ANOVA STEP-BY-STEP

The Sums of Squares: 1) Computing SStotal: The SStotal is the SS based on the entire set of scores in the study. So computing this SS is the same as if you just stacked your different treatment samples together to form a single sample and then computed the Sum of

G SS total = X N
2

Squares on that one larger sample. In terms of our ne notation: So for the !lcohol data" you first need to make #$ columns for each of the treatment le%els" then add up the columns and then add the three &#$ 's together. Then you subtract ($)*: 1o+ . 1 . $ 1 / #$ . 1 . / 1 0 ,o+ $ , . , 1 1 #$ / 1 . 1 1 $, -o+ / 0 , $ , 12 #$ 10 ,0 1 / 1 3/

k 4 ," n 4 -" * 4 1-" T1 4 /" T$ 4 1" and T, 4 12" and ( 4 ,1 &#$ 4 sum of the &#$ for each le%el of the factor 4 0 5 $, 5 3/ 4 1., So SStotal 4 1., 6 ,1$ 1$) Computing SS
ithin

4 1., 6 101)1- 4 ,2.1,,

To compute SS ithin you first need to compute the SS ithin each le%el of the I7 using the regular SS formula:
SS = X 2 ( X) n
2

Then to get SS

ithin

you simply add up the SS from ithin each le%el of the I7: SS ithin 4 &SS

8S9$1-6..1 Spring $..,

1 of /

ANOVA STEP-BY-STEP

So for the !lcohol data there are three SS you need to compute first" one for each le%el: SS1 4 0 6 /$)- 4 $.2.. SS$ 4 $, 6 1$)- 4 0.2.. SS, 4 3/ 6 12$)- 4 1.$.. Then you add these three SS up to get SS SS ,) Computing SSbet
een ithin ithin

4 $.2.. 5 0.2.. 5 1.$.. 4 12.2..

:ecall that the %ariance bet een treatments measures the differences or %ariance bet een the treatment means. This implies one ay e could find the SSbet een ould be to compute a SS using the 's as the scores. That is" e could consider our de%iations ;that e ill square and sum) as the de%iation of each indi%idual mean from the grand mean ;the grand mean is the o%er all mean of the entire set of data or ()*). <f course" there is a computational formula that looks different from that" but is much easier to use:
G T SS betw = [ ] n N
2 2

So for the !lcohol data" SSbet

een

4 ;/$)- 5 1$)- 5 12$)-) 6 ,1$)1- 4 2/.$ 6 0/..03 4 $..1,, SStotal = SS

etween

Note: You should Always check to see if:

! SSwithin

If this check does not come out right 6 you ha%e made a mistake in your calculations. So for the !lcohol data: =oes $..1,, 5 12.2 4 SStotal> 9es ,2.1,, 4 ,2.1,,.
8S9$1-6..1 Spring $.., $ of /

ANOVA STEP-BY-STEP

In computing the degrees of freedom" you should keep in mind that: 1) ?ach df is associated ith a specific SS $) The df are appro@imately equal to the number of items that ent into computing the corresponding SS minus 1. So if n things ent in" then df 4 n 6 1. Computing the df: Aecause SStotal as computed using the entire set of * scores. So for the !lcohol study" dftotal 4 1- 6 1 4 1/ $) df ithin 4 * 6 k To get the SS ithin e first computed the SS for each le%el and then added them up. This is the same for df ithin in a sense. Bor each le%el e ha%e Cn 6 1C degrees of freedom. Then e sum those n 6 1 degrees of freedom across the le%els: ;n 6 1) 5 ;n 6 1) 5 ;n 6 1) 5 ... If you simplify this" you get * 6 k hich is the right number for the df ithin. So for the !lcohol study" df
ithin

4 1- 6 , 4 1$.

,) dfbet een 4 k 6 1 Aecause SSbet een is really based on the de%iations of each treatment mean from the grand mean" the number of items in this SS is the number of treatment means 4 k. So the dfbet een 4 k 6 1. So for the !lcohol study" dfbet
een

4 , 6 1 4 $. dftotal = df
etween

Note: You should Always check to see if:

! dfwithin

If this check does not come out right 6 you ha%e made a mistake in your calculations. Bor the !lcohol study: does $ 5 1$ 4 dftotal> 9es 1/ 4 1/D So no e ha%e the , SS and the corresponding , df. Ehat e need no is to compute the %ariances.

8S9$1-6..1 Spring $..,

, of /

Computing the bet een and ithin %ariances: :ecall that a %ariance is SS)df. In !no%a the %ariances e compute are called Fean Squares" symboli+ed C"SC ;Aecause they are essentially mean squared de%iations) So e can compute: FSbet and FS
ithin een

4 SSbet een dfbet een

4 the %ariance bet een treatments

4 SS ithin df ithin

4 the %ariance ithin treatments

So for the !lcohol study" FSbet FS

een

4 $..1,,)$ 4 1...03

ithin

4 12.2..)1$ 4 1.-03

*ote: In general e do not compute FStotal. !lso" it is NOT T#$E that FStotal 4 FSbet een 5 FS ithin. Binally" because the B test is the %ariance bet een di%ided by the %ariance ithin" e get our B6ratio: B 4 FSbet een FS ithin So for the !lcohol study" B 4 1...03)1.-03 4 0./$0. Binally" you should al ays present hat is called an !no%a Summary Table that contains the results of all of these calculations. It should look like: Source SS df FS B GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Aet een $..1,, $ 1...03 0./$0 Eithin 12.2.. 1$ 1.-03 Total ,2.1,, 1/ GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG