QLvaXLCTR NguyenVanPhuoc

downloaded from http://www.moitruongxanh.
info
MUC LUC
LI M AU .............................................................................................................. i
Chng 1: KHAI NIEM VE CHAT THAI RAN......................................................... 9
1.1. NH NGHA CHAT THAI RAN................................................................... 9
1.2. S LC LCH S PHAT TRIEN VA QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN......... 9
1.3. S PHAT SINH CHAT THAI RAN TRONG XA HOI CONG NGHIEP.......10
1.4. ANH HNG CUA CHAT THAI RAN EN MOI TRNG......................11
1.5. HE THONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN O TH.....................................11
1.6 QUAN LY TONG HP CHAT THAI RAN...................................................12
1.6.1 Nguyen tac chung ...........................................................................................12
1.6.2 Th bac u tien trong quan ly tong hp CTR..................................................12
1.6.3 Cac thanh phan cua he thong quan ly tong hp chat thai ran .........................14
1.7 NHNG THACH THC CUA VIEC QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG
TNG LAI...............................................................................................................17
1.7.1 Thay oi thoi quen tieu thu san pham trong xa ho i.........................................17
1.7.2 Giam thieu tai nguon ......................................................................................17
1.7.3 Xay dng bai chon lap an toan hn.................................................................17
1.7.4 Phat trien cong nghe m i ................................................................................17
1.8 HIEN TRANG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN VIET NAM.......................17
Chng 2: NGUON GOC, THANH PHAN, KHOI LNG VA TNH CHAT CUA
CHAT THAI RAN......................................................................................................21
2.1 NGUON GOC CHAT THAI RAN..................................................................21
2.2. THANH PHAN CUA CHAT THAI RAN ...........................................................22
2.2.1 S thay oi thanh phan chat thai ran trong tng lai.......................................22
2.2.2. Phng phap xac nh thanh phan CTR tai hien trng .................................24
2.3 CAC THANH PHAN TAI SINH, TA I CHE TRONG CTR............................25
2.3.1 Lon nhom........................................................................................................25
2.3.2 Giay va carton.................................................................................................26
2.3.3 Nha .............................................................................................................26
2.3.4 Thuy tinh.........................................................................................................28
2.3.5 Sat va thep ......................................................................................................28
2.3.6 Kim loai mau ..................................................................................................28
2.3.7 Cao su .............................................................................................................28
2.4 KHOI LNG CHAT THAI RAN.................................................................29
2.4.1 Tam quan trong cua vie c xac nh khoi lng chat thai ran ...........................29
2.4.2 Cac phng phap xac nh khoi lng chat thai ran .......................................29
2.5. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN KHOI LNG CHAT THAI RAN.......35
2.5.1. Anh hng cua cac hoat ong giam thieu tai nguon va tai sinh ......................35
2.5.2 Anh hng cua luat pha p va thai o cua cong chung......................................36
2.5.4 Cac phng phap d bao khoi lng CTR phat sinh trong tng lai ...............37
2.6 TNH CHAT CUA CHA T THAI RAN...........................................................40
downloaded from http://www.moitruongxanh.info
2.6.1 Tnh chat vat ly cua chat thai ran....................................................................40
2.6.2 Tnh chat hoa hoc cua chat thai ran ................................................................45
2.6.3 Tnh chat sinh hoc cua chat thai ran...............................................................51
2.6.4 S bien oi tnh chat ly, hoa, va sinh hoc cua chat thai ran............................55
Chng 3: HE THONG THU GOM CHAT THAI RAN ............................................58
3.1 THU GOM CHAT THAI RAN.......................................................................59
3.1.1 He thong thu gom chat thai ran cha phan loai tai nguon...............................59
3.1.2 He thong thu gom chat thai ran a phan loai tai nguon..................................62
3.2 CAC LOAI HE THONG THU GOM.............................................................66
3.2.1 He thong container di ong: (HCS - Hauled Container System) ....................67
3.2.2 He thong container co nh (SCS - Stationnary Container System) ...............67
3.3.1 nh ngha cac thuat ng ................................................................................68
3.3.2 He thong container di ong.............................................................................71
3.3.3 He thong contianer co nh.............................................................................75
3.4. VACH TUYEN THU GOM............................................................................83
3.4.1. Thiet lap vach tuyen thu gom.........................................................................84
3.4.2. Thi gian bieu.................................................................................................87
3.4.3. Tong quan ve he thong thu gom, van chuyen rac sinh hoat............................88
3.4.4. Phng tien thu gom van chuyen.................................................................91
3.4.5. Hien trang tuyen thu gom, van chuyen rac.....................................................92
Chng 4: HE THONG TRUNG CHUYEN VA VAN CHUYEN..............................96
4.1 S CAN THIET CUA HOAT O NG TRUNG CHUYEN.............................96
4.1.1 Khoang cach van chuye n kha xa ....................................................................97
4.1.2 Tram x ly hay bai o at xa truc lo giao thong ..........................................99
4.1.3 Tram trung chuyen ket hp vi tram thu hoi vat lieu .....................................99
4.1.4 Tram trung chuyen tai bai chon lap hp ve sinh (landfill) ..............................99
4.1.5 Tram trung chuyen khi thay oi phng thc van chuyen ............................100
4.2 CAC LOAI TRAM TRUNG CHUYEN........................................................100
4.2.1 Tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep.............................................................101
4.2.2 Tram trung chuyen kieu tch luy (storage-load transfer station) ..................108
4.2.3 Tram trung chuyen ket hp chat tai trc tiep va chat tai tch luy .................110
4.3 PHNG TIEN VA PHNG PHAP VAN CHUYEN...............................112
4.3.1 Phng tien van chuyen................................................................................112
4.3.2 Phng phap van chuyen ..............................................................................113
4.4 NHNG YEU CAU TRONG THIET KE TRAM TRUNG CHUYEN.........116
4.4.1. Loai tram trung chuyen.................................................................................117
4.4.2. Cong suat tram trung chuyen........................................................................117
4.4.3. Yeu cau ve thiet b va cac dung cu phu tr ...................................................117
4.4.4. Yeu cau ve sinh moi trng..........................................................................117
4.4.5. Van e sc khoe va an toan lao ong ...........................................................118
4.5 LA CHON V TR TRAM TRUNG CHUYEN..........................................118
4.5.1. La chon tram trung chuyen da tren chi ph van chuyen............................118
4.5.2. La chon v tr tram trung chuyen da tren cac ieu kien gii han ..............118
Chng 5: CAC PHNG PHAP X LY CHAT THAI RAN............................123
5.1 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHAP C HOC....................124
5.1.1 Giam kch thc............................................................................................124
5.1.2 Phan loai theo kch th c..............................................................................125
