APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

! ! !

Trusses Vertical Loads on Building Frames Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method Problems

Trusses P1 a P2 a F1 Fa Fb F2 R1 a (a) R2 R1 a (b) V = R1

Method 1 : If the diagonals are intentionally designed to be long and slender, it is reasonable to assume that the panel shear is resisted entirely by the tension diagonal, whereas the compressive diagonal is assumed to be a zero-force member. Method 2 : If the diagonal members are intended to be constructed from large rolled sections such as angles or channels, we will assume that the tension and compression diagonals each carry half the panel shear.

Example 1 Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss shown in Figure. The diagonals are to be designed to support both tensile and compressive forces, and therefore each is assumed to carry half the panel shear. The support reactions have been computed.

F 3m A 4m 10 kN

C B 20 kN 4m

20 kN F 3m A 4m 10 kN 20 kN F C B 20 kN 4m 10 kN + !MF"= 0: FAB(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0 FAB = 6.67 kN (T) E D + !MA"= 0: FFE(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0 FFE = 6.67 kN (C)

#"= 36.87o
FFE V = 10 kN A FAF 8.33 # 6.67 kN 10 kN 20 - 10 - 2Fsin(36.87o) = 0 F = 8.33 kN FFB = 8.33 kN (T) FAE = 8.33 kN (C) + !Fy = 0: FAF - 10 - 8.33sin(36.87o) = 0 FAF = 15 kN (T)

#
3m A + !Fy = 0:

FFB= F F =F # AE FAB

10 kN

#"= 36.87o
V = 10 kN

FED # F = FDB F = FEC FBC

D 3m C 10 kN

#"= 36.87o
6.67 kN 8.33 kN #

FDC

+ !Fy = 0:

10 - 2Fsin(36.87o) = 0 F = 8.33 kN FDB = 8.33 kN (T) FEC = 8.33 kN (C)

+ !Fy = 0:

FDC - 8.33sin(36.87o) = 0 FDC = 5 kN (C)

#"= 36.87o
6.67 kN 8.33 kN #

E # FEB

6.67 kN 8.33 kN

+ !MC"= 0:

FED(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0 FED = 6.67 kN (C)

+ !Fy = 0: FEB = 2(8.33sin36.87o) = 10 kN (T)

+ !MD"= 0:

FBC(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0 FBC = 6.67 kN (T)

Example 2 Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss shown in Figure. The diagonals are slender and therefore will not support a compressive force. The support reactions have been computed. 10 kN J 4m A 40 kN 4m B 4m C 4m D 4m E 40 kN 20 kN I 20 kN H 20 kN G 10 kN F

10 kN J 4m A 40 kN FAI = 0 + !Fy = 0: 40 - 10 - FJBcos 45o = 0 FJB = 42.43 kN (T) + !MA"= 0: FJI(4) - 42.43sin 45o(4) = 0 FJI = 30 kN (C) + !MJ"= 0: FAB(4) = 0 FAB = 0
45o

FJA FJI V = 30 kN + !Fy = 0: 10 kN J 4m A 40 kN 4m B 20 kN I

45o

FJB

#
40 kN

FAI = 0 FAB

FJA = 40 kN (C)

FIC

FIH V = 10 kN

FBH = 0 FBC

FBH = 0 + !Fy = 0: 40 - 10 - 20 - FICcos 45o = 0 FIC = 14.14 kN (T)

10 kN J 4m A 40 kN + !MB"= 0:

20 kN I
45o

FIC

FIH V = 10 kN

42.3 kN 0 + !Fy = 0:
45o

FBI
45o 0 45o

4m B

FBH = 0 FBC

30 kN

FBI = 42.3 sin 45o = 30 kN (T)

FIH(4) - 14.14sin

45o(4)

+ 10(4) - 40(4) = 0

14.14 kN 30 kN
45o

FCH

14.14 kN
45o

FJH = 40 kN (C) + !MI"= 0: FBC(4) - 40(4) + 10(4) = 0 FBC = 30 kN (T)

30 kN

+ !Fy = 0: FBI = 2(14.1442.3 sin 45o) = 20 kN (C)

