;csufw&yfjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unfonf om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfuyif olwdk‹. zcifay;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk
t+rJowd&aeap&ef óud;yrf;cJh.? AdkvfcsKyf. &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;ESifh olxlaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfrS
tzJG‹0ifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktay: xm;&Sdaom oHa,mZOfrSm ysufuGufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? xdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’
u wyfrawmfom;rsm;vufay: }uD;jyif;vmcJhonf[k yuwd&Sd&if;twkdif; ajymEkdifygonf?
t&nftcsif;ºuG,f0/ tawG‹tóuHrsm;jym;/ &mxl;&mcHjrifhrm;aom jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif; trsm;tjym;
a':cif=unfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifpGm qufqHjcif;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJh.?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;wOD;tjzpf ajymifajrmufpGm wm0efxrf;&GufcJhaom w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
OD;jrifhodef;qdkv#if woufwm &if;ESD;cifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;jzpfygonf? ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ =unf!dkr_/
cspfcifr_ paom t&Sdeft0grsm;u olESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹tay: v$rf;òcHxm;ygonf?
a':cif=unfonf rdrd. om;orD;rsm;tm; jrefrmhvlr_a&;ESifh udk,fusifhoDv. wefzdk;udk
tav;xm;+yD;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;udk ,Hk=unfudkif;±_dif;&ef oGefoifqHk;rcJh.? usr. tjrift& 0wfpm;/
oGm;vm/ aexdkifr_t&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;I vltrsm;jrifuGif;wGif‚if;/ tdrfwGif;todkif;t0dkif;wGif‚if;/ ‘pk’ onf
jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_t& pHwifavmufygonf? Oyrmwck ay;&rnfqdkv#if rdrdxuf wESpf/ w&uf/
wreuf}uD;olrSefor#udk udk,ftrlt,m/ E_wt f rlt,mt& ±dkaoav;pm;or_jyjcif;jzpfaom
vl}uD;rsm;a&SŒrS jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg cg;nGwfjcif;/ vl}uD;rsm;xHyg;wGif usKHŒusKHŒ,Hk‹,Hk‹ aexkdifjcif;/
,Ofaus;av;pm;aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&G;cs,foHk;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹rSm ‘pk’ twGuf
t±dk;pJGaeaom trltusifhrsm;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk‹ xif&Sm;vSaom jrefrmqefr_wdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’ udk
jrefrmrsm;u cspfjrwfEkd;=u+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifaomfvnf; ‘pk’ . jrefrmyDor_rSm
arS;rSdef,drf;,dkifoGm;onf[lI r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEdkifiHvlxk}uD;tm; pJGaqmifI ‚if;wdk‹. twufºuGqHk;/
tlv_dufonf;v_duf axmufcHr_udk ‘pk’ &,lEkdifjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; wcsufrSm olr. jrefrmyDor_yif
jzpfygonf?
1960 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf a':cif=unftm; tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? xdk&mxl;ae&mwGif 1962 ck OD;ae0if;u ppftm%modrf;ydkuf+yD; aemufydkif;Yyif
a':cif=unf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;onf olrtm; ±dkaoav;pm;r_twdkif;twm rnfr#
}uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoygonf? tvkyfoufwrf;+yD;qHk;I t+idrf;pm;,laomtcg a':cif=unfonf
tif;vsm;uefabmif&Sd rdrdtdrfY jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? tif;vsm;uefabmifwavsmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;avmurS txifu&yk*~Kdvftrsm;tjym; aexkdif=uygonf? ,ck ‘pk’ vnf;
xdktif;vsm;uefaetdrfwGifyif tus,fcsKyfb0ESifh txdef;odrf;cHae&ygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹odk‹ rdcifESifhtwl a&mufvmpOfu ‘pk’ onf uspfqH+rD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf}uD;rsm;ESifh
(15) ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,±_ESifhar&D uGefbifhausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary)
ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdk‹Y qufvufynmoifygonf? olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;rSm us,fjyef‹vmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh *s0g[mvmae±l;wdk‹. wdkif;jynfudk
pl;prf;avhvm em;vnfEkdif&ef ‘pk’ tzkd‹ tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? ‘pk’ . zcifvnf; Twdkif;jynfudk
a&mufzl;+yD; ae±l;ESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? ‘pk’ . rdcif
oHtrwftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&csdefwGif ae±l;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ A[kokw tawG‹tóuH us,fjyef‹ap&ef olr.rdcif pDpOfay;aom udpPrsm;teuf
*syefyef;tvSjyifenf;/ tEkynmoifjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk‹ yg0ifygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH orRw}uD;.
udk,f&HawmfwyfzJG‹avhusifh&m jrif;pD;uGif;Y tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ EkdifiHwum oHtrwfrsm;.
om;orD;rsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;. ajr;/ tif'D&m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;wdk‹ESifh ‘pk’ awG‹qHkavh&Sdygonf? eHygwf
(24) tuUbmvrf; (24 Akbar Road) &Sd aetdrfwGif pEN,m; qufoif&ygonf? xdkoHtrwfaetdrfonf
}uD;rm;I tvGefcef‹nm;wifhw,faom yef;O,sOfysK;d xm;onfh +cH0if;us,f}uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf?
tqifhtjrifhqHk; tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom tdrfrsKd;jzpf+yD; tpdk;&u
+Adwdo#vufxufuuJhodk‹yif vSyaumif;rGefpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? a':cif=unfudk
txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
‘pk’ txl;ESpfoufrufarmaom 0goemrSm pmzwfjcif;yif? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEdk;r_udk
tm;ay;cJhaom OD;tkef;udk ‘pk’ tpOf cspfcifaus;Zl;wifpGm owd&avh&Sdygonf? owif;pmq&mwOD;
jzpfcJhaom OD;tkef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tu|rf;0ifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD; ppf+yD;acwfY vef'efwGif
zqyvtzJG‹csKyf udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aemifwGif armfpudkòrd‹awmfodk‹
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? olonf ‘pk’ tm; zwfoifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
yef'pfae±l;ESifh a':cif=unf
atmuf
a':cif=unfESifh pk a'vDòrd‹wGif
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
zwfxdkufonfh jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpmtkyf pm&Sif;&Snf}uD;rsm; ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygonf? ‘pk’
. todynm tawG;tac:ydkif; zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdðyrd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;cJholrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;cJhaom
&efukefwuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;. wcsdefu t,f'DwmjzpfcJh+yD; ‘pk’ . zcifESifhtwl wuUodkvfwGif&SdcJhaom
OD;!dkjryif jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;wGif OD;!dkjrudk pme,fZif;orm;wOD;ESifh tvGefemrnf&aom
pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydk+yD;
‘pk’ zwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhygonf? OD;!dkjr vufaqmifay;cJhaom
tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Auf*EW0if pmtkyfwJG wpHkvHk; (Harvard Classics) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;+yD;
r=umc% zwfcJha=umif;vnf; ‘pk’ u ,ckxd owd&aeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u ‘pk’ udk pmayavmuwHcg;
zGifhay;cJhygonf? ‘pk’ . pmzwf0goemrSm tdENd,ra&mufrDuyif tjrpfwG,f+yD;jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹ qifajczHk;tpGeftzsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuGufwGif
*±kwpdkufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfrSm =um+yDjzpfI ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&
trnfwGifaom Ak'<bmomXmewck&Sdygonf? xdkXme jyefvnf&SifoefvmEkdifap&ef a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;
txl;ojzifh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,faom EkdifiHrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDudk a':cif=unf &,lcJhygonf?
Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS
Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdŒtwGuf jyefvnftouf0ifvm+yDjzpfaom tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfusa&mufaom
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf}uD;rsm; usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfðy&m urRÏmef; bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
trsKd;om;a&;udpPrsm;qdkif&m/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;qkdif&m tcrf;tem;
}uD;i,ftrsm;tjym;wdk‹wGif ‘pk’ yg0ifulnDcJh.? a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m; EkdifiHom;
Ak'<omoembkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&Sd.? ‘pk’ . tudkvnf;
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; t*FvefrS a&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tarESifh
orD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf. vkyfazmfudkifzuf oHwrefrsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;rS
tpcsDI tdENd,tpdk;&tzJG‹0iftaygif;wdk‹uvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,wGif &&SdcJhaom
tawG‹tóuHrsm;onf ‘pk’ twGuf tifrwef ta&;yg pdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;&SdaomarwWmESifh oHa,mZOfwdk‹rSm ckdifrmvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktcsdefu a'vD&Sd +Adwdo#r[mrif;}uD;rSm qmayg(vf)*dk;bl(of)(Sir Paul Gore-Booth)
aemiftcg avm('f)*dk;bl(of)/ (Lord Gore-Booth) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESifh ol. ZeD; yuf}wD&Sm (Patricia) wdk‹onf a':cif=unfESifh
aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJh.? xdkcifrif&if;ESD;r_rSm tdENd,Y jyefvnfqef;opf&Sifoefvmygonf? odk‹ESifh ‘pk’
atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmoif&ef oGm;aomtcg ayg(vf)ESifh yuf}wD&Smwdk‹u rdbudk,fpm;
=unfh±_apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,lcJh.? ‘pk’ onf olwdk‹. rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhodk‹/ olwdk‹ om;ESpfa,mufESifh
orD;ESpfa,mufwdk‹. nDtr&if;csmwOD;uJhodk‹ jzpfvmygonf? xdkrdom;pktdrfwGifyif ‚if;wkd‹.
rdwfaqGrsm;tjyif ‚if;wdk‹zdwf=um;{nfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk ‘pk’
odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;. toGiftjyif/ trltusifh/ tajymtqdkESifh xl;jcm;aom
"avhp±dkufuav;rsm;udk ‘pk’ pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmcJh.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm olr 0if&awmhvkqJjzpfonfh
us,f0ef;vSaom urBmavmurS yk*~Kdvfrsm;yif r[kwfygvm;?
aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; ‘pk’ onf rdcif&Sd&m e,l;a'vDodk‹ jyefavh&Sd.? odk‹aomf
wESpfwGif usrESifh tJ(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹ (Algiers) wGif vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD
ukvor*~jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH (Algeria) . òrd‹awmfodk‹ ajymif;a±$Œum
tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif; cH&ygonf? t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;(vf)'D*dk;(vf)
(Charles de Gaulle) tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwfxkd;+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwv f yfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um ±kef;uefr_aemufydkif;
wjznf;jznf; emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk‹a=umifh t,f(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹wGif ae&mxkdifcif;
tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom &yfuGufa'orsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom
[dkw,frsm;enf;yg;aejcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uef‹owfxm;jcif;wdk‹rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGifhvSpfpoH±Hk;rsm;/ ukvor*~±Hk;rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg tdrfae&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifae&mrsm;&&Sd&ef oJoJrJrJ vHk;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;wGif =umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm Twkdif;jynfrS
xGufcGmoGm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm ppfr_xrf;rnfhtpm;/
y&[dwvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;wdk‹wGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a±G;cs,faom jyifopftrsKd;om;vli,frsm;/
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ axmufyHha&; pDrHudef;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
‘pk’ a&mufvmcsdefrSm [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari Boumedienne) u tmrufbifbJvm;
(Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;avmufatmif ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
pkESifh a':oef;at;
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;
a&muf&SdaepOf
atmuf
yef;csDq&m *sJ&,fu,fvD
a&;qJGxm;aom a':oef;at;.
yHkwlqDaq;yef;csDum;
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_uif;rJhaom tm%modrf;yJGðyvkyfum ðzwfcst+yD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfygonf?
zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcHyJGrsm;pGmodk‹ oGm;&rnfxuf ‘pk’ u tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awG‹qHkum
‚if;wdk‹wdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#udk avhvm&ef ydkrdkI pdwfxufoefygonf? ‘pk’ rSm zwf±_usufrSwf&ef
pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr'_ %fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm;
ulnDaxmufyHh&ef pDrHudef;rsm;udk uGyfuJaeaom tzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh usrwdk‹ qufoG,fygonf?
pDrHudef;w&yf. wm0efcHjzpfol vli,fwOD; vma&mufI ‚if;wdk‹vkyfief;ta=umif; &Sif;jyygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwGif usqHk;cJhaom &Jabmfrsm;. usef&pfolZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;
aqmufvkyfae=u&m tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef
zdwfac:óudqdka=umif; ajymygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;pcef;wGif &ufowWywftawmf=um
oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;ay;cJhygonf? tvkyfoGefoif}uD;=uyfolrSm ±k&Sm;vlrsKd;jzpf+yD;
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;rSm tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ a[mfvefESifh *smreD paom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?
‘pk’ . rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle) awmifwef;rsm;odk‹ vufxyfr*FvmyJGwyJG
wufa&muf=unfh±_&ef ac:oGm;zl;onf? usrwdk‹ESpfOD;twl q[m&oJuEWm&tpyf&Sd
òrd‹av;wòrd‹wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI
roGm;EkdifcJhyg? aemuf tvnftywfc&D;w&yftaeESifh a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfwnfcJhaom
òrd‹ysuf}uD;&Sd&modk‹ oGm;cJh.? xdkòrd‹ysufwGif;&Sd v[mjyifZmwf±Hk}uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom
wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHrsm;u ‘bifbJvm; touf&Snfygap’ [k pmvHk;}uD;rsm;ESifh
a&;xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ armfa&mfudkodk‹ c&D;wacgufxGufcJh+yD; pydefEdkifiH awmifbufurf;ajcudkvnf;
ajccsrdonfqdkoavmufawmh a&mufcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf jyefvnfpmzwf+yD; ausmif;ydwf&uftqHk;wGif
ausauseyfeyf}uD;ESifh atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ jyefoGm;EkdifcJhygonf?
bJG‹&+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf vydkif;r# pmoifydk‹csjcif;ESifh ordkif;q&m [,l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
ESifhtwl okawoevkyfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk aqmif±Guf+yD;aomtcg e,l;a,muf&Sd usrESifh vmIaeygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;,m;wGif av;ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufydkif; usr ukvor*~XmecsKyfodk‹
jyefa&mufaeygonf? rdom;pkrdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol z&ifhxa&*g (Frank Trager) u ‚if;tjynfjynfqkdifa&;&m
ygarmuQtjzpf aqmif±Gufaeaom e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfY ‘pk’ bJG‹vGefoifwef;wuf&ef pDpOfygonf?
ygarmuQxa&*gonf tar&duef axmufyHha&;tpDtpOfwckjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif ESpftwef=um aecJhzl;ygonf?
olonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SESifh ta&SŒzsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyef‹pGm c&D;vSnfhvnfzl;um/ xdka'orsm;.
udpPt00wdk‹wGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD;jzpfygonf? ola&;aom bm;rm;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrS orwEkdifiHodk‹
trnfcHpmtkyfxGufcJhonfrSmvnf; r=umao;yg? olonf ‘pk’ . wdk;wufr_udk *±kwpdkufavhvmygonf?
usrwdk‹ae&m òrd‹v,f ref[wfwif (Midtown Manhatten) rS e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfodk‹
oGm;&aombwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmf&Snf+yD; um;rl;wwfaom ‘pk’ twGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf?
bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;+cHwckudkjzwf+yD;/ 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif (Washington Square) odk‹ oifwef;wuf&ef
‘pk’ oGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&Sdaom vl=urf;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdygao;onf? ukvor*~±Hk;odk‹
usrwdk‹aetdrfrS ajcmufrdepfavmufom vrf;av#muf&ygonf? odk‹jzifh avmavmq,f ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif
tvkyf0if+yD; aemufrS pmqufoif&ef pdwful;ay:ygonf? tvkyfav#mufv$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
awG‹qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESifh jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf =uef‹=umr_ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;aomtcg ‘pk’
ukvor*~0efxrf;wOD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? oHk;ESpf=umr# ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif tvkyfvkyf+yD;
aemufqHk;ESpfESpfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh bwf*sufðypka&;qkdif&m t}uHay;aumfrwDudk taxmuftulðy&aom
ukvor*~±Hk;tzJG‹wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹EkdifiHrsm;.
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfxm;&jcif; r[kwfbJ/ b¾ma&;qkdif&mudpPrsm;wGif u|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpf
cef‹tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifh t&HtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzJG‹/
pm;eyf&duQmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tzJG‹rsm;uJhodk‹aom txl;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
bwf*sufrsm;udk xdkaumfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsufcsjyifqif+yD; oabmwlnDr_&&ef wifjy&ygonf?
tvkyfrsm;cufcJaomfvnf; ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfudk tao;pdwfpDppf&jcif;ESifh
xufjrufxl;c|efaom tzJG‹0ifrsm;wdk‹a=umifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? xdktzJG‹0ifrsm;ESifh ‘pk’
aumif;pGm odu|rf;vmygonf?
ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf naeydkif;ESifh owif;ywfukefydkif; tm;vyfcsdefrsm;Y
y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? ref[wfwif&Sd usrwdk‹aetdrfrS bwfpfum;ESifhoGm;v#if
q,frdepfcef‹oma0;aom bJ(vf)A,l; (Belleview) qdkonfrSm e,l;a,mufaq;±Hk}uD;wck.
tpdwftydkif;jzpfygonf? òrd‹}uD;&Sd tqif;&JqHk;/ ukr&aom a&m*gpJGuyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhrsm;twGuf
jzpfygonf? b0udk &ifrqkdifEkdifawmhbJ udk,fpdwfESpfjzmòydvJvkrwwf jzpfaeolrsm;udk xdkaq;±Hkodk‹
ac:vmavh&Sdygonf? vlrrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfðy&ef tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0if&ef trsKd;orD;/
trsKd;om;rsm; t+rJ ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk &efukefaetdrfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdaeonfh ESpfrsm;wGif ±dkuful;xm;onf?
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
tvdk&Sdaeygonf? xdktpDtpOfwGif ‘pk’ yg0ifI tywfpOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;ygonf? Tum; olr
rdcif. y&[dwvkyfief; tpOftvmt& aqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHrS OD;oef‹onf ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyf jzpfygonf? ['fpifjrpfudk
vSrf;Ijrif&aom ol.tdrf}uD;onf &D;Am;a';(vf) (Riverdale) t&yfwGif&Sd+yD; usrwdk‹aetdrfrS um;ESifh
wem&Dcef‹ oGm;&ygonf? OD;oef‹tdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaom we*FaEGae‹ xrif;pm;yJGrsm;rSm usrwdk‹tzdk‹
tvGefpdwf±$ifvef;zG,f&m jzpfygonf? tjcm; jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vm=u+yD; usrwdk‹tóuduf
jrefrmtpm;tpmrsm; au|;arG;avh&Sdygonf? OD;oef‹. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;ae‹uJhodk‹aom txl;ae‹rsm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;tjyif EkdifiHwumrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg zdwf=um;{nfhcHygonf?
tpm;tpmrSmrl tpOft+rJ taumif;qHk;jrefrmxrif;[if;rsm; jzpfygonf? OD;oef‹rdom;pku
aEG;axG;ysLiSmum {nfh0wfausvSygonf? usrwdk‹url {nfhonfawG odyfrrsm;aom xrif;pm;yJGrsm;udk ydkrdkI
ESpfoufaomfvnf;/ xdktcgrsm;Yyifv#if vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ urBmhtajctae/ OD;oef‹udkifwG,fae&aom
jy\emrsm; ponfwdk‹udk pdwfygvufyg 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdyg? OD;oef‹. tdrf&SiftaeESifh
aqmif±Guf&aom wm0eft00a=umifh xdkuJhodk‹ pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rjzpfEkdifcJh[k xifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol OD;pdk;wif. zdwf=um;{nfhcHyHkrsm;rSmrl
tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf? olvnf; &D;Am;a';(vf)Yyif OD;oef‹. a*[mavmuf
}uD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;r&Sdaom tdrfwvHk;Y aeygonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD; usif;ycsdefjzpfaom
pufwifbmv 'kwd,tywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fcef‹twGi;f qdkv#if OD;pdk;wifonf tvkyfudpPrsm;/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ESifh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;udk {nfhcHau|;arG;&jcif;jzifh
rtm;rvyfjzpfaeavh&Sdygonf? tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifrl e,l;a,muf&Sd jrefrmrsm;udk ol. tdrfodk‹
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf tcgor,rsm;Y zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? usrwdk‹onf ol. ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udk
cifrifESpfoufygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf oabmxm;}uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrsm;udk odk;rsm;/
qdwfrsm;[lI cJGjcm;+yD; rqufqHyg? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm OD;ae0if;vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeudk
a0zefolwdk‹jzpf+yD;/ omreftm;jzifh oH±Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;. yxm;jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf? OD;pdk;wiftdrfYum;
tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefEkdifygonf? wcgw&H tjiif;tckefrSm jyif;xefaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh
aAGr,lwrf;/ cifrifaom oabmaqmifygonf?
wcsdefwGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH usif;yqJtcsdeftwGif; usrESifh ‘pk’ udk OD;pdk;wiftdrfodk‹
xrif;pm;zdwfygonf? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒu usrwdk‹ESifhawG‹vdka=umif; ajymygonf?
OD;pdk;wifonf tpOf,Ofaus;azmfa±GolwOD; jzpfaomfvnf; Tzdwf=um;yHkrSmrl xl;jcm;aeojzifh ‘wckckawmh
wckckyJ’ [k usr xifrdygonf? ol. &D;Am;a';(vf)aetdrfodk‹ usrwdk‹ ae‹v,favmuf a&mufoGm;ygonf?
yef;rsm;/ &GufvSyifrsm;/ teufESifh a±$a&mifjc,f jrefrm,Gef;xnfrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaom av;axmifhyHk
{nfhcef;}uD;twGif;&Sd qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk tcef;ab;udkuyfI a±$Œxm;+yD;/ aumfzDyef;uefwif
pm;yJG}uD;rsm;udk xdkifckHrsm;a&SŒwGif pDxm;.? qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xkdifrsm;ay:wGif taxGaxGnDvmcHwuf&ef
a&mufaeaom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;rsm; woDwwef;}uD; xdkifae=u.? usrwdk‹ESifh rawG‹zl;ao;aom
olrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;+yD; ‘pk’ udk tcef;wzufpGef;Y vl}uD;ESpfa,muft=um;wGif xkdifapygonf? usrudkrl
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk OD;aqmifol Adkvfrª;}uD;armifvGif&Sd&mESifh ra0;vSaom vlESpfOD;t=um;Y xdkifapygonf?
OD;pdk;wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm; vdkufIurf;jcif;/ tmvl;a=umf paom oGm;&nfpmrsm;udk
pm;yJGrsm;ay:csjcif; ponfh 0wW&m;rsm; +yD;pD;onfESifh txl;{nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh xdkufwefatmif
csufðywfxm;aom xrif;yJGudk t+yD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJodk‹ xGufoGm;ygonf? tm;vHk; tv†my/
ov†my pum;rsm; ajym=uygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf ,Ofaus;pGm òyH;aeaomfvnf; tae&cufaeyHk&ygonf?
a&muf&Sdaeaom vlpkvla0;u ‘pk’ tay:wGif pD&ifcsufwrsKd;rsKd;cs&ef pdkif;jyif;aeonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufrsKd; csrnfudkawmh usr rawG;Ekdifjzpfaeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJu
OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf? ‘pk’ rnfuJhodk‹ ukvor*~Y tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/
rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ygoenf;/ olrrdcifonf oHtrwf}uD; r[kwfawmhojzifh ‘pk’
taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm
rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr
odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf?
wpkwa0;vHk;u OD;vGifajymor#udk rsufESmvdkrsufESm& atmufusKdŒaomtoGifjzifh
axmufcHoHrsm;ðyum ‘pk’ udk 0kdif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’ u taerysuf wnf+idrfpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm
usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru Áa¹EN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodk‹aom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
=uef‹=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk‹ olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY
uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJhaom EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk
vef'efoH±Hk;rS ydk‹ay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk
0rf;ompGmjyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEkdif&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpfap/
±dk;±dk;yJjzpfap) wrsKd;rsKd; vkdtyfonfudk tcef;wGif;&Sd OD;av;tm;vHk; em;vnf=urnf[k olr ,lqa=umif;/ ‘pk’
u ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh wdusaumif;rGefaom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;I
ajymoGm;ygonf?
vef'efrS jrefrmoHtrwfu xum ‘pk’ taeESifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef
av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &Sd+yDjzpfa=umif;udk twnfðyum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk
&efukefodk‹ydk‹xm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf;
ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todk‹enf;wl
aESmifhaES;=uef‹=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsL±dku&uf,EW&m;ESifh
tvkyftudkifryDjyifr_rsm;ta=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS
tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESifh rdrdvyk fcJhyHkrSvJGI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJh[k
oabmwl=uygawmhonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; rwifrusjzpfvm.?
awmif;yefouJhodk‹aom avoHESifh tputajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg EkdifiHul;vufrSwf±Hk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef
oludk,fwkdifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? Tyk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;rSm ‘pk’ xuf touftm;jzifh
}uD;=uolrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsi;f tm;jzifh }uD;olrsm;r[kwf[k usr xifrdygonf?
usrvnf; csufaumif;,lum ‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rvdkawmhwJhae‹ jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk‹ usrwdk‹
ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ’ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwdk‹ ae‹v,fpmpm;=uygonf?
t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; “pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k
,lqaomtcgrsm;Y ‘pk’ u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&Sd±Hkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;”[k
aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrmS ‘pk’ onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk‹. orD;jzpfojzifh
awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk‹&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh ‘pk’ onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr
rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf?
ukvor*~±Hk;Y oHk;ESpf=um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf qufvufwm0efrxrf;awmhbJ
om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odk‹ESifh
b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol
rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;.
pmjyq&mtjzpf‚if;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpf‚if; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
blwefY wESpfcef‹ aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJG‹wGif;odk‹ r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh ‘pk’ onf
csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? ‘pk’ wdk‹
ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk‹ jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum;
vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJG‹oifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk‹'fY
ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
uav;rsm;tm; ðypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk‹jzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf?
rdom;pkudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&if; ‘pk’ pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf?
pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;
pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf;
wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;jym;vmygonf? odk‹ESifh olwdk‹. atmufpzdk‹'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? ‘pk’ onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef
pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif;
a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm;
wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfðypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd
ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG‹,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr.
vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHk‹v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy&ef
wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd ‘pk’ vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm
tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk awG‹qHkum/ ‚if;wdk‹rSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh
*syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðycJhygonf? awG‹qHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;
wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm;
vmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae‹/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae‹ 1972 ckESpf
om;OD; tvufZENm;
(jrifhqef;atmif)
ESifhtwl
1973
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
rsm;vnf; us,fjyef‹vmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;òrd‹&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH
tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u
atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu ‘pk’ ESifh wdkusKdòrd‹odk‹ ygvmygonf? 1986
ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdk‹ESifhtwl vmae&ef ‘pk’ u
zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcef‹oGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifh‚if;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef
*syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh‚if; ‘pk’ cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf?
*syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k ‘pk’ ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk‹ ‘pk’/
om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f
tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY ‘pk’ vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr
tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdk‹wkdufcef;Y wvcef‹ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?
Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹.
±Hk;tzJG‹rsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹a&mufvmygonf?
cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf
pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk
ðypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef‹
tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk ae‹wkdif;vdkvdkyif
awG‹jzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf
wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef
qkawmif;ydk‹oaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf tdrfaxmifrðyrDu‚if;/
tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomtcgY‚if; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf
om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsuaf phrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;.
&Sifðyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf
rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd‹ &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk
tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf)
tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk‹ tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf
atmuf – om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifðypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yO…if;/
a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yO…if;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm)
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
‚if;wdk‹ESifh awG‹qHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf?
odk‹aomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom
avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ 1987
pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY
a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm;
ðypk&ef &efukefodk‹ vdkufoGm;ygonf?
1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u
qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm;
&SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? ‘8-8-
88’ ae‹onf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae‹ jzpfygonf?
TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI
usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;òrd‹ wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh
w±kwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? ‘pk’ acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf
t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum;
r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf?
‘pk’ onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taejzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;ygonf? Tpnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;rsm;
zGifhvSpf&efomru OD;ae0if;. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ppftm%m&Sifpepf (aemufykdif;wGifawmh t&yfom;ta&òcH
ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHŒpdwfrsm;rS
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; ±kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf?
jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;ðyum olr.zcifuJhodk‹yif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodk‹a&mufatmif
pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodk‹wifjy&eftwGuf
t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfðryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS
qENjy&ef Edk;=um;vmcJh=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;ay;&ef jrefrmbmompum;onf
ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ jynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;&eftwGuf ‘pk’ onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk;
tvGefyifyef;pGm tm;xkwf&onfhtjyif ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif tEW&m,frsKd;pHkESifh pGef‹pm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
óuHawG‹&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef‹t& vl av;OD;xufydkI pka0;jcif;onf
Oya'ESifhqef‹usif+yD; ppfwyfu tiftm;oHk;um vlpkcJGcGifh&Sdygonf?
wcgwGif ppftpdk;&. trdef‹xkwfjyefxm;csufESifhtnD[k xifygonf? =unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;u
‘pk’ ESifh olr. pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG‹0ifwdk‹udk a&SŒqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum
vrf;c&D;udk ydwfqdk‹ygonf? ‘pk’ u tvGefwnf+idrfpGmjzifh olr.tazmfrsm;udk ab;odk‹z,fI apmifhae&efrSm+yD;
olru vrf;udk wOD;wnf;om qufIoGm;ygonf? olru vdktyfv#if toufwacsmif;udkompGef‹&efESifh
,if;rSmvnf; olr. toufomjzpfap&rnf[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf
tvGef&J&ifh+yD; atmifjrifr_vnf; &cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkaemufqHk;tcsdefydkif;uav;rSmyif ab;rS
Adkvfrª;wa,mufu =um;0ifI ypfcwfrnfudk wm;qD;cJhygonf? wcgw&H ‘pk’ u olrrdcif a':cif=unf.
pnf;urf;pepfuspGm oGefoifxdef;a=umif; vrf;n$efr_atmufwGif olr }uD;jyif;vmcJh&yHkrsm;udk ajymjywwf+yD;
Todk‹aom yJhjyifoGefoifr_rsm;a=umifhyifv#if b0wGifawG‹óuH&aom rxifrSwfonfh tcuftcJ/ 'kuQrsm;udk
ausmfv$m;atmifjrifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? qdkcJh+yD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodk‹aom tcuftcJ
t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGmxJrS wckomjzpfygonf?
Ttjzpftysufta=umif;udk =um;&/ zwf&onfhtcg usrtaeESifh a':cif=unfudk wzefjyefvnf
owd&apygonf? tcgaygif;rsm;pGm olrvnf; vuf±Hk;&nf/ jzwfxdk;Om%fESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf/ xdk;xGif;Om%f/
rdrdtvdkodk‹ygatmif qJGaqmifpnf;±Hk;wwfr_ESifh vltrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif qufqHwwfr_wdk‹udk toHk;csum
tusOf;t=uyfxJrS vGwfatmif qdk;0g;aom ab;tEW&m,frS z,f&Sm;Ekdifatmif }uHaqmifEkdifcJhygonf?
a':cif=unfu usrwdk‹udk olr awG‹óuHcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;pGmudk ajymjywwf+yD; ‘pk’ vnf;
Ttjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? a':cif=unfonf tvkyfwm0efrS
t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemufrSmyif trsm;ESifhqufqH&mY tvGefodkodyfjcif;/ rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk‹ &SdcJhygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmrl trsm;od+yD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; vuf±Hk;&nfa&m/ ESvHk;&nfyg jynfh0&atmif
woufwmvHk; óud;yrf;cJhygonf?
‘pk’ . oabmobm0ESifh }uHŒcdkifaompdwf"mwfwdk‹. Zpfjrpfudk avhvmpl;prf;&mwGif usr.
&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr}uD;udk trSDðyum tvGefxl;qef;&Sm;yg;aom tzl;tyGifhuav;wck
jzpfay:vm&ouJhodk‹yif rdbESpfOD;udk t&if;cH+yD; Txl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom &ifaoG;wOD;jzpfxGef;vm&yHkudk
qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom
ZJGvHk‹vESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf
tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS
=unfhwwfjcif;/ olwyg;. qkdvdk&if;udk em;vnfwwfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ESifh &efrlr_rsm;ESifh awG‹óuH&aomtcg
Áa¹ENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk‹'fwGif
ynmoif=um;cJhaomESpfrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrb0ESihf olr. om;ESpfa,mufudk ðypkysKd;axmif&r_/
tiftm;csdeJ‹olrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *±kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyef‹aom
oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dki;f / ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom olr. pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;/ olr. tqdkt&
olrcifyGef;onfudk pHerlemðyI tm;ustwk,l+yD; ynmxl;c|efatmif avhvmvdkufpm;r_/
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif &&SdcJhaom tawG‹tóuHrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹udk pkaygif;vdkufaomtcgwGif &v'frSm
&ifhusufr_/ vdkufavsmnDaxGqufqHwwfr_/ tvGefta&;ygaom pdefac:r_rsm;udk vdkvm;pGm
udkifwG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? twdkajym&v#if ‘pk’ onf tzdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolw&yfvHk;.
ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf?
,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif olrtwGuf tcsdefonf &yfwef‹vsuf &SdaeouJhodk‹ xif&aomfvnf;
olr. t&nftaoG;rsm; ydkrdkpl;&Sawmufajymifvmr_udkrl rwm;qD;Edkifyg? olrudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&aom
vlwpkudk,fwkdifuyif olrudk txifr}uD;bJ raeEdkif=u[k ,lqygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay:
v$rf;òcHvsuf&Sdonfh “a=umuf±GHŒjcif; qdkaom r_dif;xk}uD;” udk òzdcJGypf&ef olr. óud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm
tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom &nfrSef;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ T&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifatmif wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf
olrwGif um,pGrf;&nf/ Om%pGrf;tm;/ jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹ESifhvnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf?
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?
* * *
pkESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹ta=umif;udk txufygtwdkif; usra&;cJhonfrSm
tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
TtcsdeftwGif; usrwdk‹. jrefrmjynfolrsm; rnfodk‹aomtajctaersm; óuHawG‹ae=u&ygovJ?
