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` (IWGPII HI &VSY[IV, 1953,1959,1973. )RRIEHIW, XVEH. JV. ). &VILMIV (#ETXI ZSM.), 0IW &IPPIW 0IXXVIW, TVMQE )H.: 1927 (TVMQYP ZSPYQ GSR'MRI 0E :MI HI 4PSXMR E PYM 4SV3V). 8VMXI WYV PE PMFIVXI IX PE ZSPERXI HI P9R (:-, 8, ?39A), XVEH. JV. +. 0IVSY\, :VMR, 190. 8VMXI WYV PIW RSQFVIW (:-, 6, ?34A), XVEH. 'SP., :VMR, 1980. &-&0-3+6%*-)

8VEMXIW ?9A, ?38A, ?50A (SVHMRI GVSRSPSKMG) (XVIM ZSM.), XVEH. JV. #M GSQIRXEVMM GSSVHSREXI HI 4. ,EHSX, 'IVJ, 198,190,194. (Y &IEY (1,6 #M :, 8), XVEH. JV. 4. 1EXLMEW, 4VIWW-4SGOIX, 191. 4SV3V, 0E :MI HI 4PSXMR (HSY ZSM.), :VMR, 192. 4VSHYW )PIQIRXW HI XLISPSKMI, XVEH. JV. .. 8VSYMPPEVH, %YFMIV, 1965. 8LISPSKMI TPEXSRMGMIRRI, XVEH. JV. 7E2VI] #M ;IWXIVMRO, 0IW &IPPIW 0IXXVIW, 1968 'SQQIRXEMVIW WYV PE 6ITYFPMUYI, XVEH. JV. %.-.. *IWXYKMIVI, :VMR, 'SQQIRXEMVIW WYV PI 8MQII, XVEH. JV. %.-.. *IWXYKMIVI, :VMR, (EQEWGMYW, 8VEMXIW HIW TVIQMIVW TVMRGMTIW (XVIM ZSM.), XVEH. JV. .. 'SQFIW, 'SPPIGXMSR HIW 9RMZIVWMXIW HI *VERGI, 1986-P91. .. &EVY^M, 'VIEXMSR VIPMKMIYWI IX TIRWII GSRXIQTPEXMZI. -: 0E 1]WXMUYI TPSXMRMIRRI, 4EVMW, %YFMIV, 1951. ). &VILMIV 0E 4LMPSWSTLMI HI 4PSXMR (1928), :VMR, 192. )XYHIW HI TLMPSWSTLMI ERXMUYI, 49*, 195. .. &VYR, 0I 2IS-TPEXSRMWQI, 49*, n5YI WEMW-NI#~, 198. ..- '. *VEMWWI, 0.RXIVMSVMXI WERW VIXVMX. 0IGXYVIW HI 4PSXMR, :VMR, 1985. 1. HI +ERHMPPEG, 0E 7EKIWWI HI 4PSXMR, :VMR, 196. .. +YMXXSR, 0I 8IQTW IX :IXIVRMXI GLI^ 4PSXMR IX WEMRX %YKYWXMR, 193, VIIH. :VMR, 1959. 4. ,EHSX 4PSXMR SY PE WMQTPMGMXI HY VIKEVH, )XYHIW EYKYWXMRMIRRIW, 1973, VIIH. +EPPMQEVH, n*SPMS-)WWEMW~, 197. 4SVTL]VI IX :MGXSVMRYW (HSY ZSM.), )XYHIW EYKYWXMRMIRRIW, 1968. .1SVIEY, 4PSXMR SY PE KPSMVI HI PE TLMPSWSTLMI ERXMUYI, :VMR, 1970. .-1. 2EVFSRRI, 0E 1IXETL]WMUYI HI 4PSXMR, :VMR, 194. 8VSYMPPEVH 0E 4YVMJ[EXMSR TPSXMRMIRRI, 49*, 195. 0E 4VSGIWWMSR TPSXMRMIRRI, 49*, 195. 2)340%832-7190 "- 4038-2 0I 2IS-TPEXSRMWQI~, ,MWXSMVI HI PE 4LMPSWSTLMI, ZSM. 1, +EPPMQEVH, n&MFM. HI PE 4PIMEHI~, 1969. 1. 4MGPMR, n4PSXMR IX PI TPSXMRMWQI~, (MGXMSRREMVI HIW TLMPSWSTLIW, :VMR, 193. 'SPIGXMZ, 4PSXMR, RYQV WTIGMEP EP TYFPMGE'MIM 6IZYI TLMPSWSTLMUYI, 1956.; 'SPIGXMZ, 0I 2IS-TPEXSRMWQI, GSPSGZMYP MRXIVRE'MSREP HI PE 6S]EYQSRX, N MYRMI 1969. 'SPIGXMZ, 0I 2IS-TPEXSRMWQI, RV. 26 EP VIZMWXIM 4LMPSWSTLMI, 1RYMX, TVMQZEVE 190. 4%68)% % (39% ):90 1)(-9 7%9 *-0373*-% 231%( 46)>)28%6) (I .EGUYIPMRI 6YWW 3EVI )ZYP QIHMY I\MWX# %PEMR HI 0MFIVE RI EQMRXI#XI, TI FYR HVITXEXI, G WI QERMJIWX QEM QYPXI TIVMSEHI QIHMIZEPI (PEXMR, KVIEG,