5.1.3 Phan loai theo khoi lng rieng....................................................................125
5.1.4 Phan loai theo ien tr ng va t tnh............................................................125
5.1.5 Nen chat thai ran...........................................................................................126
5.2 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHAP NHIET.......................126
5.2.1 He thong thieu ot ........................................................................................126
5.2.2 He thong nhiet phan......................................................................................127
5.2.3 He thong kh hoa ..........................................................................................127
5.2.4 Cac he thong kiem soat o nhiem moi trng khong kh cho cac qua trnh nhiet
Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.5 Cong nghe ot ...............................................................................................127
5.3 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHAP CHUYEN HOA SINH
HOC VA HOA HOC................................................................................................129
5.3.1 Qua trnh phan huy hieu kh..........................................................................129
5.3.2 Qua trnh phan huy k kh.............................................................................129
5.3.3 Qua trnh chuyen hoa ho a hoc ......................................................................130
5.3.4 Nang lng t qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoc ..............................................130
5.4 CAC PHNG PHAP X LY CHAT THAI RAN CONG NGHIEP...........131
5.4.1 Cac phng phap x l tong quat...................................................................131
5.4.2 Phng phap c hoc ......................................................................................132
5.4.3 Phng phap nhiet ........................................................................................134
5.4.4 Phng phap nhiet - c .................................................................................134
5.4.5 Phng phap tuyen chat thai.........................................................................135
5.4.6 Phng phap hoa l .......................................................................................137
5.4.7 Cac phng phap hoa hoc.............................................................................142
5.4.8 Cac phng phap sinh hoa ............................................................................142
Chng 6: TAI CHE CHAT THAI RAN..................................................................144
6.1 TNH HNH TAI CHE CTR TREN THE GII VA VIET NAM..............200
6.1.1 Tnh hnh tai che CTR tren the gii ..............................................................200
6.1.2 Tnh hnh tai che CTR tai Viet Nam.............................................................201
6.2 CAC CONG NGHE TAI CHE CTR do th ...................................................144
6.2.1 Tai che nhom................................................................................................144
6.2.2 Tai che sat va thep phe lieu..........................................................................146
6.2.3 Tai che nha .................................................................................................150
6.2.4 Tai che thuy tinh...........................................................................................157
6.2.5 Tai che va tai s dung giay - carton..............................................................158
6.3 TAI CHE CHAT THA I RAN CONG NGHIEP - CTR VO C...................158
6.3.1 Tai che chat thai ran do san xuat axit sunfuaric t quang pirit sat...............159
6.3.3 Tai che chat thai ran do san xuat phan lan t quang photphat......................159
6.3.4 Tai che chat thai ran t qua trnh san xuat phan kali ....................................166
6.3.5 Tai che chat thai ran do san xuat ton trang kem...........................................170
6.3.6 Tai che bun o ..............................................................................................172
6.4 TAI CHE CHAT THA I RAN CONG NGHIEP CTR HU C...............182
6.4.1 Tai che nha ng chua ..............................................................................182
6.4.2 Tai che can dau do suc ra tau ch dau tho ..................................................185
6.4.3 Tai che can dau t bon cha dau FO...........................................................190
6.4.4 Tai che phe thai cao su ................................................................................196
Chng 7: CONG NGHE SAN XUAT PHAN HU C (COMPOST) T RAC O
TH ......................................................................................................................203
7.1 TONG QUAN...............................................................................................203
7.1.1 nh ngha.....................................................................................................203
7.1.2 Cac giai oan c ban trong san xuat phan hu c:........................................203
7.2 O NG HO C QUA TRNH PHA N HUY SINH HO C CHA T THA I RA N
H U C ..................................................................................................................203
7.2.1 ong hoc qua trnh phan huy k kh chat thai ran hu c.............................203
7.2.2 ong hoc qua trnh phan huy hieu kh chat thai ran hu c..........................206
7.3 VI SINH VAT VA CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN QUA TRNH PHAN
HUY CHAT HU C..............................................................................................207
7.3.1 Vi sinh vat.....................................................................................................207
7.3.2 Ca c loai qua trnh trao oi chat cua vi sinh vat ............................................208
7.3.3 Nhu cau dinh dng cho s phat trien cua vi sinh vat..................................209
7.3.4 ieu kien moi trng....................................................................................211
7.4 CONG NGHE K KH.................................................................................212
7.4.1 nh ngha qua trnh phan huy k kh............................................................212
7.4.2 Qua trnh phan huy k kh.............................................................................212
7.4.3 Phan loai cong nghe ......................................................................................214
7.4.4 Cac yeu to vat ly va hoa hoc anh hng en qua trnh phan huy k kh .......216
7.4.5 ac trng cua cac cong nghe ........................................................................217
7.4.6 Kh sinh hoc ..................................................................................................232
7.5 CONG NGHE HIEU KH .............................................................................235
7.5.1 Tong quan .....................................................................................................235
7.5.2 Cac phan ng hoa sinh cua qua trnh phan huy.............................................235
7.5.3 Muc ch, li ch va han che cua qua trnh che bien phan hu c ................249
7.5.4 Cac phng phap che bien phan...................................................................250
7.5.5 Mot so cong nghe che bien phan hu c ien hnh.......................................253
7.6 SO SANH QUA TRNH CHE BIEN COMPOST HIEU KH VA PHAN HUY
K KH......................................................................................................................271
Chng 8: X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHAP NHIET.................274
8.1 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHAP NHIET.......................274
8.2 QUA TRNH OT CHAT THAI RAN.........................................................276
8.2.1 Cac nguyen tac c ban cua qua trnh chay...................................................276
8.2.2 Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh chay.....................................................278
8.2.3 Mot so cong nghe ot chat thai ien hnh .....................................................290
8.3 HE THONG NHIET PHAN..........................................................................302
8.3.1 Cac giai oan c ban cu a qua trnh ot chat thai trong lo nhie t phan ...........303
8.3.2 Kiem soat qua trnh ot trong lo nhie t phan .................................................305
8.3.3 u ie m va nhc iem cua he thong nhiet phan.........................................307