‘pk’ wa,mufa&m b,frSmvJ? jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeonf[k
toHaumif;v$ifhaeaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ (e0w) u olwdk‹tajymESifhnDatmif
bmawGrsm; vkyfae=uygovJ?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;avmufatmifyif usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;rSm yifyef;qif;&Jr_ESifh
emusifr_rsm; jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeqJjzpfygonf? omrefvlwa,muftwGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmvnf;
edrfhus+rJomjzpfygonf? e0w u aps;uGufwGif vloHk;ukefrsm; ydkI aygrsm;vmygonf[k qdkaomfvnf;
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;rSm wuf+rJwufvsufom jzpfaeygawmhonf? jrefrmwjynfvHk;udk a=umuf&GHŒjcif;u
v$rf;rdk;xm;qJjzpfygonf? wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;tzJG‹0ifrsm;uvnf; xHk;pHtwkdif; ae&mtESH‹&Sdaeygonf?
rnfolr# wOD;tay:wOD; r,Hk=unf&J=uyg? Oya'ESifhrnDaom wzufowftrdef‹pD&ifcsrSwfjcif;rsm;/
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh wyfrawmfuom }uD;pdk;cs,fvS,fjcif;wdk‹vnf; qufIjzpfyGm;aeygonf?
tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aom wyfrawmftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udkvnf;
vlwkdif;todyifjzpfygonf? rnfonfha0zefr_udkrS cGifhrðy/ vufcH=uyg? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhqdkonfrSmvnf;
vHk;0r&Sdyg?
e0w u ‚if;wdk‹. uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fr_aygif;rsm;pGmxJrS tenf;i,fudk tav#mhay;oa,mif
[efjyaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif vlxku ,Hk=unfvmatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? xkdif;/ w±kwfESifh jrefrmwdk‹
arSmifcdkul;jcif;vkyfief;ukd w&m;0ifcGifhðy+yD; vrf;rsm; zGifhay;vdkufjcif;onfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;udk
rnfodk‹r# racsmifvnfapyg? ppftpdk;&u w±kwf/ xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹ESifh ydkrdkcifrif;&if;ESD;pGm qufqHjcif;jzifh
ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk‹. tem*wftwGuf &ifav;zG,fjzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf
qif;&JwGif; ydkIeufapygonf? EkdifiHtwGif;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rwefwq aps;rsm;avsmhIa&mif;+yD;
&onfhaiGjzifh vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeaom rqHk;Ekdifonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGrsm;wGif
toHk;ðy&eftwGuf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l=uygonf?
e0w u olwdk‹ajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒudk a&G;cs,fac:,l+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;yaeygonf? olwdk‹u
“ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t&if;cHaom tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qJG&ef” óud;yrf;aeonf[k ajymygonf?
olwdk‹a&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom “[kwfuJh” [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif
tcsKdŒu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðyaom tcef;u¾rS
yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkðyonfudk uef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh tm%mudk tcsdet f uef‹towfr&Sd qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifatmif
tuGufqifxm;aom vkyf&yfwckomjzpfonf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk‹. vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsr_
trsKd;rsKd;cH&ygonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1991 ESifh 1992 ckESpfrsm;wGif xkdodk‹aom
a0zefuef‹uGufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf? 1992 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom
a=unmcsufwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu owfowfrSwfrSwf trnfESifhwuG xkwfazmfum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tjcm;xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&SiftzJG‹u *sDeDAmòrd‹Yusif;yaom aqG;aEG;yJGwGif
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJh+yD; twdkuftcHtzJG‹.
txif&Sm;qHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk e0w u qufIzrf;qD;xm;jcif;udkvnf;
±_wfcscJhygonf? Taumfr&Sifu jrefrmjynftwGif;Y qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfh
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefr_rsm;/ Oyrm &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf t"rRajymif;a&$Œapjcif;/ jynfolrsm;udk
twif;t=uyf ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf ckdif;apum tpmrau|;bJxm;jcif;/ ppfa=umif;ta&SŒrS
rdkif;&Sif;&mwGif vlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;/ ppfyJGrsm;rS zrf;qD;aom ppfoHk‹yef;rsm;udka&m/
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkyg vlrqefpGm n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD; jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH&eftwGuf
txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;tm; ESpf}udrfapv$wfcJhygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. wav;wpm;qufqHr_udk qHk;±_H;cJh+yD;
,ckrSom ðyjyifxm;aom toGifwrsKd;tm; urBmhEkdifirH sm;udk wifjy&ef óud;pm;aeygonf? tcsnf;ESD;ygwnf;?
a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ uav;rsm;ygrusef bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk‹rSm +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkjrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfjzwfjcif;ukd rnfonfhtcgrS arhEkdif=urnfr[kwfyg? ,ckwkdif jyif;xef=urf;wrf;&ufpufaom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
twdkuftcHrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ae&mwGif txl;ojzifh vlrqefaom n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;
toHk;ðyae=uonfudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u pHkprf;od&SdcJh=u+yD;
±_wfcsuef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? e0w . todomtxif&Sm;qHk;aom tjypfwckrSm 1990 jynfhESpf arvwGif
usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonfh ‘pk’ wnfaxmifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;ajryHkay:udk
wifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxHodk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udpPudk ra&&ma0;uGmvSonfh
tem*wfqDodk‹ a&$Œqdkif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
urBmhEkdifiHrsm;tv,fwGif e0w ppftpdk;&. *k%foduQmrSm usqif;cJh&oI ‘pk’ rSmrl ol.
EdkifiHwGif;Yomru wurBmvHk;.tjrifwGif *k%f&SdefjrifhwufausmfaZmvsuf&Sdaeygawmhonf? olrudk
tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;+yD; vljrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;xm;onfh=um;uyif olr. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu
1990 arva&G;aumufyJGwGif v$wfawmfae&mtrsm;qHk; tEkdif&cJhygonf? urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;u olrudk
*k%fxl;rsm;/ qkrsm; tajrmuftjrm; tyfESif;cJhygonf? xkdtxJrS tjrifhrm;qHk; qkwckrSm olr.
t=urf;rzufaom 'Drkdua&pD/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh olr. jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf
vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sdatmif &yfwnfcsuf/ óud;yrf;csufrsm;twGuf 1991 ckESpfwGif *k%fðycsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&aom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkyif jzpfygonf? EdkbJvfaumfrwD. obmywdu qkay;yJGwGif rdef‹=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;wGif
“olronf ,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru useftm&SwcGifESifh tjcm;aom urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;wkd‹wGif
ay:aygufaeaom t=urf;zufr_wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;
jzpfay:vma&;wdk‹twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. txdef;trSwfoauFwwckyifjzpfygonf” [k ajymoGm;ygonf?
1993 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;u awmiftmz&durS c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; bda&Smhwl;wl;ESifh
wdbufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vdkifvm;rm;wdk‹tygt0if tjcm;EdkbJvfqk&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzJG‹wzJG‹u
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;&ef txl;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? odk‹aomf t&mrxifcJhygay? xdktzJG‹u
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck ðyvkyfcJhygonf? e0w ESifh urBmw0Srf;odk‹ toHv$ifhcJhygonf? olwdk‹u
“a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf urBmw0Srf;wGif vGwfvyfjcif;. txdrf;trSwfoauFwjzpf+yD;
jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkvnf; pdwf"mwfwufºuGatmif v_H‹aqmfEdkifqJyifjzpfygonf? olrudk
vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;&ef oifhygonf” [k ajymcJhygonf?
tif;vsm;uefab;rS olr. aetdrftwGif; wOD;wnf; tcsdef=um&SnfpGm csKyfaESmifr_cHae&onfrSm
,ckqdkv#if ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfaom ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk usr awG;aerdygonf?
Todk‹aom qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifEkdifatmif b,ft&mursm; olrudk
pGrf;aqmifay;aeygvdrfh?
olr taumiftxnfazmf }uHaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh &nfrSef;csufrSm txl;rGefjrwfvS+yD; rvJGraoG
rkcsatmifjrif&vdrfhrnf[laom rnfodk‹r# ,kdifESJ‹zsufqD;ypfI r&Edkifonfh ckdifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwck olrwGif
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
'Drkdua&pDESifh jrefrmjynfoltaygif;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdatmif
óud;yrf;csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf; ‘pk’ u olr. rdom;pkxHrS tqHk;pGefaom ,Hk=unfr_/ em;vnfr_ESifh
axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk &xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ xHwGif yifudk,fpGrf;&nfowWdrsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?
pl;&Sxufjrufaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh todOm%f/ tvdrRmrsm;vnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? pnf;pepfvnf;us+yD;
olr.b0udk ynmA[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESifh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmusifh}uHjcif;tm;jzifh
jznfhqnf;wwfygonf?
olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyf. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay:xm;aom AdkvfcsKyf.
arwWmapwemESifh vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifpGm owd&vsuf&Sdaea=umif;rsm;udk ‘pk’
t+rJpOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf[k usr xifygonf?
olru trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ &&Sda&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD;
oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifatmif
e0w tpdk;&ukd ,cifuvnf; zdwfac:cJh+yD; ,ckxdvnf; zdwfac:aeqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ onf usrwdk‹. jrifuGif;rsm;rS aysmufaeaomfvnf; usrwdk‹. tawG;rsm;xJrS rnfonfhtcgrS
uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;a&m/ jynfywGifa&mufaeol
jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;yg tm;vHk;u ‘pk’ udk owd&ae+yD;/ ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk awG;awmvsuf&Sdae=uygonf?
urBmuvnf; ‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkvnf; apmifhar#mfvsuf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rS
vGwfajrmufatmif vrf;jyac:aqmif&rnfh olr. uH=urRmudk olr jznfhqnf;cGifh&awmhrnfh xdktcsdeftcgudk
apmifh=unfhae=uygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkESifhtwl &Sdaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkbufrSom
&yfwnfygonf? jrefrmjynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ‘pk’ u jznfhpGrf;ay;rnfqdkonfudk
pdk;pOf;r#yif oHo,rjzpfrdyg?
‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkom usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ar#mfvifhw}uD; apmifhpm;aerd=uygawmhonf?
roef;{
1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae‹Y atmfpvdkòrd‹awmfwGif usif;yaom 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
csD;jr‡ifhyJGtcrf;tem;Y aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpwuf (Francis Sejersted)
ajym=um;aomrdef‹cGef;
* * *
bk&ifrif;jrwf/ zdbk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm; cifAsm;/
,ae‹ Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk‹ pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. xif&Sm;aom
vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk *k%fðy&efESifh olrtm; 1991 ckESpftwGufjzpfaom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk csD;jr‡ifh&efyif jzpfygonf? cHpm;csuf trsKd;rsKd;/ tzHkzHkjzpfay:&onfh
tcgor,jzpfygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif rvma&mufEkdifbJ jzpfae&ygonf? usaemfwdk‹
todtrSwfðyaeaom óud;yrf;r_}uD;rSmvnf; qHk;cef;a&muf&ef vdkygao;onf? olronf
olr.,Hk=unfcsuftwkdif; jzpfajrmuf&ef wkdufyJG0ifaeqJyifjzpfygonf? olr. pGrf;&nfowWdESifh
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh olronf jrefrmjynfY ,Hk=unfcsuf. tusOf;om;b0Y
a&muf&Sdaeygonf? olr rvma&mufEkdifonfhtwGuf usaemfwdk‹ pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm;
jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; olr.rdom;pk cHpm;ae&aom pdk;&drfylyefr_ESifhpmv#if ajymyavmufrnfr[kwfyg?
olr.rdom;pkjzpfaom cifyGef;onf rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh om;rsm;jzpf=uaom tvufZENm;ESifh uifrfwdk‹tm;
tvGefyif udk,fjcif;pmemrda=umif; Ttcrf;tem;wGif ajymvdkygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf oifwdk‹ESifhtwl
cHpm;=u&+yD; oifwdk‹.ZeD;ESifh rdcifjzpfoludk,fpm; atmfpvdkodk‹ vma&mufI EdkbJvfqk vufcH,lonfudk
usaemfwdk‹ rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
usaemfwdk‹. pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_rsm;onf ,Hk=unftm;xm;r_/ ar#mfvifhr_wdk‹jzifhvnf;
a&maxG;Ijzpfay:aeygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk&,l&ef wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;&mwGif usaemfwdk‹
pHerlemtjzpf xm;&rnfhyk*~Kdvfrsm;onf usaemfwdk‹&,l&ef óud;yrf;aeonfh t&mrsm;.
oauFwtjzpf&yfwnf+yD; usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdor# taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk v_yf&Sm;wufºuGapaom
yk*~KdvfrsKd;wdk‹udk tm;xm;=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf Todk‹aomyk*~Kdvfyif jzpfygonf? olronf
av;eufpGmwm0ef,lr_ESifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay: - EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkwHqdyf
atmuf – EdkbJvfqk&Siftm; csD;jr‡ifhtyfESif;onfhvufrSwf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
ZJGowWdcdkif+rJr_wdk‹udk OD;wnfcsufESifhenf;vrf;wkd‹ wom;wnf;jzpfaompdwful;tjrifjzifh
aygif;pyfay;xm;ygonf? ,if;tjrif. ta&;}uD;qHk;aomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ tkyfpkrsm;t=um; aphpyfjzefajzr_/ t=urf;rzufr_ESifh
wOD;jcif;taejzifh‚if;/ pkaygif;I‚if; pnf;urf;user_ ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
olrtm; pwif pdwf"mwfwufºuGv_yf&Sm;apaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;onf y"getm;jzifh r[wWr*ENDESifh
olr.zcif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_acgif;aqmif atmifqef;wdk‹yifjzpfa=umif; olrudk,fwkdif &Sif;vif;pGm
&nfn$ef;xm;ygonf? t=urf;rzufa&; tawG;tac:orm;}uD;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wdk‹t=um;
uJGjym;jcm;em;csufrsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf; tajccHwlnDcsufrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&ygonf?
‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;pvHk;wGif ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfa&;pdwfxm;/ ppfrSefaomed0gww&m;ESifh atmifqef;pk=unfu
ol‹zcifESifhywfoufI a&;om;&mwGif toHk;ðyonfhpum;twdkif; “euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_” wdk‹udk
awG‹&Sd&ygonf? atmifqef;tzdk‹ acgif;aqmifr_onf wm0efjzpfI rdrdacgif;aqmifrnfh jynfolvlxk.
,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹udk&,lI wm0efxrf;aqmif&mwGif ed0gww&m;&SdrS wm0efausyGefrnf
jzpfygonf?
*ENDESifh zcifjzpfolwdk‹xHrS tm;xm;erlem,lp&m pdwf"mwfa&;&mrsm;udk &,lcJhaomfvnf;
atmifqef;pk=unfwGifvnf; vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm;&Sd+yD; ,if;wdk‹onf olr.EdkifiHa&;0g'
jzpfvmygawmhonf? t"durl&if;rSm olr.zcifY olr jrifawG‹&aom “euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_” yif
jzpfygonf? olr.tawG;tac:wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tv,fA[dkY ae&may;xm;onfrSm vl‹*k%foduQmudk
umuG,f&ef wu,fwrf;vdktyfonfhoabmudk a&mifjyef[yfaeyHk&ygonf? vlom;onf
vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wGif aexdkifcGifh&SdonfomrubJ ±kdaoav;pm;cHydkifcGifhvnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
Tt,ltqtay:wGif tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csuf pdwful;tjrifESifh wnf+idrfaomvufawG‹0g'wdk‹udk
xl;jcm;pGmaygif;pyfxm;aom vrf;pOfw&yfudk olru csrSwfwnfaxmifxm;ygonf? olrtzdk‹ TonfrSm
oDtdk&Dt,ltqr#om r[kwfyg? Todk‹aom t,ltqudk vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;Y usifhoHk;Ekdifonfudk
jyo&mwGif olronf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyol jzpfaeygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;rl0g'udk vufawG‹taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vHk;0r&Sdrjzpfaom
vdktyfcsufw&yfrSm a=umuf±GHŒjcif;uif;rJhr_yif jzpfygonf?Ttcsufudk atmifqef;pk=unf odem;vnfygonf?
olr.pmwrf;wckwGif tm%ma=umifhr[kwfbJ a=umuf±GHŒr_a=umifhom vlom;wkdif;
azmufjyef=ujcif;jzpfonf[k pwifa&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? olr. wdkif;jynfrS tm%m&Sifpepftm;
&nf&G,fI a0zefxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹u OD;aqmifvrf;jyðy&rnfjzpfaom jynfolvlxkudk ‚if;wkd‹u
a=umuf&GHŒaeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ azmufjyefapcJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf? Tonfa=umifh ‚if;wdk‹onf
raumif;r_oHo&m vnfae=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olr.tawG;tac:wGif a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJh&ef
E_d;aqmfcsufonf OD;pGmyxrtaejzifh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom E_d;aqmfcsufjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;
a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;rJh=u&ef awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfygonf? olrudk,fwkdifvnf; a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJha=umif;udk
vufawG‹jycJhygonf? olronf aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfudk wudk,fwnf; qef‹usifcJholjzpfygonf?
Todk‹aomowWdudk rnfonfht&mu cHEkdifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqHk;trdef‹ay;vdkufol Adkvfrª;.
pdwfxJwGif rnfodk‹&Sdygoenf;? olr.owWdudk av;pm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ =urf;wrf;aom tiftm;jzifh
rnfonfht&mudkr# atmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfonfudk ,if;Adkvfrª; oabmaygufoGm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifygonf?
t=urf;zufr_. tqdk;0g;qHk;aom&efolonf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI ,if;udkwkdufzsuf&mwGif
a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJhjcif;onf txufjrufqHk; vufeufjzpfygonf? olr. tm;uszG,f&m &JpGrf;owWda=umifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf *ENDESifh zcifjzpfol atmifqef;uJhodk‹ tmedoif}uD;rm;aom oauFw
trSwftom;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf ‚if;.óud;yrf;r_rsm; r+yD;jywfao;rD
aoewfypfcH&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh atmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rS z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnf[k
vkyf}uHowfjzwf&efpDpOfolrsm;u ,lqcJhygv#if rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufomjzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf
vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynftwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_. oauFwjzpfvm+yD; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk
wnfaqmufEkdif&ef ,ck wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;aeolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfwufºuGaponfh yk*~Kdvfvnf;
jzpfvmygawmhonf? Todk‹ pHerlemxm;p&m/ pdwf"mwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxkpdwfESvHk;wGif
atmifqef;&,lxm;onfhae&ma=umifh ‚if;aoqHk;+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf
EkdifiHa&;pwifvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfaomtajccHudk &&SdEkdifcJhygonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfudk qufcHcJh+yD;
,cktcg olrudk,fwkdifyif jrefrmjynfwGifomrubJ tm&SwdkufwcGifvHk;ESifh tjcm;urBmhae&m tESH‹tjym;wGif
t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;csuf.
oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owWdESifh jrifhrm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹onf usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdaom
taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk ay:xGufvmaprnf[k usaemfwdk‹uJhodk‹aom omrefyk*~Kdvfwdk‹u cHpm;=u&onf[k
usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? tem*wfwGif ,Hk=unfr_&Sdaeao;&eftwGuf olruJhodk‹aomyk*~KdvfrsKd;udk usaemfwdk‹
vdktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr óud;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpf+yD;
olrudk rw&m;vkyfwkdif; usaemfwdk‹ESvHk;om;wGif tjrwfwEdk; apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;onfht&mudk
csKd;azmufcH&ouJhodk‹yif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&ol TtrsKd;orD;onf
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xdkae&mY&Sdaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwdk‹ ydkI
,Hk=unfudk;pm;vm=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1945 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;ygonf? olr.zcif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu olronf
(2) ESpforD;jzpfygonf? zcifudk rSwfrdEdkifaomt&G,fr[kwfyg? rdcifjzpfolrSm oHwrefjzpfojzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf i,fpOfumvu‚if;/ aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif‚if; EdkifiHjcm;Y aexdkifcJhygonf? 1967
ckESpfwGif olronf atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹[l‹pfaumvdyfrS EdkifiHa&;ynm/ '\eduaA'/ abm*aA'
bmom&yfrsm;jzifh bJG‹&cJhygonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI e,l;a,mufòrd‹ ukvor*~XmecsKyfwGif (2) ESpfr#
tvkyfvkyfygonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif olronf wdbufa&;&m +Adwdo#ynm&Sifjzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh
vufxyfygonf? blwefEkdifiHwGif acwWaexdkif+yD;aemuf atmufpzdk‹'fwGif 1975 ckESpfavmufY
jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? olronf uav;i,f (2) a,muf&Sdaom tdrf&Sifrwm0eftjyif
ynma&;bufwGifvnf; qufvufóud;pm;+yD; jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh pmayukd t"duxm;avhvmygonf? olronf
*syefjynf usKdwdkwuUodkvfESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhokawoeXmewdk‹wGif {nhfonfawmfynm&Siftjzpf
avhvmcJhygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyefvmaomtcgwGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif avhvmjcif;udk &yfem;vdkuf&ygonf? Todk‹aom jyifytjzpftysufrsm;u
1988 ckESpfY olr pwifrnfh tcef;u¾udk &nfn$ef;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomf olronf aumif;pGm tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;+yD;olyif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. uH=urRmESifhywfoufI tpOfojzifh olr &ifav;aecJh&aom
om"ursm;&Sdygonf? olronf wae‹wGif jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyef&zG,f&m&Sdonf/ ,if;odk‹aomtcgwGif
cifyGef;onf. axmufcHtm;ay;r_vdka=umif; olru ajymcJhonfudk olr.cifyGef;u ajymcJhzl;ygonf? olr
avhvmqnf;yl;aom udpP&yfrsm;wGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. acwfopforkdif;udkom ydkI
t"duxm;avhvmonfudk awG‹&ygonf? zcifESifh jrefrmhorkdif;wGif zcifjzpfol yg0ifcJhaom tcef;u¾udk
avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh olr. EkdifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_ESifh zcif. t±dkuft&m qufcH&rnf[laom oabmudkvnf;
ydkrdkckdifrmvmapygonf?
*syefodk‹oGm;aomtcgY zcifjzpfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vdkufaeouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;&ygonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; atmifqef;onf *syef&Sd ppfpcef;wckwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk
wnfaxmifjcif;yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefu usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif
atmifqef;wdk‹tzJG‹vnf; twlvdkufygvmcJhygonf? odk‹aomf r=umrDwGif ‚if;wdk‹onf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk
wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif ‚if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh
aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk‹ a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk
avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk‹.
udkvdkeDacwftawG‹tóuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_
±dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
orkdif;onf ta&;}uD;.? rdrdonf rnfonfh±dk;&mtpOftvmwGif yg0ifonfudk
rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdrnfoljzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&ma&mufonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ ±dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk
*±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf? Todk‹ av;eufaomtodynmjzifh rdrd.tcef;u¾udk eufeJpGm
oabmaygufjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tiftm;yifjzpfygonf?
xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodk‹jyefoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif
xdyfwdkufawG‹r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef‹ aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol
rdcif}uD;tm;ðypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odk‹aom tajctaewGif
“'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_” [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufºuGºuG
yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom
qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae
ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf tpdk;&xH tdwfzGifhay;pm a&;om;I
ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGusif;yonftxd wkdif;jynfukd OD;aqmifoGm;&eftvdk‹iSm ±dkaoav;pm;&aom/
oduQm&Sdaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh twdkifyifcHaumfrwDudk zJG‹pnf;cef‹tyf&ef wifjycJhygonf? xdkpmwGif
pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh tiftm;oHk;r_udk ESpfbufpvHk;u a&Smif=uOf&ef vdktyfa=umif;
tav;xm;Iazmfjy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf?
&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefòrd‹ a&$wd*HkapwDa&SŒwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdef‹cGef;ajymqdkI vl‹tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom
EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfw&yfudk wifjyygonf? vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;onf &ufowWywftawmf=um
wkef‹qdkif;ae+yD;rS pufwifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif ydkI wif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifjcif;jzifh wefjyefvdkufygonf?
“EkdifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹” (e0w) udk zJG‹pnf;um tpnf;ta0;yJGrsm;udk
ydwfyifwm;jrpfvdkuf+yD; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'udk usifhoHk;I tr_ppfjcif;r&SdbJ tjypf'%fay;ygawmhonf?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkrl ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;r&Sdyg? (tpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;+yD;jzpfI
ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k ,lqxm;[ef&Sdygonf)? e0wzJG‹pnf;+yD; &ufowWwywft=umwGif
atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; twdkuftcHtcsKdŒu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (tift,f'D) udk
wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum
tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudk‚if;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudk‚if; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm
wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&;
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGef‹qdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif
olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf? TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u
oabmwl=uygonf?
e0w onf rnfonfhtwGuf vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyJGudk usif;ycGifhðyygoenf;? ‚if;wdk‹u
qef‹usifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf
w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todk‹aom tpdk;&rsKd;.
t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap e0w
onf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk vufcH&efjiif;qefvdkufygonf? a&G;aumufyJGudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&onfh
oabmyifjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf;
qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeygonf? w&m;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhyif ydkI&ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm vkyfaqmifae=u&ygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f qufvufazmufzsufaeonfudk tifrepfwD (Amnesty)
urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹u tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf? e0w tpdk;&onf ,ae‹urBmwGif
tzdESdyftcsKyfcs,fqHk;aom tpdk;&tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh aemfa0; EdkbJvfaumfrwDonf +idrf;csrf;a&;qktcsKdŒudk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m
tcGifhta&;wdk‹ukd todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh csD;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
Todk‹csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufw&yfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf
taemufwkdif;t,ltqom r[kwfbJ ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;wGifvnf; &Sdonfudkjyovdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I atmifqef;pk=unf. “'Drkdua&pD&SmyHkawmf”pmwrf;rS
pmydk'fwydk'fudk udk;um;wifjyygrnf?
“opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydkI at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;.
t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?”
xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh
*±k%mxm;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom
tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
(wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf)
(wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;)
tydkif;-u
1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif;
a&;om;aom
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm;
(aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;)
atmifqef;
* * *
usr rSwfrdEkdifaom t&G,fra&mufrDuyif usr.zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? xdk‹a=umifh “azaz[m
b,fvdkvlpm;rsKd;ygvdrfh” [laom odcsifpdwfjzifh zcif. b0vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;udk usr pwifpkaqmif; avhvmzwf±_jcif;yifjzpfygonf? atmufwGif azmfjyyg
txky`wWdpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mY yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk t"dutajccHxm;ygonf?
ta=umif;t&mESpf&yfESifhywfoufIomv#if usrwdk‹rdom;pkESifh azazhtm; aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJholrsm;xHrS
od&Sd&aomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif tawmftoifh tajccHxm;ygonf? aoG;om;eD;uyfpGm
awmfpyfolwOD;. txky`wWdudk a&;&onfrSm rvG,fulyg? "rR"dXmefusus a&;Ekdifrnfr[kwf[k
tpGyfpJGcH&Edkifygonf? wu,fwrf;wGifvnf; txky`wWda&;olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹ &SmazGpkaqmif;&&Sdaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk‹. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfOm%fudk yHkpHoGif;ay;cJhaom tjzpftysuf/
tawG‹tóuHrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_rS uif;vGwfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? usrtaejzifh usrzcif. ±kyfyHkv$mudk
usrjrifonfhtwkdif; rSefuefpGm ay:vGifap&ef óud;yrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf[kom ajymEkdifygonf?
* * *
atmifqef;udk jrefrmEkdifiH tnma'o&Sd ewfarmufòrd‹uav;Y 1915 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13
&ufae‹wGif zGm;jrifygonf? rEWav;òrd‹awmf&Sd jrefrmbk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ysufokef;ap+yD; jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufodk‹ usqif;apcJhaom wwd,t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyJGt+yD; ESpfaygif; (30)
t=umwGifjzpfygonf? ewfarmufe,fole,fom;rsm;onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. tr_udkxrf;aqmifonfh
tpOftvm&Sdolrsm;jzpf.? atmifqef;. rdcifrsKd;±dk;xJwGif &mxl;}uD; rif;r_xrf;tcsKdŒ yg0ifcJhygonf?
zcifjzpfol OD;zmonf v,form;rsKd;±dk;rSjzpf+yD; avmuDa&;&mwGif vdrRma&;jcm;r&Sd/ pum;rajym wHk%Sdbma0
aewwfolwOD;jzpfygonf? Om%f&nfaumif;I pmayzufwGif xl;c|efaomfvnf; pum;enf;vGef;ojzifh
OD;zmonf rdrd. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyfjzpfaom a&SŒaetvkyfY atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? xkd‹a=umifh
xufjrufoGufvufvSaom rdcif a':pkomv#if rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;udk t"duwm0ef,l&ygonf? a':pk.
OD;av;awmfolonf +Adwdo#wdk‹udk a&S;OD;pGm awmfvSefqef‹usifcJhaom jrefrmtkyfpkwpkudk
acgif;aqmifcJhygonf? aemufqHk;Y “Adkvfva&mif” ac: “OD;rif;a&mif”tm; +Adwdo#wdk‹u
zrf;qD;owfjzwfvdkufygonf? “ukvm;wdk‹u|efrcH” [laom pdwfxm;&SdcJhonfh xdk&J&Jawmuf
rsKd;cspfyk*~Kdvf}uD;um; atmifqef;rdom;pkESifh e,fole,fom;rsm; *k%f,lpHxm; tm;uszG,f&mjzpfvmygonf?
nDtudkarmifESr (6) OD; [uav;b0uyif uG,fvGef=uolrsm;tygt0ifqdkv#if arG;csif; - 9 OD;]
teuf taxG;qHk;jzpfol atmifqef;onf oludk,fwkdiaf &;cJhaom rSwfwrf;t& npfywfcsLcsm tpm;=uL;I
vHk;0 ESpfvdkzG,fr[kwfaom uav;wOD;jzpfygonf? pum;ajymvnf; aemufusvSojzifh rdom;pku ‘pGef‹t’
aeovm;[lIyif ylyifcJh&.? odk‹aomf atmifqef;uav;onf y&d,m,fr&Sdjcif;/ tvGef±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/
qif;&Jolrsm;tm; oem;=uifemwwfjcif; paom cspfpzG,fpdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh jynfhpHkonf[k ol‹tm; i,fpOfu
aumif;pGmodcJholrsm;ESifh ol‹rdom;pk0ifrsm;u aumufcsufcs=uygonf? atmifqef;rdom;pkrSm
Om%f&nfaumif;+yD; ynmzufwGif xGef;aygufolrsm;tjzpf emrnfaumif;&xm;ygonf? atmifqef;. tudk
(3) OD;rSm toufi,fi,fav;wGif ausmif;pwuf=u.? odk‹aomf atmifqef;rSmrl tarygwufrS
ausmif;wufrnfqdkum uwfzJhae.? pdwf"mwf}uHŒcdkifvSygonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfaom a':pkonf
om;axG;av;udk tvGefn‡mwmavh&Sd+yD; ol‹pdwfygrSom ausmif;wufygapawmh[k tvdkvdkufxm;cJh.? odk‹jzifh
(8) ESpfom;t&G,fa&mufaomtcgrS atmifqef; ausmif;wuf&ef qHk;jzwfygawmhonf? tudkjzpfol
atmifoef; &Sifomra%abmifodk‹ 0ifaomtcgY bkef;}uD;ausmif;ae oHCmwdk‹b0udk oabmusIayvm;/
&Sifavmif;rsm;pD;onfh uóud;wefqm qif&ifxm;aom jrif;jzLav;udk oabmusIvm;rod/ atmifqef;u
olvnf; &Sifðycsifygonf[k qdkvmygawmhonf? vdrRmyg;eyfaomtaru tcGifhaumif;udk csufcsif;,lI
&SifrðyrD pma&;pmzwfwwf&ef vdkrnf[k axmufjyvdkufygonf?
ausmif;pwufonfqdkonfESifh atmifqef;onf xl;c|efaom ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfa=umif;
ay:vGifvmygonf? pmóud;pm;I pnf;urf;±dkao+yD; twef;xJwGif tpOfxdyfwef;u &SdaecJhygonf?
atmifqef;. yxrausmif;rSm ewfarmuf OD;aombdw bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;yifjzpfygonf?
avmukwW&mynmomru acwfopfynm&yftcsKdŒudkyg oif=um;ay;aom xdkpOftac:
avmu"mwfausmif;rsKd;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomf ewfarmufausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm oif=um;ay;jcif;r&Sday?
xdktcsdefu txufwef;ynmoif=um;&mY vdktyfcsufwckjzpfaom t*Fvdyfpmudk tudk}uD;rsm;u
oifxm;+yD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; atmifqef;uvnf; wwfatmifoifrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;vdkuf.? odk‹jzifh
atmifqef;vnf; a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif;odk‹ touf (13) ESpft&G,fY ajymif;oGm;ygonf?
om;axG;av;udk tdrfrS cJGcGmroGm;apvdkaom a':pkxHrS a&eHacsmif;ausmif;wufcGifh&&ef atmifqef;
tpmiwfcHqENjyyJGav;wckudk qifEJ$cJh&ygao;onf? a&eHacsmif;a&mufaomtcg ausmif;wGif q&mwOD;tjzpf
tvkyfvkyfaeaom tudk}uD; OD;b0if;. xdef;a=umif;apmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif aecJh&onfrSm
atmifqef;twGuf vGefpGmrS uHaumif;ygonf? OD;b0if;onf nDi,fav;. ynma&;/ pm;0wfaea&;/
taxGaxGaumif;rGefwdk;wufa&;wdk‹udk pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ qifqifjcifjcif txl;*±kpdkufcJh.? nDjzpfoluvnf;
ynma&;zufwGif tm;aumif;a=umif; qufvufjyoum touf (15) ESpft&G,fY owWrwef;pmar;yJGwGif
Ak'<bmompmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;Y yxrpJGolrsm;tm; csD;jr‡ifhaom OD;a&$bdk a&$wHqdyfESifh
ynmoifaxmufyHha=u;qkudk &&SdcJh.?
trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;rSm 1920 ckESpf &efukefwuUodkvf tufOya'qef‹usifoydwfrS
xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfygonf? xdktufOya'onf tcGifhxl;cHvlenf;pkav;udkom
txufwef;ynmoif=um;cGifhay;&ef &nf&G,fonf[k qef‹usifolrsm;u ,lqcJhygonf?
trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;onf jrefrmvli,fwdk‹tm; olwdk‹. udkvdkeDvufatmufcH b0tajctaeudk
EdkifiHa&;todw&m;t& cHpm;em;vnfap+yD;/ xdkb0rS vGwfajrmufvdkpdwfrsm; toJESvHk;twGif;rS
jzpfay:vm&ef usKdcsufay;vdkufaom ae&mrsm;ozG,fjzpfygonf? rdrd. EkdifiHudk
vlrsKd;jcm;wdk‹tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufvdkaomqENonf
a&eHacsmif;trsKd;om;ausmif; rwufrDumvuyif atmifqef;.pdwfwGif udef;atmif;aecJhyHk&ygonf?
uav;b0u +Adwdo#wkd‹tm; ykefuefarmif;xkwf&ef enf;trsKd;rsKd;udk }uHpnfpOf;pm;cJhyHk/ wcgw&H
jy'g;&SifvHk;uJhodk‹aom wefcdk;od'<d&SifypPnf;rsm; tultnDjzifh jrefrmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;udk &,l&ef
pdwful;,OfcJhyHkta=umif;udk ol. udk,fa&;txky`wWdaqmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;ygonf? trsKd;om;ausmif;Y
aepOftwGif; EkdifiHa&;avmuY emrnf}uD;aomyk*~Kv d frsm;. rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vm+yD;
pum;&nfvkyJGrsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifqifEJ$cJh.? ol. a[myHkajymyHkrSm tm;wufp&mr[kwfaomfvnf;
udkifwG,f&rnfhta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI aocsmaphpyfpGm jyifqifxm;jcif;/
,Hk=unfcsuftjynfht0&Sdjcif;wdk‹a=umifh ta[maumif;/ tajymaumif;[lI emrnf&cJh.? ausmif;*sme,f
pmwnf;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ pmoifcef;jyifyvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaomfvnf;
wa,mufwnf; tawG;e,fxJ epfðryfaewwfjcif;/ aeyHkxkdifyHkaxmifhrusKd;jcif;wdk‹a=umifh atmifqef;udk
vl‹*Gpm vlxl;vlqef;tjzpf ausmif;aezufrsm;u jrif=uygonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif wuUodkvf0ifpmar;yJGY
jrefrmpm/ ygVdbmom*k%fxl;rsm;jzifh “at” tqifhrS atmifjrifum &efukefwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmqufoif&ef
a&mufoGm;ygonf?
atmifqef; &efukefwuUodkvfodk‹ a&mufvmonfhESpfonfum; q&mpHolykefudk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u
acsr_ef;um acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ao'%fay;cJh+yD; wESpf=umumvuyifjzpfygonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;
cHpm;ae&aom twd'kuQrsm;rS ay:aygufvm&aom ykefuefr_udk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u &Sifbk&ifjzpfvdkaom
t,lonf;olwa,muf OD;aqmifonfh awmolawmifom;ykefuefr_r#omjzpfonf[k ao;odrfap&ef ESdrfI
azmfjycJhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmrsm;taejzifh udk,fxdvufa&muf yg0ifqifEJ$cJhol rrsm;jym;aomfvnf;
xdkykefuefr_tay: tawmfyif *±k%mxm;=uygonf? q&mpHudk pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;&SdolwOD;tjzpf
rjrifolrsm;uyif olykefwdk‹. rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh owWdajymifajrmufr_a=umifh pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGcJh&+yD; tpdk;&.