Vertical Loads on Building Frames

typical building frame

 Assumptions for Approximate Analysis column w girder A L (a) w B point of zero 0.21L 0.21L moment L (b) w B L Simply supported (c) A B w assumed points of zero moment 0.1L L column

0.1L

approximate case (d) Point of zero moment 0.1L w

Point of zero A moment

0.8L 0.1L model (e)

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Example 3 Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused by members EF and CD of the building bent in the figure. 1 kN/m E F

1 kN/m C D

A 6m

11

1 kN/m

1 kN/m

4.8 kN

4.8 m 0.1L=0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 kN 0.6(0.3) + 2.4(0.6) = 1.62 kNm 3 kN 0.6 m 2.4 kN

4.8 m 2.4 kN 0.6 kN 1.62 kNm 0.6 m 3 kN

2.4 kN 2.4 kN

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Portal Frames and Trusses Frames: Pin-Supported P h P h assumed hinge $ $

Ph/2 Ph/2

l (a) Ph/2 Ph/2 Ph/l h P/2 (d) Ph/l (c) L/2 P P/2

l (b) L/2 P/2 Ph/l h

P/2 Ph/l

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 Frames : Fixed-Supported P h P h

$ assumed hinges

l (a) P Ph/4 Ph/4 h/2 Ph/4 Ph/4

L/2 P/2 Ph/2l P/2 Ph/2l Ph/2l P/2

l (b) P/2 Ph/2l P/2

L/2 h/2

Ph/2l Ph/2l P/2 P/2 Ph/4

Ph/4 (d)

Ph/4

h/2 P/2 Ph/4 Ph/2l (c)

Ph/2l

14

 Frames : Partial Fixity P h h/3 P

assumed hinges

#
h/3

l (a) Trusses P P $ h h/2 l (a)

(b)

$ assumed hinges P/2 l (b) P/2

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Example 4 Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the Warren portal shown in the figure. 2m 40 kN C 2m B 4m 7m H G D 4m 2m E F

A 8m

16

2m 40 kN C 2m B 3.5 m J 40/2 = 20 kN = V N N D

4m

2m E F + !MJ"= 0: N(8) - 40(5.5) = 0 N = 27.5 kN N N

G K

20 kN = V

V = 20 kN 3.5 m A V = 20 kN N M 20 kN = V N I

V = 20 kN + !M "= 0: A M - 20(3.5) = 0 M M = 70 kNm

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2m 40 kN C FCD D 2m B 3.5 m J 20 kN 27.5 kN + !Fy = 0: -27.5 + FBDcos 45o = 0 FBD = 38.9 kN (T) + !MB"= 0: FCD(2) - 40(2) - 20(3.5) = 0 FCD = 75 kN (C) + !MD"= 0: FBH(2) + 27.5(2) - 20(5.5) = 0 FBH = 27.5 kN (T) + !MG"= 0: + !Fy = 0: F 45o BD FBH E FGH

2m FEF F FEG
45o

2m 3.5 m K

20 kN = V 27.5 kN 27.5 - FEGcos 45o = 0 FEG = 38.9 kN (C) FEF(2) - 20(3.5) = 0 FEF = 35 kN (T) + !ME"= 0: FGH(2) + 27.5(2) - 20(5.5) = 0 FGH = 27.5 kN (C)

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y 38.9 kN 75 kN
45o

y FHE
45o

FDE
45o

x FDH

27.5 kN

45o

27.5 kN

38.9 kN + !Fy = 0:

FDHsin 45o - 38.9sin 45o = 0 FDH = 38.9 kN (C)

+ !Fy = 0:

FHEsin 45o - 38.9sin 45o = 0 FHE = 38.9 kN (T)

+ !F = 0: x

75 - 2(38.9 cos 45o) - FDE = 0 FDE = 20 kN (C)

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Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method P

= inflection point (a)

(b)

20

Example 5 Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the Warren portal shown in the figure.