8.4 HE THONG KH HOA.................................................................................307
8.4.1 Qua trnh kh hoa ..........................................................................................307
8.4.2 Mot so he thong kh hoa ...............................................................................308
8.5 HE THONG THU HOI NANG LNG.......................................................309
8.6 CAC HE THONG KIEM SOAT O NHIEM MOI TRNG CHO CA C QUA
TRNH NHIET.........................................................................................................314
8.6.2 H thng kim soat dioxin/furan ...................................................................321
8.6.3 H thng kim soat CTR con li....................................................................322
8.6.4 Tieu chuan quy nh kh thai cho lo o t........................................................322
8.7 CAC YEU CAU KHI OT CHAT THAI NGUY HAI .................................323
8.7.1 Hieu qua phan huy DRE (Destruction and removal efficiency) ...................323
8.7.2 Ch so chay I (Incinerability Index) ..............................................................324
8.7.3 Hieu qua ot CE (Combustion Efficiency) ...................................................325
8.7.4 Hieu chnh nong o cac chat trong kh thai...................................................325
8.8 PHAN TCH LA CHON VA ANH GIA HIEU QUA CONG NGHE X
LY THAI BANG PHNG PHAP NHIET .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.8.1 Mot so van e can xem xet khi la chon cong nghe x ly CTR ............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
8.8.2 anh gia tnh hieu qua cua cong nghe x ly ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.9 CAC TNH CHAT CUA CHAT THAI CAN QUAN TAM KHI OT .........325
8.10 VAN E LA CHON CO NG NGHE X LY CHAT THAI BANG PHNG
PHAP NHIET. ..........................................................................................................326
Chng 9: BAI CHON LAP CHAT THA I RANHP VE SINH.............................331
9.1 KHAI NIEM BCL CHA T THAI RAN..........................................................332
9.2 PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN..........................................................334
9.2.1 Phan loai theo hnh thc chon lap.................................................................334
9.2.2 Phan loai theo chc nang ..............................................................................336
9.2.3 Phan loai theo a hnh .................................................................................338
9.2.4 Phan loai theo loai CTR tiep nhan ..............................................................340
9.2.5 Phan loai theo Theo ke t cau........................................................................340
9.2.6 Phan loai theo qui mo ...................................................................................341
9.3 LA CHON V TR BCL CTR.....................................................................342
9.3.1 Cac yeu to t nhien - ky thuat.......................................................................342
9.3.2 Cac yeu to kinh te xa hoi ...........................................................................343
9.3.3 Cac yeu to ve c s ha tang..........................................................................344
9.3.4 Khoang cach thch hp khi la chon bai chon la p.........................................344
9.3.5 S dung bai chon lap a ong ca ................................................................346
9.4 QUY NH VE MOI TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E
LA CHON BAI CHON LAP..................................................................................346
9.4.1 Quy trnh la chon bai chon lap....................................................................346
9.4.2 Quy nh ve cac tai lieu ieu tra (mc o ieu tra) ......................................346
9.5 CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CHAT THAI RAN TRONG BAI CHON LAP
......................................................................................................................349
9.5.1 Cac qua trnh xay ra trong bai chon lap........................................................349
9.5.2 Ly thuyet ve s phat sinh kh metan trong BCL hp ve sinh........................349
9.5.3 S thay oi lng kh theo thi gian .............................................................355
9.5.4. S di chuyen cua kh sinh ra trong BCL .......................................................363
9.5.5 Thanh phan va tnh chat cua kh sinh ra t BCL...........................................366
9.5.6 Thu va x ly kh BCL ...................................................................................367
9.6 NC RO R TRONG BCL.........................................................................372
9.6.1 S hnh thanh nc ro r................................................................................372
9.6.2 Thanh phan cua nc ro r trong BCL...........................................................373
9.6.3 S bien oi thanh phan nc ro r .................................................................375
9.6.4 Mo ta cac thanh phan can bang nc trong BCL hp ve sinh.......................376
9.6.5 Tnh toan lng nc ro r.............................................................................379
9.7 CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH..........................................381
9.7.1 Yeu cau thiet ke ...........................................................................................381
9.7.2 Cac cong trnh xay dng c ban, chu yeu trong cac BCL.............................382
9.7.3 He thong thu gom va x ly nc ro r, nc thai cua BCL............................387
9.7.4 Thu gom va x ly kh thai .............................................................................387
9.7.5 He thong thoat nc mat va nc ma..........................................................388
9.7.6 Hang rao va vanh ai cay xanh.....................................................................390
9.7.7 He thong giao thong......................................................................................390
9.7.8 Quy nh ve moi trng trong xay dng bai chon lap...................................391
9.7.9 Van hanh BCL CTR......................................................................................392
9.7.10 Kiem tra chat lng cong trnh ve mat mo i trng.......................................401
9.7.11 Tai s dung dien tch BCL............................................................................401
9.8 BAI CHON LAP CHAT THAI NGUY HAI .................................................402
TAI LIEU THAM KHA O.........................................................................................412
Quan ly va x ly chat tha i ran
i
LI M AU
Chat thai ran phat sinh t cac hoat ong cua con ngi ngay cang gia tang cung vi
s phat trie n dan so va kinh te , ac bie t la trong xa hoi cong nghiep. Cung vi cac
dang chat thai khac nh nc thai va kh thai, chat thai ran neu khong c quan ly
va x ly nghiem tuc se co kha nang gay suy thoai moi trng nghiem trong. Do o,
chat thai ran a tr thanh van e bc xuc oi vi toan xa ho i va can c s quan tam
quan ly, thu gom triet e, van chuyen an toan va x ly hieu qua, ve ky thuat lan kinh
te. V vay, qua n ly va x ly chat thai ran la mot noi dung khong the thieu trong
chng trnh ao tao ky s chuyen nganh quan ly cung nh ky thuat moi trng.
Giao trnh nay nham muc tieu trang b cac kie n thc c ban ve quan ly va cac cong
nghe x ly chat thai ran o th cho sinh vien nga nh moi trng.
Giao trnh nay gom co 9 chng:
Chng 1: Trnh bay ca c khai niem ve chat thai ran o th va cong nghie p, cac tac hai
cua chu ng oi vi sc khoe con ngi va moi trng, he thong qua n ly tong hp chat
thai ran va th t u tien trong la cho n phng an x ly chat thai ran o th.
Chng 2: Gii thieu ve thanh pha n, tnh chat c ban cua chat thai ran o th, phng
phap xac nh va kha na ng bien oi cac ac tnh nay va o la nen ta ng cho cac cong
nghe x ly.
Chng 3 va 4: Gii thie u he thong thu gom, trung chuyen va van chuyen chat thai ran
o th, bao gom phng phap thu gom, phng phap vach tuyen thu gom, cac phng
tien lu tr, van chuyen va cac tnh toan phuc vu cho cong tac l a chon phng a n thu
gom toi u.
Chng 5: Gii thieu ve cac phng an x ly cha t thai ran, bao gom: phng phap c
hoc e x ly s bo chat thai ran, chuan b cho thu gom, van chuyen va cac bc x ly
tiep theo; phng phap bien oi chat thai ran tha nh cac san pham co ch; phng phap
san xuat phan Compost t thanh phan hu c de phan huy sinh hoc trong chat thai ran
o th; phng phap pha n huy chat thai ran ba ng nhiet; va chon lap hp ve sinh.