&ufpuf=urf;wrf;wkH‹jyefr_rsm;a=umifh ta&;edrfhoGm;&aom olykefwdk‹udk rsm;pGm oem;=uifemcJh=u.?
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_ tapmydkif;umvwGif usifhoHk;aom +idrf0yfat;csrf;a&;vrf;pOfrSm tawmftwef
atmifjrifr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; vlrsKd;jcm;}uD;pdk;r_ukd jrefrmrsm;u auseyfpGmvufcHjcif;r&Sdyg? udkvdkeDtpdk;&
ydkrdkcdkif+rJvmonfESifh tkyfcsKyfolvlrsKd;jcm;wdk‹. y v$m;armufrmaom trltusifhrsm;ESifh wkdif;jynftwGuf
ppfrSefaom aumif;usKd;udpP&yfwdk‹udk vspfvsL±_r_rsm;onf wkdif;oljynfom;wdk‹. rESpfoufrauseyfpdwfrsm;udk
qGay;ouJhodk‹ jzpfvmygonf? yxrOD;pGmay:xGe;f cJhaom trsKd;om;a&;&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;onf
Ak'<bmomESifh jrefrmh±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ wnfwHhckdif+rJ&efESifh oef‹&Sif;pif=u,f&efudkom aqmif&Guf=uonf?
odk‹aomf acwfynmwwf jrefrmvli,fta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;yg
ay:aygufvmygonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif; (0dkiftrfbDat)
onf EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk pwifudkifwG,faom tzJG‹tpnf;jzpf+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfoydwfudk atmifjrifpGm
pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfcJhygonf?
trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft[kef&vmaomtcg ‘0dkiftrfbDat’ onf 1920 ckESpfY ‘*sDpDbDat’
toGifodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;ygonf? yxrOD;qHk; ay:aygufvmaom trsKd;om;r[mrdwftzJG‹[k ac:Edkifygonf?
jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;&mv_yf&Sm;r_udk wkduf&nfcdkuf&nfoGif;ay;vdkufaom yk*~KdvfrSm
q&mawmfOD;OwWrjzpfonf? q&mawmf. pdwftm;xufoefaom vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkr_wdk‹a=umifh
EkdifiHw0Srf;wGif rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfjyif;jypGm wufºuGvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; pkaygif;nDnmaom
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ay:aygufaprnfh tiftm;rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;tuJGtjym;rsm;a=umifh vGifhpifoGm;&.? 1922
ckESpfwGif (21) OD;ygwDonf *sDpDbDatrS cJGxGufoGm;+yD;aemufwGif xyfrHuJG=ujyefojzifh 1920 ckESpfrsm;
ukefqHk;cgeD;wGif tzJG‹tpnf; (3) zJG‹jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? 1930 ckESpfrsm;. tpydkif;umvwGifrl
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tdENd,EkdifiHwdk‹ yl;wJGxm;oifh/ rxm;oifh [laom “cJGa&;-wJGa&;”
udpPtay: jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;pGm tjiif;yGm;=uonfudk awG‹&ygonf?
xdkEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;teuf tcsKdŒrSm q&mpHolykefwdk‹tm; +Adwdo#tpdk;&u ckH±Hk;wifppfaq;&mY
olykefrsm;bufrS ckcHumuG,fay;cJhojzifh xifay:ausmf=um;vmolrsm;jzpfygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif
+idrfIacgif;iHk‹cHonfhumvrSmvnf; qHk;cef;odk‹ OD;wnfvmum xkd;ESufwdkufckdufjcif; oabmaqmifaom
enf;AsL[mrsm;oHk;pJG&ef wGef‹qkwfvdrfhrnfr[kwfaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf&Sdonfh rsKd;qufopfrsm;vnf;
EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:odk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygonf?
touf (18) ESpft&G,f atmifqef;onf cyf±dkif;±dkif; tnmom;uav;yifjzpfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹udk,frdrdwdk‹ vl‹rvdkif[k txifa&mufae=u+yD; a=umh&Sif;0HhºuGm;pGm 0wfqifaexkdif=uaom
&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; todkif;t0dkif;wGif rsufESmxm;±_odk;odk;ESifh t0wftpm;
ydkoDywfoD0wfqifaom atmifqef;onf tHr0if*Gifrus jzpfae.? xdk‹tjyif ol‹xufodrfarG‹yg;eyfaom
ausmif;aezufrsm;. a0zefaemufajymifr_udkvnf; *±krpdkufa=umif; apmpD;pGmay:vGifapcJh.? atmifqef;
wuUodkvfa&mufp yxrESpfywfwGif ausmif;om;or*~rS pum;&nfvkyJGw&yf usif;yygonf?
xdkpum;&nfvkyJGt+yD;Y atmifqef;onf y&dowft=um;rSxum ol‹tudkatmifoef; wifoGif;aom
“bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; EkdifiHa&;rvkyfoifh” [lonfh tqdkudk axmufcHvdkufygonf? TonfrSm
rdom;pkaoG;pnf;a&; oabmaqmifonfh tðytrlr[kwfyg? ,Hk=unfcsuft& vkyfaqmifvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf?
atmifqef; t*Fvdyfpum;ajym&mwGif toHxGuf trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; udk‹,dk‹um;&m;
acsmarG‹ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh ol‹pum;rsm;rSm em;rvnfEdkifoavmufyif jzpf.? y&dowfu
ajymifavSmifoa&mfatmf[pf=uojzifh tudkjzpfol tawmfyif tae&cufoGm;.? atmifqef;url
a=umuf&GHŒI toHaysmufoGm;jcif;r&Sd/ uJh&JŒoHrsm;/ jrefrmpum;ESifhom ajym&ef ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif;
atmf[pfoHrsm;udk vspfvsL±_um tqifhtwef;rrDaom ol‹t*Fvdyfpum;udk ygVdtoHk;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh
jznfhpGufI olajymvdk&mtm;vHk;udk +yD;qHk;atmif qufvufajymqkdoGm;ygonf?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJG tjzpftysufonf aemiftwGuf tpOftvmw&yf csrSwfay;vdkufouJhodk‹
jzpfoGm;ygonf? y&dowfu uJh&Jα_wfcsaeonfh=um;uyif olajymvdk&mudk t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhajymjcif;/
okefokefr_efr_ef aewwfjcif;wdk‹a=umifh olonf tla=umifa=umifEkdifaom t±l;wa,muf[lIyif emrnf&cJh.?
odk‹aomf atmifqef;onf ta0zefcH&rnfudk a=umuf±GHŒ+yD; olvkyfudkif&ef qHk;jzwfxm;aomudpPrsm;udk
rvkyfbJaernfh vlrsKd;r[kwfyg? acwfòydifurBmwGif t*Fvdyfpum; ta&;ygyHkudk od&Sdem;vnfojzifh
t*Fvdyfpum;udk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifoHk;pJGEkdif&ef ol óud;pm;.? t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;udk oJ}uD;rJ}uD;zwfjcif;/
tjcm;olrsm; ajymyHkqdkyHkudk em;axmifavhvmjcif;/ t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJhol
rdwfaqG&if;wOD;xHrS tultnD,ljcif; ponfwdk‹jzifh bkef;}uD;ausmif;xGuf tnmom;wOD;twGuf
xl;jcm;avmufaom t*Fvdyfpum;usifvnfr_udk ol &&Sdvm.?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJGwGif atmifqef; axmufcHcJhaomtqdkrSm ol. a&&Snf,Hk=unfcsufw&yftm;
azmfxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfonfudk owdrloifhygonf? xdk,Hk=unfcsufrSm oHCmawmfrsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifjcif; rðyoifha=umif;yifjzpfygonf? ruG,fvGefrDwESpfausmfcef‹u ajym=um;cJhaom
a&$wd*HkapwDawmf tv,fypP,HnDvmcHrdef‹cGef;Y “bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udk a&mpyfygrl bmoma&;.
oabmw&m;udk qef‹usif&ma&mufay.” [k ajymcJh.? &[efoHCmrsm;tm; “t&Sifbk&m;wdk‹u
omoemawmfa&mif xGef;ajymifatmif tm;xkwfawmfrl=uyg – urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ arwWmw&m;yGm;rsm;I
orpdwWESifh nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESruJhodk‹ aeEkdif=uygvdrfhrnf -- TuJhodk‹ aqmif&Gufr_onf
omoemzufuom=unfhI jrifhrwfonfr[kwfyg/ wynfhawmfwdk‹. EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd;twGuf
tjrifhjrwfqHk;aom EkdifiHa&;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif a&mufygonfbk&m;” pojzifh av#mufxm;cJhygonf?
trsm;u EkdifiHowW0g yuwdtjzpfjzifhjrif=uaom atmifqef;rSm pifppfwGif bmoma&;Y
av;eufpGm woufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;olyif jzpfygonf? a&eHacsmif;Y ausmif;wufaepOf zcifuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh
0rf;enf;a=uuJGum &[ef;abmif0if&efyif pdwful;cJhygonf? wuUodkvfa&mufptcsdefuvnf; tDwvDvlrsKd;
Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD; OD;avmueENudk =unf!dkav;pm;vSojzifh q&mawmfESifh twlvdkuf+yD;
omoemðyvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef rdcifxH tcGifhawmif;zl;.? tcGifhum; r&cJhay? odk‹aomf
avmukwW&mudpPrsm;udk atmifqef; qufvufI *±kwpdkuftav;xm;ygonf? EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk‹
ajcpHkypf0if+yD;aemufydkif;Yyif olEiS fh t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGwOD;tm; ol. “opPmw&m;ESifh vHk;0tjypfuif;pifr_
&SmyHkawmfb0c&D;” ta=umif;ESifh um,uH/ 0pDuH/ raemuHt& ±dk;ajzmifhEkdif&ef
owdðyóud;yrf;aea=umif;wdk‹udk pma&;I &Sif;jyzl;ygonf? acwfvli,f pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
todw&m;acgif;yg;aeonfudk pdk;&drfrda=umif;/ avmu'%fv_dif;rsm;udk }uHŒ}uHŒcdkif
&ifqkdifwGef;vSefEkdifpGrf;r&Sdygu xdktodw&m;rsm; vHk;0uG,faysmuf+yD; pdwf"mwfAv rJGjymusaomtjzpfodk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfylyefrda=umif; pojzifhvnf; a&;om;xm;ygonf?
ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;ESifh ocifrsm;
udkatmifqef; ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_rSm tpY cyfajz;ajz; rSefrSefomjzpfaomfvnf; 1935
ckESpfaemufydkif;Y t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vm.? xdktcsdefwGif olonf udkEk/ udkvSaz (aemif AdkvfvuFsm)/
udkodef;az/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udk&m&SpfuJhodk‹aom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhtwl pwifvkyfudkifae+yD;
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xif&Sm;vmrnfh xdkvli,frsm;ESifh atmifqef;wdk‹ vufwJGum
ausmif;om;rsm; tawmfyif*±kðy&rnfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpkjzpfvmatmif pnf;±Hk;ygonf?
udkatmifqef;wdk‹vlpkonf tm%mydkiftvdkawmf&drsm; v$rf;rdk;xm;aom wuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~udk
xdk;xGif;0ifa&mufEkdif&ef óud;yrf;jcif;jzifh pwifv_yf&mS ;.? yxrwGif atmifjrifr_odyfr&SdcJhay? ‚if;wdk‹txJrS
udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdk‹om or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odk‹aomf aemufydkif;wGif
xufoefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh ZGJvHk‹vwkd‹. tusKd;tjrwfrsm; xGef;um;vm.?
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf; ajymif;vm.? v_yf&Sm;wufºuGaom
jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif
t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf
tr_aqmiftzJG‹0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf?
or*~ r*~Zif; “tdk;a0” wGif “i&JacG;}uD; vGwaf e+yD” [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf
us,fjyef‹pGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh
v_H‹aqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef
t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk‹ azmfxkwfjcif;onf
owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk‹
jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif
udkEkonfvnf; ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; ypfypfcgcg a0zefr_jzifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh
ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odk‹jzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef
qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh
udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG
wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk‹ trsm;axmufcHr_ukd
&,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;.
vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
todtrSwfðyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm
rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufðywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.?
wuUodkvftufOya'wGif ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef
aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJG‹pnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf?
vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936
ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf?
ol‹*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf
wnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~wdk‹. tr_aqmiftzJG‹rsm;wGifvnf;
wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif
or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZ…mbJG‹&+yD;I
Oya'0dZ…mwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk‹ Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif
qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/
ZJGvHk‹v}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf;
tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk‹ ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹I qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl‹*GpmwOD;yif
jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif
wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJG‹jcif;ESifh tjcm;
axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf;
“&Hzef&Hcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg
vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vl±dkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf” [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odk‹aomf vl±dkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.?
±dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k olu
tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"du±k%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom
'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;xJodk‹ 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;t±Hk;onf
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufºuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;t±Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf? rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY b0udkjr‡KyfESH&ef
tmoDojyif;xefaeaom acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf
&Joifhonfavmufr&J/ jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/ tajccHrS ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef
qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/ i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf; ri,f&G,f[k ,lq=uygonf?
'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u óuduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKd‹u olwdk‹udk uavuacs
jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘ocif’ wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk
}uD;us,fonf/ rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k a0zef=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk
vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdk‹u ‘ocif’ [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf
udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif;
az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;u ‘ocif’ bJG‹udk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf?
twGif;oabmxm; rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf?
ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk acgif;aqmifolrSm jrefrmhpmayESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif
txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;t±Hk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf?
udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
‘r_dif;ocif’ rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdk‹tjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD
ocifatmifqef;onf 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;t±Hk;.
a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf?
1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’ [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm;
jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J.
eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom
EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ Armwdk‹ESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du±k%f;/
tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/
a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;jcif; ponfwdk‹ woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:cJhygonf?
Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif; róuHpzl; r+idrfrouf qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD;
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odk‹aomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;
t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk‹. qdk;0g;aom
t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdk‹taeESifh rdrdwdk‹omv#if txda&mufqHk;/
rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fòydifvkyfvdkaom pdwf±l;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef
pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHŒESH‹vmavonf?
*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom
vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk‹,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif
ay:aygufvmaom tcsKdŒu rmhufqf0g' avhvma&;tkyfpk[lI‚if;/ tcsKdŒu yxrOD;qHk;
jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;‚if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk.
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf
uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomf‚if;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomf‚if;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh
,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf ol‹tm;
qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odk‹aomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm
ol‹wkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf?
1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD ‘udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/
vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf’ [kjrifum ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf?
a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;vdkufaom xdk ‘xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD;’ onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku
owfrSwfcJh.? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ . jynfolvlxu k dk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk‹ uwda=unmcsufrðyygu ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf
qef‹usif&rnf? wHk‹jyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk
zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹rSm
axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD? ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&ef;trdef‹xkwfcJhaomfvnf;
tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf?
*syefESifh r[mrdwfzJG‹jcif;
("gwfyHk)
tay: - Adkvfvufsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ Adkvfatmifqef; 1941 ckESpf *syefjynf
atmuf – AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ 1943
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
[dkifeefoifwef;ausmif;qif;rsm;/ xdkif;EkdifiHae jrefrmrsm;ESifh rDemrDtzJG‹0ifrsm;yg0ifaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif befaumufòrd‹Y w&m;0ifzJG‹pnf;vdkuf.?
plZluD;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;ESifh
ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? tysHoifp wyfrawmftzJG‹0ifrsm;onf opPma&aomuf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;u
ol&Jaumif;qefaom ygVdtrnfrsm;udk cH,l=uygonf? plZluD;onf Adkvfrdk;óud;jzpfvm+yD;/ atmifqef;onf
AdkvfawZjzpfvmonf? rdrdwdk‹trnfopfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;vmrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;teuf AdkvfvuFsm/
Adkvfp}uFm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&efEkdif/ AdkvfausmfaZm ponfwdk‹ yg0ifygonf? ‘AdkvfcsKyfawZ’ url
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh ocifacgif;aqmiftjzpf wkdif;jynfuodcJhaom atmifqef;trnfudkom
jyefvnfoHk;pJGum ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ [lI jynfolwdk‹ tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf
xifay:vmygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf *syefrsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;I jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ csDwufvmjcif;onf
jrefrmrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,f/ aysmf&$ifzG,fjzpfygonf? usqif;aeaom rdrdwdk‹. trsKd;om;*k%foduQmudk
jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifay;vdkufouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&JbuftcsKdŒu
a&SŒwGifjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk odESifh=u+yD? befaumufrSm &SdaepOfuyif jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹
*syefrsm;0ifvmaomtcg EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. pDrHvkyfaqmifcsufjzifh
vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;EkdifiHY &ifqkdif&rnfh tajctaeudk pDpOf&ef óud;pm;cJha=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rSwfwrf;wifcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹raqmif&GufEkdifygu jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfum ajratmufawmfvSefa&;
pwifxm;jcif;jzifh usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmolrsm; ajcukyfr&Edkifatmif tajctaezefwD;&ef jzpf.? odk‹aomf
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uarmufurjzpfae+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;trsm;pkvnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHb0 a&mufae=u&m
tpDtpOfESpfckvHk; vufawG‹usus taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfEkdifyg? *syefrsm;vnf; jrefrmjynfudk
0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufygonf?
*syefacwfum; txiftjrif}uD;cJhor# òyduJG&+yD; raocsra&&mr_rsm;ESifh
'kuQaygif;pHkjzpfaeaomumvjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k ar#mfrSef;cJholrsm;onf
tm&Swdkufom;csif;. zaemifhatmufom a&muf&a=umif; odvmaomtcg ta=uuJG}uD; a=uuJGcJh&.?
trsm;u vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf óudqdkcJhaom edyGefppfom;rsm;onf vlóudufrrsm;aom
+Adwdo#wdk‹xufyif qdk;0g;onfudk awG‹&awmh.? wae‹wjcm; pufqkyfzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; wkd;yGm;vmav
("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (Adkvf&efatmif) wdk‹ 1940 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfodk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif atmifqef;tm;
jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ v#KdŒ0SufpGm jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJhol rdqk±kpl*D;ESifh
4-3-42 Y twlawG‹&pOf/ &efukef
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
onf? ‘uifaytd’ (ppfykvdyf) [laom trnfonf a=umufrufzG,f&ma0g[m&jzpfvmonf? vlrsm;
tpterusef aysmufoGm;jcif;/ tESdyfpuftn‡if;qJcH&jcif;/ ac|;wyfqJGcH&jcif; ponfwdk‹rSm
edpP"l0udpPr#omjzpfaom avmu}uD;wGifaewwfatmif ae=u&avonf? xdk‹tjyif r[mrdwfavwyf/
*syefavwyfwdk‹. AHk;}uJ'%f/ ppfwGif;&duQm&Sm;yg;r_'%f/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;ay;rsm;'%f/ pdwf"mwfESifh
,Ofaus;r_t& zDvmqef‹usifaeolrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom yÉdyuQrsm;/ bmompum;rwlolwdk‹t=um;
jzpfwwfaom txiftjrifvJGr_rsm; ponfjzifh 'kuQtaygif;udkvnf; xyfavmif;cH&ygao;onf?
jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefrsm;teuf w&m;r#wa&;/ vlom;csif;pmema&; pdwf"mwfrsm;t&
usifh}uHaexkdifolrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹. aumif;rGefaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ppf0g'Drsm;.
vlrsKd;cJGjcm;a&;pepfa=umifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpf&ygonf?
rdrdwkd‹uwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom
rDemrDuDuef tzJG‹0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒ[efwlygonf? 1942
ckESpf/ &efukefòrd‹udk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfr;dk óud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk
OD;pD;OD;aqmifcef‹vdkufygonf? xdktpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? *syefwyfrsm; wdkif;jynfudk
qufvufodrf;ydkufonfESifhtr# *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹v$rf;rdk;vmum jrefrmEkdifiHudk
ppf±_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk‹ udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf;
ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm
0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom
wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk
trdef‹ay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;óud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.?
Adkvfrdk;óud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk‹
rnfonfhtcef;u¾u yg0if&rnf[laom udpPESifhywfoufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh
jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdŒ Adkvfrdk;óud;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhpOfu Zmwfqefqef
tjzpftysufta=umif;udk a&;om;cJhzl;.? &ifqkdifr_. &v'fum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. aoemywdcsKyftjzpf‚if;/ AdkvfvuFsmudk ppfOD;pD;tjzpf‚if;
cef‹tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufI‚if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh
ywfoufI‚if;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef
rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk
tm±HkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðy&efudkvnf; olóud;yrf;cJh.? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkr¾dKifðyum
zJG‹pnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk‹&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS
aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?
1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif Adkvfrdk;óud; jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf
Adkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;ESifh ppfaoemywdjzpfvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; topfzJG‹pnf;vdkufaom wyfrawmf.
tqifhqifhY *syef‘t}uHay;t&m&Sd’rsm; wJGcef‹tyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawG‹tm%mrsm;udk
wif;usyfpGm uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? =o*kwfvwGif *syefwyfrsm;. aoemywdcsKyf
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk w&m;0iftwnfðyvdkufum a'gufwmbarmftm;
EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? tay:,Htm;jzifh jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹vufodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k jrifEkdifaomfvnf; pifppfrSmawmh *syeftkyfcsKyfa&;
ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
+Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_
ed*Hk;
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf
* * *
1
tay:
oDv&Sifrsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf
bk&m;0wfðyaepOf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
acwfrDynm&yfqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk r&Edkifaoma=umifh wkdif;jynf qkwf,kwfysufpD;
,kd,Gif;&jcif;ta=umif;. t"dutcsufukd &SmazGavhvm&mwGif Ak'<bk&m;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;udkom
tm;udk;tm;xm;ðy=u&m ta=umif;t&if;av;ckudk awG‹&ayonf? “aysmufv#if r&Sm/ ysufwm rjyif/
qifjcif roHk;/ tðzef; a[mh&rf;/ vl‹aygufyef;ukd/ a&SŒwef;rSmwif/ Tav;tif-rSefyifysufpD;a=umif;?”
(t*FkwW& edum, pwkwˆ edygu ygVdawmf?)
rsufarSmufacwftajctaet& t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk&rnfqkdygu ppftm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh
aysmufqHk;oGm;&aom 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf óud;yrf;r_ tvHktavmufr&Sdjcif;/
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm; ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;vmonfudk tjyif;txef
óud;pm;[ef‹wm;r_ rðyvkyfjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk qdk;0g;pGm }uD;=uyfuGyfuJjcif;ESifh wkdif;jynfudk
ynmtar#mftjrifvnf;r&Sd/ orm"dvnf; r&Sdaomolwdk‹u tkyfcsKyfjcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?
1962 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vm&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &SmazG&mwGif
tu|rf;usifqHk;aom ynm&Sifu aemufqHk;ay: acwfrDtaumif;qHk; okawoeenf;pepfrsm;udk oHk;I
aocsmjynfhpHkatmif avhvmxm;csufonfyifv#if xdkxufydkI rSefuefwdusjywfom;pGm
azmfjyEkdifrnfr[kwfyg?
wygwDqdk&S,fvpf tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif csrSwfaom tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;onf
wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfjcif;r&SdI jrefrmjynfY pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; raocsm ra&&mr_rsm;
jzpfay:vmojzifh ae‹pOfb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ESifh pnf;urf;Oya'wdrf;a&Smifr_rsm;udk
rvJGraoG usL;vGefvm=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ESpaf ygif;=umjrifhpGm udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r_ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rS jynfolvlxkESifh acgif;aqmifydkif;wdk‹ yl;aygif;I rludk tajccH+yD;
óud;pm;vkyfudkifygu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹udk atmifjrifpGm &Edkifrnf[laom pdwful;tjrifonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &Sifoefvsuf usef&Sdaeygonf? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf ,if;pdwful;tjrifudk
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifrnfh ar#mfvifhcsufudk ay:aygufapygonf? tajccHtusqHk;ESifh
csufcsif;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtqifhwGif oabmxm;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDpepf[lonfrSm
tzJG‹tpnf;w&yftaejzifhqdkygu w&m;r#wI vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyJGpepft&
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh
tcsdefumvtwGif; zJG‹pnf;xm;aom tpdk;&yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹.
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk‹zmom a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk wm0ef&SdpGm usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh qkwf,kwfusqif;onfh
jzpfpOfudk xda&mufpGm pwifwGef;vSefEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhae=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf
tpdk;&ESifhywfoufaom xHk;wrf;pOfvm oDtdk&Dt,ltqrsm;udk qef;ppfI 'Drdkua&pDonf ‚if;wdk‹.
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh roifhavsmf[laom 0g'jzef‹csufudk wefjyefqef‹usif=uygonf?
opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydk at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?
xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPm&Sdjcif;/ *±k%mxm;jcif;ESifh w&m;"rR
apmifhpnf;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom tpdk;&udk
&&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif vwfwavm ta&;}uD;onfh ta&;ay:EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;onf
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;tkyfomG ;zG,f&m odk‹r[kwf ysufjy,foGm;zG,f&m&Sdaom
tEW&m,fESifh t+rJwrf; óuHawG‹ae&ygonf? pdwf"mwfa&;&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk yxr OD;pm;ay;&rnf/
rysufpD;atmifvkyf&rnf[k ckdifrmpGm wdkufwGef;ae&onfrSm pdwful;,Of0g'udkom xkwfazmfaejcif; r[kwfbJ
wd&p>mefO,smOf0wˆKxJrS tjzpfrsKd;ay:aygufrvmEkdifatmif tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? (+Adwdo#pma&;q&m}uD; a*smhtdk0Jvf a&;om;aom) wd&p>mefO,smOf0wˆKwGif pepfopfudk
wnfaxmifolwdk‹onf tpyxrwGif pdwftm;xufoefpGm wufwufºuGºuG ðyjyifa&;rsm;
ðyvkyf=uaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifrl ‚if;wdk‹ tpm;xkd;vdkufaom pepfa[mif;. rESpfòrd‹zG,f&m
tusifhp±dkufrsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;vm=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf tpkd;&pepfudkom
ajymif;vJvdkonfr[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkyg ajymif;vJvdkygonf?
“tpdk;&. tajccHtkyfjrpfonf tºuGi;f rJhtm%mjzpfonf” [laom t,ltqudk
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;tm%m. t&if;cHtiftm;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqjzifh
tpm;xdk;rSomv#if tm%m&Sifpepf. pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒp&m tarGtESpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf?
wkdif;jynf. uH=urRmudk tqHk;tjzwfay;Ekdifaom jynfolwdk‹. tcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nfrsm;tay:wGif
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;/ tpkd;&ESifh jynfolt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfjcif;/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;
oabmw&m;rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹ vdktyfygonf? Ak'<bmomt,ltqrsm;t&
rGefjrwfaom tusifhoDvoabmw&m;rsm;wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdaom o'<gpdwfonf
avmuDcsrf;omr_xufomaom avmukwW&mcsrf;omr_&&Sd&eftwGuf yxrqkHk;aom
vdktyfcsufyifjzpfygonf? t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhr_ESifh raocsmr_wdk‹udk =um&SnfcHpm;ae&aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;twGif;odk‹ Todk‹aom ,Hk=unfr_rsKd;udk oGwfoGif;&mY qENtm±Hkudk tm;udk;jcif;rðybJ
todOm%ft& oabmaygufvufcHvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;.
tESpfom&jzpfygonf? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m urBmhpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnDjzpfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
OD;wnfonfh awmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹wkdif;jynfjyifywGif&Sdaom
EkdifiHa&;oDtdk&Dt,ltqESifh vufawG‹usifhpOfrsm;udk avhvm±Hkr#omru ‚if;wkd‹. ywf0ef;usiftajctae
toGiftjyifudk jzpfay:vmaponfh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh todOm%f tawG;tac:ydkif;qkdif&m
wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; avhvm=uygonf?
wkdif;jynfwjynf. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;wdk;wufzHG‹òzd;r_onf tpOft+rJ
v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeom jzpfpOfjzpfa=umif; jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹ yifudk,fobm0pdwfu
em;vnfoabmayguf=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh wkd;wufzHG‹òzd;Ekdif&eftwGuf xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;/
wDxGifprf;oyfr_rsm;/ t,ltq ta[mif;rsm;ESifh topfrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus wefzdk;jzwfr_rsm;udk
toHk;ðy=u&rnfudk oabmayguf=uygonf? twdwfumvudk wnf=unfajzmifhrwfodrfarG‹pGm tuJjzwfr_ESifh
ypPKy`efumvudk vdrRmyg;eyfpGm tuJjzwfr_wdk‹tm; nDnGwfap (o[Zwf) &ef vdktyfonfh todw&m;twkdif;
'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;oltm;vHk;u v_yf&Sm;aeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? odk‹aomf Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf
todOm%fqdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;udk tar#mftjrif&Sd&Sd/ &J&J&ifh&ifhESifh &ifqkdifEkdifpGrf;udk &Sdaponfh
oabmxm;jynfh0r_jzifh ºuG,f0vsuf&Sdygonf? tqufrjywf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwdkufyJGrsm; qifEJ$&eftwGuf
cHEkdif&nf&Sdygonf? rkef;wD;r_/ w,loefr_/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhr_ ponfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk }uHŒ}uHŒcHEdkif&ef
vdktyfaom ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m cHEkdif&nfvnf; &Sdygonf? tm;&SdzG,f&m taumif;qHk;tcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJG.
t"duwGef;tm;onfh tm%m&&ef/ vufpm;acs&ef/ zsufqD;&ef tmomjyif;jyr_r[kwfbJ vGwfvyfr_/
w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fwrf; ±dkaoav;pm;a&;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiH. 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;wGif vGwfvyfaom
wef;wlnDwl tzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexkdifEkdif&ef ±kef;uefr_}uD;yifjzpfygonf? TonfrSm
rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrdwdk‹obm0. c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm; ausmfvGefEkdifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef
vlom;wdk‹ tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_. tpdwftydkif;wckyifjzpfygonf?
3
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
* * *
vlwdk‹tm; t*wdvdkufpm;azmufjym;aponfrSm tm%mr[kwf/ pdk;&drfa=umuf±GHŒjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
tm%mvufv$wf&rnfudk a=umuf±GHŒjcif;onf tm%mvufudkifxm;olwdk‹tm; azmufjyefap+yD; tm%m.
'%fcsufukd a=umuf±GHŒjcif;onf tm%mvufatmufcHwdk‹tm; azmufjym;aponf? jrefrmtrsm;pkonf
t*wdw&m;av;yg;ESifh tu|rf;w0if&Sd=uygonf? tvdkqENa=umifh azmufjyefr_ (qENm*wd) [lonfrSm
wHpdk;vufaqmifvdkcsifI‚if;/ rdrdcspfcifolrsm; tusKd;twGuf‚if;/ rSefuefaomvrf;a=umif;rS aoGzDoGm;jcif;yif
jzpfygonf? a'gom*wdqdkonfrSm rdrrd kef;wD;olrsm;udk &efòid;vkyfvdkojzifh vrf;rSm;odk‹ a&mufoGm;jcif;
jzpfygonf? arm[m*wdqdkonfrSm rodem;rvnfr_a=umifh azmufjyefoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
T*wdav;yg;xJwGif tqkd;0g;qHk;rSm b,m*wd jzpfz, G f&m&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm a=umuf±HGŒr_ (b,m)
onf trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifonfh pGrf;&nftm;vHk;udk epfrGef;atmifðyI wajz;ajz;
ysufpD;aponfhtjyif tjcm;t*wdoHk;yg;. rlvt&if;tjrpfvnf; jzpfwwfygonf?
avmboufoufa=umifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfygu qENm*wdonf csKdŒwJhrnfudk a=umuf±GHŒjcif;/
rdrdcspfcifolrsm;. arwWm/ apwemqHk;±H_;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh jzpfay:vmEkdifouJhodk‹
rdrdxuf omoGm;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ tESdrfcH&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ epfemrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;
ponfwdk‹uvnf; a'gom*wdudk jzpfapygonf? a=umuf±HGŒr_tcsKyftaESmifrS vGwfuif;pGm trSefw&m;udk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf r&SmEkdifrjcif; arm[udk z,fxkwf&ef cufcJrnfjzpfygonf? a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh
azmufjyefr_wdk‹onf tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufoG,faeojzifh ae&mtESH‹tjym;Y a=umuf±HGŒae&aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wkdif;wGif azmufjyefr_rsKd;pHkwdk‹onf euf±_dif;pGm tajcpdkufvmygonf?
1988 ckESpf ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm;rS pwifcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_.
t"duta=umif;&if;onf pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;rsm;tay: jynfolvlxku rauseyfcsufyif
jzpfonf[k trsm;u ,lq=uygonf? pyf[yfIr&aom vrf;pOfrsm;/ rqDavsmfaom
ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ wae‹wjcm;wdk;yGm;aeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ 0ifaiG. 0,ftm;usqif;r_ ponfwdk‹
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfyGm;cJhojzifh wjynfvHk; pD;yGm;a&;upOfhuvsm;jzpfae&onfrSm rSefygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
±dk;&m"avht& oabmaumif;+yD; qdwf+idrfpGmaewwfaom jynfolwdk‹. onf;cHEkdifr_w&m;
ysufjym;oGm;&jcif;rSm vufcHEkdifavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk &&SdEkdif&efyif cufcJpGm
±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;&Iomr[kwf/ a=umuf±HGŒr_/ azmufjyefr_wdk‹a=umifh ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfae&onfh b0.
&SufzG,f&m taetxm;a=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd‹. taygif;tazmfrsm;
aoqHk;&onfudkom uef‹uGufqENjyaeonfr[kwfbJ ypPKy`efb0udk t"dy`m,fuif;rJhap+yD;
tem*wftwGufvnf; ar#mfvifhcsufray;Edkifaom tm%m&Sifpepfu ‚if;wdk‹. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhudkyif
jiif;qefaeonfudk uef‹uGufae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? xkd‹jyif ausmif;om;wdk‹.
uef‹uGufawmif;qdkr_rsm;onf jynfolvlxk. rcsifhr&J rcHcsifpdwfrsm;udk yDyDoo xkwfazmfajymqdkaeouJhodk‹
jzpfav&m qENjyyJGrsm;onf EdkifiHw0Srf; vsifjrefpGm jyef‹ESH‹oGm;ygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk pdwftxufoefqHk;
ulnDaxmufcH=uolrsm;xJwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SiftcsKdŒvnf; yg0ifygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf
azmufjyefaompepfwGif &Sifoef&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGufomru }uD;yGm;csrf;oma&;twGuf vdktyfaom
u|rf;usifr_ESifh tquftoG,frsm; &&Sdxm;=uolrsm;yif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹.
