Slides for Chapter 2: Architectural Models

From Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg

Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design

Edition 4, Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.1 Software and hardware service layers in distributed systems

Applications, serv ic es

Middleware

Operating s y stem Platf orm Computer and network hardware

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.2 Clients invoke individual servers

Client

inv ocation res ult

inv ocation res ult

Serv er

Serv er

Client Key : Proc es s: Computer:

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.3 A distributed application based on peer processes

Peer 2 Peer 1 Application Sharable objects Peer 3 Application Application

Peer 4 Application Peers 5 .... N

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.4 A service provided by multiple servers

Serv ic e

Serv er Client

Serv er

Client Serv er

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.5 Web proxy server

Client Prox y serv er

Web serv er

Client

Web serv er

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.6 Web applets

a) client reques t results in the downloading of applet code

Client Applet code b) client interacts with the applet

Web serv er

Client

Applet

Web serv er

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.7 Thin clients and compute servers

Network computer or PC

Compute server

Thin Client

network

Application Process

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.8 Real-time ordering of events

send X 1 2 rec eiv e m1 send 3 m2

rec eiv e 4

rec eiv e

rec eiv e

Phy s ic al tim e

send Z rec eiv e rec eiv e m3 t1 t2 m1 m2

rec eiv e rec eiv e rec eiv e t3

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.9 Processes and channels

proces s p

proces s q

send m

receive

Communic ation c hannel Outgoing m ess age buff er Inc oming mess age buff er

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.10 Omission and arbitrary failures

Class of failure Affects Fail-stop Process

Description Process halts and remains halted. Other processes may detect this state. Crash Process Process halts and remains halted. Other processes may not be able to detect this state. Omission Channel A message inserted in an outgoing message buffer never arrives at the other ends incoming message buffer. Send-omission Process A process completes send, a but the message is not put in its outgoing message buffer. Receive-omission Process A message is put in a processs incoming message buffer, but that process does not receive it. Arbitrary Process orProcess/channel exhibits arbitrary behaviour: it may (Byzantine) channel send/transmit arbitrary messages at arbitrary times, commit omissions; a process may stop or take an incorrect step.
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.11 Timing failures

Class of Failure Affects Clock Process

Performance
Performance

Process
Channel

Description Processs local clock exceeds the bounds on its rate of drift from real time. Process exceeds the bounds on the interval between two steps. A messages transmission takes longer than the stated bound.

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.12 Objects and principals

Ac cess rights inv ocation Client res ult Serv er

Object

Princ ipal (user)

Network

Princ ipal (s erv er)

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.13 The enemy

Copy ofm The enemy Processp

m
Processq

m
Communication channel

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005

Figure 2.14 Secure channels

PrincipalA

PrincipalB

Processp

Secure channel

Processq

Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 Pearson Education 2005