Chng 6: Trnh bay ca c cong nghe tai che chat thai ran o th: nha, giay, thuy tinh,
sat thep,nhom va chat thai ran cong nghiep co nguon goc vo c ( bu n o, x kem,
nhom, bun xi ma ..) va hu c ( can dau tho, dau FO, nha ng chua ) .
Chng 7: Trnh bay ca c quy trnh cong nghe hieu kh san xuat phan Compost t chat
thai ran o th cung cac cong nghe k kh e san xuat biogas.
Chng 8: Gii thieu ca c phng phap nhiet trong phan huy chat thai ran: ot vi muc
tieu huy hoa n toan va thu hoi nang lng, nhiet phan e tao ra nhien lie u long va kh
ii
hoa e thu hoi kh chay. Ngoai ra, trong chng nay co n gii thieu ve cac van e o
nhiem do ot va cac bien phap khong che o nhiem.
Chng 9: Gii thieu ve chon lap chat thai ran hp ve sinh, bao gom: kha i niem ve bai
chon la p hp ve sinh. ca c nguyen tac la cho n v tr va thiet ke bai cho n lap, ket cau c
ban cua mot o chon lap chat thai ran o th, cac hang muc cong trnh trong bai chon
lap, cung nh ky thuat va n hanh, cac he tho ng thu hoi kh, thu gom va x ly nc ro r
t cac bai chon lap hp ve sinh.
Trong moi chng eu co cac v du va hnh anh minh hoa, nham giup cho sinh vien
tiep thu mot cach de dang hn, ong th i cuoi moi chng eu co ca u hoi e sinh
vien co the t kiem tra lai kien thc cua mnh.
Giao trnh nay can thiet cho sinh vien nganh moi trng cac bac Cao ang, ai
hoc va co the la ta i lieu tham khao cho hoc vie n Cao hoc va can bo ky thuat chuyen
ve quan ly va x ly chat thai ran.
ay la lan xuat ban au tien, do o khong the tranh khoi cac sai sot, rat mong nhan
c s gop y cua cac ong nghiep va ban oc, nham giup chung toi hoan thien giao
trnh ngay cang tot hn.
Tac gia.
iii
DANH MUC CAC T VIET TAT
CTR Chat thai ran
9
Chng 1: KHAI NIEM VE CHAT THAI RAN
1.1. NH NGHA CHAT THAI RAN
Chat thai ran (CTR) bao gom tat ca cac chat thai dang ran, phat sinh do cac hoat
ong cua con ngi va sinh vat, c thai bo khi chung khong con h u ch hay khi
con ngi khong muon s dung na.
Thuat ng CTR c s dung trong tai lieu nay bao gom tat ca cac chat ran hon hp
thai ra t cong ong da n c o th cung nh cac CTR ac thu t cac nganh san xuat
nong nghiep, cong nghiep, khai khoang... Tai lieu nay ac biet quan tam en CTR o
th, bi s tch luy cua CTR nay co kha na ng a nh hng ra t ln en moi trng song
cua con ngi.
1.2. S LC LCH S PHAT TRIEN VA QUA N LY CTR
CTR xuat hien t khi con ngi co mat tren trai at. Con ngi a khai thac va s
dung cac nguon tai nguyen tren trai at e phuc vu cho i song cua mnh, ong thi
thai ra CTR. Khi o, s thai bo cac chat thai t hoat ong cua con ngi khong gay
ra cac van e o nhiem moi trng tram trong do so lng dan c con thap. ong thi,
dien tch at t nhien co n rong ln, nen kha nang ong hoa CTR tot, do o khong gay
ton hai en moi trng.
Khi xa hoi phat trien, con ngi song tap hp thanh cac nhom, bo lac, cum dan c,
th s tch luy CTR tr thanh mot trong nhng van e nghiem trong oi vi cuoc song
cua con ngi. Thc pha m tha va cac loai chat thai khac b thai bo ba bai khap ni
trong cac th tran, tren cac ng pho, truc lo giao thong, cac khu at tro ng, a tao
moi trng thuan li cho s sinh san va phat trien cua cac loai gam nham nh chuot...
Cac loai gam nham la iem ta cho cac sinh vat ky sinh, nh bo chet sinh song va
phat trien. Chung la nguyen nhan gay nen benh dch hach. Do khong co ke hoach
quan ly nen cac mam be nh phat sinh t CTR a lan truyen tram trong Chau Au vao
gia the ky 14.
Mai en the ky 19, viec kiem soat dch benh nham bao ve sc khoe cong ong m i c
quan tam. Ngi ta nhan thay rang CTR, nh thc pham tha phai c thu gom va tieu
huy hp ve sinh th mi co the kiem soat cac loai gam nham, ruoi, muoi, cung nh cac
nguy c truyen benh.
Moi quan he gia sc khoe cong ong vi viec lu tr, thu gom va van chuyen cac
chat thai khong hp ly a the hien ro rang. Co nhieu bang chng cho tha y cac bai rac
khong hp ve sinh, cac can nha o chuot, cac ni cha thc pham tha la moi trng
thuan li cho chuot, ruo i, muoi va cac vi sinh vat truyen benh sinh san, phat trien.
Thc te cho thay, viec quan ly CTR khong h p ly la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan
chnh gay o nhiem moi trng (at, nc, khong kh ). V du, cac bai rac khong hp
ve sinh a gay nhiem ban cac nguon nc mat, nc ngam (nc r rac) va gay o
10
nhiem khong kh (mu i hoi). Ket qua nghien cu khoa hoc tren the gi i a cho thay,
gan 22 can benh cua con ngi phat sinh do moi trng b o nhiem, la ket qua cua
viec quan ly CTR khong hp ly.
Cac phng phap pho bien nhat c s dung e x ly CTR t au the ky 20 la:
+ Thai bo tren cac khu at trong.
+ Tha i bo vao moi trng nc (song, ho, bien ).
+ Chon lap.
+ Giam thieu va ot.
Hien nay, he thong qua n ly CTR khong ngng phat trien, ac biet la My va cac
nc cong nghiep tien tien. Nhieu he thong qua n ly CTR at hieu qua cao nh s ket
hp ung an gia cac thanh phan sau ay:
+ Luat phap va quy nh quan ly CTR.
+ He thong to chc quan ly.
+ Quy hoach quan ly.
+ Cong nghe x ly.
S hnh thanh cac luat le va quy nh ve quan ly CTR ngay cang chat che a gop phan
nang cao hieu qua cua he thong quan ly CTR hien nay.
1.3. S PHAT SINH CHAT THAI RAN TRONG XA HOI CONG NGHIE P
Trong xa hoi cong nghiep, qua trnh phat sinh CTR gan lien vi qua trnh san xuat,
moi giai oan cua qua trnh san xuat eu tao ra CTR, t khau khai thac, tuyen chon
nguyen lieu en khi tao ra san pham phuc vu ngi tieu dung. San pha m sau khi s
dung co the tai sinh, tai che hoac o bo, va o cung la CTR.