ºuG,f0csrf;omr_u ‚if;wdk‹udk ppfrSefaom vHkòcHr_udkaomf‚if;/ auseyfr_udkaomf‚if; ray;Ekdifyg?
wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; xdkufxdkufwefwef touf&Sifoefvdkonfqdkygu wm0ef&Sdaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfw&yfum; tenf;qHk; vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k ‚if;wdk‹u rodbJraeEkdif jzpfvm&ygonf?
tm%m&Sifwdk‹vufckyfxJrS a&uJhodk‹ rv_yfEkdifr&Sm;Edkif pdk;&drfa=umuf±HGŒae&aom rvHkòcHaomb0udk
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹ +iD;aiG‹vm=uygonf?
vufckyfxJu
a&b0rdk‹
igwdk‹ at;jr&aomfvnf; æ
vufckyfxJu
zefuJGpawG
igwkd‹ jzpfvdkufcsifygbd
(armifom,m. “awmfvSefa&;qdkwm” rS)
tao;i,fqHk;aom zefpuav;rsm;onfyifv#if ‚if;wdk‹. pl;&Sc|efxufajymifvufaom pGrf;tifjzifh
‚if;wdk‹tm; acsr_ef;rnfh vufwdk‹tEW&m,frS ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ umuG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;onf
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_atmufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef óud;pm;aeolrsm;. t&if;tESpfjzpfaom ol&owWdESifh xif&Sm;aom
oauFwrsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqEkdifygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd awmfvSefa&;orm;[k ,lq+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH
&ifqdkifae&aom jy\emrsm;udk tajz&Sm&mY raerem;óud;pm;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “owWd/
AswWd&Sdolrsm;udkom tm;rudk;rlI vlwkdif;vlwkdif;yif rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif owWd/ AswWd&Sdaom
ol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfatmif pGef‹pm;&ayvdrfhrnf? okd‹rSomv#if usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; vGwfvyfa&;tppfudk
cHpm;cGifh&=uayvdrfhrnf” [k ajymqdkcJhygonf? (tv,fypP,H nDvmcHrdef‹cGef; - 20-1-46)
ae‹pOfb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf a=umuf±HGŒae=u&aom ywf0ef;usiftajctaewGif
razmufjyef&avatmif rnfr# óud;pm;tm;xkwf&onfudk w&m;Oya't&tkyfcsKyfaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif
uHtm;avsmfpGm aexdkifae&olrsm;tzdk‹ tvG,fwul odjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? w&m;r#waom
Oya'[lonfrSm tjypfusL;vGefolwdk‹udk rsufESmrvdkufbJ tjypf'%fcwfI azmufjyefr_udk
wm;qD;umuG,fjcif;om r[kwfyg? azmufjyefaomtavhtusifhrsm;udk tm;rudk;bJ
vl‹*k%foduQmudkxdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jynfolwdk‹u jznfhqnf;Ekdifaprnfh
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk wnfaxmif&mwGif w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;u taxmuftulðyaejcif;yif jzpfygonf?
Todk‹ w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;r&Sdonfh ae&ma'orsm;wGifrl w&m;r#wr_ESifh [D&d=owWy` w&m;wdk‹ESifh
udkufnDaomusifhpOfwdk‹udk ckcHumuG,f&ef wm0efonf omrefjynfolwdk‹tay:wGif usa&mufvmygonf?
jynfolwdk‹. tqufrjywf óud;yrf;r_ESifh wnf=unfpGm cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_rsm;. pkaygif;tusKd;qufrsm;onf
a=umuf±HGŒr_a=umifh qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh tqdk;taumif; odwwfaompdwf"mwfwdk‹ ysufjym;ae&onfhEkdifiHwGif
vlom;wdk‹. qdk;oGrf;aom p±dkufudkxdef;csKyf+yD; ‚if;wdk‹. w&m;r#wr_ESifh nDnGwfr_vdkvm;aom pdwfrsm;udk
tm;ay;Ekdifrnfh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; pdk;rdk;aom EkdifiHtjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJEkdifrnf jzpfygonf?
twwfynm tvGeftrif; xGef;um;aomacwfwGif wDxGifxm;onfh aoapEkdifaom
vufeufrsm;udk tm;enf;olESifh tultnDrJholwdk‹tm; v$rf;rdk;}uD;pdk;&mwGif tiftm;}uD;ol/ tm%m&SdolESifh
w&m;vufudkifr&Sdolwdk‹u toHk;ðyEkdif=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh wkdif;EkdifiH toD;oD;wGif‚if;/
tjynfjynfqkdif&mtqifhwGif‚if; EkdifiHa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm qufpyfxm;&ef
tvGefyifvdktyfaeygonf? bmomt,l0g'ra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G;/ EkdifiHra&G; vlom;tm;vHk; &ydkifcGifh&Sdaom
tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef vlwkdif;/ tzJG‹tpnf;wdkif;
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfoifhonf[k ukvor*~ urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;u
xkwfjyefa=unmxm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vwfwavmtusKd;tjrwfudk a&&Snfom,m0ajyma&;ESifh
+idrf;csrf;a&;wdk‹xuf ydkI OD;pm;ay;aom udk,fusKd;&Smtkyfpkrsm;udk tajcðyI‚if;/ jynfolvlxkay;xm;aom
vkyfydkifcGifhtay:wGif tajcrcHbJ twif;t"rRvkyfr_tay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdk;&rsm;
&Sdaeor#umvywfvHk; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f/ jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&mu
pkaygif;ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;[lonfrSm wydkif;wpom taumiftxnfazmfEkdifaom
&nfrSef;csuftqifhwGif wnf&Sdaernfomjzpfygonf? vl‹rdom;pk0iftjzpf &&Sdxm;aom rdrdESifhcJGjcm;Ir&aom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&mwGif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif; cHae=u&olrsm;u rdrdwdk‹udk,frdrdwdk‹ tm;udk;I
±kef;uefóud;yrf;ae&onfh ae&ma'orsm;rSmrl qufvufwnf&Sdaernfjzpfygonf?
tppfrSefqHk;aom awmfvSefa&;[lonfrSm wkdif;jynfwdk;wufzHG‹òzd;a&;vrf;a=umif;udk yHkazmfonfh
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udk ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfae+yD[laom todrS aygufzGm;vmaom
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf? ±kyfydkif;tajctaersm; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef a&SŒ±_I
tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;ESifh &Sd+yD;om; vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf Oya'rsm;udkom ajymif;vJ&ef &nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;onf
ppfrSefaom atmifjrifr_udk &,lEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; rqifEJ$ygu pepfa[mif;wGif
rr#wr_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tiftm;pkrsm; qufvufv_yf&Sm;aernfjzpfI ðyjyifa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;
jyefvnf&Sifoefa&;jzpfpOfudk t+rJwrf; tEW&m,fay;aernf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfr_/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;wkd‹udk awmif;qdkae±Hkjzifh rvHkavmufyg? qENm*wd/ a'gom*wd/ arm[*wd/ b,m*wd wdk‹udk
wGef;vSef&ef xm0&wnf&Sdaom trSefw&m;twGuf tepfemcH&ef‚if;/ ckdif+rJaom ZJGvHk‹vjzifh wdkufyJG0if&ef‚if;
tm;vHk; wnDwnGwf jywfom;pGm oEMdXmefcs=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
olawmfpif/ olawmfaumif; [lonfrSm tjypfusL;vGefr_rsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; raumif;r_tukodkvfudk
a&SmifusOf&ef óud;yrf;&mY ZJG/ vHk‹v rav#mholrsm;jzpfonf[k tqdk&Sdygonf? xdk‹enf;wlyif
vGwfvyfolqdkonfrSmvnf; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk
umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;Ekdifaom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk rdrdESifhavsmfuefoifhjrwfa&;twGuf rav#mhwrf;
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=uaom tzdESdyfcHrsm;yif jzpfygonf? jynfh0I usOf;usyfr_r&Sdaom b0udk &&Sda&;twGuf
vlom;wdk‹ ar#mfvifhawmifhw=uaom tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;wGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;onf
enf;vrf;tjzpf‚if;/ aemufqHk;yef;wkdiftjzpf‚if; xif&Sm;pGm ay:vGifaeygonf? tpdk;&. +cdrf;ajcmufr_rS
vGwfuif;ap&ef tmrcHay;Ekdifrnfh 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; ckdifrmpGm tajcpdkufxm;aom wkdif;EkdifiHudk
wnfaxmifvdkolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹. a=umuf±HGŒpdwf/ vspfv#L±_pdwfrsm;rS vGwfajrmufatmif yxrqHk;
óud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
tajymESifhtnD tpOfðyvkyfavh&Sdaom atmifqef;onf owWdudk t+rJwrf; vufawG‹jyocJhygonf?
um,owWdudkomr[kwfbJ trSefw&m;udk ajymqdk&Jjcif;/ ajymonfhpum;twdkif; &yfwnfjcif;/ a0zefr_udk
vufcHjcif;/ rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csufudk 0efcHjcif;/ rdrd. trSm;udk jyifEkdifjcif;/ twdkuftcHudk ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;/
&efolESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;/ rdrdonf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfoifh/ rjzpfoifhudk jynfoltm; qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhay;jcif;
paom pGrf;&nfowWdrsm;udk vufawG‹jyocJhygonf? Todk‹aom udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m owWdrsm;a=umifh
atmifqef;tm; jrefrmwjynfvHk;u t+rJwrf; =unf!dkav;pm;cspfcifaernf jzpfygonf? ‚if;tm;
ol&Jaumif;ppfonfawmftjzpfESifhomrubJ wkdif;jynf. pdwf"mwfudk wufºuGoef‹pifaponfh
pHerlemxm;tyfoltjzpf cspfcifjrwfEkd;ae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifhywfoufI *s0g[vmae±l;
oHk;oGm;aompum;rsm;udk atmifqef;ta=umif; ajym&mwGifvnf; oHk;Ekdifygonf? “‚if;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;.
tESpfom&onf a=umuf±HGŒjcif;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh trSefw&m;yifjzpfI Tpdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;vkyfudkifum
vlxk. om,m0ajyma&;udk t+rJwrf; OD;wnfjcif;yif jzpfygonf?”
t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfudk a&SŒaqmifjzef‹csDol acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfaom *ENDESifh trsKd;om;ppfwyfudk
wnfaxmifcJhaom atmifqef;onf yifudk,fobm0t& uGmjcm;vSygonf? odk‹aomf umva'ora&G;
tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;rS ay:xGufvmaom pdefac:r_rsm;onf qifwl±dk;rSm;&SdouJhodk‹ xdkpdefac:r_udk
òydifqkdiftHwk&ef xGufay:vmolrsm;. t&nftaoG;rsm;onfvnf; wlnDavh&Sdygonf? *END.
t}uD;rm;qHk;aom atmifjrifr_w&yfrSm tdENd,jynfojl ynfom;rsm;wGif owWdpdwfoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf[k
,lqaom ae±l;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif acwfopftjrif&Sdoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ESpfq,f&mpk
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfaomtcgwGif a&S;a[mif;tdENd,jynf.
'\etawG;tac:rsm;txd jyefvnf&SmazGum a&;om;wifjyxm;onfum; “vlwOD; odk‹r[kwf
wkdif;jynfwjynftzdk‹ }uD;us,ftjrifhjrwfqHk;aom yg&rDonf tb, ac: a=umuf±HGŒr_r&Sdjcif;jzpf.?
um,owWdomr[kwf pdwfxJrSmyif a=umuf±HGŒr_uif;jcif;jzpfygonf?”
a=umuf±HGŒpdwfr&Sdjcif;onf yg&rDjzpfzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; xdkxufydkI tzdk;wefzG,f&m&Sdaom
owWdrsm; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh &&Sdvmaom owWd/ a=umufpdwfudk vdkufavsm&onfhtjzpfudk
ra&mufatmif ðypkysKd;axmifavhusifhI &&Sdvmaom owWd/ t=uyfudkifzdESdyfaeonfh=um;rS
wnf=unfodrfarG‹pGm &nfwnfEkdifjcif;/ =urf;wrf;cufxefpGm tqufrjywf zdESdyfaeonfh=um;xJrSm
xyfcgwvJ wnf=unfodrfarG‹r_udk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh &&SdaomowWd ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd[k jiif;y,fxm;aompepfatmufwGif a=umuf±HGŒpdwfom ae‹pOfESifhtr#
v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? axmifusrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ao&rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ rdwfaqGrdom;pk/ OpPmypPnf; odk‹r[kwf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;±H_;rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ qif;&Jrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ txD;usefjzpfrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ysufpD;qHk;±_H;rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf? arG;&myg vl‹*k%foduQmESifh rdrdudk,frdrd av;pm;r_wdk‹udk
rqHk;±_H;&avatmif xdef;odrf;umuG,f&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapaom owWdjyonfh
ae‹pOfvkyf&yfuav;rsm;udk tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfonf/ odk‹r[kwf t&mra&mufaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf/
t&rf;uma&mvkyfonf/ rdkufrJjcif;jzpfonf ponfjzifh jypfwif±_wfcsum rdrduyif b0ay;todOm%f
odk‹r[kwf ynmOm%f&SdouJhodk‹ [efaqmifjcif;onf wdwfwcdk;tEW&m,fay;onfh tqkd;0g;qHk;aom
a=umuf±HGŒr_rsKd;yif jzpfygonf? tiftm;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf[laom rljzifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaom
pepfatmuf. yHkoGif;jcif;udk cH&olrsm;tzdk‹ tiftm;ukefcrf;apaom a=umuf±HGŒr_tqdyfaiG‹rS
vGwfu|wfatmif ±kef;xGuf&efrSm rvG,fulvSyg? odk‹aomfvnf; a=umuf±HGŒr_onf ,Ofaus;aomvlom;.
obm0r[kwfaoma=umifh tzdESdyfqHk;aom tpdk;&,EW&m;atmufYyif owWdonf xyfcgwvJvJ
xºuGvmygonf?
txdef;tcsKyfr&Sdaom tm%mudk &ifqkdif&mwGif owWd&Sdr_ESifh cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_wdk‹tm; t+rJwrf;
&Sifoefaeapaom a&aomufjrpfrSm udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk
txGwftjrwfxm;onfhtay:wGif ckdifrmpGm,Hk=unfjcif;jzpf+yD; rnfr#yif ±_H;edrfhr_/ qkwf,kwfr_rsm; &Sdapumrl
vlom;onf aemufqHk;wGif ±kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m wkd;wufr_ESpfckpvHk;udk &&Sd&rnf[laom
orkdif;oabmudk ,Hk=unfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif óud;pm;jcif;/ rdrdukd,frdrd
raumif;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif óud;yrf;jcif; paom pGrf;&nfwdk‹onf vlom;wdk‹udk wd&p>mef±dkif;rsm;ESifh
txift&Sm;uJGjym;apaom t"dutcsufyifjzpfygonf? vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;. rlvt&if;tjrpfrSm
vHk;0tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvdkaompdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef
enf;vrf;&SmEkdifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;twkdif; vkdufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk
tqHk;wkdif rvdkufemEkdifonfhwkdifatmif udk,fydkifc|wf,Gif;csuftuef‹towfESifh
ywf0ef;usiftwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvGef&efvdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif
óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdI ,Ofaus;aomvlom;wdk‹ESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom
vl‹avmuudk vlom;wdk‹ pdwful;ar#mfjrif=uonfhtwGuf a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh csKdŒwJhr_rS uif;vGwfaom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef ra=umufr±HGŒ/ tepfemcHvkyf0Hh=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? opPmw&m;/
*±k%mw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_wdk‹udk +iD;aiG‹zG,f&m tawG;tac:a[mif;}uD;rsm;[kqdkum ypfy,fI r&yg?
&ufpufaom tm%mpufukd wGef;vSef&mwGif Tw&m;rsm;onfomv#if tumtuG,fay;aevsuf
&Sdwwfygonf?
4
“Adkvf” . t"dy`m,ftppftrSef
* * *
Adkvf[laom a0g[m&rSm tpdk;&±Hk;toHk;tE_ef;wGif =unf;wyfrS Adkvf odk‹r[kwf “vufzfwifheifh” udk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;pum;wGif ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ trdef‹ay;olrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
“Adkvf” [k ac:avh&Sdygonf? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh wufºuGaeaom
xGef;opfp ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhajray:ajccsvmonfESifh ‚if;wyfrSt&m&Sdrsm;udk
&mxl;ra&G; “Adkvf” [k ac:a0:cJh=uygonf? vltrsm; pdwf"mwft&Sdefjrifhrm;I ab;tEW&m,fxlajymaom
ppfwGif;umvwGif vlpGrf;aumif;rsm; aps;aumif;av&m “Adkvf” wkdif;udk pJGrufzG,f&m
pdwful;,OfyHkjyifqefqef roJuGJaom tawG;jzifh ±_jrif=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf a&SŒqHk;rS xifay:aeolrSm
atmifqef;jzpfygonf? touf (27) ESpfyif rjynfhao;bJ pdwf"mwftvGefjyif;xef+yD;
ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfojzifh rsKd;cspfvli,f ppfaoemywdtoGifaqmifae&m ‚if;ESifhywfoufI oDcsif;/
uAsmrsm; a&pyf&mY pdwful;uGef‹jrL;vm=uygonf?
igwdk‹jrefrmjynfr,f
rdbwdkif;uuG,f
Adkvfatmifqef;vdk tmZmenftppfawG
arG;=u&r,f –
&mZ0iftwˆKywWdvnf; &Sd&r,f
armfuGef;vnf; xdk;avmufwJh
jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f
(aqmif;yg;tquf vmonf)
&Sif;vif;jyefom;pGmjzifh vHk;0pdwfxm;rSefatmif xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? xkdpOfu usif;yavh&Sdaom
tcrf;tem;wckwGif atmifqef;tm; urBmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;rnf[k csD;rGrf;aom=obmpmudk
zwf=um;aomtcg urBmhorkdif;wGifrqdkESifh/ Armhorkdif;Yyif ae&mr&ao;yg[k atmifqef;u ºuGwfqyfqyf
rSwfcsufcsoGm;cJhygonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wav#mufwGif ppfwyfudk OD;aqmifcJhonfhaemufydkif;wGif
jyefvnfwnfaxmifvdkufaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh+yD; bk&ifcH. tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif
'kOuUXtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aomtcgYyif atmifqef;u “usKyfwdk‹ tck rp&ao;/ rvkyf&ao;bl;? 'ga=umifh
csD;rGrf;p&m&Sdvnf; tckcsD;rGrf;rcHcsifao;bl;” [k ajymaewkef;yif jzpfygonf? xdkpOftcsdefu ‚if;onf
trsKd;om;vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpf+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif “AdkvfcsKyf” [k od&Sd=uum
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfðycHae&olyif jzpfygonf?
“AdkvfcsKyf” [lonfrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmufwGif&Sdaom tqifhyifjzpfaomfvnf; atmifqef;u
&,lvdkufaomtcg ,if;&mxl;tqifhonfvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif twkr&Sd/ xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom
t"dy`m,foufa&mufr_&Sdvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyf[lonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcif/ tiftm;}uD;aom
udk,fusKd;r=unfhaom acgif;aqmifr_/ a0g[m&t"dy`m,ft& “Adkvfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol” [k oabm&ygonf?
“Adkvf” ygVdpmvHk; “Av” (cGeftm;) rS vmjcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; csD;usL;xdkufaom cGeftm;ESifh
rvdkvm;tyfaomtiftm;udk cJGjcm;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? “um,” ðyvkyfjcif;ESifh “Av” wdk‹
aygif;pyfvdkufygu AvuUm, t=urf;zufjcif;jzpfvmygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vufcHEkdifavmufaom
tuef‹towf twkdif;twmxufausmfvGefI cGeftm;udk toHk;ðyaomtcg zsufqD;jcif;tjzpfodk‹
a&muf&Sdvmygonf? TtEW&m,fudk udk,fusifhw&m;jzifh xdef;csKyfjcif; rðyygu EdkifiHa&; odk‹r[kwf
vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh 0±kef;okef;um; jzpfaeaom tcsdeftcgY t}uD;rm;qHk;aom
tEW&m,fjzpfvmEkdifrnfrSm txl;ajymp&mrvdkyg? Todk‹aom tcsdefumvwGif atmifqef;onf
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wdkufyJGudk OD;pD;OD;udkifvkyfcJh&onf? Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;xGufjzpfojzifh
‚if;onf pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfwdk‹. pGrf;tm;ESifhqkdifaom oabmw&m;ukd i,fpOfuyif od&SdrnfjzpfI Avig;yg;
(Áa¹ENig;yg; odk‹r[kwf pdwfudk xdef;odrf;Ekdifaomw&m;rsm;) udkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;cJhrnfjzpfygonf?
‚if;wdk‹rSm o'<g/ 0d&d,/ owd/ orm"dESifh ynmwdk‹jzpfygonf? avmuDtvdkt& Avig;wefjzpfaom um,/
Om%/ abm*/ rdwW/ pm&dwWAvwdk‹onf avmukwW&mtusKd;aqmifAvrsm;xuf edrfhus+yD; *k%foduQm&SdpGm
tusKd;ay;rnfhtiftm;rsm;jzpfvmEdkif&ef ‚if;wdk‹udk pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfðypkysKd;axmifjcif;jzifh
xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; cGeftm;. aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;udk todOm%fynmt&
em;vnfoabmaygufonfhtcsufonf atmifqef;udk rv$rf;rdk;yg? wm0ef&Sdaom ppftzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh
aygif;pyf&rnfh ay:xGef;p ppfwyf. ppfaoemywdtjzpf‚if;/ rwnf+idrfaom yk*~dKvfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeonfh
trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmiftjzpf‚if; pnf;urf;jzifh rxdef;xm;aom tiftm;.
vufawG‹tEW&m,frsm;udk ‚if;u aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;olyifjzpfygonf?
atmifqef;onf ‚if;wnfaxmifxm;aom wyfrawmfudk pnf;urf;}uD;I *k%fusufoa&&Sdaom
tzJG‹tpnf;tjzpf &nfrSef;xm;ygonf? tepfemcHjcif;/ udk,fhpnf;udk,fxdef;jcif;/ azmufjyefr_uif;jcif; paom
ausmufom;yuwdcdkifrmonfh jrifhjrwfaom*k%ft*Fgrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aomwyfrawmf/
udk,fydkiftusKd;tjrwfrar#mfudk;bJ wkdif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rdrd.cGeftm;udk vHk;0ay;vªxm;aom
wyfrawmfomjzpf&rnf[k atmifqef;u ,lqygonf? vufeuftiftm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&m
ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xifrSwfaprnfh oabmxm;rsm;/ &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg&ef
ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;qHk;rcJhygonf? tm;}uD;olu tm;enf;oludk
tEdkifusifhvdkaom vl‹obm0udkaxmufjyI rw&m;ðyusifhaom tm;}uD;olwdk‹tm;
ra=umufr±HGŒqef‹usif&efESifh tm;enf;olwdk‹tay:wGif ajzmifhrSefw&m;r#wpGm ðyusifh&ef atmifqef;u
wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? “'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEkdifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG&JŒ udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/
qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd;jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ 'Dwyfrawmf[m EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf[m tvum;yJjzpfr,f”
[kvnf; owday;cJh. (31-1-44)? wkdif;jynfu udk;uG,fqnf;uyfxdkufaom
xl;c|efonfhwyfrawmfjzpfvmap&ef tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf
xl;c|efojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ay;&ef txl;tcGifhta&;&Sdaom vufa&G;pifvlwpkjzpfvm&rnf r[kwfyg?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf/ wzJG‹/ vlwpk/ wygwDtwGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ
wjynfvHk;twGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k atmifqef;u &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymqdkxm;ygonf?
‚if;wdk‹Yomv#if jynfcspfpdwf&SdEkdifonf[laom t,ltqudk cH,lxm;=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;.
ao;odrfarS;rSdefaom tjrifudkvnf; atmifqef;u y,fcsygonf? “wjcm; ppfom;r[kwfayrJh EdkifiHtwGuf
trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyfwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh
pdwf"mwfoabmxm;udk ajymif;=u&r,f” (13-3-44)?
atmifqef;u ppfom;rsm;udk wif;rmjyif;xefpmG owday;qHk;rae&onfhtcsufrSm wyfrawmfudk
ESdrfvdkaoma=umifhr[kwfbJ “igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifvlawGjzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EkdifiH&JŒ
&efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;oabmaygufatmif ajymjyjcif;yJ” [k
udk,fwdkifrdef‹=um;cJhygonf (13-3-44)? wkdif;jynf. *k%foduQm[lonfrSm jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmjzpfonf/
jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmonf ‚if;ESifh ‚if;ppfom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh cJGjcm;Ir&[k atmifqef;u
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? olvdkvm;aom pHjyvufeufukdifwyfzJG‹qdkonfrSm ppfr_xrf;wkdif;.
tðytrltusifhwdk‹onf 18 &mpk eef;wGif;pmqdkawmf vuf0JokEN& (1723-99) a&;om;zJG‹qdkxm;aom
eENdaoeysKdŒyg oabmw&m;jzifh jynfh0aernfjzpfaom wyfzJG‹yifjzpf&ayrnf?
ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvdkomvnf;
pJGudkifvufeuf/ b,fvdkxufvnf;
jynfol‹ESvHk;/ rodrf;óuH;v#if
jynfol‹cGeftm;/ rudk;pm;v#if
"g;oGm;vnfaºuG/ vSHvnf;acGtHh?
(vuf0JokEN&/ eENdaoeysKdŒrS)
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tjrifhrm;qHk;tqifhodk‹ a&muf&SdvmonfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
jynfol‹pdwfESvHk;udk odrf;óuH;I/ jynfol‹tiftm;udk udk;pm;a=umif; ydkI odomxif&Sm;vmygonf?
“vlwOD;wa,mufonf rnfr#avmuf pGrf;yum;&Sdapumrl vlxk. tm;ay;,kdif;yif;r_r&SdbJvsuf
&mZ0ifwGifavmufaom vkyfief;rsKd;udk jzpfajrmufatmif raqmif&GufEkdif” [k ,Hk=unfonfhtavsmuf
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif jynfolwdk‹udk ‚if;aemufrS +rJ+rHpGm }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif &yfwnf=uyg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
ppfrSefaom tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh r&,lEkdifa=umif; ‚if;u od&Sdxm;ygonf?
r[kwfrrSefaom uwdrsm;ay;I‚if;/ ajr‡mufyifhajymqdI k ‚if;/ axmufcHr_&,laomenf;udk ‚if;u roHk;yg?
ppfa=umifh t}uD;tus,fysufpD;ae&onfh ajray:wGif vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fx wdkif;EkdifiHudk
wnDwnGwfwnf; 0dkif;0ef;wnfaxmif&ef ‚if;ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfr_ESifh
±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹. wckwnf;aomtajccHrSm ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfyGifhvif;r_yif jzpfonf[k
AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u ,lqygonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ aumufuspfpOf;vJr_wdk‹udk
OD;pm;ay;usifhoHk;aejcif;onf jynfolvlxkudk apmfum;&ma&mufonfhtjyif rdrd. oduQmorm"dudkvnf;
azmufzsuf&ma&mufygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf todw&m;jzifh trSm;xuf trSefudkom wefzdk;xm;+yD;
trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,lqI atmifqef;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
,if;,lqcsufonf rSm;,Gif;jcif;r&Sdyg? ‚if;. óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk jynfolvlxku tjynfht0
em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; pnf;vHk;nDnmpGm axmufcHtm;ay;I wHk‹jyef=uojzifh 1947 ckESpf {+yDvY
usif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; (zqyv) tzJG‹rS
0ifa&muf,SOfòydifoltrsm;pk tEkdif&cJhygonf? atmifqef;onf tpdk;&tm%m. tqift,if/
taqmifta,mifrsm;udk *±kpdkufvSolr[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolwdk‹u a&G;cs,fxm;aom
acgif;aqmifqdkonfh*k%fudkrl ±dk;om;pGmjrwfEdk;olyifjzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk atmifqef;
av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;ygonf? acgif;aqmifr_[lonfrSm ao&rnf odk‹r[kwf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsrnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ rdrdrSefonf[k ,lqaomudpPukd owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfudkif&Jojzifh vlxku
,Hk=unfpGmay;tyfxm;aom t&mjzpfonf[k atmifqef;u jrifygonf? wkdif;jynftay:wGif xm;&Sd&rnfh
‚if;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ysufuGufygu ay;xm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolu
jyefvnfodrf;,l&rnf[kvnf; vufcHygonf? ‚if;ESifh ‚if;. tpdk;&tzJG‹udk wkdif;jynfu
±dkaoav;pm;jcif;r&SdawmhaomtcgwGif ‚if;wdk‹ &mxl;rS E_wfxGufrnf[k atmifqef;u ajymaomtcg
tajymoufoufomr[kwfbJ zsufrnfr[kwfaom uwdudk ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k jynfolwdk‹u
od&Sd=uygonf? tiftm;qdkonfrSm w&m;r#wrSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf toHk;ðyrSomv#if
wefzdk;&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfaom EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif ppfonfwOD;tzdk‹ *k%foduQmr&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf
ESpfvdkzG,f&mr[kwfyg?
jynfol‹vlpGrf;aumif;[lonf jynfol. ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufudk udk,fpm;ðyygonf? vufawG‹b0&Sd
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl jynfolwdk‹. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfay;Ekdifrnfh twkdif;twmudkom
a&mifjyef[yfae=uygonf? óuHcJvSaom orkdif;tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufESifh
wu,fhvufawG‹b0wdk‹ wxyfwnf; wkdufqdkifoGm;aomtcgY jynfolvlxkonf udk,fa&mpdwfyg
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpGrf;ukefvkyfaqmif=u+yD; tcsif;csif; nDnGwf=uygonf? ,if;tcsdeftcgudk
owd&aejcif;jzifh oduQmrJhI atmifjrifr_ajcmufcrf;aom umvrsm;wGif tm;arG;/ *k%f,lEkdifygonf?
atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkawmif;vSonfh umvtwGif;Y jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf
‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ xdkufxdkufwefwef ,Hk=unftm;udk;cGifh&=uolrsm;wGif&Sdaom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;/
vkyfcsifudkifcsifaom tiftm;rsm;jzifh jynfhòzd;ae=uygonf? ‚if;wkd‹. AdkvfcsKyfu ‚if;wdk‹udk pnf;urf;ESifh
vHk‹v0d&d,r&Sd[lI ol‹0oDtwdkif; wHk;wHk;wdwd jypfwif}udrf;armif; qlylonfhtcgYyif ‚if;wdk‹onf
pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd=ubJ AdkvfcsKyfonf rdrd. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif jyifqif&ef qEN&SdouJhodk‹
‚if;wdk‹udkvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifapvdkonf[k taotcsmod&Sdxm;=uojzifh ydkIyif
óud;pm;csifpdwf aygufvm=uygonf?
“b0[lonfrSm trSefw&m;ESifh tjypfuif;pifr_udk &SmazGaom rGefjrwfonfh c&D;pOf” [k
atmifqef;u ,lqxm;ygonf? Todk‹ &SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif olESifhtwl wkdif;jynfudkyg o,faqmifoGm;&ef
óud;pm;cJhygonf? vufawG‹rusavmufatmif jrifhrm;onf[k qdk&avmufaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&mY tHh=ozG,f&matmifjrifr_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. t&nftcsif;udk‚if;/
ajymonfhtwkdif; vkyfI oduQmorm"dESifh ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_onf vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;.
xda&mufaomtajccHjzpfEkdifa=umif; jyocJhaom atmifqef;. pGrf;&nfudk‚if; *k%fðy&ma&mufygonf?
atmifqef;onf ppfonfawmfwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkv#if
taotcsmwdkufoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomf wdkufyJG+yD;aomtcgwGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ vufeufudk
ab;z,fum +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk vdkufcJholjzpfygonf? ‚if;. vufxJodk‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%m
a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGifvnf; “usKyfu arwWmESifh opPmudk a&SŒxm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfr,f” [k [efrvkyfbJ
±dk;om;pGmajymEkdifolyifjzpfygonf? ‚if;tm; axmufcHolrsm;u ‚if;onf rdrdwdk‹. touf/ rdrdwdk‹.
csrf;omr_ESifh rdrdwdk‹. ,Hk=unfr_wdk‹udk rqifrjcif tusKd;rJhatmif vkyfrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsEkdif=uygonf? ol.
pum;twkdif; qdk&v#if atmifqef;onf wkdif;jynfudk “t&rf;rJh ajAmif;qefatmif” vkyfrnfh
“EkdifiHa&;pwef‹rif;om;” r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxku ‚if;. acgif;aqmifr_udk ,Hk=unfrnfqdkygu wESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;udk twwfEkdifqHk; +idrf;csrf;pGm&,lrnf[k &J&J}uD; tmrcHcJhygonf? “usKyf[m usKyfuwdudk
rzsufcJhbl;qdkwm cifAsm;wdk‹ odw,fr[kwfvm;”? Tpum;udk 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&D (4) &ufae‹wGif
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom orwEkdifiH[k ra=unmrD (11) vwdwdtvdku
ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&aomtcgwGif atmifqef; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? olwyg;tm;
qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufcHI pdwfaumif;apwemaumif; tppftrSefudk wHk‹jyefwwfaom todOm%f&Sdonf[k
,lqonfh tajccHoabmxm;&Sdol atmifqef;onf tm%m&&Sda&;udk udk,fusifhw&m;xufydkI
*±kðy=uaom EkdifiHa&;òydifzufwdk‹. opPmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;. '%fudk cHoGm;&ygonf? jrefrmjynftwGuf
‚if;xm;&Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif *±kwpdkufpOf;pm;awG;ac:
t}uHOm%frsm;xkwfouJhodk‹ ‚if;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmvHkòcHr_twGuf *±kwpdkuf&SdcJhygu atmifqef;onf
vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&rnfr[kwf[k ajymolrsm;&Sd=uygonf? odk‹aomf olom xdkuJhodk‹ udk,fusKd;iJholjzpfcJhygu
“acgif;aqmifonf EkdifiH.tiftm;jzpfonf” [laomxHk;udk toufoGif;ay;vdkufaom AdkvfwumhAdkvf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u ‘igwdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf’ [k owfrSwfxm;aom Adkvfatmifqef;jzpfawmhrnf r[kwfyg?
