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1.1. No

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Modelul este o

ca

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caracteristicilor observate, unele sunt foarte importante pentru scopul

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la scara 1/1 ar fi

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descrie toate

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elemente:

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modelul propriu-zis (M):

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rezultatul
modelare.

procesului

de

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subiectului dect studierea

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a obiectului, atunci modelul

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sistemului real cu un mod mai accesibil studiului. n cazul sistemelor

reale complexe modelarea este de nenlocuit, prezentnd ca avantaje:

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VXSXV

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IL

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permite efectuarea experimentelor acolo unde acest lucru ar fi

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ridicat de efectuare a experimentului;

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fenomenului;

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comportamentului acestuia (simularea);

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timp.
1.2. Modelarea economico-matemaWLF
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Beltrami n 1868. ExiVW

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LL

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scopuluL FHUFHW

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Modelul este un obiect sau un dispozitiv creat artificial de om

care seamn ntr-o anumit msur cu altul (acesta din urm fiind
un obiecW GH FHUFHWDUH VDX GH LQWHUHV SUDFWLF 1R LXQHD GH PRGHO VH
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n
reprezentarea fenomenului studiat cu ajutorul unui sistem construit
artificial. Proprietatea cea mai general a unui model const n
capDFLWDWHDGHDUHIOHFWDGHDUHSURGXFHOXFUXULLIHQRPHQHDOHOXPLL
reale, ordinea lor necesar, structura lor. No LXQHD GH PRGHO UHLHVH
GLQ H[LVWHQ D XQHL DVHPnri (similitudini) ntre dou obiecte - unul
fiind considerat originalul, cellalt modelul su. Se cerceteaz prin
analogie un sistem, iar concluziile se refer la alt sistem. n acest caz
sistemul cercetat este o reflectare (un model) al originalului.

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general. Prin model

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sau imaginat a oricrui obiect,
fenomen, proces care reflect trsturile esen LDOH DOH RELHFWXOXL
cercetat.
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tipurilor de modele elaborate se face pe baza mai multor criterii:

1. Dup natura fizic a elementelor modelului (mijloacele prin
care se reproduc obiectele studiate):
a) modele fizice (materiale, tehnice);
b) modele abstracte (conceptuale, imaginate, ideale);
c) modele hibride.
Modelele fizLFH PDWHULDOH WHKQLFH FRQ LQ HOHPHQWH GH
natur fizic. Ele sunt create de om, dar exist obiectiv, independent
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obiectul studiat pentru a-i reda structura sau unele propriet L
Modelul fizic poate pstra natura fizic a obiectului sau asemnarea
geometric cu acesta. Cnd propriet LOH RELHFWXOXL VXQW H[SULPDWH
prin ele nsele, dar la alt scar, avem de a face cu modele imitative.
Un model imitativ seamn cu obiectul pe care-l reprezint, dar
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de manipulat n scopuri experimentale (machete de avion, nave,

scheme electronice). Cnd se folosesc anumite propriet L SHQWUX D
reprezenta alte propriet L PRGHOHOH VXQW DQDlogice. De exemplu,
nl LPLOH VH UHSUH]LQW pe hart prin linii orizontale, graficele sunt
modele analogice care utiliznd propriet L JHRPHWULFH GLVWDQ ,
SR]L LHH[SULPmRYDULHWDWHGHHOHPHQWHLUHOD LLvQWUHHOH0RGHOHOH
DQDORJLFHVXQWPDLSX LQVSHFLILFHPDLSX LQFRQFUHWHLPDLXRUGH

mnuit dect cele imitative.

Modelele

abstracte

(conceptuale,

imaginate,

ideale)

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ntr-un limbaj simbolic (matematic). Ele nu au nimic comun cu

natura obiectului cercetat, ci reflect realitatea n plan gnoseologic,
pe baza izomorfismului cu aceast realitate. Reproducerea obiectului
studiat este simplificat, constituind o anumit idealizare a realit LL
Spre deosebire de modelele fizice, modelele abstracte folosesc litere,
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legturile dintre ele. Sunt cele mai generale, se lucreaz experimental

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abstracte se pot clasifica la rndul lor n: modele abstracte cantitative

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QXPHULFH

ILLQG

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modelHOHHFRQRPHWULFH&HOHFDOLWDWLYHVHQXPHVFLORJLFHJUDILFH
LQFOXGQXPDLVSHFLILFDUHDIRUPHLUHOD LLORULVXQWUHSUH]HQWDELOHSULQ

scheme, diagrame, forme grafice.