Hnh 1.1 Dong vat lieu va qua trnh phat sinh CTR trong xa hoi cong nghiep
CHAT THAI
Nguyen lieu tho, san pham va vat lieu tai sinh
VAT LIEU THO
SAN XUAT
TAI CHE VA
TAI SINH
SAN XUAT
TH CAP
NGI TIEU DUNG
THAI BO
CHAT THAI
Chat thai
11
1.4. ANH HNG CUA CHAT THAI RAN EN MOI TRNG
Cac van e o nhiem moi trng, nh o nhiem nc va khong kh cung lien quan en
viec quan ly CTR khong hp ly. V du, nc ro r t cac bai chon lap khong hp ve
sinh gay o nhiem nguo n nc mat va nc ngam. Trong khu ham mo , nc ro r t
ni thai bo chat thai co the cha cac oc to nh ong, arsenic va uranium, la nguyen
nhan khien nc ngam b o nhiem. Mac du thie n nhien co kha nang pha loang, phan
tan, phan huy, hap phu lam giam tac ong do s phat tha i cac chat o nhiem vao kh
quyen, nc va at, nhng kha nang ong hoa nay ch co gi i han, nen khi ham lng
cac chat o nhiem qua cao, tat yeu se gay mat can bang sinh thai.
Trong khu v c co mat o dan so cao, viec thai bo cac chat thai gay nen nhieu van e
bat li ve moi tr ng. Lng rac thay oi khac nhau theo t ng khu v c. V du: lng
rac tha i phat sinh tai khu vc thanh th va nong thon nc My la rat khac nhau, tai thanh
pho Los Angeles, bang California (ai dien cho khu vc thanh th) c tnh lng rac
hang ngay la 3,18kg/ngi/ngay, trong khi o tai Wilson, bang Wisconsin (ai dien cho
khu vc nong thon), c tnh lng rac tha i ra ch khoa ng 1kg/ngi/ngay. (Integrated
Solid Waste Management, 1993).
1.5. HE THONG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN O TH
He tho ng quan ly CTR o th la mot c cau to chc quan ly chuyen trach ve CTR o th
trong cau truc quan ly tong the cua mot to chc (c quan quan ly nha nc ve moi
tr ng, doanh nghie p, cong ty, x nghiep, n v san xuat).
He thong quan ly CTR o th la thie t yeu, co vai tro kie m soat cac van e lien quan en
CTR bao go m: 1) s phat sinh; 2) thu gom, lu gi va phan loai tai nguon; 3) thu gom
tap trung; 4) trung chuyen va van chuye n; 5) phan loai, x ly va che bien; 6) thai bo
CTR, mot cach h p ly da tre n cac nguyen tac c ban ve bao ve sc khoe cong o ng,
kinh te, ky thuat, bao ton thien nhien, canh quan, cac van e moi trng va da tren
thai o cu a cong o ng.
Nguon phat sinh chat thai
Phan loai, lu tr, tai s dung
tai nguon
Thu gom tap trung
Trung chuyen va van
chuyen
Phan loai, x ly va ta i che
CTR
Thai bo
Hnh 1.2 Moi lien he gia ca c thanh phan trong he thong quan ly CTR
12
Quan ly CTR o th lien quan en cac van e nh quan ly hanh chanh, tai chanh, luat le,
quy hoach va ky thuat. e giai quyet van e lien quan en CTR, can phai co s phoi hp
hoan chnh gia cac lnh vc: kinh te, chnh tr, quy hoach vung - thanh pho, a ly, sc
khoe cong ong, xa hoi hoc, ky thuat, khoa hoc va cac van e khac.
Muc ch cua quan ly CTR
1. Bao ve sc khoe cong ong.
2. Bao ve moi trng.
3. S dung toi a vat lieu, tiet kiem tai nguyen va nang lng.
4. Tai che va s dung toi a rac hu c
5. Giam thieu CTR tai cac bai o.
1.6 QUAN LY TONG HP CHAT THAI RAN
S chon la ket hp gi a cong nghe, ky thuat va chng trnh quan ly phu hp e at
muc tieu quan ly CTR, c goi la quan ly to ng hp CTR (Integrated solid waste
management, ISWM).
1.6.1 Nguyen tac chung
Nguyen tac chung cua he thong quan ly tong hp CTR la u tien cac bien phap giam
thieu tai nguon, sau o mi e n cac bie n phap khac. Vi viec u tie n giam thieu tai
nguon, l i nhuan thu c tang len tren tng tan chat thai c giam thieu thong qua
viec giam chi ph van chuyen, giam chi ph x ly va giam tac ong xau en moi trng.
1.6.2 Th bac u tien trong quan ly tong hp CTR
Th bac hanh ong u tien trong quan ly tong h p CTR la:
1) Giam thieu tai nguon
2) Tai che
3) Che bien chat thai: san xuat phan bon, kh sinh hoc, ot tan dung nhie t, tieu
huy.
4) Chon lap hp ve sinh.
- Giam thieu tai nguon:
La phng phap hieu qua nhat nham giam l ng CTR, giam chi ph phan loai va
nhng tac ong bat li gay ra oi vi moi trng.
Trong san xua t, giam thieu tai nguon c thc hien xuyen suot t khau thiet ke, san
xuat va ong goi san pham, nham tiet kiem nguyen vat lieu, giam thanh phan oc
hai, giam the tch bao b va tao san pham ben hn.
13
Giam thieu tai nguo n co the thc hien ngay tai cac ho gia nh, khu thng mai, nha
may t viec la chon hang hoa cho e n viec tai s dung cac san pham va vat lieu.
- Tai che:
La yeu to quan trong trong viec giam nhu cau s dung tai nguyen va giam ang ke khoi
lng CTR phai chon lap. Tai che bao gom 3 giai oan: 1) phan loai va thu gom CTR; 2)
chuan b nguyen lieu cho viec tai s dung, tai che ; 3) tai s dung va tai che.
- Che bien chat thai:
La qua trnh bien o i ly, hoa, sinh cua CTR nham: 1) nang cao hieu qua cua he thong
quan ly CTR, 2) ta i sinh va tai s dung, 3) s dung san pham tai che (v du: phan
Compost) va thu hoi nang lng dang nhiet va kh sinh hoc.
S chuyen hoa CTR se giam ang ke dung tch cac bai chon lap. Giam the tch CTR
bang cach ot la mot v du ien hnh.
- Chon lap :
Phng phap chon lap a p dung vi CTR khong co kha nang tai che, tai s dung hoac
phan con lai sau khi che bien va ot. Thong thng co hai hng chon lap CTR: 1)
thai bo tren ma t at hay chon lap vao at; va 2) thai bo xuong bien.