&nfrSef;csufrsm;
awmfvSefa&;tv,fA[dkwGif
EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaomrdef‹cGef;
("gwfyHkvmonf)
om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) 1991 ckESpf 'DZbFmv 10 &ufae‹Y
rdcifudk,fpm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk vufcH&if; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufvmonf)
Ttpdk;&onf ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg; rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfhtwGuf wcsdefu
}uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhaom jrefrma&$0gajronfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wGif urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiHb0odk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf? =oZmtm%mudk xda&mufap&ef +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ a=umuf&GHŒr_/ zdESdyfr_/ rkef;wD;r_wdk‹udk
toHk;ðycJhaom tjcm;tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;. uH=urRmuJhodk‹ aemufqHk;wGif ‚if;wdk‹. uH=urRmvnf;
jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfudk &efukef&Sd tm%mydkifwdk‹. twGif;pdwfxJY od&Sd=u&rnf jzpfygonf? vuf&Sd
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDóud;yrf;r_wkdufyJG 1988 ckESpfu/ vrf;rrsm;ay:Y aygufuJGxGufay:vmjcif;onf ta&SŒOa&my/
tm&SESifh tmz&duwdk‹wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD 'Da&v_dif;}uD;. yxrqHk;aom
v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfyif jzpfygonf? ,ae‹ 1991 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom/ acgif;rmaom
EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ vufatmufwGif qufvuf 'kuQcHae&ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHonf
odomxif&Sm;aeygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'Drkdua&pDatmifyJGcHoGm;aom om"uonf
jrefrmjynfolwdk‹twGuf ta&;}uD;aom owif;yg;csufyifjzpfygonf? tm%m&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;onf vHk;0
pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf vuf&Sdtpdk;&onfvnf; usqHk;&rnf[laom ta=umif;=um;csuf
jzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif jrifhwufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvJGvJGtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
wefzdk;r&Sdaom usyfaiGwdk‹ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdrdwdk‹ ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif;
cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg?
odk‹aomfvnf; vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;& usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; vHk;0
òydusysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umifh rjzpfygapESifh[k usaemf av;eufpGm ar#mfvifhygonf? ,ckESpftwGuf
qka=unmpOf EdkbJvfaumfrwDu azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; vl‹tajccH*±k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;onfudk
tm%m&tpdk;&u *±kðyrdaumif; ðyrdygvdrfhrnf? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fI a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹atmif ðyvkyfaeaom
vuf&Sdvrf;pOfrsm;onf jrefrmhAk'<bmomtpOftvm. rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqum &GHrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpdk;&tzJG‹wGif yg&Sda=umif; usaemfodygonf?
TonfrSm tcsnf;ESD; udk,fvdk&mudk,fqJG+yD; awG;ac:jcif;r[kwfbJ usaemfhrdcifudk,fwkdif tm%mydkiftqifh&Sd
yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh xdawG‹qufqH&if; &&Sdvmaom ,Hk=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ppfr_xrf;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹
rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifaom rJqENe,fajrrsm;wGif olr. ygwD tEdkif&&SdonfrSmvnf;
Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;pGm om"ujyjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;xJrS ,if;odk‹ r#wvdkaom/
oifhjrwfvdkaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvdktyfqHk;aom tcsdefumvY ‚if;wdk‹. cHpm;csufrsm;udk
xdxda&mufa&muf tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdEkdif&ef vkyfEkdifygap[k usaemf av;eufpGm qENðyygonf?
usaemfhrdcifom ,ae‹ vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymqdk&if;
zdESdyfolESifh zdESdyfcHae&olwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. vufeufrsm;udk pGef‹ypfI twlwuG yl;aygif;um
+idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh *±k%mw&m;wdk‹tay:wGif tajccHaom wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmufapEkdif&eftwGufyg
qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wdk‹tm; yef=um;rnf[k usaemf odygonf?
usaemfhrdciftm; 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &,lvdkaom
EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajymqdk a&;om;=uaomfvnf; olr óud;pm;&SmazGaeonfrSm
tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m ajymif;vJr_jzpfonfudk usaemfwdk‹ owd&oifhygonf? “tppfrSefqHk;aom
awmfvSefa&;onf pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD;” ,if;odk‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&mwGif “vdktyfaom
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;” ESifh ywfoufIvnf; olr. a&;om;xm;csufrsm; &Sdygonf? ,if;
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&efrSm vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;tay:wGif vHk;0 rlwnfaeygonf?
vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;odpdwf. rlv t&if;tjrpfrSm “vHk;0 tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI
tjypfuif;pifvdkaom pdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef enf;vrf;&SmEdkifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;udk
vdkufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk tqHk;wkdif rvdkufEkdifonfhwkdifatmif rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csuf
tuef‹towfudk ausmfvGef&ef vdktyfaomtwkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹
jzpfygonf”? b0wGif jynfh0pGm aexkdi&f eftwGuf olwyg;. vdktyfcsufwm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifvdkaomowWd &Sd&rnfjzpf.? Twm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk&rnf[k olru qdkcJhygonf? Ttcsufudk
olr.,Hk=unfr_ESifh qufpyf,l&mwGif “owW0gtaygif;wdk‹teuf vlom;ppfppfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfudk &&SdEkdifojzifh vlom;tm; tvGefwefzdk;xm;onfh jrefrmh±dk;&m
,Ofaus;r_tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g't& vlwkdif;onf rdrdqENt& óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh opPmw&m;udk
odEkdifpGrf;&Sd+yD; olwyg;udk odap&eftwGufvnf; ulnDEkdifaom tvm;tvm&Sdonf” [k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemufqHk;wGif olru “jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u
urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfaom wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexdkifEkdif&ef
±kef;uefr_}uD;yif jzpfygonf? TonfrSm rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrd. obm0c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm;
ausmfvGefEdkifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef vlom;wdk‹u tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_.
tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfygonf”[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemfa0;wGif rdciftwGuf usaemfESifh usaemfhnDwdk‹ qkxl;}uD;udk vufcH=u&onfrSm Tt}udrfonf
'kwd,t}udrfyif jzpfygonf? ,refESpfuvnf; odka&mhzf&mzfwdk (Thorolf Rafto) vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk
vufcH&ef bm*if (Bergen) odk‹ usaemfwdk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? ,ckESpftcrf;tem;. y%mryif
jzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwdk‹wGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdae=u+yD jzpfygonf?
r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwdk‹rdcifonfvnf; TcHpm;csufudk r#a0cHpm;Ekdif+yD; usaemfrSwqifh odk‹r[kwfbJ
rdrdudk,fwkdif wkduf±dkuf pum;ajymEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf ar#mfvifhygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESifh
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm; Todk‹ }uD;rm;xl;jcm;pGm axmufcHjcif;onf urBmhtpGefqHk;
qef‹usifbufae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifae=uaom jynfolESpf&yftm; ydkrdkeD;uyfatmif pkaygif;ay;&mus+yD;
,ckuJhodk‹ jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf
,Hk=unfygonf?
vl}uD;rif;tm;vHk;udk usaemfhtaejzifh pdwfxJESvHk;xJrS aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymvdkygonf?
,ae‹rSpI emusnf;csufrsm;/ tmCmwrsm; pwif ys,fajymufI jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&mwGif 1991
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkonf orkdif;wGifrnfh ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwdk‹ qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvifh&rnf
jzpfygonf? twdwf. oifcef;pmrsm;udk arhavsmhrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; tem*wf ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf
usaemfwdk‹ ,ae‹ tcrf;tem; qif,ifusif;yjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
10
EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ay;pm
56/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
&efukef
14 ar 1992
ygarmuQ vGef'Dpwuf&Sifh
atmifqef;pk=unf
11
* * *
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS ESppf OfcsD;jr‡ifhaom vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk orw
yufx&D±_d-tvf0if (Patricio Aylwin) ESifhtwl wcsdefwcgxJ vufcH&,l&onfudk rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf?
Tqkonf ,cktcgY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaom udpP&yfrsm;udk tm±Hkpl;pdkufvmap&ef
rD;armif;xdk;ouJhodk‹ jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEkdifiH orw}uD;onf trSefw&m;ESifh
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdk‹t=um; ckdif+rJaom qufpyfr_&SdaeyHkudk wae‹wjcm; vltrsm;
ydkrdkod&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif us,jf yef‹pGm ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vSonfh
acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf?
vSnfhjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl‹*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;r_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom a=umuf&HGŒr_ESifh
oHo,jzpfr_wdk‹onf vl‹tcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_a=umifh uJGtufae&aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;tay:Y
avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf&Sdygonf? Todk‹aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;udk
aysmufuif;atmif uko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? Todk‹ðyvkyfEkdif&ef
wjynfvHk;. csrf;ajrŒom,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk‹. usOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk‹xuf a&SŒwef;rS
xm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifhwOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom
tajctaevnf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
cg;oD;vSaom &efòid;zJG‹r_rsm; tcsdef=umjrifhpGm jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wOD;ESifhwOD;
jyefvnf,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmEkdifatmif jyefvnfðyvkyf&mwGif pdwfoabmuJGvJGr_ESifh aomu'kuQtaygif;udk
ay:aygufapaom tðytrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus trSefudk trSeftwdkif;
oHk;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk &ifqkdif&aomtvkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owWd&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
oef‹pifaomapwemESifh ±dk;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm; arG;jrLjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif rvdkrkef;wD;r_ESifh
vdrfvnfr_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusK;d qufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnf[k
,Hk=unfaom o'<gpdwfudkvnf; arG;&efvdkygonf?
trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfIvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom
tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI udk,fpdwfESvHk;yg nDnGwfpGmjzifh
bHkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifEJ$ydkifcGifh
&Sd r&Sd/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd?
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifh‚if;/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; r¾Kdifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifh‚if;/
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,af y;jcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdk‹udk urBmu ,ae‹
apmifh=unfhavhvmaeygonf?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfoGm;aomtcgY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdk‹onf
vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k usr tpOft+rJ
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&SnfpGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmif umuG,f&ef
enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sda&;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom
tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usr ar#mfvifhygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&; odk‹r[kwf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh oufqkdifaom qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf[k
od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk‹,Hk=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;
tepfemcH=u/ pGef‹v$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹EdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk‹ qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf&Sdygonf? ,ae‹ csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?
usr. wkdif;jynfESifh usrudk TuJhodk‹ *k%fðyvkdufaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m
vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm av;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;&if;
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef 12 arv 1992
12
pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef;
("gwfyHkvmonf)
tdkvHypfrD;±_; pydefEdkifiHodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmonfudk óudqdkaom atmifqef;pk=unf.
rdef‹cGef;tm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u
1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufae‹Y zwf=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmonf)
arG;&myg t&nftaoG;rsm;udk txl;c|efqHk;tqifhwkdif zHG‹òzd;apEdkifrnfh b0rsKd;twGuf
pdwftcs&qHk;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;yif jzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_a=umifh ydjym;pdwf+idrfaejcif;/
wzufowf w,loeftawG;tac:rsm; ydkufzufxm;onfh acgif;aqmifydkif;Y ya,m*a=umifh rv_yfr&Sm;
+idrfoufaeonfh pdwftajctae[lonfh o±kyfysuftwkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg?
w&m;r#wr_/ *±k%mpdwf/ nDnmoifhjrwfr_/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_/ trsm;jynfol xdef;odrf;tyfaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom nDr#r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtay: xm;tyfaom wm0efodpdwfESifh
tjynfjynfqkdif&m todtjrifem;vnfr_rsm;udk r#watmifjrifatmif ðyvkyfr_ ponfwdk‹tay:wGif
tajccHaom +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkygonf?
tdkvHypfrD;±_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh
pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoef‹pifjrifhrm;apr_wdk‹. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk‹. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fðyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom
tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usi;f yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y
EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk‹
a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydk‹ovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom
ydkrdkus,fjyef‹onfh ±kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh
tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef
8-6-1992
13
ppfrSefaom vHkòcH&modk‹
(pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)
tydkif;-c
1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom
rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
14
* * *
(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
'DudpPrSm usr tcef;u¾udkvnf; eJeJ&Sif;jyyg&ap? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh vltaygif;u
usrta=umif; odyf+yD;awmh rod=uygbl;? rod=uwJhtcgusawmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'guvnf;
rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? odawmhvnf; odxdkufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh wcsKdŒuvnf; ajym=uw,f? usr[m EdkifiHjcm;rSm
aew,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusaew,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ta=umif; bmodovJvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f?
yxr usr 'Duaep+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm
aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'gav;twGufa=umifheJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkeJ‹rS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?
aemufwck ajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrS em;rvnfbl;wJh?
wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk‹ cufaewmyJ? ArmEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf±_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D±_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz
b,favmufcHcJh&w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rdom;pk todqHk;ygyJ? azaz[m pdwfyef;udk,fyef;eJ‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;udk
vkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrS rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹vnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz
twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvdk ajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifygw,f?
tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS 'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f?
tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf;
azazh&JŒorD;vkyf+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh
'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;
vdkcsifwJhqEN jyif;jyvGef;vdk‹ jzpfay:vmwJh wdkufyJG}uD; jzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f?
'Dtcsufuawmh “usaemfwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udo k m acwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f? tJh'D 0g'rsKd;t&om
vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif óud;pm;&r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if usaemfwdk‹jrefrmjynfu
vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? usaemfwdk‹jynfudkvnf; urBmu =unfhaevdk‹ r&wJhwae‹ *syefeJ‹ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD;
tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk owd&Sd=u&r,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ qDavsmfw,f? 'D
0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f” tJh'g[m azazajymcJhwJh pum;awGyg?
("gwfyHkvmygonf)
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &ufae‹ a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf
(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr[m usr&JŒtaz tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwzf dk‹ vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if
bmrqdk jzpfEkdifygw,f? rnDnGwf&if bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;?
jynfolvlxk[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ r&SdEkdifvkd‹&Sd&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpf wkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;?
tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;pJGrSwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? pnf;urf;r&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEkdifygbl;? tJh'Dawmh
usrwdk‹ wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m nDnGwfzdk‹/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ t+rJvdkygw,f?
'DnDnGwfzdk‹ta=umif;awG ajymaewkef;rSm usrwdk‹ wckyJajymcsifygw,f? ,ck
usrajymoGm;wJhpum;awGxJrSm wcsKdŒuvnf; oabmusr,fhpum;vnf; ygr,f/ rusr,fh pum;awGvnf;
ygr,f? 'gayr,fh usrtaeeJ‹uawmh jynfolvlxkudk rSefrSefuefuefajymoifhw,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfw,f?
usrpdwfxJrSm&Sdovdk rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ? óuduf&ifvnf; axmufcH=uyg/ róuduf&ifvnf;
usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJhtwdkif;vkyfwmyJ? róudufwmawmh b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbl;? usr wckajymcsifwm[m
tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxkt=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGae=uygw,f? 'Dpdwf0rf;uJGr_}uD;[m
aemifwkdif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh
wyfrawmfyg?
azaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfqdkwm pum;t&om r[kwfygbl;? tppftrSefygyJ?
azazudk,fwkdif ca&aphwGif;us atmufajcuaep+yD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfudk b,fvdkxlaxmif&r,fqdkwm
ol‹vufa&;eJ‹ a&;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? azazu wyfrawmftwGuf
bm&nfrSef;csufawG &SdcJhovJ? tJh'D &nfrSef;csufwckavmuf usr zwfjyyg&ap?
“'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEdkifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh
taersKd; jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ wyfrawmfu EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdk&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum;
jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?”
usr rSefrSefyJ ajymyg&ap? usr[m wyfrawmftay:rSm tifrwef oHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f?
azazwnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? usrwdk‹qdkwmvnf; i,fi,fuwnf;u
&JabmfawGvufxJrSm }uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk}uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwef
arwWm&Sdw,fqdkwm usr odygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwef aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
azazðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfeJ‹ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&SdwJh vlxk}uD;xJrSm yÉdyuQ
rjzpfapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; usr 'DuaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxktm;udk;EkdifwJh
wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? wkdif;jynf&JŒ *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;EdkifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpf+yD;cJhwJh[mawGudk óud;pm;cGifhv$wf+yD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm
arwWmrysufygapeJ‹vdk‹ awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ qufvufoGm;rSom
wnfwHhckdif+rJwJh jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif}uD;udk a&mufEdkifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;ygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudkawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;? ra&mufcifu uJGuJGjym;jym; r&SdygeJ‹? tm;vHk;
wnDwnGwfwnf; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk OD;wnf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uyg? tJh'Dvdk csDwufoGm;wJhae&mrSm
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;apcsifygw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdk‹[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹/
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ udk,fvdkwJhqENawGudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifw,fqdkwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJ‹jynfhpHkwJh
tðytrljzpfygw,f?
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±Hk;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD/ tckvnf;
quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'Dausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; tcsif;csif; nDnn D GwfnGwfeJ‹ quf+yD; vufwJGoGm;zdk‹ usr
arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? tckqdk&if ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvnf; tzJG‹tpnf;awG &Sd=uygw,f?
'DtzJG‹tpnf;awG[m tm;vHk;pk±Hk;+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf; jzpfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'D[mtwGufvnf;
ausmif;om;nDvmcHwck ac:r,fvdk‹ usr =um;aeygw,f? 'DnDvmcH}uD; jzpfay:wJhtcgus&if
ausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm;ygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;vdkufygw,f?
ausmif;om;av;awGu usrudk ar;=uw,f? usr&JŒaemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; &SdaeovJ/
'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m usrudk óud;qJG+yD;awmh olwdk‹udk eif;oGm;rSm pdk;&drfw,fvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymwm usr tifrwef0rf;omw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tifrwef yGifhvif;w,f?
oG,f0dkufwJh pum;awG rajymwwfbl;? usruvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ jyef+yD;awmh ajymvdkufygw,f?
usraemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rS r&Sdygbl;? usr tckvkyfaewJh vkyfief;[mawmh jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh
'Drdkua&pDjzpfajrmufa&; vkyfief;ygyJ? 'Drdkua&pD jzpfajrmufa&;twGufudk 0dkif;+yD;awmh ulnDcsifygw,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG &Sdygw,f? tJh'D EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudk usruawmh &Sif;&Sif;yJ
ajymxm;ygw,f? 'DvdkulnDvdk‹ aemif EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfr,fqdk&if usr vHk;vHk;raxmufcHbl;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymxm;ygw,f?
jynfolvlxka&SŒrSm usr jyef+yD;awmh ajymygr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG[m aemifEdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzdk‹ óud;yrf;&if usrudk,fwkdif wuf+yD;awmh 'Dvl}uD;awGudk
±_wfcsay;yghr,f?
aemufwckuawmh usrwdk‹wdkif;jynfrSm vl}uD;eJ‹vli,f =um;xJrSm uGJuGmr_awG &Sdygw,f?
tJh'DuJGuGmr_awGudkvnf; ajz&Sif;zdk‹vdkygw,f? vli,fawGu vli,fawG/ vl}uD;awGu vl}uD;awG qdkwJh
pdwfxm;awG jzpfaeygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ }uD;vmyg+yD? 'Dvdk}uD;vmvdk‹vnf;
ydk+yD;awmh pnf;eJ‹urf;eJ‹ xdef;zdk‹vdkygw,f? pnf;r&SdwJh tiftm;/ trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh tiftm;qdkwm
b,fawmhrS aumif;usKd; ray;Ekdifygbl;?
trsm;twGufyg tEW&m,fjzpfEkdifygw,f? tJh'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udkyJ
quf+yD;awmh oHk;=uyg? trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udk roHk;ygeJ‹? tckvlxkbufuae
tm;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm tm;i,fwJh tpkt0dkif;udkvnf; EdkifhxufpD;eif; rvkyf=uygeJ‹? 'Dvdk
EkdifhxufpD;eif;vkyfwm[m tusifhraumif;ygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ *k%foduQmudkvnf; usqif;apygvdrfhr,f?
jynfolvlxkbufuae+yD;awmh cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh oabmxm;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m tm;vHk; jynfolvlxktaygif;u bmudk vdkvm;aeovJqdkwm pOf;pm;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if
t"dutcsufuawmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkvm;ae=uygw,f? wygwDpepfudk ðzwfcscsif=uygw,f?
aemuf tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if orw a'gufwmarmifarmif[m vlxkqENcH,lyJGusif;yzdk‹/ rusif;yzdk‹
nDvmcHac:r,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? usrtaeeJ‹ ajym&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyJG[m rvdkawmhygbl;?
wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JŒ qEN[m uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:aeyg+yD? tm;vHk;[m ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkyJ
vdkvm;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS ay:vGifaeyg+yD? 'Dpepfudk tjrefqHk;jzpfay:vmEkdifzdk‹ vkyfay;zdk‹[m ,ck
tm%mydkiftpdk;&awG&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?
yef;wdkifudk ra&mufao;bl;qdkwm rarh=uyge‹J ? 'Drkdua&pD&wJh tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if
b,fvdkjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk wnfwHhckdif+rJatmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wkdif;jynf&JŒ
tem*wfudk a&SŒ±_=uyg? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk rawG;vdk‹&Sd&if tckvufiif; jzpfay:vmwJh
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ay;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh azazajymcJhovdk
usrwdk‹ EdkifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m pnf;urf;±dkaozdk‹/ nDnGwfzdk‹qdkwmudk b,fESpfcgyJajymajym ajymvdk‹udk
rukefEdkifatmif ajym&r,fhudpP}uD;wck jzpfaeygw,f?
tck usrwdk‹[m vlxkqENcH,lyJG}udD; rvdkawmhygbl;? ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDpepfudkyJ vdkvm;ygw,f?
'D[mudk jrefjrefjzpfatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D[m jzpfay:vmatmifvdk‹ w&m;r#wwJh/ oef‹&Sif;wJh
a&G;aumufyJGudkvnf; jrefjrefqefqef jzpfEkdifatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D oef‹&Sif;wJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfEkdifzdk‹ tajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;ay;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:rSm t,Hkt=unf tifrwefrS ysufaew,f? tJh'Dawmh[m
oef‹&Sif;pif=u,fwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJG jzpfay:vmzdk‹ta&;udk tu,fIrsm; b,fvdkjzpfatmif
vkyf&rvJ/ vkyfay;zdk‹&m aumif;ygw,f?
t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/
aemuftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJ om,m0ajyma&;twGuf vkyfay;EkdifwJh
tpdk;&ygyJ? 'Dt"duudpPtay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ‹? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ‹?
arhoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if tck&&SdwJh atmifjrifr_[m aemifus qHk;±_H;r_ jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? tck usrwdk‹
b,ftajctaerSm a&mufae+yDvJ/ yef;wdkifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifaeyg+yD? jrifaewJh yef;wdkifudk tm;vHk;
vufwJG+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygpdk‹/ pdwf0rf;ruJG=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awGbufu txl; pdwf0rf;ruJGzdk‹
vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGudk pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvnf; xdk;qGray;=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awG[m
wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wf acgif;aqmifay;r,fh vli,fav;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG&JŒ pdwf"mwf
usatmifvkyfvdkufr,fqdk&if aemif wkdif;jynf nDnGwfa&;twGufvnf; xdyg;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
nDnGwfa&;ta=umif; ajymaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkta=umif; c%avmuf ajymvdkufyg&ap?
vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vHk;[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tck vlrsm;pk/ vlrsm;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f?
vlrsm;pk jrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ‹ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzpfzdk‹ tvGefóud;pm;zdk‹
vdkygw,f? ukd,fu tm;&SdaewJhvl/ udk,fu tm;rsm;aewJhvlrdk‹vdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f?
tm;rsm;aewJhvlqdkwm tm;enf;aewJhvludk tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh n‡may;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tJh'Dae&mrSm
'DwygwDpepfudk axmufcHaewJhvlawGeJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr wckajymyg&ap? ygwD0ifaygif;
tajrmuftjrm; 'DygwDtay:rSm t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhbl;qdkwm usr odygw,f?
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; 'DygwDu xGufvdkuf=uyg? ygwD0ifu'fjym;awGvnf; jyeftyfvdkuf=uyg?
'gayr,hfvnf; olwdk‹&JŒ t,Hkt=unft& ygwD0iftaeeJ‹ quf+yD; xrf;aqmifaewJh vlawGudkvnf;
tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm rm;rm;rwfrwf udk,fh,Hk=unfcsufudk,f&SdEkdifwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f?
olwdk‹u quf+yD;,Hk=unfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? udk,fhbmom udk,fvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudkom
nDnDnGwfnGwfwufyg? udk,fu tm;}uD;aevdk‹ tm;enf;wJhvludk jyef+yD; uvJhpm;acswJhudpPrsKd;
rjzpfay:ygapeJ‹? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹rSef;xm;wJh tcsdefxuf trsm;}uD; tcsdefvGefoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh usr
pOf;pm;xm;wmxuf eJeJ ydk+yD;awmh twdkcsKH;+yD;awmh ajym&r,fh tajctaersKd; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJGudk
aemufqHk; usr ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk‹vlxk[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f?
trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJhpGrf;tm;udk quf+yD;oHk;oGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? tJh'Dvdk oHk;oGm;rSom usrwdk‹vdkwJh
yef;wdkifudk a&mufEdkifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usr tEl;tnGwf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk awmif;yefyg&ap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; nDnGwf=uygap? pnf;urf;&Sdygap? trSefw&m;eJ‹udkufnDwJh vlrsKd;w&yfjzpfygap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; ab;b,mtjzmjzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufqHk;taeeJ‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ
aºuG;a=umfoHuawmh
* qENcH,lyJG rvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmuf=u
* w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay; qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHygyJ?
tcrf;tem;rª;
tqdkðycsuf (2)
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;rS wcJeuf
qENjycJh=u+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh wygwDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh
tpm;xkd;wnfaqmuf=u&efom&Sda=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðycJhygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk
axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
tqdkðycsuf (3)
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;ðy&aom jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufEkdif&ef w&m;r#w oef‹&Si;f aom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;udk tjrefqHk;
usif;yEkdifa&;twGuf =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay;&eftqdkukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðyygw,f?
jynfolvlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
usaemf tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdkifay;yghr,f?
* qENcH,lyJG tvdkr&Sd/ tvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufay;
* w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay;
* =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay; [laom aºuG;a=umforH sm;udk tcrf;tem;rª; OD;xGef;a0rSwkdifay;I
vlxky&dowf}uD;u wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfI eHeuf 11 em&D 30 rdepftcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk
atmifjrifpGm ±kyfodrf;vdkufygonf?
15
("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf?)
1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
wdk‹pdwfxJ pJG+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaom Tvkyfief;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfY vdktyfaom tcsuf}uD;wckudk
xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;yif rnfygonf? Tum; tjcm;r[kwf? trsKd;om;ody`Hausmif;}uD;aywnf;?
xdkausmif;}uD;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifayonf? tdENd,EkdifiHY
trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvm=uay&m jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif
jrefrmwdk‹onf EkdifiHom;ppfI cspfcJhygv#if b,feHa&mtcgr# rwnfaxmifEkdifbJ &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
pdwfygvufygvkyfv#if rkcsjzpfygvdrfhrnf?”
'Dwkef;uawmh ajymwmuawmh 'DwuUodkvfudpPeJ‹ywfouf+yD;awmh ajymwmyJ? 'gayrJh
ajymoGm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;awGu tck 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf oHk;r,fqdk&ifvnf; tifrwef oifhavsmfygw,f?
'D[m aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,f rodayr,fhvnf; udk,fwwfEkdifor# rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefpGm/ cdkif+rJpGm
od&SdI vkyfygonfqdkwm/ tck 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? aemif b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwmvnf; rodbl;?
aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm rodbJeJ‹ 'DwkdufyJG0if&jcif;[m rSefuefw,f/ oifhavsmfw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfvdk‹
tm;vHk;0ifcJh=uwmyJ? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
vkyfrSmvm;vdk‹ ar;&ifvnf; usr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymw,f? jzpfrSm/ rjzpfrSmudk rpOf;pm;aeygeJ‹/ udk,f
rSefwmuefwmudkvkyfwm vkyfvdkufyg? 'D aemuftusK;d qufawG[m ol‹zmomol jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DrSm
udk,fh&JŒwm0efuawmh rSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹yJ? 'D 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;0ifvm+yDqdkuwnf;u
usrwdk‹ atmifyJGcHEdkifw,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sdvdk‹om 0ifvmwmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhqdkvdk‹&Sd&if òydifyJGwck
0ifòydifwJhvl[m Ekdifr,fxifvdk‹ òydifwmyJ? xDxdk;wJhvlqdkwmvnf; xDaygufEkdifwJhudef; &Sdw,fxifvdk‹
xdk;vdkufwmyJ? b,folurSawmh rEdkifbl;xifvdk‹&Sd&if 0ifòydifrSmr[kwfbl;? rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
óud;pm;+yD;vkyfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD[m atmifjrifEkdifvm;vdk‹ar;&if usruawmh
rSefrSefuefuefyJ atmifjrifEdkifw,fvdk‹ jyefajz&rSmyJ? atmifjrifEdkifw,fxifvdk‹om 'DwkdufyJGrSm ygaewmyJ?
'Dtwdkif;yJ ausmif;om;vli,ftm;vHk;[mvnf; 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGxJ 0ifaewJhtcgus&if
atmifjrifEkdifr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGxm;+yD;awmh qufvuf+yD; vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh
tifrwefrS ±kef;uefzdk‹&Sdygao;w,f? óud;pm;zdk‹ &Sdygao;w,f? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;&r,fqdkwm[m
tckvydkif;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? ESpfydkif;eJ‹udk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;oGm;&rSmyg? 'Da&G;aumufyJGjzpfvdk‹
a&G;aumufyJG0ifòydifvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDbufu tEkdif&&ifawmifrS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;?
±kef;uefoGm;&r,fh tcsdef[m rukefao;ygbl;? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&rSmygyJ?
tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,frsm;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if touf (20) 0ef;usif&Sd=urSmaygh? touf (20) 0ef;usif&SdwJh
vlrsm;[m ArmawG&JŒ oufwrf;qdk&if tck 60 avmuf&Sdr,f? usrwdk‹ 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm
usef;rma&;awGbmawG aumif;oGm;vdk‹ (70) avmuftxd &SdoGm;r,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aemiftESpf (50)
avmufudk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&r,f? 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm woufvHk;xdef;odrf;oGm;rS &Sifoefr,fhudpPyg?
vlwa,muf&JŒ usef;rma&;vdkaygh? i,fi,fwkef;u udk,fhtaztaru aumif;aumif;au|;arG;xm;vdk‹/
aumif;aumif;=unfhxm;vdk‹ usef;usef;rmrm&Sdayr,fh udk,fu touf}uD;vmwJhtcgusawmh
jzpfovdkaer,f/ jzpfovdkpm;r,fqdk&if usef;rma&;u csKdŒwJhoGm;rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh
'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;qdkwm woufvHk;vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m udk,fhwoufwmrSm
udk,fhwkdif;jynftusKd; aqmif&GufoGm;r,fqdkwJh pdwf"gwfeJ‹vkyfoGm;r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfrSm
bmrSqkwf,kwfEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vufwJGvkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk
usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;awmh ac:oGm;csifygw,f? vufwJGw,fqdkwmvnf; rwJGcsif/ wJGcsif wJGenf;rsKd;udk
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? udk,faygif;pdwfcGmr[kwfygbl;? pdwfwloabmwlvufwJG+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhenf;rsKd;udk
usrwdk‹ ajymvdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Dae‹uaep+yD;awmh 'Dae‹[m trsKd;om;ae‹jzpfw,f/
trsKdom;ae‹rSm trsKd;om;a&;twGuf tm;vHk;uae aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk
csapcsifygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;qdkwm wkdif;jynf&JŒaumif;usKd;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&JŒ trsm;pk}uD;&JŒ aumif;usKd; vkyf&r,fhudpPjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh
'DvdktrsKd;om;a&;udk vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dyk*~KdvfpJGwdk‹/ qENpJGwdk‹ r&Sdzdk‹qdkwm usrwdk‹&JŒ
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'xJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? tJh'Dawmh yk*~KdvfpJGawG rxm;=uygeJ‹/ 'g aumif;wJh
tpOftvmawG r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ qufoGm;&r,fh c&D;rSm tifrwefrS apwemoef‹oef‹/ pdwfoef‹oef‹eJ‹
vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh vlwkdif;udk usrajymw,f? jrifhjrifh}uHyg? tjrifhqHk;}uHyg? óud;pm;&if
bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ qdk±dk;&Sdyga&mvm;? bmhvdk‹ r}uHEkdif&rSmvJ? óud;pm;&if ±kd;±kd;omrefvl/
jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwmvnf; omrefvlygyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;awmifrS 'Dvdk bk&m;jzpfatmif usifh}uHEkdif&if
vlawG[m jrifhjrifh}uHEdkifygw,f? udk,f[m woufvHk; trSefw&m;t& vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwJhudpP[m
rjzpfEkdifwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? jzpfEkdifwJhudpPyg? wcsKdŒu xifw,f? vlyJuGm/ trSm;awmh&SdrSmyg? ykxkZOfyJ?
'gawGudk usrawmh vufrcHbl;? ykxkZOfvlom;rdk‹vdk‹udk óud;pm;+yD;awmh trSefw&m;eJ‹ ae&r,f? owW0gawGrS
r[kwfbJ? wd&p>mefawGawmifrS trSm;/ trSefukd odygw,f/ [kwfvm;? opPm&SdwJhae&mrSmqdk&if
acG;vdkwd&p>mefudk vlawGu rvdkufEkdifbl;? acG;[m vlxufydk+yD; opPm&Sdw,fqdkwm vlwkdif;odw,f? acG;vdk
wd&p>mefwaumifawmif opPm&SdEkdifw,fqdk&if vlrsm;[m bmjzpfvdk‹ opPmr&SdEdkif&rSmvJ? opPmrJhwm
vlawGyJ? vlawGxJrSmqdk&if opPmw&m;[m tifrwefeJw,fvdk‹ ajymvdk‹&Sd&if rSefvnf;rSefw,f/
opPmw&m;[m pOf;pm;=unfh&if opPmqdkwJhpum;[m pum;vHk;u tifrwefvSovdk t"dy`m,fvnf;
tifrwefvSw,f? tJh'Dvdk opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ tm;vHk;u vkyfoGm;rS usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf wdk;wufvmrSmyg? 'Dvdk
wdkif;jynfwdk;wufrS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;[m *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ urBmhtv,frSm &yfwnfEkdifr,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh 'Dae‹up+yD;awmh 'Dae‹ (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹up+yD;awmh
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m trsKd;om;a&;twGuf udk,fwwfEdkifor# aqmif&GufoGm;=ur,fvdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uygvdk‹
usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;
ac:oGm;csifygw,f?
16
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 3
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmygonf?)
r[kwfygbl;qdkwm ajymcJhygw,f? 'gudkvnf; bmrSpHkprf;jcif; r&Sdbl;? bmrS ar;jref;jcif;r&Sdbl;? bmrS
aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdbl;? olwdk‹ owif;pmeJ‹ a&'D,dkrSm ajymcsifwmudk ajymoGm;w,f? 'g[m odyf+yD;awmh
rSefuefwJh vrf;r[kwfbl;vdk‹ usrxifygw,f?
usrwdk‹uae+yD; qlylapcsifvdk‹ vkyfw,fvdk‹ajymw,f? rSefrSefuefuef +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
vkyfcsifwJhtzJG‹tpnf;udk qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfay;ygw,fvdk‹ ajymwmudku +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ rjzpfapcsifwJh
pdwfoabmrsKd;ygovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ 'gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uef‹uGufygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh armifzkef;armfudpP? armifzkef;armfae‹ &ufowWywfa[majymyJGawGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? b,fae&mawGrSm b,folawGu a[majymoGm;w,f/ wyfrawmfqef‹usifa&;awG
a[majymoGm;ygw,fayghav? a[majymoGm;wJh ae&mawGxJrSm usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awG ygw,fqdkwm
rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ 0efcHygw,f? 'g rjiif;ygbl;? usrwdk‹&JŒ tift,f'Dvli,fxJu
a[majymoGm;w,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;? 'Dvdkvli,frsm;udk usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awGrSm
a[majymcGifhay;wm[m ±kef;&if;qefcwf rjzpfoGm;atmifvdk‹qdkwJh qENeJ‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoGm;wmyg? usrwdk‹eJ‹
aqG;aEG;r,fqdk&if tajz[m ay:rSmyg?
armifzkef;armfudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;rsm;
vkyfcsifw,fqdkuwnf;u usrwdk‹udk wdkifyifygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyf=uyg/
wwfEkdifor# at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfatmif vkyf=uyg? jyifyrSm qENjyr_awG vkyfvdk‹&Sd&if ±kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfrSmpdk;vdk‹/ a[majymyJGawG olwdk‹u odyfvkyfcsifw,f/ 'Dawmh uJ 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh
taqmuftODawGtwGif;rSm vkyfyg? usrwdk‹ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;óud;pm;cJhygw,f?