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~, 1985. 1SRXEMKRI, ()YZVIW GSQTPIXI W, 7IYMP, 1967. 1SVI, :9XSTMI, +EVRMIV*PEQQEVMSR, 1987. 4IXVEVGE 0%WGIRWMSR HY 1SRX :IRXSY\, 7IUYIRGIW, 190. 'ER^SRMIVI, 4SIWMI +EPPMQEVH, 1983. 1SR WIGVIX, 6MZEKIW 4SGLI, 191. 4MGS HIPPE 1MVERHSPE, (MWGSYVW HI PE HMKRMXI HI PLSQQI, R 0I 4IVMTPI MRXIPPIGXYIP HI .IER 4MG HI PE 1MVERHSPI, 4VIWWIW HI PYRMZIVWMXI HI 0EZEP ('EREHE), 194. 6EFIPEMW, 4ERXEKVYIP, GET. 13. :WEVM, 0IW :MIW HIW TPYW I\GIPPIRXW TIMRXVIW, WGYPTXIYVW IX EVGLMXIGXIW, 4EVMW, 0MFVEMVMI %PFIVX *SYPEVH, 1903.

.. &YVGOLEVHX, 'MZMPMWEXMSR HI PE 6IREMWWERGI IR -XEPMI, 0MZVI HI 4SGLI, n&MFPMS )WWEMW~. 6)2%"8)6)% ). 'EWWMVIV, -RHMZMHY IX GSWQSW HERW PE TLMPSWSTLMI HI PE 6IREMWWERGI, 1RYMX, 1983. .. (IPYQIEY 0-XEPMI HI PE 6IREMWWERGI PE 3R HY <:-* WMIGPI, %VQRH 'SPMR 2EMWWERGI IX E5VQEXMSR HI PE 6IJSVQI, 49*, n2SYZIPPI 'PMS~, 191. 0E 'MZMPMWEXMSR HI PE 6IREMWWERGI, %VXLEYH, 1984. ). +EVMR, 0E 6IREMWWERGI, LMWXSMVI HYRI VIZSPYXMSR GYPXYVIPPI, 1EVEFSYX 9RMZIVWMXI, 1970. %. /S]VI )XYHIW HLMWXSMVI HI PETIRWII WGMIRXM3UYI, +EPPMQEVH, n8IP~, 1973. (Y QSRHI HSW PYRMZIVW MR3RM, 49*, 1962, VIIH. +EPPMQEVH, n8IP~, 198. 2. 1ERR, 4IXVEVUYI, %GXIW 7YH, n&EFIM~, 194. ). 1MGLIPIX, 6IREMWWERGI IX 6IJSVQI, 6. 0E2SRX, n&SYUYMRW~, 1982. 2. 1SVKER, 0I 7M\MIQI 'SRXMRIRX. 09XSTMI HI 8LSQEW 1SVI, :VMR, 195. 6. 1SYWRMIV, 0IW <:* IX <:,I WMIGPIW, 49*, n5YEHVMKI~, 193. ). 4ERSJWO], 0E 6IREMWWERGI IX #IW EZERX-GSYVVMIVW HERW PEVX H3GGMHIRX, *PEQQEVMSR, n'LEQTW~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n8IP~, 198. 0. +I]QSREX, +EPMPII, XVEH. JV., 7IYMP, n4SMRXW~, 192. 1. 'PEZIPMR, 0E 4LMPSWSTLMI REXYVIPPI HI +EPMPII, IH. % 2-E, %PFMR 1MGLIP, &MFM. HI P)ZSPYXMSR HI P,YQERMXI~, 195. 6. 4STOMR, ,MWXSMVI HY WGITXMGMWQI, H)VEWQI 7TMRS^E, XVEH. JV., 49*, (IWGEVXIW )YZVIW, IH. %HEQ-8ERRIV], 1 ZSM., :VMR-'267 (TVI^IRXEVI RSY R *SVQEX VIHYW, 196) (IH. HI VIJIVMR', RSXEX %8 R XI\X). )YZVIWTLMPSWSTLMUYIW, IH. *. %PUYMI, 3 ZSM., 'PEWWMUYIW +EVRMIV&SVHEW. ()7'%68)7 "- 7-78)1)0) 4378'%68)>-)2) 3 RSY IHM'MI E PYGVVMM ()YZVIW, R 3 ZSM., IWXI R GYVW HI ETEVM'MI PE n&MFPMSXLIUYI HI PE 4PIMEHI~, GSSVH. HI ..- 1. &I]WWEHI; IHM'ME ERXIVMSEV, HI %. &VMHSY\, RY IWXI VIGSQERHEX. 6IKPIWTSYV PE HMVIGXMSR HI PIWTVMX, XVEH. JV. .. 7MVZIR, :VMR-4SGLI. (MWGSYVW HI PE 1IXLSHI #M (MSTXVMUYI: IH. *. HI &Y^SR, +EPPMQEVH, *SPMS-)WWEMW~. 1IHMXEXMSRW QIXETL]WMUYIW (GY 3FMIG'MM #M 6WTYRWYVM), IH. HI ..- 1. #M 1. &I]WWEHI, +EVRMIV*PEQQEVMSR.

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n5YEHVMKI~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n&MFM. HI PE 4PIMEHI~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