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abstracte. Ele presupun interac LXQHD GLQWUH XQ VLVWHP IRUPDW GLQ
HOHPHQWH IL]LFH L XQ FDOFXODWRU HOHFWURQLF QXPHULF SURJUDPDW

corespunztor.
2. Dup modul de reflectare a caracteristicilor obiectului:
a) modele normative;
b) modele descriptive.
Modelele pot reflecta att structura internmDRELHFWXOXLFkWL
nu este
accesibil cercetrii, modelul reflect numai comportamentul sau
UHOD LLOH GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH &kQG VWUXFWXUD LQWHUQ

IXQF LRQDUHDDFHVWXLDGHWHUPLQvQGGHSHQGHQ DGLQWUHDF LXQLOHDVXSUD

RELHFWXOXLLVWmULOHVDOH 0RGHOHOHOD FRQVWUXLUHD FmURUDVHXUPmUHWH

determinarea unei asemenea stri a obiectului care s fie cea mai

bun, ntr-un anumit sens, sau cea mai acceptabil din punct de
vedere al subiectului se numesc modele normative. Modelele

destinate s explice faptele observate sau s asigure prognoza

comportamentului obiectului se numesc modele descriptive.
Modelele normative rspund la ntrebarea "cum trebuie s fie ?", iar
cele descriptive la ntrebrile " cum este ?" sau "cum va fi ?".
QWLLQ HOHHFRQRPLFHWUHEX

ie adoptat o defini LHPDLODUJ a

QR LXQLL GH PRGHO 0RGHOXO HFRQRPLF HVWH R UHSUH]HQWDUH D XQHL

realit L GHRVHELW GH FRPSOH[H FX OHJmWXUL L OHJLWm L JHQHUDOH

specifice. Elementul de definire care trebuie adugat este: teoria
explicativ a fenomenului sau procesului studiat.
Modelul economic este o reprezentare simplificat, prin
LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL WHRULL H[SOLFDWLYH D SURFHVHORU L IHQRPHQHORU

economice, a trsturilor lor esen LDOH 'DF un astfel de model

economic se finalizeaz printr-o formalizare ORJLFmLPDWHPDWLFmVH
RE LQHXQPRGHOHFRQRPLFR-matematic.
Procesul de modelare economico-matematic cuprinde
urmtoarele elemente: { (O), (S), (T.E), (T.M), (M) }. Modelul este
rezultatul unui proces n care (S) avnd la baz o (T.E) a (O)
realizeaz o similitudine ntre (O)L(M). Modelul ca purttor al unei
DQXPLWHLQIRUPD LLGHVSUH (O) se manifest numai prin informa LDSH
FDUH R GH LQH (S) LDU PRGHODUHD DSDUH FD XQ SURFHV LQIRUPD LRQDO
subordonat scopului cercetrii.
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(T.E) (M), iar pe de alt
parte, un raport gnoseologic, care se refer la coresponden D GLQWUH
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5HOD LD

FDUH FHUH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL FRUHVSRQGHQ H

([LVWHQ D PHWDWHRULHL HFRQRPLFH HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDUm L

determinant pentru a asigura acurate H

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FDWHJRULORU QR LXQLORU

(T.E)+(T.M) formeaz
baza teoretic (B.T) prin intermediul creia se realizeaz rela LD

(O) (M) n cadrul modelrii economico-matematice. Baza

WHRUHWLF
a modelului economico-matematic este format dintr-un
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care, prin reguli precise, sH GHGXF SURSR]L LL ILQDOH WHRUHPH OHPH
concluzii).
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LQL LDOH

GHVFULH

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factorilor activit LL HFRQRPLFH FDUH VH GHVImRDUm vQWU-un cadru

VSD LR-WHPSRUDO GHOLPLWDW GH R RUGLQH LQVWLWX LRQDOm L R VWUXFWXUm
tehnologic dat printr-un mecanism economic specificat. De aceea,
n modelarea economico-PDWHPDWLFm HVWH QHFHVDUm L R ED]m
empiric ce se constituie din enun XUL FX FDUDFWHU OLPLWDW vQ WLPS L
VSD LXFDUHWUHEXLHYHULILFDWHSULQH[SHULPHQWSHQWUXDGDYHULGLFLWDWH
PRGHOXOXL9HULGLFLWDWHDYLDELOLWDWHDPRGHOXOXLHVWHFRQGL LRQDW