Chon lap bang cach thai bo co kiem soat tren mat at hay chon vao at la phng
phap pho bien trong vie c thai bo CTR, nhng lai b xep hang cuoi cung trong th t
u tien cua chng trnh quan ly tong hp CTR, v no khong giai quyet triet e cac
van e ve moi trng phat sinh t CTR. Theo TS Paul A. Oliver, en thang 8 nam
2000 tai My co khoang 2.500 bai chon lap CTR ang hoat ong, moi bai tiep nhan
khoang 80.000 tan CTR o th hang nam, tieu hao khoang 6 t USD cho cong tac
chon lap. Ben canh o, trong cac bai chon CTR dien ra hang loat cac chuoi phan ng
sinh hoa vi s tham gia cua hang ngan chat oc hai, co the tao thanh cac chat oc
hai nguy hiem chet ngi theo cach thc ma con ngi cha tng bie t en. Do o,
chung ta khong the lng c cac nguy hai tiem an lien quan en CTR trong cac bai
chon lap. Van e g se co the xay ra sau 50, 100 hay 200 nam na t cac bai chon
lap?
14
1.6.3 Cac thanh phan cua he thong quan ly tong hp chat thai ran
He thong quan ly tong hp CTR bao gom: c ca u chnh sach, c cau lua t, c cau hanh
chanh, giao duc cong ong, c cau kinh te, he thong ky thuat, th tr ng va tiep th
cac san pham tai che, he thong thong tin chat tha i.
1.6.3.1 C ca u chnh sach:
Muc ch: phat trien va tap hp mot cach toan dien chnh sach quan ly chat thai vi
cac oi tng chnh sach co the at c.
Cong cu:
- Chnh sach giam thieu chat thai.
- Cac chnh sach chat thai ac biet.
- Khuyen khch.
- Hnh phat.
15
- Tr gia va cac ke hoach phat trien cong nghiep.
1.6.3.2 C ca u luat:
Muc ch: cung cap luat an toan va sc khoe cong ong, moi trng co tnh kha thi va
cong bang.
Cong cu:
- Luat bao ve moi trng.
- Luat bao ve sc khoe co ng ong.
- Giay phep cho cac hoat ong lien quan en rac.
- Ngh nh Bao ve tang ozon, kh nha knh mot cach bat buoc tren toan ca u.
1.6.3.3 C ca u hanh chanh:
Muc ch: thc hien va ho tr viec thi hanh c cau luat va chnh sach.
Cong cu:
- Cap giay phep cho cac n v quan ly chat thai ran.
- Thanh tra vien sc khoe cong ong va moi trng.
- Cap phep cho thanh tra vien theo luat nh.
- Rang buoc, x phat va thu hoi giay phep.
- He thong giam sat va anh gia.
1.6.3.4 Giao du c cong ong:
Muc ch: nang cao nhan thc, nhiem vu va trach nhiem cua cong o ng ve van e
quan ly chat thai.
Cong cu:
- Chien dch truyen thong chung.
- Phan biet cac loai san pham.
- Ngay lam ve sinh moi trng ca nc.
- Chng trnh giang day trng hoc.
- Giao duc the he tre.
- Thung rac cong cong.
- Chng trnh truyen hnh ve moi trng.
1.6.3.5 C ca u kinh te:
Muc ch: at c s o n nh kinh te.
Cong cu:
- Phan tch va xac nh chi ph.
16
- Ph dch vu.
- Ngi tieu dung phai tra ph quan ly CTR.
- S ro rang ve gia ca.
- au t tap the va ca nhan.
- Thue CTR.
1.6.3.6 He thong ky thua t:
Muc ch: tach cac chat thai ra khoi xa hoi, a chung vao dong luan chuyen vat chat
va thai bo.
Cong cu:
- Thu gom va van chuyen.
- Che bien va x ly.
- Thai bo cac phan con lai.
- Tai sinh nang lng.
1.6.3.7 Tao th trng va tie p th cac san pham tai che:
Muc ch: khep kn vong tuan hoan cua vat lieu trong xa hoi.
Cong cu:
- Khuyen khch cac san pham co cha cac vat lieu tai che.
- Giao duc ngi tieu dung.
- Khuyen khch s dung cac vat lieu tai che trong san xuat.
- Tr cap cho cac nghien cu va phat trien cac co ng nghe tai che.
- Khuyen khch cac cong nghiep tai che.
1.6.3.8 He thong thong tin CTR:
Muc ch: thu nhap tho ng tin mot cach chnh xac ve he thong quan ly CTR e giam
sat, anh gia, phat trien ke hoach chien lc va ho tr viec ra quyet nh.
Cong cu:
- Xac nh cac dong/nguon thai.
- Xac nh cac dang chat thai.
- Phan tch cac thanh phan chat thai.
- nh lng chat thai.
- C s d lieu tap trung.
- He thong thu thap so lie u.
17
1.7 NHNG THACH THC CUA VIEC QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN
TRONG TNG LAI
Xa hoi cang phat trien, dan so cang gia tang, cung vi qua trnh o th hoa va cong
nghiep hoa, khien cho lng CTR phat sinh ngay cang nhieu. Nhng thach thc va c
hoi co the ap dung e giam thieu lng CTR trong tng lai la: 1) thay oi thoi quen
tieu thu sa n pham trong xa hoi; 2) giam lng CTR tai nguon; 3) xay dng bai chon
lap an toan hn; 4) phat trien cong nghe m i.
1.7.1 Thay oi thoi quen tieu thu san pham trong xa hoi
Tieu thu san pham la mot hoat ong t nhien trong xa hoi. Mc song cang cao, mc
tieu thu san pham cua con ngi cang tang, ca ve so lng lan chat l ng. Qua trnh
tieu thu san pham lai lam phat sinh CTR; do o , CTR cung thay oi theo hng tang
ve khoi lng lan thanh phan. Nh vay, muon giam c khoi lng CTR phat sinh
can phai thay oi thoi quen tieu thu san pham, nh giam thieu hang tie u dung; tuy
nhien, ieu nay lai mau thuan vi yeu cau phat trien kinh te.
1.7.2 Giam thieu tai nguon
La giam ve so lng ha ng hoa ong goi va loi thi, ong thi tien hanh tai che tai
nguon (tai nha, van pho ng, nha may ). Neu thc hien tot cong tac nay, lng CTR
phat sinh se giam ang ke. Ben canh o, giam thieu tai nguon con la giai phap bao
ton tai nguyen va tang hieu qua kinh te.