5 kN B

3m A 4m C 4m E 4m H

21

5 kN B

3m

I A 4m C

J E 4m

K H 4m

5 kN B 1.5 m V Iy I

2V Jy + !F = 0: x

2V Ky 5 - 6V = 0 V = 0.833 kN

L Ly

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5 kN B 1.5 m 0.833 kN I

2m

4.167 kN 4.167 kN M

2m D

2m N 1.5 m J

2.501kN

0.625 kN

0.625 kN 1.666 kN

0.625kN

Iy = 0.625kN 2.501 kN N 2 m F 0.625kN 1.666 kN 2m

Jy = 0 O0.835 kN 0.835 kN 1.5 m 0.625kN K Ky = 0 O 2m G

0.625 kN 1.5 m L

0.833 kN 0.625 kN = Ly 0.625 kN

0.625 kN I 1.5 m 0.625 kN J 1.5 m A C 0.833 kN 1.25 kNm 0.833kN 1.666 kN K 1.5 m E 1.666 kN

1.666kN 2.50 kNm

1.666kN 2.5 kNm

L 1.5 m H 0.625 kN

0.833 kN 0.833 kN 1.25 kNm

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Example 6 Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame shown in Fig. 7-14a. Use the portal method of analysis.

20 kN

I 5m

30 kN

F 6m

A 8m

B 8m

24

20 kN

G O

H P

S Q N F L C 8m

I 5m

30 kN

D J A

E K B

6m

8m

25

20 kN V

2.5 m Oy 2V Py V Py

+ !F = 0: x 20 kN G 5m 30 kN D 3m V Jy

20 - 4V = 0 H

V = 5 kN I

2V

Ky

Ly

+ !F = 0: x

20 + 30 - 4V = 0

V = 12.5 kN

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20 kN

4m R

Ry = 3.125 kN Rx = 15 kN

R 15 kN

3.125 kN 4m H 4m

Sy = 3.125 kN Sx = 5 kN

2.5 m 5 kN Oy = 3.125 3.125 kN O 2.5 m 30 kN 3m 12.5 kN 5 kN M 4m J Mx = 22.5 kN My = 12.5 kN

2.5 m 10 kN

Py = 0 kN P 22.5 kN M 4m 12.5 kN 25 kN 10 kN 2.5 m 4m N 3m K Ny = 12.5 kN Nx = 7.5 kN

Jy = 15.625 kN 15.625kN J A Ax = 15.625 kN 3m Ax = 12.5 kN MA = 37.5 kNm 12.5 kN

Ky = 0 kN K B Bx = 0 25 kN 3m Bx = 25 kN MB = 75 kNm

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Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method P

beam (a)

building frame (b)

In summary, using the cantilever method, the following assumptions apply to a fixed-supported frame. 1. A hinge is place at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be point of zero moment. 2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be a point of zero moment. 3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid of the cross-sectional areas of the columns at a given floor level. Since stress equals force per area, then in the special case of the columns having equal cross-sectional areas, the force in a column is also proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas.

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Example 7 Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame shown. The columns are assumed to have equal crossectional areas. Use the cantilever method of analysis. 30 kN C D 4m B 15 kN 4m A 6m F E

29

30 kN

C I 4m B H J G D K E L F 6m

15 kN 4m A

6m

~ x A 0( A) & 6( A) ' x% % %3 A A A & '

30

30 kN

C 2m Hx Hy

3m I M

3m D Kx Ky

+ !MM"= 0:

-30(2) + 3Hy + 3Ky = 0

The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles, that is

Hy 3 % Ky 3 or Hy % Ky

H y % K y % 10 kN

30 kN

C I 4m B H J 3m N Gy Ly 3m Lx D K E

+ !MN"= 0:

-30(6) - 15(2) + 3Gy + 3Ly = 0

The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles, that is

Gy 3 % Gy 3 or G y % Ly

15 kN 2m Gx

G y % L y % 35 kN

31

30 kN 2m

Iy = 10 kN 3m Ix = 15 kN

I 15 kN

10 kN 3m D 2m

Hx = 15 kN

Kx = 15 kN 10 kN 10 kN 10 kN Jy = 25 kN 7.5 kN J Jx = 7.5 kN 3m K 15 kN 2m 2m L 35 kN 35 kN L F Fy = 35 kN 22.5 kN 2m Ax = 22.5 kN MA = 45 kNm 22.5 kN 2m Fx = 22.5 kN MF = 45 kNm