FRHUHQ DORJLF

FRQFRUGDQ DPRGHOXOXLFXUHDOLWDWHD

posibilit LOHGHUH]ROYDUHDDFHVWXLD

de:

a enun XULORU

Reprezentarea (O) printr-un model (M) constituie o reflectare

filtrat a realit LLDYvQGODED] teoria economic, filozofia, ideologia
cu care opereaz subiectul (S).
Teoria economic (T.E) poate fi descris prin mai multe
(T.M) astfel c este imposibil de a realiza un izomorfism total
(T.E) (T.M). Aceasta face ca (S) s aib la dispozi LH R PXO LPH
de modele economico -matematice {(M)}. Problema este ca pe baza
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s selecteze acea (T.M) care ofer cel mai nalt grad de izomorfism
L prin urmare s aleag din mul LPHD {(M)} modelul cel mai potrivit
scopului propus.
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a realit LL HFRQRPLFH SDUFXUJH R

succesiune de etape, greu de separat, n care contactul cu realitatea
FRQVWLWXLHDWkWYHULJDLQL LDOmFkWLFHDfinal.

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specific, ce
poate fi asimilat unei spirale: (O) (B.T) (M) (O)UHOD LHFH
este parcurs de mai multe ori, rezultatul fiind perfHF LRQDUHDILHFrui
element {(B.T), (M), (O)}.
1. n prima etap a procesului de modelare economico-matematic se
UHDOL]HD]m $QDOL]D L GLDJQR]D VLVWHPXOXL UHDO SH ED]D FmUHLD VH

identific propriet LOH p1(O),...,pn(O) care dau o descriere precis a

(O) 0XO LPHD SURSULHW LORU HVWH LQFOXV n (T.E) elaborat de (S)
pentru (O)(VWHHYLGHQWUROXOIXQGDPHQWDODOQLYHOXOXLWLLQ LILFDO(S).
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n viziunea (S) sau n alegerea unui model efLFLHQW GLQ PXO LPHD
{(M)}. Cu acest prilej se transfer propriet LOH {pj(O)}, j=1,...,n
asupra lui (M)UH]XOWvQGPXO LPHD{pj(M)}, j = 1,2,...,m.
3. n a treia etap se efectueaz "analiza" modelului ob LQvQG
LQIRUPD LLLSURSULHW LQRL{pj(M)}, j = n+1,n+2,.. ..,n+m.
4. n ultima etapDDFHVWXLSURFHVDUHORFLQWHUSUHWDUHDLYDOLGDUHD
rezultatelor modelului", transferarea asupra sistemului real (O) a
noilor propriet LLIXQGDPHQWDUHDGHFL]LLORUSULYLQGVLVWHPXOUHDO
1.3. Exemplu
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GLPHQVLXQL PHGLL 'LVWLQJHP GRX  FDWHJRULL GH DSDUWDPHQWH XQHOH

situate ntr-XQ
LQVWLWX LLORU

SHULPHWUX FHQWUDO vQ FDUH VH J VHVF PDMRULWDWHD

YLWDOH

DOH

RUDXOXL

DOWHOH

VLWXDWH

perimetru. PentruvQFHSXWQXHVWHLPSRUWDQWV

vQ

DIDUD

DFHVWXL

GHOLPLW PSUHFLVFHOH

GRX  ]RQH 9RP SUHVXSXQH F  HOH VXQW GHOLPLWDWH GH GRX  FHUFXUL
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FHUFXO LQWHULRU /RFXLWRULL SUHIHU  vQ JHQHUDO DSDUWDPHQWHOH GLQ

perimHWUXO FHQWUDO FHOH DIODWH OD R GHS UWDUH PDL PDUH QHFHVLWnd
apelarea la mijloacele de transport pentru a ajunge n centru.
9RPSUHVXSXQHGHDVHPHQHDF vQSHULPHWUXOH[WHULRUH[LVW 
XQ QXP U VXILFLHQW G