1.7.3 Xay dng bai chon lap an toan hn
Bai chon lap la ni thai bo sau cung cua CTR. Do o, cac thanh phan oc hai trong
CTR can phai c gia m en mc cho phep trc khi chon lap e tang hieu qua cua
bai chon lap. Viec thiet ke bai chon lap can phai cai tien sao cho am bao an toan e
lu tr cac chat thai trong mot thi gian dai. Tho ng tin ve hoat ong cua cac bai chon
lap hien ta i can phai pho bien nham cai tien vie c xay dng va van hanh cac bai chon
lap trong tng lai. Bang cach nay, bai chon la p se an toan hn va vie c quan ly cac
bai chon lap ngay cang hieu qua hn.
1.7.4 Phat trien cong nghe mi
Khuyen khch ap dung nhng cong nghe mi trong he thong quan ly CTR, tao ieu
kien phat trien ky thuat e bao ton tai nguyen thien nhien tot nha t, va ay la giai
phap au t co hieu qua . Viec au t kiem tra va thc thi cac cong nghe mi la mot
phan quan trong trong cong tac quan ly tong hp CTR trong tng lai.
1.8 HIEN TRANG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN VIET NAM
nc ta, cung vi s phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, cac nganh san xuat kinh doanh, dch
vu cac o th - khu co ng nghiep c m rong va phat trien nhanh chong, mot mat
gop phan tch cc cho s phat trien cua at nc, mat khac tao ra mot kho i lng CTR
ngay ca ng ln (bao go m chat thai sinh hoat, chat thai cong nghiep, chat thai benh
vien). Viec thai bo mot cach ba bai CTR kho ng hp ve sinh cac o th, khu cong
18
nghiep la nguyen nhan chnh gay o nhiem moi trng, lam phat sinh benh tat, anh
hng e n sc khoe va cuoc song con ngi.
Nguy c o nhiem moi trng do chat thai gay ra ang tr thanh van e cap bach oi
vi hau het cac o th trong nc, trong khi o cong tac quan ly CTR cac o th va
khu cong nghiep con rat yeu kem.
Theo Bao cao Dien bien Moi trng Viet Nam nam 2004 cua World Bank, lng chat
thai phat sinh tai Viet Nam c tnh khoa ng 15 trieu tan/nam. Trong tha p ky ti, tong
lng CTR phat sinh c d ba o se tiep tuc ta ng nhanh. Cac khu vc o th chiem
khoang 24% da n so ca nc nhng lai chiem hn 50% tong lng chat thai phat sinh,
va c tnh trong nhng nam ti, l ng chat thai sinh hoat phat sinh khoang 60%,
trong khi chat thai cong nghiep se tang 50% va chat thai oc hai se tang gap 3 lan so
vi hien nay.
Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh co dien tch 2093,7 km
2
, dan so 6.117.251 ngi (thang
10/2004) pha n bo tai 24 quan huyen; ni tap trung 12 khu cong nghiep, 2 khu che xuat
va 1 khu co ng nghe cao vi hn 800 nha may rieng le, 15.000 c s san xuat va va
nho, 62 benh vien, hn 400 trung tam chuye n khoa, trung tam y te va hn 800 phong
kham t nhan..., hien ang phat thai moi ngay khoang 5.000 5.200 ta n CTR o th
(bao gom CTR sinh hoat trong cac c s cong nghiep va chat thai cong nghiep khong
nguy hai), 700 1.100 tan chat thai xay dng, hn 1000 tan CTR cong nghiep, trong
o 120 150 ta n CTR nguy hai, 9 12 tan CTR y te.
Tai cac vung no ng thon, cac phe thai cua san xua t nong, lam, ng nghiep truyen thong
(nh than la cay, rm ra, vo hat, pha n gia suc...) hau het c s dung e un na u, lam
phan bon hoac chon lap. Nhng chat thai co nguon goc co ng nghiep, nh chat deo,
nha, kim loai, d lng hoa chat kho phan huy, tuy cha tr thanh van e bc xuc
nhng ang co xu hng tang len nhanh chong.
Ta i cac o th va khu cong nghiep, viec thu gom va x ly CTR sinh hoat, CTR cong
nghiep, chat thai nguy hai ang la van e moi trng cap bach. Hien nay, Viet Nam,
nang lc thu gom CTR tat ca cac o th va khu cong nghiep mi ch at khoang 20
40%. Rac thai cha pha n loai tai nguon, c thu gom lan lon va van chuyen en bai
chon lap. Cong viec thu nhat va phan loai cac phe thai co kha nang tai che, hoan toa n
do nhng ngi ngheo sinh song bang nghe bi rac thc hien.
Viec ng du ng cac cong nghe tai che CTR e tai s dung co n rat han che, cha c to
chc va quy hoach phat trien. Cac c s tai che rac thai co quy mo nho, cong nghe lac
hau, hieu qua tai che co n thap va qua trnh hoat ong cung gay o nhiem moi trng.
Hien ch co mot pha n nho rac thai (khoang 1,5 -5% tong lng rac thai) c che bien
thanh phan bo n vi sinh va chat mun vi cong nghe hp ve sinh.
Giai quyet van e CTR la mot bai toan phc tap t khau phan loai CTR, ton tr, thu
gom en viec van chuyen, tai sinh, tai che va chon lap.
19
Bien phap x ly CTR hien nay chu yeu la chon lap, nhng cha co ba i chon lap CTR
nao at tieu chuan ky thuat ve sinh moi trng. Cac bai chon lap CTR van con gay o
nhiem moi trng at, nc va khong kh.
CTR phat sinh tai cac khu cong nghiep ang c thu gom va x ly chung vi rac thai
sinh hoat o th v cha co khu x ly rieng danh cho CTR cong nghiep. Chat thai nguy
hai (trong o co chat tha i benh vien) ch c thu gom vi ty le khoang 50 60%.
Cong tac quan ly CTR hien nay con nhieu han che:
+ S phan co ng trach nhiem quan ly CTR gia cac nga nh cha ro rang, cha co mot
he thong quan ly tho ng nhat rieng oi vi CTR co ng nghiep cu a Thanh pho.
+ C che thc hien dch vu thu gom va quan ly CTR van con mang na ng tnh bao cap,
mac du nha nc Viet Nam a co chnh sach xa hoi hoa cong tac nay.
+ Cha co th trng thong nhat ve trao oi va tai che CTR noi chung va CTR cong
nghiep noi rieng, ch co mot phan rat nho CTR cong nghiep c thu hoi, tai che va tai
s dung.
+ Phan ln CTR cong nghiep, ke ca chat thai nguy hai c thai bo lan lon vi CTR
o th va c a e n BCL von cha c thiet ke hp ve sinh ngay t au.