10 kN H 2m 15 kN 2m Gx = 22.5 kN 35 kN 35 kN G A Ax = 35 kN 15 kN J 3m G

25 kN Lx = 22.5 kN

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Example 8 Show how to determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame shown. The columns have the crossectional areas show. Use the cantilever of analysis. 35 kN 4 mL 45 kN 6 mE P 6000 mm2 I Q R O 6000 mm2

5000mm2 4000 mm2 M N J K

F 6000 mm2 A 6m

G 5000mm2 4000 mm2 B C 4m 8m

H 6000 mm2 D

33

35 kN 4 mL 45 kN 6 mE A

P M I

Q N J

R O K

F B 6m 4m

G C 8m

H D

6000 mm2 6m

5000mm2 4000 mm2 4m

x

6000 mm2 8m

~ x A 6000(0) & 5000(6) & 4000(10) & 6000(18) ' % x% % 8.48 m A 6000 & 5000 & 4000 & 6000 '

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35 kN 2m Lx Ly

P Mx My

Q Nx Ny 2.48 m 1.52 m

R Ox

Oy 9.52 m -----(1)

8.48 m + !MNA"= 0:

-35(2) + Ly(8.48) + My(2.48) + Ny(1.52) + Oy(9.52) = 0

Since any column stress ) is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis

)M
2.48

% %

)L
8.48

; ;

)M % )N %

2.48 )L ; 8.48 1.52 )L ; 8.48

My 5000(10 ) Ny 4000(10 )
(6 (6

% %

Ly 2.48 ( ) (6 8.48 6000(10 ) Ly 1.52 ( ) (6 8.48 6000(10 )

( ( ( ( ( ( 2) ( ( ( ( ( (3)

)N
1.52

)L
8.48

)O
9.52

)L
8.48

)O %

9.52 )L ; 8.48

Oy 6000(10 (6 )

Ly 9.52 ( ) 8.48 6000(10 (6 )

( ( ( ( ( ( 4)

Solving Eqs. (1) - (4) yields

Ly = 3.508 kN Ny = 0.419 kN

My = 0.855 kN Oy = 3.938 kN

35

35 kN 4m L 45 kN 3m Ex Ey I Fx Fy 8.48 m + !MNA"= 0: M J Gx Gy 2.48 m 1.52 m 9.52 m N K Hx O

Hy

-45(3) - 35(7) + Ey(8.48) + Fy(2.48) + Gy(1.52) + Hy(9.52) = 0 -----(5)

Since any column stress ) is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis ; Fy Ey )F ) 2.48 2.48 % E ; )F % )E ; % ( ) ( ( ( ( ( (6) (6 (6 2.48 8.48 8.48 5000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )

)G
1.52

% %

)E
8.48

; ;

)G %

1.52 )E ; 8.48

Gy 4000(10 (6 ) Hy

Ey 1.52 ( ) 8.48 6000(10 (6 )

( ( ( ( ( (7) ( ( ( ( ( (8)

)H
9.52

)E
8.48

9.52 )H % )E ; 8.48

Ey 9.52 % ( ) 6000(10 (6 ) 8.48 6000(10 (6 )

Solving Eqs. (1) - (4) yields Ey = 19.044 kN Fy = 4.641 kN Gy = 2.276 kN Hy = 21.38 kN

36

35 kN 2m Lx= 5.262 kN

3m

Py= 3.508 kN Px= 29.738 kN

3.508 kN 3.508 kN 2m 5.262 kN Iy= 15.536 kN I Ix= 114.702 kN 3m 19.044 kN 19.044 kN E 3m Ax = 19.044 kN Ax = 64.44 kN MA = 193.32 kNm 64.44 kN One can continue to analyze the other segments in sequence, i.e., PQM, then MJFI, then FB, and so on.

45 kN

3m Ex= 64.44 kN

37