PDUH GH DSDUWDPHQWH LDU FKLULD HVWH IL[DW  OD

XQ QLYHO FXQRVFXW 1H LQWHUHVHD]  QXPDL FKLULD DSDUWDPHQWHORU

VLWXDWHvQFHUFXOLQWHULRU(FRQRPLVWXOYDIDFHLPHGLDWGLVWLQF LDvQWUH
FKLULLOH FHORU GRX  FDWHJRULL GH DSDUWDPHQWH VSXQ QG F  FHD D

apartamentelor din cercul exterior este o YDULDELO  H[RJHQ , pe cnd

cea a apartamentelor situate n cercul interior este o YDULDELO 
HQGRJHQ



$FHDVWD

vQVHDPQ 

F 

SHQWUX

DSDUWDPHQWHOH

PDL

vQGHS UWDWH GH FHQWUX FKLULD HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH IDFWRUL FH QX YRU IL
VWXGLD LvQPRGHOvQWLPSFHFKLULDDSDUWDPHQWHORUFHQWUDOHYDILGDW 
GHIDFWRULLGHVFULLvQPRGHO
)DFHPDFXPRSULP  simplificareLPSRUWDQW 3UHVXSXQHPF 
toate apartamentele sunt identice din toate punctele de vedere, mai
SX LQ DPSODVDUHD $FHDVW  VLPSOLILFDUH QH YD SHUPLWH V  YRUELP GH

chiria unui aSDUWDPHQW I

U  D DYHD JULM  F  HO DUH R FDPHU  VDX PDL

PXOWHF XQXOHVWHGLQSUHIDEULFDWHLDOWXOGLQF U PLG F XQXOHVWH

ODSDUWHULDOWXOODHWDMHOHVXSHULRDUHHWF
'HVLJXUF DFHWLIDFWRULLQIOXHQ HD] QLYHOXOFKLULHLGDUHLQX
VXQWHVHQ LDOL

pentru scopul pe care ni l-am propus.

Modelul economic pe care-O YRP FRQVWUXL GRULP V

 DGXF 

U VSXQVODvQWUHE ULOH

FLQHGHWHUPLQ FKLULDDSDUWDPHQWHORU"

FLQH GHWHUPLQ  ORFXLWRULL FDUH RFXS  DSDUWDPHQWHOH FHQWUDOH L SH

FHLFDUHRFXS DSDUWDPHQWHOHPDLS

eriferice?
ce criterii se pot utiliza pentru a evalua economic diferitele
sisteme de alocare a apartamentelor?

3HQWUX D SXWHD H[SOLFD vQ FH PRG VH FRPSRUW  ORFXLWRULL HVWH

nevoie de principii generale directoare care stau la baza analizei.

n economie e[LVW
1.

vQJHQHUDOGRX SULQFLSLL

SULQFLSLXO RSWLPL] ULL SULQWUH GLIHULWHOH VWUXFWXUL GH FRQVXP SH

FDUHRDPHQLLOHSRWFXPS UDHLvQFHDUF V OHDOHDJ SHFHOHPDL

bune;
2.

SULQFLSLXO HFKLOLEUXOXL SUH XO EXQXULORU VH PRGLILF  SkQ  vQ

momentul n care exLVW

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FDUHRDPHQLLOHFHULFDQWLW

PrinciSLXO

RSWLPL] ULL

LOH GH EXQXUL SH

LOHGHEXQXULFHOLVHRIHU 
HVWH

DSURDSH

R

WDXWRORJLH

'DF 

RDPHQLL VXQW OLEHUL V  DOHDJ  HVWH UD LRQDO V  SUHVXSXQHP F  HL YRU

DOHJH PDL GHJUDE  FHHD F

e le place, dect ceva ce nu le place.

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-a alocat apartament n centru, dar care este

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exterior, care

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apartamentele, B dndu-L OXL $ R VXP

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-au exploatat toate

schimburile voluntare.
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ce s-DX

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moduri de alocare studiate:

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acest mecanism este eficace Pareto;

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ci, la o alocare

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eficace, ele conduc totoGDW

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-au
exploatat. n favoarea cui s-au produs acestea nu mai spune nimic
criteriul Pareto;
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deci, posibilLWDWHDXQHLDPHOLRU UL3DUHWR

Controlul chiriilor FRQGXFH OD LQHILFDFLWDWH $ORFDUHD DUELWUDU



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inde de profitul ce

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ema cine

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puternice dect cele introduse aici.