'gudkvnf; wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if odzdk‹&m rcJ,Of;ygbl;? b,fum;eJ‹ b,fvlawG b,ftcsdefrSm
oGm;w,fqdkwm odEkdifwJholrsm;[m usrwdk‹b,fvdk xdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdk&if
odEkdifzdk‹ta=umif; trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? wdwdusus odcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹udk vm+yD;awmh ar;vdk‹&ygw,f?
usrwdk‹ ajymzdk‹tqifoifhygyJ? vli,fawGudk usrwdk‹ xdef;zdk‹ óud;pm;w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹udk b,ftcsdefar;ar;
ajymEkdifygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh w&m;r0ifwJhtzJG‹tpnf; ‘Auo’ u rif;udkEkdifudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;xJrSm
a[majymoGm;w,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usru ar;csifw,f? ‘Auo’ udk 'Dvdkajymawmh ‘ruo’
ua&m w&m;0ifwJh tzJG‹tpnf;vm;? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzJG‹csKyfqdkwJh ‘ruo’ vnf;
w&m;0ifwJhtzJG‹tpnf;r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbJeJ‹ Adkvfrª;csKyfcifnGef‹ udk,fwkdifac:+yD;awmh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;w,f?
pmawGbmawG a&;w,f? 'D[musawmh jzpfEkdifovm;? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfa&;/
+yD;awmh tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awGxJrSm ‘ruo’ udk a[majymcGifhay;wmusawmh tjypf}uD;jzpfoGm;a&mvm;? 'D[m
rSefuefwJhenf;r[kwfbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ xifygw,f? usrwdk‹udk w&m;0iftzJG‹tpnf;wckxJrSm wckckjzpfaevdk‹
rauseyfbl;qdk&if ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifygvm;? bmjzpfvdk‹ ‘ruo’ vdk w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;r[kwfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;usawmh aqG;aEG;vJ?
wu,fyJ wkdif;jynfxJrSm +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f/ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ e0wt=um;
bmrSyÉdyuQ rjzpfapcsifbl;qdk&if tcsdefra&G; usrwdk‹udk ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;vdk‹&ygw,f? nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifvdk‹
&ygw,f? usrwdk‹ tpuwnf;uvnf; ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? aqG;aEG;zdk‹ usrwdk‹ tqifoifhyg? pum;ajymzdk‹
tqifoifhyg? usrwdk‹rSm bmrS ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; vkyfp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tpuwnf;u
ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? w&m;0if yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymxm;+yD;om;yg?
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk b,fawmhrS rypfy,fbl;qdkwmvnf;
usrwdk‹ ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? 'ga=umifh Auo u usrwdk‹qDrSm vm+yD;awmh awG‹csifw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹
tawG‹cHw,f? ruo u vm+yD;awmh awG‹csifw,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ tawG‹cHwmyJ? usr
tawG‹rcHbl;qdkwJh ausmif;om;vli,ftzJG‹&,fvd‹k r&SdoavmufygbJ? usr tcsdef&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if
t+rJyJtawG‹cHygw,f? nd‡E_dif;w,f/ wkdifyifw,f/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;vkyfoGm;zdk‹ usr
t+rJtm;ay;ygw,f? 'g usrwifr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf&JŒ rlt& tzJG‹csKyfu vl}uD;tm;vHk; 'Dtwkdif;yJ
vkyfygw,f? 'gudk ckwifuajymovdk b,fol b,fum;eJ‹ b,feHygwfeJ‹ b,ftcsdef b,fudkoGm;w,fqdkwm
ca&aphwGif;us odwJhvlawG odr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? odvsufom;eJ‹ 'D[mawGusawmh azmfrjybJeJ‹
tzGJ‹csKyfudk xdcdkufEkdifr,fhudpPawGudkom uGuf+yD;awmh azmfjywm[m tifrwefrSyJ w&m;rr#wwJhudpPvdk‹
usr ,lqygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'g[m bmoabmvJ? 'g[m bmvkyfcsifvdk‹vJ/ bmjzpfapcsifvdk‹vJ? 'Dv (25) &ufae‹u
owif;pmxJrSm a&;xm;wmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tcsKd‹aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,m&Sdaer_udk
rvdkvm;=uwJh? usrwdk‹awmh r[kwfygbl;?
usrwdk‹[m EkdifiHawmfrSm at;csrf;om,m &Sdapcsifvdk‹ wwfEkdifor# ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk
xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyfaeygw,f? 'gudk odvsufeJ‹ wrifoufouf qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfaew,fvdk‹
ajymaewJhvlrsm;[m at;csrf;jcif;udk rvdkvm;vdk‹ ajymaewmvm;vdk‹/ usrwdk‹u trsm;}uD; jyefar;p&mawG
jzpfaeygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh EkdifiHawmfudk qef‹usif/ wyfrawmfudk qef‹usifa[majymaew,f/ qlylr_jzpfap&ef
zefwD;aew,fwJh? usrwdk‹ rzefwD;ygbl;? usr wyfrawmfta=umif;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ b,fawmhrS wae&mwrsKd;/
wae&mwrsKd; rajymygbl;? trdef‹trSwf 8§88 t& wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;/ wyfrawmfeJ‹jynfol
pdwf0rf;uJGa&;twGufqdkwm usr wcgrS rvkyfcJhbl;/ usr t+rJyJajymw,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGa&;qdkwm jynfolzuf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGzufuom vkyfEkdifwmr[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfzufuvnf;
vkyfEkdifw,f/ wyfrawmfzufu vkyfyHkudkifyHk rrSefuefvdk‹&Sd&if/ ajymyHk/ qdkyHk/ aeyHk/ xkdifyHk rrSefvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf;
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSm odyfpdwf0rf;uJGEdkifygw,f?
usr twefwefajymygw,f? wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;udk rvdkvm;ygbl;? wyfrawmf wnfwHhckdif+rJrSom
EkdifiHawmf wnfwHhckdif+rJr,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ vufcHxm;+yD;om;yg? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGa&;udkvnf; rvdkygbl;? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGaevdk‹om usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf
'Davmufawmif 'kuQa&mufaewmyg? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr twefwefajymygw,f? wyfrawmf&JŒ tm%mudk
tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfwJholrsm;omv#if jynfoleJ‹wyfrawmf=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGatmif vkyfaeolawGyJ?
usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ wcgrS wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGatmif rvkyfcJhygbl;?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfxJrSm usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ 0g'jzef‹csDa&;awG
trsKd;rsKd;vkyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =um;&ygw,f? 'gawGu v#KdŒ0SufwJhudpPr[kwfygbl;? e0w twGif;a&;rª;
(2) jzpfwJh Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;[m pnf;a0;yJGawGrmS usrwdk‹udk ±_wfcsaew,fqdkwm =um;&ygw,f? 'D[m
e0wt&m&SdwOD;taeeJ‹ vkyfoifhwJhudpPr[kwfygbl;? e0w wnfaxmifuwnf;u “=um;”aeyghr,f/
ta&mifqdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdygbl;/ b,fEdkifiHa&;ygwDtzJG‹urS rygygbl;vdk‹ ajymcJh+yD;awmh e0wtwGif;a&;rª; (2)
u 'Dvdk usrwdk‹udk xdyg;ajymqdkaewm[m tifrwefrS tajymeJ‹tvkyfrnDwJh udpPwckjzpfygw,f?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfukd bmjzpfvdk‹ wdkufaewmvJ? 'gar;p&myJ? rae‹wkef;u udpPqdkvdk‹&Sd&if qifuGufeJ‹
trsm;}uD;wlygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ bmrSroufqdkifwJh ausmif;om;awGudk b,folu oGm;+yD;awmh
v_H‹aqmfovJ? wevFmae‹wkef;uvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ? ausmif;om;awG qlylaew,f/ vm=uyg/ vm=uygvdk‹
w,fvDzkef;awG qufw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJu r[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹emrnfudk oHk;+yD;awmh
vkyfwmvnf;&Sdw,f? 'g[m qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfaewm b,folawGvJqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹eJ‹wdkifyifyg? usrwdk‹vnf; odcsifw,f? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf&JŒemrnfudk b,folawGu
tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfaeovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ odcsifwmyg?
rae‹uudpPvnf; xdkenf;‚if;yJ? tzJG‹csKyfa&SŒrSm bmjzpfvdk‹ qENvmjyovJ? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk
tr_ywfapcsifvdk‹ vkyfwmvm;/ 'g ar;p&mjzpfae+yD? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; tuGufu odyf+yD;awmh
aooyfvGef;w,f/ tuGufqifxm;wmusaewmyJ? wck+yD;wck wqufwnf;jzpfoGm;vdkufwm tm;vHk;
tzJG‹csKyfa&SŒrSmcsnf;yJ? ppfum;awGu a&mufvmw,f/ ppfom;awGu qENjyaewJh uav;awGudk
vdkuf+yD;awmhvkyfwm xm;ygawmh? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf0if;xJudk 0ifvm+yD;awmh ±dkufzdk‹óud;pm;w,f? 'gu
b,fvdkt"dy`m,fvJ? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfwHcg;awGudk ydwfxm;w,f? txJuvlvnf; tjyifrxGuf&/
tjyifuvlvnf; txJr0if& qdk+yD;awmh wm;xm;w,f? usrwdk‹eJ‹ bmrSrqkdifbl;qdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
ajymxm;w,f? ajymxm;wJhtxJu tzJG‹csKyf0if;xJ 0if+yD;awmh ±dkufzdk‹óud;pm;=uw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh
aumvm[vowif; v$ifhvdkufao;w,f? &Jabmfrsm;udk r=um;Ekdif/ rcHEkdifavmufatmif
qJa&;wkdif;xGmaew,fwJh? b,folu qJa&;wdkif;xGmaewmvJ? usrwdk‹zufu b,folrS qJa&;wkdif;xGm
rvkyfbl;? tjyifuvmwJh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ol‹zmom aºuG;a=umfcJh=uwmyJ? qJw,f/ bmw,fqdkwm
wckrSr&SdcJhbl;? pum; um;+yD;awmh wyfrawmfeJ‹jynfol=um;rSm wrifoufouf
pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfaewm[m b,folawG&JŒvufcsufvJqdkwm usrwdk‹vnf; odcsifygw,f? e0wuvnf;
trSeftwdkif; odcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹eJ‹ aqG;aEG;wdkifyifaygh? wu,fhw&m;cHawGudk&Smzdk‹ usrwdk‹eJ‹twlwl
óud;pm;aygh? usrwdk‹u ajzzdk‹tqifoifhyJ? bmrS usrwdk‹ 0Sufxm;p&m zHk;xm;p&m r&Sdygbl;?
tckvkyfyHkudkifyHk[m t}uHwckckeJ‹ vkyfaeovdkvdk jzpfaew,f?
tzGJ‹csKyfeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvdk‹ wyfrawmfxJrSm 0g'jzef‹csDaew,fqdkwmvnf;
usrwdk‹ =um;&w,f? tpnf;ta0;awGac:+yD;awmh wyfom;awGudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu
b,fokd‹b,fnmqdk+yD;awmh vkyfaewm[m apmapmu ajymovdk e0w twGif;a&;rª; (2) Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;
ajymaewm/ qdkaewmeJ‹ woabmxJyJ? 'g[m wrifoufouf tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSm
pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfwmyJ? wyfrawmfom;rsm;u tzJG‹csKyfudk &efoltaeeJ‹ jrifatmifvkyfwmyJ?
wyfrawmfom;rsm;u 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jynfoludk &efoltaeeJ‹ jrifatmifvkyfwmyJ? 'DvdkyJ usrwdk‹
jrifygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹csnf;yJ vufn‡dK;xdk;+yD;awmh qlylr_jzpfatmif v_H‹aqmfw,fvdk‹ ajymaewm[m
wu,fawmh olcdk;u vl[pfwmeJ‹ trsm;}uD;wlaew,f? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; wyfrawmfae‹udk 2§88 eJ‹
+idw,fqdk+yD;awmh wcsKdŒEkdifiHa&;orm;awGu ajymaew,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f?
rwfv (25) &ufae‹ owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? trdef‹trSwf 2§88/ tyk'f 1/ tyk'fcJG c
wGifyg&SdonfrSm - qlylv_H‹aqmfvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifhjzpfap/ vl (5) a,mufESifh vl (5) a,mufxufydkI
vrf;rsm;ay:wGif pka0;jcif;/ vrf;av#mufjcif;/ pDwef;vSnfhjcif;/ atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfjcif;/ v_H‹aqmfjcif;/
±kef;&if;qefcwfðyjcif;/ rnfolr# rðyvkyf&[lIjzpfa=umif;/ odk‹aomfvnf; òrd‹xJwGif ae‹pOfESifhtr# axmif/
aomif;csD+yD; oGm;vmaeolrsm; tm;vHk;tjrifyifjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;wdk‹onf qlylvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf/
jypfr_wpHkw&m usL;vGefvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufr&Sda=umif;/ xdk‹tjyif xdkolrsm; oGm;vmae=ujcif;udk ta&;,lr_
r&Sda=umif;-wJh?
usrwdk‹vnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymcJhwmyg? usrwd‹k tzJG‹tpnf;twGuf pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;wJhtcgus&if
tJh'Dvlxkuawmh ig;a,mufxuf rsm;wmcsnf;aygh? tJh'Dawmh ig;a,mufxuf rsm;oGm;vdk‹qdk+yD;
ta&;,lw,f? rGefjynfe,fwdk‹/ weoFm&Dwdkif;wdk‹qdk&if usrwdk‹jyefoGm;wmeJ‹ ig;a,mufxufrsm;vdk‹qdk+yD;
pnf;±Hk;a&;wm0efcHawGudk 2§88 t& qJGygw,f? usr tJh'Dwkef;uvnf; &Sif;jycJhygw,f? 2§88 &JŒ
&nf&G,fcsufu qlyljcif;rjzpfzdk‹/ ±kef;&if;qefcwfrjzpfzdk‹/ jypfr_wpHkw&m usL;vGefvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdzdk‹/
'gtwGuf xkwfxm;wmyJ? usrwdk‹&JŒ pnf;±Hk;a&; tpnf;ta0;rsm;[m vlpkvla0;}uD;rm;ayr,fh tm;vHk;
at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ +yD;oGm;wmyg? ±kef;&if;qefcwfvnf; rjzpfcJhygbl;? bmjypfr_rSvnf; rusL;vGefcJhygbl;?
'Dawmh bmjzpfvdk‹ 'gawGudk ta&;,lzdk‹ vdkovJ? 'gudk usr wifjycJhygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;awGrSm
wcgrS 2§88 &JŒ tESpfom&udk rcsKd;azmufcJhygbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ t}udrf}udrf wifjycJhygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf;
rGefjynfe,frSm pnf;±Hk;a&;rª;awGudk tckxufxd zrf;xm;ao;w,f? ta=umif;jycsufuawmh
usrwdk‹oGm;wkef;u vl ig;a,mufxufrsm;vdk‹ 2§88 eJ‹ qJGwmwJh? qJG+yD;awmh r+yD;ao;bl;? yk'frwck+yD;wck
xyfwyfw,f? wckwyfvdk‹r& wckajymif;wyf/ wckwyfvdk‹r& wckajymif;wyfw,f?
'D[m wa,muf yHkpHwrsKd; vkyfovdkrsKd;jzpfaew,f? usrwdk‹usawmh 2§88 qdk+yD;awmh
trsKd;rsKd;[ef‹wm;aew,f? tckusawmh ±kef;&if;qefcwfrjzpfbl;/ jypfr_rusL;vGefvdk‹&Sd&if 2§88 qdkwm
udpPr&Sdbl;vdk‹ajymwmeJ‹ twlwlvdkjzpfaew,f? 'gudk usr vufcHygw,f? usrwdk‹u t&if pajymcJhwmyg?
usrwdk‹ {&m0wDwkdif;wkef;u wc&D;vHk; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymcJhwmyg? ±kef;&if;qefcwf rjzpfbl;/ jypfr_ rusL;vGefbl;
qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 2§88 qdkwmudk bmrScsKd;azmufjcif; r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ vl ig;a,mufxuf ydk±HkeJ‹ qJGr,f/
ta&;,lr,fqdkwmawmh 2§88 udk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfwmygvdk‹ usrwdk‹udk,fwkdif ajymcJhwmyg? tJh'Dawmh
tckowif;pmrSmajymwmudk usrwdk‹ axmufcHygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; ajymwJhtwdkif;yJ vkyf=uygvdk‹ usru
arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? wyfrawmfusawmhwrsKd;/ jynfolvlxkusawmh wrsKd;qdk+yD;awmh/ w&m;Oya'udk
oHk;w,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGrSmaygh? 'Dawmh b,folu pdwf0rf;uJGatmif
vkyfaewmvJ? usrwdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm at;at;csrf;csrf; csDwufw,fqdk&if csDwufygap?
qlylaomif;usef;r_ rjzpfbl;qdk&if usrwdk‹ bmrSrajymvdkygbl;? usrwdk‹tzJG‹tpnf;awGuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ
pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;xGufwJhtcg vlig;a,mufxuf rsm;vdk‹&Sd&if rsm;ygap? qlylaomif;usef;r_ r&Sd&if +yD;a&maygh?
'gudk usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? wa,mufwrsKd;pDxm;vdk‹awmh b,fjzpfrvJ?
armifzkef;armfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wywftwGif;rSm awmfawmfrsm;rsm; zrf;qD;r_awG &Sdygw,f?
usrwdk‹&JŒ tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹qkdifwJhuav;awGudk zrf;oGm;wm&Sdygw,f? uav;ESpfa,muf zrf;oGm;wmqdk&if
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;xkwfa0wJh armifzkef;armfae‹ tpDtpOfpm&GufawG vufxJrSmygvdk‹qdk+yD;
zrf;oGm;wmyg? 'g[m tifrwefrS vGefw,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ xifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm 'Dpm&GufawG[m wòrd‹vHk;rSm
yvlysHaewmyJ? wa,mufudk ig;&Gufq,f&Gufavmuf a0vdkufwmyJ? óudufwJhvl a0uGmqdk+yD; a0oGm;wmyJ?
'Dawmh 'Duav;awGvufxJrSm 'Dpm&GufawG trsm;}uD;&Sdwmaygh? &Sd±HkeJ‹ zrf;&ovm;? tjypfeJ‹ tjypfay;yHk
tifrwefrS uGmjcm;aeygw,f? vkyfwJhtr_av;u ao;ao;av;/ ay;vdkufwJhtjypfu t}uD;}uD;vdk
jzpfaeygw,f? awmif}uD;rSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tzJG‹0ifwa,mufukd wabmifpm&GufawG vufxJrSm&Sdvdk‹qdk+yD;
zrf;ygw,f? erfhpefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'D wabmifpm&GufeJ‹ywfouf+yD;awmh usrwdk‹tzJG‹0ifwa,muf&JŒ ZeD;udk
r0w u ac:ppfw,f/ ESdyfpufygw,f? yg;pyfxJudk rsufESmokwfyk0gawG oGwfxnfh+yD;awmh
wabmifpm&GufawG jzef‹a0w,fqdkwmudk twif;0efcHcdkif;ygw,f? bmtaxmuftxm;rS r&SdbJeJ‹
0efcHcdkif;ygw,f?
tJh'Dvdkvkyfwm[m b,fvdkt"dy`m,feJ‹ vkyfwmvJ? usrwdk‹ trsm;}uD; ar;p&myJ? wyfrawmfeJ‹
jynfol=um;rSm pdwf0rf;ruJGapcsifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if bmjzpfvdk‹ 'DvdkudpPawG vkyfaeovJ? rEWav;wkdif;
ykodrf;}uD;òrd‹rSmqdk&ifvnf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;u usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfqdkif;bkwfudk zsufqD;eif;acscJhygw,f?
pnf;±Hk;a&;rª;tdrfudk 0if&rf;cJhw,f? awmfawmfyJ ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; vkyfcJhygw,f? 'gawG[m
rvdkvm;tyfwJhudpPawGyJ? oufouf&ef&SmaewJh oabmrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f?
awmifolv,form;rsm;udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;u qlylapcsifwJhqENeJ‹
wrifoufouf &r,f&Sm+yD; ajymaew,fqdkwJhoabmrsK;d owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
usrwdk‹ azazmf0g&Dvuwnf;u usrwdk‹ OuUX OD;wifOD;u e0w udk ta&;qdkcJhygw,f?
awmifolv,form;rsm; b,fvdk'kuQa&mufae=ua=umif;/ aemuf+yD;awmh yifv,fydkifeufrsm; a&mif;vdkufwJh
ta=umif;a=umifh a&tvkyform;rsm; b,fvdk'kuQa&mufaew,fqdkwJh ta=umif;rsm;udk pma&;cJhygw,f?
owif;a=unmcsufwckvnf; xkwfcJhygw,f? tJh'DvdkyJ usrwdk‹ vkyfcJhygw,f? bmrS 'ghxufydk+yD;awmh
rv_H‹aqmfcJhygbl;? owif;pmxJrSma&;ovdk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? owif;pmxJrSm
EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;0if awmifolv,form;rsm;uom ajymw,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? r[kwfygbl;?
±dk;±dk;tzJG‹tpnf;xJudk r0if&JwJh awmifolv,form;rsm;u xyfcgxyfcg 'DudpPudk ajymaewmyg?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfxJudkvnf; awmifolv,form; trsm;pk}uD;vnf; r0if&Jygbl;? 0ifvdk‹&Sd&if zrf;r,f/
qD;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG trsm;}uD;&Sdaewma=umifh r0if&J=u&Smygbl;? tJh'Dawmh
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfxJu awmifolv,form;rsm;u ajymw,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;? tzJG‹csKyftjyifbufu
awmifolv,form;rsm;u wcsdefvHk;ajymaewmyg? usrwdk‹ wu,fyJ qlylaomif;usef;r_
jzpfapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if e0w udk bmjzpfvdk‹ ta=umif;=um;rvJ? ta=umif;r=um;ygbl;? ta&;r,lapeJ‹?
ta&;r,lwmawmifrS aumif;ao;w,f? ydk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxk tHkºuGrSmyJqdk+yD; usrwdk‹ aoG;xkd;ay;rSmaygh?
jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewmudk rjrifcsifvdk‹ e0w udk wifjyygw,f? 'DvdkyJ 'kuQa&mufaeygw,f? 'DvdkyJ
jy\emawG jzpfaeygw,f? =unfh+yD;awmh vkyfay;ygqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ wifjyygw,f?
jynfolvlxkodatmifvdk‹ 'Dvdkawmifolv,form;rsm; 'kuQa&mufaew,fqdkwm/ usrwdk‹
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdkajym&jcif;rSm usrwdk‹jynfolvlxk[m udk,fh&JŒtcGifhta&;awGudk udk,fumuG,f&r,fqdkwm
usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ajymcJhwmyJ? tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ n$ef=um;csufwckxkwfxm;ygw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaevdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu wwfEkdifor# ulnD&r,f? 'g[m vlr_a&;t&yJ? 'g EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,f
r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmudk t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwm usr ajym+yD;om;yJ? usr vHk;vHk;
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;? usr 'DudpPvkyfwm rSew f ,fxifvdk‹vkyfw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaewmudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu ulnDcsifvdk‹ vkyfwJhudpPyJ jzpfygw,f?
usr òcH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckwavmrSm usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;udk oufouftjypf&Smaew,fqdkwm usr jrif&ygw,f? oufoufwdkufcdkufvmw,f?
usrwdk‹u qlylr_jzpfatmifvdk‹ v_H‹aqmfaew,fqdk+yD;awmh xyfwvJvJajymaeygw,f? 'Dvdkajymaewm[m
b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ‹ ajymaeovJqdkwm usr trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;&ygw,f?
rae‹ujzpfwJh udpPawGuvnf; wrifoufouf tuGufqif+yD;awmh usrwdk‹udk
vufn‡Kd;xdk;wmvm;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ar;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? wyfrawmfae‹twGuf pdk;&drfvdk‹vm;?
wyfrawmfae‹twGuf pdk;&drfw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹eJ‹ aqG;aEG;Ekdifygw,f? wyfrawmfae‹ ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;
b,fvdkrvkyfapcsifbl;qdkwm ajymyg? usrwdk‹ aqG;aEG;zdk‹ tqifoifhyJ? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk trsm;}uD;xdef;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfvli,frsm;udk wyfrawmfae‹rSm
pDwef;vrf;av#mufwmwdk‹/ qENjywmwdk‹ rvkyf&bl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'Dwyfrawmfae‹udk
wyfrawmfae‹taeeJ‹ vufrcHbl;qdk&if b,folrSroGm;=ueJ‹? b,folrS xGufr=unfh=ueJ‹? tJh'Dvdkenf;eJ‹
oydwfarSmuf&if arSmuf=uaygh? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rwfv (27) &ufae‹udk
awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹ vufcHw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'g jynfolvlxk&JŒ awmfvSefa&;ae‹yg?
1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;ºuGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk‹
awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae‹ jzpfygw,f?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹awmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;ae‹vdk‹ vufcHygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹vnf; azazu todtrSwfðycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹yJ
quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhae‹tjzpf todtrSwfðyygw,f?
usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w
eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm
usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ‹ tzJG‹csKyfudk oufouf
vufn‡dK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdk‹udk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r±_pdrfhvdk‹vm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹
ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m
jynfolvlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; wdkufcdkufwmeJ‹ twlwlygyJ? wu,fyJ ppfrSefwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfapcsifw,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m; wkdufcdkufr_awGudk &yfwef;u
&yfzdk‹vdkr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ‹ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk‹ &Sd&if ar;=uyg?
17
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;
* * *
wem&Davmuf apma&mufzdk‹yg? cyfcsKduxGufwm aemufuswm awmif;yefygw,f?
pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;xGufwJhtcg wcgwav usrwdk‹ tpDtpOftwdkif;rjzpfygbl;? vrf;rSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf;
wcgwav tcuftcJav;awG awG‹wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvdk aemufus&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
jrpf}uD;em;udk rvmcifwkef;uqdk&if =um;&wmawmh jrpf}uD;em;rSm 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_&JŒ tajctae
odyfraumif;bl;vdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? jynfolvlxku odyf+yD; wufwufºuGºuG r&Sd=ubl;vdk‹ qdkygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh usru enf;enf;tm;i,frdygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; jynfolvlxku
ydk+yD;wufºuGw,fqdkwmjrif&vdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ tm;&SdoGm;ygw,f? *k%fvnf; *k%fðyygw,f?
ucsifjynfe,frSm&SdwJh awmifwef;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;[m owWd&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;yJ tpu
odxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'DvdkowWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ quf+yD;awmh trsKd;om;a&;twGuf
vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? i,fi,fuwnf;u usrwdk‹ em;vnfwmuawmh
awmifwef;om;rsm;[m tifrwefrS owWd&Sdw,f/ tifrwefrS ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfw,f/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf
&Sdw,fvdk‹ em;vnfcJhygw,f?
tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ±kd;±dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ‹
quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J
ae=u&ygw,f?
'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm
tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk‹&Sd&if usaemfwdk‹vlrsK;d pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf
bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taeeJ‹uawmh
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk‹&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ‹ wkdifyifn‡dE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk‹[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk
wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JŒ arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;
todtrSwfðy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹
tzJG‹csKyfwckwnf;&JŒ wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr c%c%
ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdk‹qdk&if usaemfwdk‹udk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk‹ ar;r,fhtpm;
'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹twGuf usaemfwdk‹ b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/
'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;
auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefudk usrwdk‹ azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef
azmfxkwfzdk‹qdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f
&Sd&r,f?
jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf
r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JŒtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u
jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ‹ vkyfzdk‹vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm
'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&Sdvdk‹bJ? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf
wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&SŒrxm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f?
wygwD tm%m&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxk[m rSefuefwJh
EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&Sdvdk‹bJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;?
usrwdk‹EkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk‹ vdkygw,f?
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?)
tay:
ucsifwkdif;&if;om;
0wfpHkwrsKd;udk
0wfqifxm;pOf
atmuf
yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu
tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl
18
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;
(tquf jyefvmygonf)
bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ
trdef‹tm%mt& usrwdk‹ wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹
a&Smifvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; òzdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk òzdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&yJ?
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t& nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&JŒ
oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m “u|ef” oabmxm;a&mufw,f
qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf;
ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,fol‹oabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJ‹awmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk‹
jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd
jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk‹ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gudk usr AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifa&m/ OD;ae0if;a&m odatmifvdk‹ 'Duae‹
ajymoGm;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;udk b,favmufyJ umuG,fay;ay;/ umuG,fvdk‹
r&ygbl;? orkdif;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSmyg? tck oHk;aewJh enf;vrf;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrtaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf+yD;awmh &Sifoefaew,fvdk‹ ajym&wmyg?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf&Sifoefjcif; r&Sdygbl;qdkwm jycsifvkd‹&Sd&if
'Denf;'Dvrf;awGawmh quf+yD;awmh oHk;vdk‹rjzpfygbl;? nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;udk vufrcHwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ
enf;awGyg? jynfolvlxkudk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ESdrfeif;wm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;awGyg? “ppfwyfqdkwm
rdk;ay:axmif+yD;awmh rypfbl;? wnfhwnfhypfr,f” vdk‹ ajymoGm;wm[mvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ 'DtcsdefrSm trsm;}uD;yJ owdxm;&r,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ avoHudk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuwqifh v$ifhaejyef+yD? 'Dvdkv$ifhaewJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk
jyefpOf;pm;+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m tifrwefrS owdxm;&r,f? pOf;pm;qifjcif&r,fhtcsdefrSm
a&mufaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ odzdk‹vdkygw,f? aemufwcg tidkufrdvdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m
tEW&m,f&Sdw,fqdkwm em;vnf&r,f? 'DtEW&m,f[m b,fuvmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;vnf;
od&r,f? todtrSwfðy&rSmjzpfygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;awG[m
wae‹xufwae‹ ydk+yD;awmh xkd;ESufcsufawG cHae&ygw,f?
apmapmu obmywd}uD; OD;wifOD; ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJu acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;yHkqD;yHk[m w&m;Oya'eJ‹ rnDnGwfbl;? 'Dhtjyifvnf; OD;wifarmif0if; ajymoGm;wJhtwdkif;yJ/ t&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfwJh a'gufwmarmifarmifausmfwdk‹/ OD;vSa&$wdk‹udkvnf; zrf;qD;xm;ygw,f?
zrf;qD;xm;yHkawGuvnf; wckrS w&m;Oya'eJ‹ rudkufnDygbl;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm 'DEdkifiHrSm
vHk;vHk;r&Sdygbl;? e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfxJrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ygayr,fhvnf;
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf vHk;vHk;rxrf;aqmifcJhbl;qdkwmawmh tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dvdk
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; r&SdwJh EkdifiHrSm jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk‹wm0ef[m usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGrSm
&Sdygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f/
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awGomru jynfolvlxk 'kuQqif;&Ja&mufrSm/ xdrSm/ emrSmtwGuf usrwdk‹ tifrwefrS
pdk;&drfygw,f? 'D[mawGtwGuf tumtuG,fawG ay;&r,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh
trdef‹tm%mudk zDqef&r,fvdk‹ ajymaewmyJ? qlylr_vdkcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? qlylr_qdkwm[m usrwdk‹twGuf
vdkvm;oifhwJhudpPvnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;jzpfr,fhudpPvnf; r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJh
'DtcsdefrSm rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mudk/ w&m;Oya'udk csKd;azmufaewJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk usrwdk‹
rwGef;vSef rzDqef&ifawmh jynfolvlxk aemufxyf 'kuQa&mufvdrfhr,fqdkwJh todtjrifawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹
'Dtm%mawGudk zDqefae&wmjzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
quf+yD;awmh zDqefoGm;zdk‹ tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? urBmhorkdif;rSm tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&JŒ
&Jabmf}uD;wa,mufjzpfwJh rmwifvlomuif; u wcgwkef;u ajymoGm;ygw,f? olwdk‹rSm
tdyfrufwck&Sdw,fwJh? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSmvnf; tdyfrufwck&Sd&r,f? b,fvdktdyfrufvJ? 'Drdkua&pD
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awG jrefrmEkdifiHrSm xGef;um;a&;twGufyJ? 'gayrJh tdyfrufrufaevdk‹ r+yD;bl;?
'Dtdyfrufudk usrwdk‹ taumiftxnfazmfEkdif&r,f? 'Dtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifzdk‹[m
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efrdk‹vdk‹ tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
xrf;aqmif&r,f? 'DudpPtwGuf usr yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmuwnf;u
aqmf=ocJhygw,f? nDnGwf=uyg/ nDnGwf=uyg? tJh'Dtcsdefwkef;u ta&;tcif;umvtwGif;wkef;u qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
ygwDzJG‹pnf;a&;twGuf usrudk ajymwJh/ ar;jref;cJhwJhvlawG &Sdygw,f? usr ajymcJhygw,f?
nDnGwfr_òyduJGrSmpdk;vdk‹ ygwDawGawmh raxmifhoifhbl;xifw,fvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u 'g[m usrwdk‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyef+yD;awmh =unfhvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if xif&Sm;ygw,f? ygwDrsm;axmifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m
pdwf0rf;uJGwwfw,f? 'g usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf&JŒ tm;enf;csufyJ? nDnGwfr_bufrSm odyf+yD;awmh tm;roefbl;?
nDnGwfr_rSm tm;roefvdk‹/ nDnGwfr_òyduJGrSm pdk;&drfvGef;vdk‹ usr[m ygwDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; raxmifcsifbl;?
