INTRODUCTION Digital vs.

Analogue

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Digital - Discrete - Digital electronics involve quantities with discrete values.

Analogue Continuous Analogue electronics involve quantities with continuous values.

Analogue quantities can be digitized by representing each sampled value by a digital code.

INTRODUCTION - digital advantages

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Digital has certain advantages over analogue in electronic applications.

Digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably than analogue data. Data in digital form can be stored more compactly and reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity than analogue form.

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INTRODUCTION Analogue system

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An analogue electronic system Public Address System

Original sound waves Microphone
Linear Amplifier

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Amplified Audio signal

Sound waves

Audio signal Speaker

INTRODUCTION Digital & Analogue system

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A system using digital and analogue methods CD Player

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Reproduction of audio signal

Digital-to-Analog Converter Linear Amplifier

Sound waves

Digital Data

Speaker

INTRODUCTION Digital system

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A digital electronic system Computer System

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Data is processed in binary form

Introduction- Binary number A base-two system [ 2n-1..., 22, 21, 20. 2-1, 2-2 ..2-n] where n is the number of bits Consists of two binary digits (bits) which are 1 and 0 The right - most bit is the least significant bit (LSB) and has a weight of 20 = 1. The left most bit is the most significant bit (MSB) and its weight depends on the size of the binary numbers. With n bits, the decimal numbers can be counted up to a number equal to 2n 1 .

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INTRODUCTION Decimal to Binary Conversion

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Example: To convert decimal 12 to binary.

remainder

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12 =6 2 6 =3 2 3 =1 2 1 =0 2
Stop when the whole-number quotient is 0

0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
MSB LSB

INTRODUCTION - Binary to decimal conversion

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Example: To convert binary 100111 to decimal.

25 24 23 22 1 0 0 1 21 1 20 1

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32 4 2 1

32+4+2+1=39

INTRODUCTION - Binary addition

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Basic rules for adding binary digits:

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0 + 0 = 0 sum = 0carry = 0 0 + 1 = 1 sum = 1carry = 0 1 + 0 = 1 sum = 1carry = 0 1 + 1 = 10 sum = 0carry = 1 Adding binary numbers: 1 1 1 + 1 0 Carry Carry 1 1 1 +
1

1 1
0

1 0
1

INTRODUCTION - Binary Subtraction

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Basic rules for subtracting binary digits: 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 = = = = 0 0 1 1 difference = 0 difference = 0 difference = 1 difference = 1 borrow = 0 borrow = 0 borrow = 0 borrow = 1

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Subtracting binary numbers 101 - 0 1 1

0 is left when 1 is borrowed Borrow 1 from next column, making a 10 in this column

101 -011 010