'gayrJhvnf; (18) &ufae‹ pufwifbmaemufydkif;usawmh EkdifiHa&;t& v_yf&Sm;ydkifcGifh twkdif;twmwcktxd
&Sdatmifvdk‹qdk+yD;awmh ygwDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
v_yf&Sm;vmcJh&ygw,f? 'Dvdk ygwDrsm;axmif+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;cJh&ayr,fhvnf; trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wck
jzpfw,fqdkwmvnf; tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfeJ‹omvkyfzdk‹ ta&;}uD;ygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wufwufºuGºuG/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ 1988 u EkdifiH&JŒ tpOftvmtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm
yg0ifcJhw,f? 'Dvdkyg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;rsm;a&SŒa&;twGuf usrwdk‹[m ±kef;uef&r,f? 'Dvdkyg0ifcJhwJh
ausmif;om;rsm;[m aemifjyef+yD;awmh ynmudk at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ qufvufoif+yD;awmh
ynmjynfhpHkwJhtcgusawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;aqmifvmEkdifr,fh tajctaea&mufoGm;atmifvdk‹
usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ulnDay;&r,f? vli,frsm; a&SŒwufEkdifzdk‹twGuf vlvwfrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;uae+yD;awmh a&SŒu
vrf;cif;ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDvrf;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;+yD;cif;aeygw,f? 'Dvdk
tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD;awmh cif;aewJhae&mrSm wa,muftay:wa,muf apwem&Sd&Sd/ wa,muftay:wa,muf
em;vnfr_&Sd&SdeJ‹ ulnDoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vrf;}uD;[m jrefjrefqefqef +yD;oGm;rSmyg? 'Dvrf;}uD;cif;w,fqdkwm
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ omom,m,m/ ºuGºuG&G&GeJ‹ av#mufoGm;zdk‹ r[kwfygbl;?
jynfolvlxk at;at;csrf;csrf;/ omom,m,m/ *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ av#mufoGm;zdk‹jzpfygw,f? usrwdk‹[m
vrf;cif;orm;rsm;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm av#muf+yD;awmh
=unfhvdkufvdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if vrf;tvkyform;rsm;[m tyifyef;qHk;yJqdkwm tm;vHk; jrifygvdrfhr,f?
tkwfawGudkvnf; cJG&w,f/ aeylusJusJ}uD;xJrSm 'Dtw k fawGudk cif;&w,f? uwW&mqDylyleJ‹ tvkyfvkyf&w,f?
tckacwfawmh uwW&mqDu enf;enf;eJ‹ oGm;vdk‹ tvkyfawmh enf;enf;oufomwmayghav? 'gayrJh
'DtvkyfawG[m r+yD;jywfao;ygbl;? tJhawmh usrwdk‹[mvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ? tifrwefrS yifyef;EGrf;e,fwJh
tvkyfawGudk vkyf&r,f? aeylusJusJ}uD;xJrSm aeylcH&r,f? 'D rawmfrw&m;whJ w&m;Oya'tkwfawGudk
qef‹usifwJhtaeeJ‹ usrwdk‹uae cJGypf&r,f? 'DtkwfawGudk cJGypf+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeif;EkdifwJh
tajctaejzpfatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vrf;udk acsmarmatmifvkyfoGm;&r,f? 'DvdkacsmarmatmifvkyfoGm;rS
usrwdk‹&JŒ tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifygr,f? tdyfrufomrufwJh vlqdkwm tifrwefrS
tm;enf;wJhvlyg? 'gayrJh udk,fhtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifwJh vlqdkwm[m
wu,fhtm*ol&Jaumif;}uD;yJ? tdyfrufwckudk ruf+yD;awmh taumiftxnfazmfzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹&JŒ tck
wm0ef}uD;w&yf jzpfvmygw,f? usrwdk‹rSm wm0ef}uD; 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 awG &Sdzdk‹rvdkygbl;? wm0ef}uD;w&yf &Sdzdk‹om
vdktyfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifa&;twGufyJ?
usrwdk‹[m usrwkd‹&JŒ vlr_a&;t&yJvm;? bma=umifhvJawmh rodbl;? usrwdk‹&JŒEkdifiHrSm
nDnGwfr_qdkwm odyf+yD;awmh r&SdcJhbl;? wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf remvdkw,f/ 0efwdkw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS
rsm;cJhw,f? 'gvnf; usr c%c% rdwfaqGrsm;eJ‹vnf; aqG;aEG;ygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ vli,frsm;eJ‹vnf;
aqG;aEG;w,f? vl}uD;awGeJ‹vnf; aqG;aEG;w,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm 'DavmufawmifrS
remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG rsm;ovJ? usr EkdifiHawG trsm;}uD; a&mufzl;ygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;awG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ‹ usr aqG;aEG;zl;w,f? 'DudpPawG ajymzl;w,f? wjcm;EkdifiHawGrSmvnf;
remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG r&Sdbl; r[kwfygbl;? vlawG&SdwJh todkif;t0dkif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'D0efwkdpdwfawG &SdrSmyJ?
'gayrJh usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSmawmh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 'Dremvdk0efwdkpdwfawG[m usrwdkŒ&JŒ EkdifiHa&;atmifjrifr_awG
r&atmifvdk‹ 0if0if+yD;awmh ±_wfaew,fqdkwm jrif&ygw,f? 'g bmjzpfvdk‹vJ? usr 'Djy\em&JŒ Zpfjrpfudk
&Sm&r,f? 'Djy\em&JŒ Zpfjrpfudk&SmrS 'Djy\emudk usrwdk‹ ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?
tckvdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu tm;vHk;pka0;aewm[m yxrOD;qHk; 'Djy\emudk ajz&Sif;zdk‹
vrf;pOfay:udk a&mufvm+yDvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Djy\emudk usrwdk‹ ajz&Sif;&r,f? ygwDwcku
tm%m&Sif}uD;vdk‹ emrnf}uD;aevdk‹ igwdk‹ rvdkvm;bl;qdkwJh pdwfawG&Sdaevdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? 'DrSm usr
awmif;yefcsifygw,f? 'DrSm usr tm%mqdkwJh pum;vHk;av; oHk;rdw,f? 'D tm%mqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ roHk;wm taumif;qHk;yJvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ tm%mqufoHk;r,f/
tm%mqufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaewm[m tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;ygw,f?
usr =um;wkdif;/ =um;wkdif; e0wtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f? usrwdk‹EkdifiHtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f?
'DvdktkyfcsKyfaewJh vlwpk[m vufeufudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f/ tm%mudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f?
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vufeufrJhwJh jynfolvlxkudk tm%mqufoHk;r,fvdk‹ ajymaewm[m tifrwefrS
roifhawmfwJhudpPyg? 'gudk usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu 0dkif;+yD;awmh uef‹uGuf&r,f? 0dkif;+yD;awmh
jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? bmjzpfvkd‹ 'D EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awG zJG‹xm;ao;vJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹
tm%mydkifrsm;=um;xJrSm tcktcHwck&Sdzdk‹ zJG‹xm;wmaygh? tpwkef;u bmjzpfvkd‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awG
rSwfyHkwifcGifhay;ovJ? EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rSwfyHkwifcGifhay;w,fqdkuwnf;u
EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ EkdifiHa&;vdkvm;csufawGukd ajymqdkydkifcGifh&SdwJh
tzJG‹tpnf;awGqdkwm todtrSwfðyxm;wmeJ‹ twlwlyJ? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxk (39) oef;eJ‹aqG;aEG;zdk‹/
nd‡E_dif;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹qdkwm rvG,fwma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹awmh aqG;aEG;oifhw,f/
nd‡E_dif;oifhw,f/ wkdifyifoifhw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;uvnf; odrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;? 'D (200)
ausmfuae+yD;awmh wajz;ajz;aqG;aEG;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹/ nd‡E_dif;zdk‹ vG,fatmifqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹uae+yD;awmh
udk,fpm;vS,fawG wae‹eJ‹wae‹ ydk+yD; enf;vmatmifvdk‹ qdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;aeygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dbufu
b,fvdkyJ óud;pm;óud;pm; e0wbufuvnf; óud;pm;csifrS atmifjrifEkdifrSmyg? nd‡E_di;f zdk‹/ aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwm
ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;u vkyfrSjzpfwmyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ ordkif;&JŒ tjypfwifcHjcif;udk
rvdkvm;bl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;emawGudk quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;vdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? OD;ae0if;uJhodk‹
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif; rvdkvm;wJh taetxm;awGudk usrwdk‹ ajymif;vJ&r,f?
vlxkeJ‹ raqG;aEG;csifbl;/ rwkdifyifcsifbl;/ rnd‡E_dif;csifbl;qdkwm vlxkudk todtrSwfrðywmbJ? jynfolvlxkudk
ae&mrxm;wmbJ? 'Dawmh tcktcsdefrSm EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;eJ‹awmifrS rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ rwdkifyifEkdifbl;qdk&if
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ b,fvkdvkyfnd‡E_dif;/ wkdifyifEkdifrvJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ b,fvdkvkyfem;vnfr_ ,lEkdifrvJ? (200)
ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_ r,lEdkifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if (38) oef;ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_,lEkdifzdk‹ tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f?
t"duawmh 'D (38) oef;ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_,lEkdifzdk‹twGufyJ? 'gudk OD;wnfyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
tckcsdefrSmawmh wdkif;jynf&JŒ tpdk;&t}uD;tuJwa,muf jzpfaeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tpdk;&&JŒ
t}uD;tuJwa,mufqdkwm[m t}uD;tuJwa,mufyDyDawmh qufqH&r,f?
t}uD;tuJwa,mufyDyDawmh vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk usr ajymvnf; ajym/ pmvnf; a&;xm;ygw,f? 'Duae‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f?
usrwdk‹[m nd‡E_dif;csifw,f/ aqG;aEG;csifw,f/ wkdifyifcsifw,fqkdwm pum;&nfvkyJGvkyfcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;?
t±_H;tEkdif qHk;jzwfcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk; tajz&Smcsifvdk‹ jzpfygw,f? 'g[m
usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;ygr,f?
aemifusvdk‹&Sd&if or*~}uD;udkòzdvdkufovdk xyf+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; ròzdEdkifatmifvdk‹
usrwdk‹uae+yD;awmh tckuaep+yD; wEkdifiHvHk;udk tumtuG,fay;oGm;EkdifwJh tiftm;pk}uD;jzpfzdk‹
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'Dtiftm;pk}uD;[m wkdif;jynftwGuf taumif;qHk;tajzudk qufvuf+yD;awmh
&SmoGm;ygr,f? wae‹eJ‹wae‹ tajzqdkwmvnf;/ taumif;qHk;tajzqdkwmvnf; ajymif;vJ&ifvnf;
ajymif;vJaeygvdfrfhr,f? usrwdk‹[m wkdif;jynftajctaeawG ajymif;vJovdk vdkuf+yD;awmh ajymif;vJEdkifwJh
t&nftcsif;awG &Sd&r,f? jynfolvlxk tajctaeajymif;vJovdk vdkuf+yD;awmh ajymif;vJEkdifwJh
t&nftcsif;awG &Sd&r,f? wae&muae tumtuG,fay;vdk‹ rvHkavmuf&if aemufwae&muae
a&$Œ+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? 'g[m usrwdk‹&JŒ t"du 'Drdkua&pDwm0efyg? 'D
'Drdkua&pDwm0efudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0kdif;+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ xrf;aqmif=uyg? 'Dor*~}uD;udk
wae‹usvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m aemifròyduJGEkdifatmifvdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh
wnfaqmuf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkwnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm or*~}uD;[m ausmif;om;or*~wifr[kwfbl;?
'Drkdua&pDor*~}uD;/ 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttHk}uD;jzpf&r,f? 'DEkdifiHrSm aemifacwftqufquf
wnfwHhckdif+rJoGm;r,fh 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttHk}uD;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m yifyef;w}uD;eJ‹ aqmufoGm;zdk‹
jzpfygw,f? pdwf"mwfrus=uygeJ‹? usrwdk‹rSm pdwf"mwfusp&m r&Sdygbl;? tcktcsdefrSm +cdrf;ajcmufr_trsKd;rsKd;
&Sdygw,f? +cdrf;ajcmufr_trsKd;rsKd; =um;xJuae+yD;awmh usrwkd‹ owWdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if atmifjrifr,fvdk‹
xifygw,f? wae‹eJ‹wae‹ nDnGwfr_tiftm;[mvnf; rsm;vmwm usr awG‹&ygw,f? pnf;urf;[mvnf;
ydk+yD;awmh }uD;vmwm awG‹&ygw,f? usrwkd‹bufu nDnGwfr_tiftm;[m }uD;vmavav/ pnf;urf;[m
}uD;vmavav/ 'Drkdua&pDudk rvdkvm;wJhbufu a=umufavavqdkwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f? a=umufvdk‹vnf;
usrwdk‹udk zsufqD;zdk‹/ xdk;ESufzdk‹ óud;pm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹[m owdeJ‹ 0d&d,eJ‹ pl;pl;prf;prf;/
qifqifjcifjcif wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? aemif qufvmr,fh
vawGxJrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf em;vnfrvJGatmifvdk‹
óud;pm;=uyg? tqufrjywf tquftoG,fvkyf=uyg? wa,mufudkwa,muf txiftjrifrvJG=uygeJ‹?
tiftm;awGudk pk=uyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹vnf; 'Dvdktiftm;pkawGudk pk+yD;awmh wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf
jynfol‹aumif;usKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJhqENawG &Sdygw,f? usrudk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒ
udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ‹ wifajr‡mufvdkufwJhtxJrSm usr[m azazhorD;jzpfvdk‹qdkwJh ta=umif;[m
t"duyJqdkwm usr odygw,f? usrudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;taeeJ‹ wkdif;jynfu vufcHwmr[kwfvm;vdk‹
ar;vdk‹&Sd&if usr [kwfygw,fvdk‹yJ ajymygw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf emusifp&mr[kwfygbl;? 'g[m
*k%f,lp&myg? usrtaeeJ‹ azazhorD;rdk‹vdk‹ ae&may;wmqdkvdk‹ remygbl;? 'g[m usr&JŒ pdwf"mwf/
pdwf"mwftm;jzifh tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&mudpPyJvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh azazvdkcsifwJh
jynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifzdk‹ qdk+yD;awmh usr tifrwefrS pdwfoefygw,f? azaz[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
jynfaxmifpk}uD;wckudk xlaxmifoGm;apcsifw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usr vkyfoGm;csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk usr uwday;Ekdifygw,f? azaz&JŒ pdwf"mwftay:awmh usr b,fawmhrS
opPmrazmufbl;? azaz vdkcsifwJh 'DvkdopPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGay;wJh wm0efrSefor#udkvnf; usr
qufvuf+yD;awmh xrf;aqmifoGm;yghr,f? ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ‹ usrtay:rSm wm0efay;vdk‹&Sd&if usr
wwfEkdifoa&GŒ opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ xrf;aqmifoGm;ygr,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ wm0ef/ jynfol&JŒ wm0ef/
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wm0efudk tpOft+rJyJ xrf;aqmifoGm;&if;eJ‹ usrwdk‹tm;vHk;
'Drkdua&pDyef;wdkif}uD;udk a&mufr,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dae‹'D&uf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&wJh
ae‹vnf;jzpfw,f? 'Dvdkausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&vdk‹ usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;twGuf
tifrwefrS epfemoGm;ygw,f? tck usrwdk‹vkyfaewm[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk jyefvnf+yD;awmh
wnfaqmufzdk‹yJ? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfrdk‹vdk‹ vkyfaewmjzpfwma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tem*wftwGuf ypPKy`efrSm
bmyJ pGef‹pm;& pGef‹pm;&/ bmyJ pGef‹v$wf& pGef‹v$wf& pGef‹v$wfygr,f? pGef‹pm;ygr,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfeJ‹
qufvuf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ usr awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
19
Zlvkdif ckepf&ufae‹
* * *
usrwdk‹ Zlvkdifv (7) &ufae‹[m or*~òyduJGwJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae‹[m ynma&;eJ‹vnf; oufqdkifw,f? EkdifiHa&;eJ‹vnf;
oufqkdifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;/ ynma&;udpPrsm; ajymwJhtcg twdwf/
ypPKy`efeJ‹ tem*wf[m qufpyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh twdwfu jzpfcJhwJh
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm tckypPKy`efrSm b,fvdkjzpfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =unfh&r,f?
ausmif;om;or*~udk bmjzpfvdk‹òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,folu òzdcJGoGm;ovJ?
b,fvdkta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&rSmyJ?
b,fvdkenf;awGeJ‹ òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfowfjcif;/ ausmif;om;or*~udk òzdcJGjcif;rjzpfcifrSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m
tJh'Dwkef;u ppftm%mydkifrsm;eJ‹ aqG;aEG;yg? nd‡E_dif;ygqdk+yD;awmh awmif;qdkcJhw,f? 'gudkvnf; jiif;cJhw,f?
'Dppftm%mydkifrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;eJ‹ ausmif;om;or*~ta&;udk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm Aid to Civil
Power vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwJh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufembJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh
ajz&Sif;wJhenf;/ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifwJhenf;udk jiif;qefcJhwJh Aid to civil Power qkdwJh wyfrawmfwcktaeeJ‹
xdef;oifhxdef;xdkufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGudk rxdef;cJhwmuawmh OD;ae0if;yJ? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;&ifqkdif&r,f?
usr 'Dvdkajymae&jcif;ta=umif;[m OD;ae0if;udk oufouf yk*~Kdvft& wkdufcdkufcsifvdk‹r[kwfbl;?
tck ypPKy`efjzpfaewJh udpPawGeJ‹ qufEG,faevd‹k yg? wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
rdef‹cGef;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Drdef‹cGef;xJrSm Aid to Civil Power qdw k m ol
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwmudkvnf; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;udk rvkdvm;bl;qdkwJh
oabmxm;udkvnf; azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tJ'Doabmxm;awG[m OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGeJ‹
wxyfxJygyJ? OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;awGeJ‹ wxyfxJr‹dk vdk‹ tckxdwdkifatmif OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%m[m
jrefrmEkdifiHay:rSm v$rf;rdk;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f?
usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuef r&ifqdkifEkdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fenf;eJ‹rS
ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr 'DudpPawGudk azmfjywmyg? tcktcsdefrSm
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m b,fvdkyJ OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ajymajym/ OD;ae0if;vkyfwJhtwdkif;
quf+yD; vkyfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%matmufrSm&Sdw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ quf+yD;awmh acsr_ef;OD;r,f/ xdcdkufOD;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmhvnf;
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& vkyfw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? 'Dawmh e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ
OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%matmufuae+yD;awmh vGwfuif;w,fqdkwm jycsifvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;enf;awGudk
quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? or*~ukd òzdcJGwJh OD;ae0if;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfcJhwJh OD;ae0if;&JŒ
enf;awGudk vHk;vHk;quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ 'Duae‹ quf+yD;awmh awmif;qdk&rSmyJ? 'g
EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& EkdifiHa&;jy\ersm;udk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;w,fqdkwm
nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifwJhenf;yg? t&ifwkef;u EkdifiHjcm;udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;awmifrS 'Denf;udk oHk;cJhygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; 'Denf;udk ydk+yD;awmh oHk;oifhygw,f? tcsif;csif; nd‡E_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/
wkdifyif&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSm/ nd‡E_dif;&rSm/ wkdifyif&rSmjzpfygw,f? nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/
wkdifyifw,fqdkwm pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? t±_H;tEkdif&SmwJhyJGr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf
taumif;qHk; tajz&SmwJhyJG jzpfygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; OD;wnf&r,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m
vGwfvyfa&;r&cifuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f/ ygvnf; yg0ifoifhygw,f? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;vnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efvnf; &Sdw,f?
ynma&;wm0efqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynm&Smzdk‹yJ? 'gayrJh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm bmvJ?
usrtjrifawmh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EdkifwJh ynmomjzpf&r,f?
trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf roHk;EkdifwJh ynm[m wefzdk;r&SdEkdifbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EkdifwJh ynmrsKd;udk &Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk&SmwJhae&mrSm
ynmrmefwufzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;om;or*~ òzdcJGa&;udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ reufwkef;u tcrf;tem;rSm
yg0ifcJhwhJ t&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;a[mif; OD;wifarmif0if;[m ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u
tjyifrSm wyfawGu&Sdw,f/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ twGif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ tJovdk
wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ‹ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m
a'gojzpf+yD;awmh atmfvdkuf=uw,fwJh? rif;wdk‹ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹rS (7) wef;atmif&JŒvm;vdk‹
ajymvdkuf=uw,fwJh? (=obmoHrsm;) usreJ‹ em;vnfr_vJG+yDvdk‹ xifygw,f? usr rajymoifhbl;vdk‹ ajymrvdk‹/
'Dvdk[m rajymoifhygbl;? 'Dvdk (ajymwm[m) ynmrmefygw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? &Jabmfrsm;/
wyfrawmfom;[mvnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif;yJ? 'DvdkwyfrawmfxJudk 0ifoGm;&wJh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m b,fvkdtajctaeu vmvJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f?
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkxJu vmwmyg? usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf qif;&Jaevdk‹ tJh'Dvdk
qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkawG &SdaewmyJ? tJh'Dvdk rdom;pkxJu vlawG[m wyfrawmfxJudk 0if=uw,f?
wyfrawmfxJrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif=uw,f? tJ'Dawmh ynmqdkwmeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wcgxJ ajymoGm;r,f?
'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m [kwfw,f/ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹ (7) wef;atmifcsifrSvnf; atmifr,f? 'gayrJh
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m ESdrfzdk‹rvdkygbl;? ta&;tcif;wkef;u jynfolvlxkatmfoGm;wJh
aºuG;a=umfoHwck&Sdw,f? AdkvfcsKyfay;wJh ppfynm/ ausmif;om;jynfol owfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;wJh? tJ'Dawmh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynmay;xm;w,f? ppfynmqdkwm bmvJ? jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk‹/
jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJhynmyJ? tJh'Dvdk jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJh ynmr&Sdvdk‹om
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ynmr&Sdbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajym&rSmyJ? (7) wef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;/
q,fwef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? wuUodkvfra&mufvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? rSefrSefuefuef jynfolvlxktusKd;
xrf;aqmifzdk‹ ay;xm;wJhynmukd tvJGoHk;pm; vkyfvdk‹omjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh ynmqdkwm[m
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;om ydkifqkdifwmr[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifEkdifw,f? rSefuefwJh
ppfynmudk ydkifqdkifEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk‹ (26) ESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJh
awG;ac:wwfwJhynmukd ray;xm;bl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJhppfynmudk ray;xm;bl;?
tJh'Dvdk ray;wmvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ? w&m;cHudkawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&r,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif&r,f? 'DvdkvlrsKd;
aemif 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm ray:vmatmif usrwdk‹ vkyf&r,f? OD;ae0if; bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynfudk
b,favmuf=um=um tkyfpdk;oGm;vJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;a=umifhyJ? jynfolvlxku bmjzpfvdk‹ vlwa,muf&JŒ
=oZmtm%m/ rSefrSefrvkyfEkdifwJh vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%m/ wefzdk;&SdwJh ynmudk em;rvnfwJh
vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%mudk 'Dwkdif;jynfay:rSm 'Davmuf=um=um v$rf;rdk;cGifhay;oGm;ovJ? 'g
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? tck 'DrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uawmh wm0eftuif;vGwfqHk;yJ?
bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh tckawmifrS (26) ESpft&G,fr&SdwJh vli,fawG trsm;}uD;ygyJ? i,fi,fav;awGrdk‹vdk‹
rvkkyfEkdifbl;vdk‹ ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tm;vHk;uawmh wm0ef&SdwmyJ? b,fvdkrS usrwdk‹[m
'Dwm0efatmufu ±kef;uef+yD;awmh xGufvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ uH=urRmudk zefwD;wm[m EkdifiHol/
EkdifiHom;taygif;jzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? t&ifwkef;u tjzpftysufawGtwGuf
wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? rSm;wJhEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfawG/ rSm;wJhynma&;vrf;pOfawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf[m E$JcJh&+yD?
aemifusvdk‹&Sd&if rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rSefuefwJh ynma&;vrf;pOfawGom 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm &Sdzdk‹vdkygw,f?
'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tcktcsdefrSm ausmif;awGydwfaew,f? ynma&;eJ‹
uif;uGmaew,fqdkwm ausmif;ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,f? avmuxJrSm ynm&Smae&w,f?
avmu}uD;xJrSm ynm&SmaewJhtcg EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;xJrSm ynm&SmwJhtcgrSmvnf;
wefzdk;&SdwJhynm&Smzdk‹ vdkygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm &Sm=uygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh
ynm[m ausmif;wcgrS raezl;wJh vlawmifrS &SmEdkifygw,f? 'DvdkynmawG usrwdk‹EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awGrSm
tm;vHk;&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwkdif;jynfu EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f?
vlr_a&;pepf/ EkdifiHa&;pepf/ ynma&;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkwm tm;vHk; qufEG,faeygw,f? 'gvnf;
tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? 'Dawmh rSefuefwJhynm &Sma&;qdkwm rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
wcgxJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;a&m/ ynma&;a&m atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f?
'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;rsm;ydwfaewmawmifrS atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Edkifygw,f?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7 Zlvdkif) owd&wJhtcgrSm tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;w,f?
wdk‹&JŒwdkif;jynfrSm tifrwefrS ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrloGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckrSm rjzpfoifh/
rjzpfxdkufwJh jzpf&yfawG[m jzpfoGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJhwkdif;jynfwck jyef+yD;awmhjzpfatmif usrwdk‹
óud;pm;&r,f? 'Dvdk,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckjzpfzdk‹qdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ vufxJrSm
&Sdygw,f? apmapmu 0d"l&OD;cspfarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;yJ tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; vli,fawG&JŒ vufxJrSm
trsm;qHk;yJ&Sdygw,f? 'Dtem*wfudk csDwufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm rSefrSefuefuef csDwufoGm;=uyg?
usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf&JŒ a&SŒa&;udk t+rJyJ=unfhyg? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ wrifoufouf wyfrawmfom;rsm;&JŒ
ynma&;udk xnfh+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? wyfrawmfe‹J jynfol tpOft+rJuGJaevdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;?
'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m tifrwefrS qif;&JwJh todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u vmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&r,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vkd‹ usrwdk‹rSm =uifempdwfawG &Sd&r,f? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGvkd ynmoif&wJh tcGifhta&;awG r&SdcJhbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm OD;ae0if;wdk‹vkd
yk*~KdvfrsKd;ay;vdkufwJh ppfynmawG/ rrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGom &SdcJhw,f? 'Dawmh 'DvdkrrSefruefwJh
ppfynmawGtpm; rSefuefwJhtrsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfawG usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oGif;ay;&r,f? 'g tm;vHk;rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHjzpfzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJ/ *k%foduQm&SdwJhwyfrawmf
&Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh txl;ojzifh pdwf0rf;uJGaewmuawmh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹
wyfrawmf=um;xJrSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfvufxJrSm tcH&qHk;u ausmif;om;awGyJ?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ausmif;om;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm tifrwefrS emusnf;ae=uw,f? c%c%yJ usrudk ajymygw,f?
ppfqdkvdk‹ a&awmifppfraomufzl;vdk‹ usrudk ajymygw,f? a& ppfraomufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh ydk;0if±HkyJ&Sdw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdk‹rjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹
ydk+yD;awmh oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? ydk}uD;awmh tjrifus,f&r,f? oabmxm;}uD;}uD; tjrifus,fus,feJ‹
cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfawG &Sd&r,f? ynmr&SdwJhvleJ‹ ±kef;aevdk‹/ ebrf;owfaevdk‹vnf; roifhawmfygbl;?
'Dawmh udk,feJ‹ wef;wlnDwljzpfatmif ynmay;+yD;rS ebrf;owfwmrS ebrf;owf&usKd; eyfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
óud;pm;=uyg?
ppfynmrsm; jyef+yD;awmh oifay;Ekdif&r,f/ ppfynmqdkwm jynfol‹twGuf/ jynfol‹udk umuG,fzdk‹/
jynfoludkowfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oifay;&r,f?
tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? rae‹wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymoGm;wJh
rdef‹cGef;xJrSm jynfolvlxkukd +cdrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifawG ygw,fvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk
+cdfrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifqdkwm usr vHk;vkHk;rESpfoufygbl;? 'Dvdk tm%mudk udkif+yD;awmh/ vufeufudk
udkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfygbl;? enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹
r[kwfrrSefuefwmawG ajym+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk xdk;ESufaew,f? 'gawGu qdk;vS+yD? ckusawmh
tm%mpufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufvmwJhtcgusawmh tifrwefrS vGefaeyg+yD? usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm
tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; b,fawmhrS cGifhv$wfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tm%mpufoHk;wJh tavhtx}uD;udkawmh
usrwdk‹ 'Duae+yD;awmh &yfqkdif;&awmhr,f? e0w taeeJ‹ EkdifiHtay:rSm apwem&Sd&if/ e0w taeeJ‹
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mudk vGefqef&JwJh owWd&Sd&if tm%mpufqdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd vHk;vHk; quf+yD;awmh
roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyif&JwJh owWdudkom
arG;jrLyg? tJh'grS wu,fhowWdyg? aoewf}uD;&Sdvdk‹ ypf&Jw,fqdkwm[m owWdr[kwfygbl;? bmrS vufxJrSm
r&SdbJeJ‹ trSefw&m;t& tajz&SmcsifwJh owWdrsKd;om usrwdk‹ vkdcsifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; twdwfujzpf&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;+yD;awmh
rSefrSefuefuefvkyfzdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uyg? usr 'g xyfwvJvJajymaewJhudpPyg? rSefrSefuefuefvkyf&if usrwdk‹
wae‹r[kwfwae‹ atmifjrif&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ rSefuefwJhtiftm;/ nDnGwfr_tiftm;udk b,folrS
a&&SnfvGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? e0w vnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfvnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm
r[kwfbl;? e0wwdk‹/ wyfrawmfwdk‹qdkwmuvnf; jynfolvlxku au|;arG;xm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxktay:rSm tifrwefrS aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f? aus;Zl;&Sifudk
aus;Zl;rodwwfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'kuQa&mufp+rJyJ? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;taeeJ‹
pdwf"mwfrusygeJ‹? +cdrf;ajcmufwma=umifh ra=umufygeJ‹? 'gayrJh owWdqdkwmawmh &Sdyg? usrudk
q&mawmf}uD;wyg;uae+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufovdkayghav? t&ifwkef;u azazhudkvnf; rdef‹cJhygw,fqdk+yD; usrudk
xyf+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufygw,f? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹ayghav?
ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹qdkwm[m owdxm;&r,f?
tumtuG,f,l&r,f? 'Dvdk+cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqkdwm em;vnf&r,f? b,fvdkoabmeJ‹
+cdrf;ajcmufaeovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ em;vnf&r,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ taumif;qHk;tumtuG,fuawmh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;yJ/ pnf;urf;yJ? usrwdk‹ nDnDnGwfnGwf pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk
&ef&Smzdk‹ tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f? tckvdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd wnDwnGwf
tcrf;tem;}uD; usif;yoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS tm;wufp&mjzpfygw,f? reufwkef;uvnf;
ygwDaygif;rsm;pGm[m (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; usif;yoGm;ygw,f?
'DvdknDnGwfr_tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ wufvmw,fqdkwm jrifawG‹&ygw,f? 'DvdkwufvmwJh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;eJ‹yJ usrwdk‹ atmifyef;udk qifEkdifygw,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;rSmyg?
wajz;ajz; r[kwfbJeJ‹ ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&mufa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;&r,f?
'Dhaemuf wv/ ESpfvtwGif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tcrf;tem;trsKd;rsKd; usif;y&r,fqdkwm usr
ajymcJhygw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv/ (19) &ufae‹
Zlvdkifvqdk+yD;awmh }udrf;armif;aew,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr }udrf;armif;aewm r[kwfygbl;?
owday;aewmyg/ jynfolvlxkudk? 'Dtcrf;tem;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm
EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;cJhvdk‹jzpfw,f? aemifxyf+yD;awmh vufeufenf;eJ‹
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm; rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹
óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? 'gyJ usr xyfwvJvJ ajymoGm;wmyg? usr pyDumraumif;vdk‹ atmfrdvdk‹
}udrf;armif;aew,fxifovm;awmh rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxku 'gudk pdwfxJrSmxm;yg? aemif
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ rajz&Sif;a&;/ rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹
óud;pm;&r,f? quf+yD; óud;pm;oGm;&rSmyJ? 'D ESpfv/ oHk;v&JŒ jy\emrsm;udk usrwdk‹ atmifatmifjrifjrif
ausmfv$m;Ekdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk jrefjrefqefqef &Ekdifw,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? t&ifht&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wkdif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifcJhovdk tckacwf
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh wdkif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk‹ usr
,Hk=unfygw,f? 'D,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;yJ tm;vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwf/ owWd&Sd&Sd/ owd&Sd&SdeJ‹
qufvufcsDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ usr ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
20
wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ
21
e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&;
22
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 6
23
jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf
1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae‹ tóudrdef‹cGef;
* * *
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk 'Dvdktm;ay;wJhtwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹&JŒ vkyfief;awGudk trsKd;rsKd;yJ wdkufcdkufaew,fqdkwm trsm;od+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tck
'Dvdkjynfolvlxk}uD;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ a&mufvmwmjrifwJhtwGufvnf; usr trsm;}uD;0rf;omw,f?
'DbufrSm vufeufudkifwyfawG r&SdwJhtwGufvnf; usrwdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ 0rf;omygw,f? usrwdk‹
t+rJyJajymygw,f? vufeufukdifwyfrsm; r&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdygw,f?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm; a&mufrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdwmyg? 'ga=umifh e0w taeeJ‹
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udkvnf; oufomapcsifw,f/ jynfolvlxkudkvnf; pdwfoufomapcsifw,f
qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk‹ pnf;±Hk;pka0;wJhae&mrSm vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;udk rv$wfzdk‹qdkwm tifrwefrS
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹u rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;/ trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh
trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ trsKd;rsKd; wdkufcdkufajymqdkaeygw,f? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJh
trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm Auy qefw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfygbl;?
rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;pOfjzpfygw,f? usr 'DudpPudk
&Sif;jyyghr,f?
ppf+yD;wJhtcg +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&uae+yD;awmh vGwfvyfa&;&atmifvdk‹ wdkufae&wJhtcsdefrSm
rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqef&r,fqdk+yD;awmh azazwdk‹ zqyv uae+yD;awmh ajymcJhygw,f?
'Dtwdkif;yJ aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? 1946 ckESpfrmS qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;
zDqef&r,fqdkwm[m zqyv nDvmcHrSmudk ajymoGm;ygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ vGwfvyfpGm a[majymydkifcGifh/
pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ pDwef;vrf;av#mufydkifcGifhudk csKyfcs,fwJh +Adwdo#tpdk;&&JŒ tm%mudk zDqefw,fqdk+yD;awmh
azazukd,fwkdifyJ ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefwm/
jynfolvlxk&JŒ vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefwm[m
atmifqef;vrf;pOft& vkyfw,fqdkwm usr e0wukd ajymjycsifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm e0wtaeeJ‹
qHk;jzwfzdk‹[m wckyJ&Sdygw,f? atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk vdkufrSmvm;/ ae0if;&JŒ rqv vrf;pOfudk vdkufrSmvm;?
'gyJ usr ar;&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ ESdrfeif;w,fqdkwm[m atmifqef;vrf;pOf
r[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zdESdyfw,f/ [ef‹wm;w,fqdkwmvnf;
atmifqef;vrf;pOf r[kwfygbl;? zqyvtaeeJ‹ +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&&JŒ rw&m;whJ trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk
zDqefaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfolvlxk[m tckxuf ydk+yD;awmh trsm;}uD; tcGifhta&;awG&Sdygw,f?
'gudk usr axmufjyr,f? tJ'Dwkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if owif;pmawG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ykdifcGifh&Sdw,f? tJh'DvdktcsdefrSmawmifrS vGwfvGwfvyfvyf jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ a[majym/
pDwef;vrf;av#mufykdifcGifh r&Sdvdk‹qdk+yD; azaz[m zqyvudk OD;aqmif+yD;awmh rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk
zDqef&r,fqdk+yD;awmh aqmf=ocJhygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jrefrmawGtkyfpdk;wJhtcsdefrS
vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifhawmifrS r&Sdbl;? 'DtcGifhta&;qdkwmvnf; w&m;Oya't& &Sdygw,f? 1962
ckESpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh Oya't&qdkvdk‹&Sd&if EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdk&SdwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk [ef‹wm;wJhtrdef‹tm%mudk usrwdk‹ zDqefaewmyJ?
'DtcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tmZmenfae‹tóudtcsdef jzpfygw,f? aemuftywfqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
tmZmenfae‹jzpfw,f? tmZmenfae‹[m bmvJ? vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk
ajz&Sif;wJhae‹wae‹yJ? OD;apmtaeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk vdkcsifvGef;tm;}uD;vdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹
r,lEkdifwJhtcgusawmh vufeufenf;eJ‹ ,lr,fqdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;vdkufwmyJ? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhygbl;?
aemufqHk;usawmh b,fvdkyJ vufeuftm;udk;/ vufeuftm;udk; jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_r&SdwJh
pepfrSefor#[m usqHk;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr eJeJajymcsifygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if e0w taeeJ‹
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m (10) a,mufpD/ (10) a,mufpD oGm;Edkifw,f/ 'Dvkd pm&if;ay;+yD;awmh oGm;ygvdk‹
ajymygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ 'Dvdkuef‹owfjcif;udk usrwdk‹ vHk;vHk;vufrcHygbl;?
'Dvdkuef‹owfwm[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk jynfolvlxku v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ *g&0ðywmudk
rvdkvm;vdk‹vm;vdk‹ usr jyef+yD;awmh ar;&rSmyJ? usrwdk‹ vlxktaeeJ‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf 'DtcsdefrSm
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk *g&0ðyEkdif&r,f/ tav;ðyEkdif&r,f? usrvnf; jynfolvlxk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oGm;+yD;awmh *g&0ðyEdkifwJh tajctaersKd;udk vdkvm;ygw,f?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'DtmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹vlxk[m tzJG‹csKyfu b,fvdktpDtpOf&SdvJvdk‹
odaecsifr,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? usrwdk‹uawmh jynfolvlxk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pDwef;+yD;awmh
tmZmenfukef;udk oGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðy&r,fh tajctaeudk usrwdk‹ OD;wnfygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwm[m
qlylcsifvdk‹vnf; r[kwfygbl;? azazajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? 1946 ckESpfwkef;u +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk ajymcJhygw,f?
usKyfwdk‹[m qlyljcif; rvdkcsifygbl;? rqlylcsifygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tcGifhta&;awGudk rcsKyfcs,fygeJ‹?
tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJhvlrsm;uom qlylatmif v_H‹aqmfjcif;jzpfygw,f? tmZmenfae‹usvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ tmZmenfukef;udk csDwufoGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðyzdk‹ jzpfygw,f?
bmrS qlylzdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ v_H‹aqmfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ aºuG;a=umfzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk
tmZmenfukef;usrS vkyfrSmyg? *g&0ðyr,f/ tav;ðyr,f/ wkdifwnfcsifvnf; wkdifwnfEdkifygw,f?
'Dawmh tmZmenfae‹rSm jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk
axmufcHw,fqdkwm jy=uyg? 'g[m tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? e0weJ‹ wyfrawmftaeeJ‹ azazhudk
wyfrawmf&JŒ zcif}uD;/ zcif}uD; ajym+yD;awmh azazh&JŒ n$ef=um;csufrsm;t& vdkufem=uygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ?
yg;pyfuawmh zcif}uD;/ zcif}uD; ajymae+yD;awmh vufuawmh wjcm;vkyfckdif;wm vkyfaevdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? 'gudk
usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxktm;vHk; oabmaygufapcsifygw,f?
tck e0w vkyfyHkvkyfenf;awGuawmh atmifqef;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rudkufnDygbl;? azaz[m nd‡E_dif;/
aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifzdk‹ tifrwefrS vdkvm;cJhygw,f? +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&udkvnf; nd‡E_dif;yg/ aqG;aEG;ygqdk+yD;
ajymcJhygw,f? bk&ifcH a':refprpf[m ppf+yD;cgp jyefvmwJhtcgwkef;u 'Dvdknd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyifjcif;udk
rvdkvm;ygbl;? aemufawmhrS rjzpfomvdk‹qdk+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;/ nd‡E_dif;/ wdkifyifoGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk
vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&uawmifrS aqG;aEG;Ekdif&if/ nd‡E_dif;Ekdif&if bmjzpfvdk‹ e0w u usrwdk‹eJ‹ raqG;aEG;Ekdif/
rwdkifyifEkdif&wmvJ? vlrsKd;jcm;e,fcsJŒtpkd;&avmufrS oabmxm;r}uD;Edkifbl;vm;? 'g usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ?
tJ'Dwkef;u bk&ifcH[mvnf; e0w usrwdk‹udk wdkufcdkufovdk azazhudkvnf; wdkufcdkufcJhw,f?
raqG;aEG;csifbl;qdkwmvnf; ajymcJhw,f? 'Dvdk rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk ajymvdk‹&Sd&if zrf;r,f/ qD;r,fqdk+yD;awmhvnf;
+cdrf;ajcmufcJhw,f? tck e0w u b,fhES,fh e,fcsJŒtpdk;&&JŒ yHko¾meftwdkif; xyfaewmvJ?
e,fcsJŒtpdk;&xufawmifrS qdk;ygao;w,f? rSefrSefajym&vdk‹&Sd&ifawmh? 'DtcsdefrSm e0weJ‹ wyfrawmf[m
jyef+yD;awmh qifjcifygawmh? atmifqef;vrf;pOfuae+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vufwJG+yD;awmh
csDwufoGm;rvm;? rSm;aewJh ae0if; rqv vrf;pOfeJ‹yJ quf+yD;awmh oGm;rvm;?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;qdk+yD;awmh owif;pmxJrSm
xnfhygw,f? ESpfckawmh xGufvm+yD? tJh'D[mukd usr eJeJaxmufjycsifygw,f?
tpdk;&t&mxrf;/ tr_xrf;awG[m rdrdwdk‹tay:udk w&m;ojzifh usa&mufvmwJh
wm0ef0wW&m;awGudk vlxkeJ‹ wkdif;jynf&JŒ rsufESmudk axmufxm;+yD; jywfjywfom;om;
aqmif&Guf=uapcsifw,f? w&m;ojzifhqdkwm ygygw,f? w&m;ojzifhqdkwm tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
azaz[m w&m;ojzifh vkyfapcsifwJhqENawG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkrS jywfjywfom;om;
raqmif&Guf0Hh=u&ifvnf; aqmif&Guf0HhwJhvlawGudk ae&mz,fay;=uapcsifw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usr ajym&rSmyJ?
w&m;r#r#wweJ‹ jynfol‹&JŒtusKd;udk jywfjywfom;om; raqmif&Guf0Hh&J&if aqmif&Guf0HhwJhvlawGudk
ae&mjrefjrefz,fay;yg? 'grSyJ at;rSmyJ? tpdk;&tr_xrf;/ t&mxrf;qdkwm trSefpifppfawmh udk,fh0wW&m;udk
ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifzdk‹yJ?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;ygw,f? wyfrawmf[mvnf; 0efxrf;awGyJwJh? tJhawmh
0efxrf;rsm;[m udk,fh&JŒ 0wW&m;udk ausyGefatmif xrf;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒwm0ef[m jynfolvlxkudk
umuG,fzdk‹/ apmifha&Smufzdk‹ jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkudk ypfowfzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;qdkwm 'Duae‹ usrwdk‹
ajym&rSmyJ? 'Dvdk usr ajym&jcif;ta=umif;[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;[m
oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fvdk‹ usr em;vnfvdk‹ ajym&wmyg?
igwdk‹aeapcsifovdk raevdk‹&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if ypfowfr,fqdkwJh oabmxm;a&mufygw,f? 'gudk usr eJeJrS
vufrcHEkdifygbl;?
jynfolvlxk[m tpdk;& aeapcsifovdkaezdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? tpdk;&rsm;[m jynfolvlxk aeapcsifovdk
aezdk‹ jzpfygw,f? rae‹uqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; ygygw,f? vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfxJrSm azazh&JŒ
rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufwck/ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk w&m;aomenf;rsm;xJu rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk w&m;twdkif;
vkyf=uygwJh? w&m;aomenf;rsm;wJh? usrwdk‹ w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ vkyfaewmyJ? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;+yD? tJh'D[mudk
e0w &JŒ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrSmawmif ygygw,f? usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk
zDqefaewmyg? w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkawmifrS usrwdk‹[m &atmifvkyfaewm r[kwfygbl;?
w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;zdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkvkyfwJhvlawGudk
“w&m;Oya'eJ‹ avsmfnDpGm usaemfwdk‹u tpGrf;ukefumuG,fay;rnfwJh”? b,frSmvJ w&m;Oya'eJ‹
avsmfnDpGm usrwdk‹udk umuG,fay;aewm? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf0ifawGeJ‹ jynfolvlxkudk rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹
zrf;qD;aew,f? rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ zrf;qD;ae±Hkwifru usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf&JŒ twGif;a&;rª;jzpfwJh
OD;0if;wifqdkvdk‹&Sd&if w&m;Oya't& tmrcH ay;&r,fqdkwJh tr_rSmawmifrS w&m;Oya'udk azmufcsKd;+yD;awmh
tmrcH ray;bl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ tkyfpdk;aevdk‹/ w&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ umuG,fr_
ray;aevdk‹ usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mudk zDqefae&wmyJ? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mawGudk
zDqefwJhae&mrSm usrwdk‹[m at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; xyfwvJvJ
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdk xyfwvJvJajymaewJhtxJu oabmraygufwmawmh raygufcsifvdk‹bJvdk‹ usr
xifygw,f?
wyfrawmfeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m yifyifyef;yef; a&SŒwef;rSm
wkduf&w,fqdkwmudk c%c% ajymygw,f? a&SŒwef;rSm yifyifyef;yef;wdkuf&w,f? aemufwef;rSm
vHkòcHa&;vkyf&w,f? vHkòcHa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu wm0ef,lay;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfom;rsm; at;at;aq;aq; aeyg? 'Dvdk jynfolvlxktpnf;ta0;awG vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if
pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;/ vHkòcHa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ wm0efcH&Jw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGudk bmrS
'kuQray;csifygbl;? at;at;aq;aq; wyfwef;vsm;xJrSm 0if=uyg?
tJh'Dvkdaer,fqdk&if wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; oufomw,f/ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkvnf;
oufomw,f/ wyfrawmftwGufvnf; trsm;}uD;*k%foduQm&Sdygw,f? wyfrawmfqdkwm rvkyfoifh/
rvkyfxdkufwJhudpPawG vkyfaevdk‹&Sd&if *k%foduQm trsm;}uD;yJ usygw,f? 'Dvkd *k%foduQmusapwJhudpPawGudk
quf+yD;awmh rvkyfygeJ‹? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ wyfrawmfom;awGtay:rSm
apwem&Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfom;awG zwfzwfarmaeatmifvkd‹ wòrd‹vHk;udk vSnfhvnf+yD;awmh
jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufckdif;ygeJ‹?
tmZmenfae‹udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ jynfolvlxk[m vufeufudkifwyfrsm;
r&Sdbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ jzpfap&r,fvdk‹ usr tmrcH&Jygw,f?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;&SdrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfwmyg? 'Dawmh usr 'Duae+yD;awmh usreJ‹ raqG;aEG;/
rnd‡E_dif;/ rwdkifyifcsifwJh e0wudk 'Duae‹yJ ajym&rSmyJ? tmZmenfae‹rSm pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/
at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfzdk‹twGuf vufeufudkifwyfrsm; rcsxm;ygeJ‹? a0;a0;uae+yD;awmh ae=uyg?
aemufwckvnf; usr ajymcsifygw,f? 'D e0w tpdk;&vufxufrSm ydk+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹udk *k%f&Sd&SdeJ‹
vkyfoGm;r,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f?
tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfouf+yD; usr pOf;pm;ygw,f? orw}uD; ref;0if;armif vufxufwkef;u
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&vufxufwkef;uayghav/ jynfaxmifpkygwDtpdk;&vufxufwkef;u qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
tmZmenfae‹udk orw}uD; OD;0if;armifudk,fwkdif wufa&mufygw,f? aemufydkif; rqvtpdk;& wuf+yD;awmh
wajz;/ wajz; orwuae 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfuae aemufqHk;usawmh 0ef}uD;wa,mufyJ
tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem;udk wufygw,f? 'g[m bmoabmvJvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ? wae‹eJ‹wae‹
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awG&JŒ u¾udk arS;rSdefzdk‹ wrifoufoufvkyfwmvm;? 'DvdkvkyfcsifwJh
pdwfawGuawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒ pdwfawGyJvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'Dawmh wu,fyJ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk
vkyfcsifw,f? wu,fyJ wyfrawmf&JŒ zcif[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yg qdkwmudk em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
bmjzpfvdk‹ tmZmenfae‹rSm wyfrawmfu =unf;/ a&/ av (OD;pD;csKyf) awGu tav;rðyovJ? usr
ar;&rSmyJ? wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifyJ? wyfrawmfuvm+yD;awmh tav;ðy&rSmaygh?
tJhawmh wu,fyJ zcifqdkwm em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if =unf;/ a&/ av OD;pD;csKyfrsm;
tm;vHk;wuf+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹rSm tav;ðyyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk,fwkdifvnf; wuf+yD;awmh
tav;ðyyg? tJh'D[mudk =unfh/ jynfolvlxk 'gudk avhvm=uyg? tmZmenfae‹us&if b,folawG
oGm;+yD;awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk tav;ðyovJ? b,favmuf
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk av;pm;ovJqdkwm jynfolvlxk oHk;oyf=unfh=uyg? tJh'DawmhrS
odygvdrfhr,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh csDwuf+yD;awmh
tav;ðyrSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usr[m e0weJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktxd
rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ raqG;aEG;bl;/ rwkdifyifbl;qdk+yD;awmh bl;}uD;yJ jiif;aewmyJ?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ EkdifiHrSm jy\emawG trsm;}uD;&SdwJhtxJrSm qefjy\em[m
tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? 'Djy\emeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGuyJ vkyfvkd‹
qefaps;}uD;ovdkvdk/ qefr&Sdovdkvdk ajymaeygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudkawmh usrwdk‹ ajymcsifygw,f?
tpdk;&&JŒ vufxJrSm qefawG&Sdygw,f? wu,fyJ qefjy\emudk ajyvnfapcsifvdk‹&Sd&if tpdk;&[m
vkyfEkdifygw,f? e0w u vkyfvdkufyg? e0w vufxJrSm&SdwJh qefawGudk jzef‹jzL;vdkufr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm qefjy\emrwufygbl;? qefjy\emudk wu,fyJ ajz&Sif;csif&if e0wrSm ajz&Sif;EdkifwJh
pGrf;tif&Sdw,f? rajz&Sif;csifvdk‹om rajz&Sif;wmyJ? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ bmrS rqkdifbl;?
'DEdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGtxJrSm qef0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmifEkdifwJh taetxm;&Sdwm/ ydkufqH&Sdwm wpn
wckyJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh qefawG 0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmif+yD;awmh qefaps;wufatmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;[m b,f[mvJvdk‹ &Smvdkufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpn wckyJ awG‹rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh e0wtaeeJ‹
'Dvkdqefaps;}uD;atmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rauseyfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpnudk ta&;,loifhw,fvdk‹ usr
xifygw,f?
tck ar;cGef;av;awG wufvmygw,f? wufvmwJh ar;cGef;xJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh
ol‹&JŒrdef‹cGef;rSm usr[m wcgwkef;u (2) ESpfavmuf=umrS a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;w,fvdk‹
qdkygw,f? usr tJh'Dwkef;u ajymcJhwm rSefygw,f? usr 0efcHygw,f? usr b,fawmhrS vdrfrajymygbl;?
[kwfw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u u|HajymcJhw,f? wu,f ygwDrsm; awmifhawmifhwif;wif; jzpfatmifvdk‹
axmifzdk‹qdkwm tenf;qHk; (2) ESpfavmuf vdkr,f/ 'gvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfaum/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGaum zJG‹pnf;wJhae&mrSm yDjyifoifhoavmuf
ryDjyifao;bl;? tcsdefurS r&Sdao;bJ? 'gayrJhvnf; 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewJh
tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ usrwkd‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk
a&G;aumufyJGawG jrefjrefqefqefvkyfrS jynfolvlxk oufomrSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh usr tJ'Dwkef;u (2)
ESpf=umatmif apmifh&w,fvdk‹ ajymcJh&if usr rSm;ygw,f? usr 0efcHw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr
jrifwmuawmh tjrefqHk; a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh usrbufu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if usr 0efcHzdk‹
0efrav;ygbl;? 0efcHyghr,f? e0wbufuvnf; trSm;t,Gif;awG&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 0efcHygvdk‹ usru
awmif;yefcsifygw,f?
'gayrJh bmyJajymajym a&G;aumufyJGawGjzpfwJh tcsdefusvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usr ajymwJhtcsdefuae (2)
ESpfavmufeD;yg;awmh jzpfoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh odyfvnf; usr rSm;w,fvdk‹awmh rqdkEdkifbl;aygh? usrwdk‹
EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJhae&mrSm rrSm;wJhvlqdkwm r&Sdygbl;? ta&;}uD;wmu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if 0efcH&r,f? jyef+yD;awmh
jyif&r,f? tckjy\emu e0w u ae+yD;awmh trSm;qdkwm[m b,fawmhrS r&Sdbl;vdk‹qdk+yD;awmh
xm;aewmyJ? b,fawmhrS rSm;w,f&,fvdk‹ r0efcb H l;? vl}uD;wa,muftaeeJ‹/ txl;ojzifh vufeuf/
tm%mudk udkifxm;wJh vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹awmh rSm;w,fAsmvdk‹ 0efcHvdkuf&if b,favmuf
*k%foduQm&SdovJ? jynfolvlxk[m b,favmuf av;pm;oGm;rvJ? 'gawGudk rpOf;pm;=ubl;?
tcktcsdefusawmh 'Dvdk usKyfwdk‹rSm;w,fvdk‹ r0efcHbJeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹vufxJrSm aoewf&Sdw,fcsnf;yJ
ajymaewmyJ? 'g tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJh udpPawGyg?
'gvnf; ckeudpPa=umifh ar;wmyJeJ‹ wlw,f? c%av;aemf? “tmZmenfae‹ csDwuftav;ðy&m
tift,f'D trnfryg0ifI jynfolrsm; odk‹avm/ odk‹avm jzpfaeonfudk &Sif;vif;ay;&ef” wJh? usrwdk‹u
q,fa,mufxJeJ‹awmh rcsDwufygbl;? q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;ðywm[m
apmfum;&ma&mufw,fvdk‹ xifvdk‹ q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹ rcsDwufygbl;?
“uif;vGwfcGifhrSwfyHkwifwJh tift,f'Doabmxm;udk &Sif;vif;ay;yg” wJh? usrwdk‹oabm
apmapmu ajymcJh+yD;yg+yD? 1962 ckESpf w&m;Oya't& yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhOya't&qdk&if usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhr&Sdbl;qdkwJh
trdef‹tm%m rw&m;wm? usrwdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0wmu rw&m;wm r[kwfygbl;?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ uif;vGwfcGifhqdkwm usrwdk‹ &Sdxdkufygw,f? avhvmzdk‹twGuf av#mufv$mawGawmifrS
oGm;+yD;awmh ,l=unfhvdkufygw,f? b,fvdkuif;vGwfcGifh[m awmif;oifh/ rawmif;oifh/
uif;vGwfcGifhawmif;wJhae&mrSm rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGygw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ jrifygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ
EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh 0efcHcsufawGudk vufrSwfxdk;ckdif;xm;w,fqdkwm jrifygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ 'D0efcHcsufawGudkvnf; rxdk;Ekdifbl;? uif;vGwfciG fhvnf; usrwdk‹ rawmif;Ekdifbl;?
“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS tm%m&&Sdygu jynfwGif;ppfudk rnfodk‹ oabmxm;ygovJ” wJh?
jynfwGif;ppfudk uif;+idrf;atmif/ +yD;+idrf;atmif rvkyfcJhwmuawmh rqvyJ? usrwdk‹uawmh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&
wufvdk‹&Sd&if jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;oGm;atmifvdk‹ EdkifiHa&;enf;awG &Sm&r,f? vufeufenf;eJ‹
tESpfav;q,fausmf óud;pm;cJhwm jynfwGif;ppf[m r+yD;cJhbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ &Smr,f?
apwemrSefvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹vnf; &Smvdk‹&r,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? tck wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m
yifyef;aewm/ a&SŒwef;rSm aoae&wm/ ysufpD;ae&wm[m 'D jynfwGif;ppfa=umifhyJ? 'DjynfwGif;ppf
jzpfay:vmwm[mvnf; jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? jynfwGif;ppf ruif;+idrf;wmvnf;
jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? rqvtpdk;&[m apwemrSefrSefeJ‹ jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;a&;twGuf
rvkyfcJhvdk‹ jzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufrSmawmh 'Djy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ ajz&Sif;&rSmyJ?
“ppftpdk;&u tvkyform;rsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;rvkyfatmif wm;qD;zdESdyfr_rsm;udk bma=umifh
&Sif;vif;zGifhcsjcif; rðyao;ygovJ? ‚if;Oya'rsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; Oya'vm;/ u|efoabmufacwfu
Oya'vm; ajz=um;ay;yg&ef”? u|efoabmufacwfu 0efxrf;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdw,f?
e0wacwfusrS 0efxrf;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdwm? tJh'Dawmh [dkt&ifwkef;u
u|efoabmufacwfqdk&if 'gudk bmacwfvdk‹ ac:&rSef;awmif rodawmhbl;?
“ppftpdk;&u vuf&SdaumufcHaewm tcGeftwkyfrsm; 200 &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaejcif;udk
bma=umifh zGifhcswdkufyJGr0ifao;ovJ” wJh? ckajymvdkufwm wdkufyJG0if&rSmaygh? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹
'D tcGeftaumufrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf e0w[m 'DavmufawmifrSyJ rJGaevdk‹
tcGefawG jr‡ifhwifae&wmvm;? tJh'Dawmh e0w u rJGawaevdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxkvnf; rJGawaewmyJ?
b0wlcsif;yJ? trJGtawcHygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹ 'DtcGefawG
jr‡ifhw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'D e0w&JŒ apwemrrSefbl;qdkwm &Sif;aewmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;?
jynfolvlxkudk ulnDzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;? e0w[m qHk;jzwfyg? jynfolvlxkudk wu,fyJ ulnDcsifwJh apwem&Sd&if/
jynfolvlxktay:rSm =uifemwJhpdwfawG &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if tcktcsdefrSm trsKd;rsKd;EdkifiHa&;enf;awGeJ‹
zdpD;ESdyfpufwJhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;awmh wif;usyfatmifvdk‹/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;pdwfnpfatmifvdk‹ tcGeftaumufudk rjr‡ifhwifygeJ‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹
ajym&rSmyJ?
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrSm t"du &efolESpfOD;&Sdygw,fwJh? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ
&efol[m ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDudkvdv k m;wJh jynfolawG&JŒ &efolvdk‹ em;vnfygw,f? eHygwfwpf&efol[m
trsm;jynfolvlxk od+yD;om;jzpfwJh OD;ae0if; trdef‹tm%mudk vufcHusifhoHk;aewJh ppft&m&SdtcsKdŒ
jzpfygw,f? eHygwfESpf&efoluawmh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ tvHawmfatmufrSm
'Drdkua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; atmfaewJh tacsmiform;awG jzpfygw,f?
'gvnf; rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;?
bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'DavmufawmifrS}uD;wJh EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tacsmiform;awGu
&SdaerSmyJ? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; rqvpepfatmufrSm (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; tacsmiform;awG
woGifoGifarG;xkwfvdkufawmh usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG rsm;aewmaygh? wajz;ajz;eJ‹
'Dtacsmiform;pepf ajymif;vJatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;pm;yghr,f? óud;pm;oGm;ygr,f? 'gayrJh (26) ESpfvHk;vHk;
vkyfcJhwJhudpPawGudk usrwdk‹u q,fvtwGif; jyef+yD;awmh rðyjyifEkdifwJhtwGufawmh awmif;yefygw,f?
trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u[k tjynfhtpHkazmfjy&r,fhtpm;
vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmY “trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh” [laom emr0daooe csefxm;cJh+yD;
csefvSyfcJhjcif;jzifh trsm;jynfol t"dy`m,faumufvJGEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdk rvkyfoifhyg?
“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf[m taxGaxG tm%mzDqefjcif; r[kwfbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f? zDqefaewJh
Oya'rsm;udk vufvSrf;rDor# &Sif;jyay;ygcifAsm” wJh? vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmu b,fwkef;ursm;
rSefrSefuefuef a&;om;cJhzl;vdk‹vJ? 'g[m tHh=op&mrvdkygbl;? 'gayrJh tm%mzDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr
apmapmu &Sif;oGm;+yDqdkawmh usr quf+yD;awmh r&Sif;awmhygbl;?
“EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ‹ pm;yJG0dkif;xkdifI raqG;aEG;Ekdifa=umif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ jiif;qdkjcif;[m
t+yD;tjywfjiif;y,fjcif;vdk‹ xifygovm;” wJh? t+yD;tjywfqdkwm b,fawmhrS r&SdEdkifygbl;? tajctae[m
ajymif;vJaeovdk usrwdk‹ vkyfyHkudkifenf;awGvnf; ajymif;vJ&rSmyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹
t+yD;tjywf jiif;y,fw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wdkif;jynftay:rSm apwemrJh±Hkwifrubl;/ tifrwefvnf;
rdkuf&musr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? ol‹taeeJ‹ t+yD;tjywfjiif;cJhvdk‹&Sd&if apmapmu usrajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&awmifrS aqG;aEG;cJhw,f/ nd‡dE_dif;cJhw,f/ wdkifyifcJhw,f? tJhawmh e0wtaeeJ‹
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&avmufawmh oabmxm;}uD;yg/ tjrifus,fygvdk‹awmh usrwdk‹u ajym&rSmyJ?
&&if& r&&ifcsqdk+yD; a&;xm;wJhvlawG[m 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJhvlawGvm; qdk+yD; ar;oGm;ygw,f?
usr wckyJ owday;csifwmuawmh &&if& r&&ifcsqdkwm azazajymoGm;wJhpum;awGyg? tJh'Dawmh azazhudk
rapmfum;ygeJ‹? usr 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; c%c% ajymygw,f? &&if& r&&ifcsvdk‹ajymwJh acwfwkef;u
vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaewJhacwfyg? 'ga=umifh tcktcsdefrSm udk,fhtcsif;csif;=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGaewJhtcsdefrSm 'Dvdk &&if& r&&ifcsqdkwJh oabmxm;awG tifrwefrS qifjcif&ygvdrfhr,f?
usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; usrwdk‹ rcscsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhav 'Dbufu tkwfwjcrf;awmif r&Sdbl;? [dkbufueJ‹
csvdk‹ usrwdk‹ b,fa&mufoGm;rSmvJ? 'Dawmh 'DvdkcscsifwJhpdwfawG usrwdk‹ r&Sdygbl;? usrwdk‹[m
at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ nd‡dE_dif;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;rsm; enf;vrf;t& jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudk
csDwufoGm;zdk‹ =um;csifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh e0w[m wu,fyJ jynfolvlxkudk at;csrf;csifovm;/ wu,fyJ
qlylv_H‹aqmfr_ rvdkvm;bl;vm;? rvdkvm;vdk‹&Sd&if nd‡E_dif;yg? wu,fyJ Confrontaion head on vdk‹
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? head on qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmayghav? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ head
on vdk‹ oabmrxm;ygbl;? Confrontation qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmr[kwfygbl;? &ifqkdifwmyg?
wa,mufeJ‹ wa,muf pm;yJG0kdif;rSmxkdif+yD;awmh &ifqdkifwJh Confrontation rsKd;om usrwdk‹ vdkcsifygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ e0wtaeeJ‹ wu,fyJ xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;/ ESmacgif;udk
a&Smifcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pm;yJG0kdif;rSm xdkif+yD;awmh nd‡E_dif;yg? 'Dvdkvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh e0w[m wu,fyJ
xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;qdkwm jy&ygvdrfhr,f? usrwd‹k uawmh xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifygbl;? usrrSmvnf;
ESmacgif;qdkwm wacsmif;yJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh ESmacgif;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; a&Smifcsif=uwmaygh?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹u a&Smifcsif=u&JŒvm;/ 'gudk ar;&rSmyJ? a&Smifcsifvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;odjynfodjyyg?
Confrontation udk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ xdyfwdkufawG‹wmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ ESmacgif;csif;±dkufwmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹
aqG;aEG;yghr,f/ nd‡E_dif;yghr,f/ wkdifyifyghr,fqdkwm vl}uD;yDyD oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ‹ a=unmyg? vl}uD;qdkwm
oabmxm;}uD;&w,f? wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk‹eJ‹rsm;
aqG;aEG;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹bufuae+yD;awmh axmufcHaewm ygwDaygif; (80)/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu
wa,mufxJqdkawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifbufuyJ tm;enf;oGm;rvkdvdk ajymoGm;ygw,f?
wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pOf;pm;=unfhyg? usru oGm;vdk‹&Sd&if wa,mufxJ oGm;&rSm?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifaemufrSm wyfrawmfwckvHk; aoewfawGeJ‹ &Sdygw,f? +yD;awmh tiftm;&SdwJhvl/
tiftm;vnf;&Sdw,f/ tm%mvnf;&Sdw,f? aoewfvnf;&Sdw,f? 0gtm;jzifh/ touftm;jzifh usrxuf
trsm;}uD; }uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ oabmxm;}uD;a=umif; jy+yD;awmh usrwdk‹eJ‹ awG‹yg? usrwdk‹u
tm;enf;wJhbufuyg? tm;}uD;wJhbufu tm;enf;wJhbufudk oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? tav#mhay;&r,f?
oD;cH&r,f? n‡mwm&r,f? 'DvdkpdwfawGxm;yg? tckawmh aoewfudkifxm;wJh vlcsnf;uyJ
+cdrf;ajcmufaewmyJ? usrwdk‹uudk r+cdrf;ajcmuf&bl;? tJh'g roifhawmfygbl;? "EkjzLoGm;wkef;uvnf; usreJ‹
awG‹cJhygw,f? qkdif;bkwfwck/ tJ – wyfrawmfudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹wJh? 'dk‹ra=umufwwfbl;wJh? usru
jyefajym&r,f? tJh'Dwkef;u jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹/ jynfolvlxkcrsm a=umufwwfygw,fvdk‹/
'Davmuf 'Dvdk vufeufudkif+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJhudpPyJ? tifrwefrS
*k%foduQmudk usqif;apwJhudpPawGyJ? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk
r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm &efrwdkufay;ygeJ‹? at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ jy\emawG
ajyvnfa&;twGuf nd‡E_dif;yg? usrwdk‹EkdifiHu jy\emawGqdkwm 2§88 eJ‹ 8§88 ESpfckxJ r[kwfygbl;?
'Dxufru jy\emawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? w&m;Oya'rpdk;rdk;wJh jy\em/ qefjy\em/
ukefaps;E_ef;jy\em? ckeuajymwJhtwdkif; tcGeftaumufjy\em/ jy\emaygif;
aomif;ajcmufaxmif&Sdygw,f? 'Djy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk‹vdk‹twGuf aqG;aEG;ygvdk‹ usrwdk‹u ajymwmyJ?
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;qdkwm[m pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹r[kwfbl;?
'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;awGtwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹yJ? tJh'Dawmh wu,fyJ
wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemxm;w,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk;tajzudk azmfxkwfyg?
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csKyfcs,fwJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;udk atmifqef;vrf;pOft&om zDqefaewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk
rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; z,f&Sm;vdkufr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh zDqefzdk‹[m
vdkawmhrSmr[kwfygbl;? trdef‹tm%mzDqefaew,fqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf0ifawGudk tcktcsdefrSm
zrf;vdkufwm wae‹+yD;wae‹yJ/ wokwf+yD;wokwfyJ zrf;aewmyJ? 'gayrJhvnf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh
qufvkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwm vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'g[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfrdk‹vdk‹yJ?
rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefzdk‹qdkwm[m azazudk,fwkdifu csrSwfoGm;wJh vrf;pOfjzpfw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvrf;pOfudk waoGrwdrf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd
at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk &efr&SmygeJ‹? &efrpygeJ‹? usrwdk‹[m
&efvdkwmr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; &efvdkwm r[kwfygbl;? at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom vdkcsifwJh jynfolvlxkjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tmZmenfae‹udk
OD;wnfwJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&JŒ vrf;pOfuae+yD;awmh
quf+yD;av#mufoGm;r,fh taetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;csifygw,fqdkwm usru
jynfolvlxkudk ajymcsifygw,f? jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹vnf; ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf usrwdk‹eJ‹ vufwGJ+yD;awmh
'Drkdua&pD&wJhtxd csDwuf=uyg? usrtaeeJ‹ jynfolvlxkukd b,fawmhrS r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGvnf;
rajymygbl;? jynfolvlxkudk wywf±dkufzdk‹qdkwmvnf; usr b,fawmhrS rpOf;pm;ygbl;? usrtaeeJ‹
vkyfcsifwm &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if &Sif;jyyghr,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usr 'gvkyfovJ/ bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJ/
'Dtrdef‹tm%mzDqefa&;vnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;yg+yD? bmjzpfvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJqdkwm
tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usruawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ q,fa,mufwwJG/ tzJG‹wzJG‹rSm
q,fa,muf/ wuf&r,fqdkwJh[mudk vufrcHovJqdkwmvnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;oGm;yg+yD? wwfEkdifor# usrwdk‹
vkyfor#udpPawGudk jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;jyoGm;yghr,f? jynfolvlxkudk wifjyw,fqdkwm 'Drdkua&pDenf;yg?
'Dvdk wifjywJhtcg jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ axmufcHcsifaxmufcHr,f/ raxmufcHcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tiftm;[m
avsmhoGm;rSmaygh? usrwdk‹[m vlxkudk tm;udk;+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJrSm yg0ifaewJh
yk*~Kdvfrsm;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vufwJGrsm; jywfoGm;r,f/ jynfolvlxkeJ‹ pdwf0rf;uJGoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹vnf; usqHk;±HkyJ? usqHk;&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? jynfolvlxk rvdkvm;wJhwae‹rSm
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;[m usqHk;=u&rSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? 'ga=umifh
jynfolvlxktwGuf/ wkdif;jynftwGufqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk apwemrSefrSefeJ‹
vkyfw,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfapcsifygw,f? oHo,&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf;
'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;t& usrwdk‹udk wifjyyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ &Sif;jyyghr,f? aemifvmaemufom;rsm;
aumif;usKd;twGuf tck&SdaewJh tckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m owWd&Sd&Sd rSefrSefuefuefeJ‹
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifa&mufwJhtxd quf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uEkdifygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;arwWmydk‹&if;eJ‹
ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
24
rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)
tay: - rdwˆDvmòrd‹e,fwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
atmuf – uav;rsm;cspfwJh tefwDpk
("gwfyHkvmygonf)
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD OD;ay:odrf;