+ Viec thu gom chat thai chu yeu s dung lao ong thu cong. S tham gia cua cong
ong va cua khu vc t nhan va o viec thu gom va quan ly chat thai cha rong rai. a
co mot so mo hnh thu gom va x ly rac thai o th cua t nhan va cong ong to chc
thanh cong, nhng do von au t co han, nen so lng va chat lng cua dch vu van
cha ap ng yeu cau phat trien ben vng.
+ Thieu s au t thoa ang va lau dai oi vi cac trang thiet b thu gom, van chuyen,
phan loai, xay dng cac bai chon lap ung quy cach va cac cong nghe x ly chat thai
phu h p.
+ Cha co cac cong nghe va phng tien hie n a i cung nh von a u t e tai che chat
thai a thu gom, con thieu kinh ph cung nh cong nghe thch hp e x ly chat thai
nguy hai.
+ Nhan thc cua cong ong ve bao ve moi trng va an toa n sc kho e lien quan ti
cong tac thu gom, x ly va quan ly CTR va n con ang trnh o thap. Viec o bo ba
bai CTR xuong cac kenh rach gay mat ve sinh, e doa nghiem trong en nguy c suy
thoai moi trng nc ngam.
CAU HOI
1. CTR la g ? Tac ong cua CTR oi vi moi trng ?
2. The nao la chng trnh quan ly CTR tong h p ?. Giai thch ve th t u tien trong
chng trnh quan ly tong hp CTR.
3. Giam thieu CTR la g? Cho v du.
20
4. Tai che CTR la g ? Li ch cua tai che.
5. Trnh bay nhng chng trnh tai sinh tai che (lon, thuy tinh, giay...) cua nc ta.
Nhng chng trnh nay co hieu qua khong? Lam the nao e chng trnh at c
hieu qua toi a?
6. Neu nhng anh hng do t nhan hoa viec xay dng va van hanh ba i chon lap en
cac kha ca nh kinh te va moi trng.
21
Chng 2: NGUON GOC, THANH PHAN, KHOI LNG VA
TNH CHAT CUA CHAT THAI RAN
Nguon goc, thanh phan, tnh chat cung nh d bao toc o phat sinh cua chat thai ran
(CTR) la c s quan tro ng trong thiet ke, la chon cong nghe x ly va e xuat cac
chng trnh quan ly CTR thch hp.
2.1 NGUON GOC CHAT THAI RAN
Cac nguon phat sinh CTR bao gom:
(1) khu dan c,
(2) khu thng mai (nha hang, khach san, sieu th, ch ),
(3) c quan, cong s (trng ho c, trung tam va vien nghien cu, benh vien ),
(4) khu xay d ng va pha huy cac cong trnh xay dng,
(5) khu co ng co ng (nha ga, ben tau, san bay, cong vien, khu vui chi, ng pho),
(6) nha may x ly chat thai,
(7) cong nghiep
(8) nong nghiep.
Chat thai o th co the xem nh chat thai cong cong ngoai tr cac CTR t qua trnh san
xuat co ng nghie p va nong nghie p.
CTR co the phan loai bang nhieu cach khac nhau:
Phan loai da vao nguon goc phat sinh nh: rac thai sinh hoat, van phong,
thng mai, cong nghie p, ng pho, chat tha i trong qua trnh xay dng hay
ap pha nha xng.
Phan loai da vao ac tnh t nhien nh la cac chat hu c, vo c, chat co the
chay hoac khong co kha nang chay.
Tuy nhien, can c vao ac iem chat thai co the phan loai CTR thanh 3 nhom ln : Chat
thai o th, chat thai cong nghiep va chat thai nguy hai.
ang chu y nhat trong thanh phan rac thai la chat thai nguy hai, thng phat sinh t cac
khu cong nghiep. Do o, nhng thong tin ve nguon goc phat sinh va ac tnh cac chat thai
nguy hai cua cac loai hnh cong nghiep khac nhau la rat can thiet. Cac hien tng nh
chay tran, ro r cac loai hoa chat can phai ac biet chu y, bi v chi ph thu gom va x ly
cac chat thai nguy hai b chay tran rat ton kem. V du, chat thai nguy hai b hap phu bi
cac vat lieu de ngam nc nh rm ra va dung dch hoa chat b tham vao trong at th
phai ao bi at e x ly. Luc nay, cac chat thai nguy hai bao gom cac thanh phan chat
long chay tran, chat hap phu (rm, ra) va ca at b o nhiem.
22
oi vi rac thai o th do ac iem nguon thai la nguon phan tan nen rat kho quan l, ac
biet la cac ni co at trong.
Bang 2.1: Loai CTR theo cac nguon phat sinh khac nhau
Nguon phat sinh Loai chat thai
Ho gia nh Rac thc pham, giay, cacton, nha, tui nylon, vai, da, rac vn,
go, thuy tinh, lon thiec, nhom, kim loai, tro, la cay, chat thai ac
biet nh pin, dau nht xe, lop xe, ruot xe, sn tha,
Khu thng mai Giay, carton, nha, tui nylon, go, rac thc pham, thuy tinh, kim
loai, chat thai ac biet nh vat dung gia nh h hong (ke sach,
en, tu,), o ien t h hong (may radio, tivi,), tu lanh, may
giat hong, pin, dau nht xe, sam lop, sn tha,
Cong s Giay, carton, nha, tui nylon, go, rac thc pham, thuy tinh, kim
loai, chat tha i ac biet nh ke sach, en, tu ho ng, pin, dau nht
xe, sam lop, sn tha,
Xay dng Go, thep, betong, at, ca t,
Khu cong cong Giay, tui nylon, la cay,
Tram x ly nc thai Bun
2.2. THANH PHAN CUA CHAT THAI RAN
Thanh phan cua CTR la mot thuat ng dung e mo ta tnh chat va nguon goc cac yeu
to rieng biet cau thanh nen dong chat thai, thong thng c tnh bang phan tram
theo khoi lng.
Thong tin ve thanh phan CTR ong vai tro rat quan trong trong viec anh gia va la chon
nhng thiet b thch hp e x ly, cac qui trnh x ly cung nh viec hoach nh cac he
thong, chng trnh va ke hoach quan ly CTR.
Thong thng trong CTR o th, CTR t cac khu dan c va thng mai chiem t le cao
nhat 50 - 75%. T le cua moi thanh phan chat thai se thay oi tuy thuoc vao loai hnh hoat
ong: xay dng, sa cha, dch vu o th cung nh cong nghe s dung trong x ly nc.
Thanh phan rieng biet cua CTR thay oi theo v tr a ly, thi gian, mu a trong nam,
ieu kien kinh te va tuy thuoc vao thu nhap cua tng quoc gia.
V du ve thanh phan va mot so tnh chat CTR cua TP HCM a c VITTEP phan
tch va tnh toan, trnh bay trong phu luc 2.1
2.2.1 S thay oi thanh phan chat thai ran trong tng lai
S thay oi thanh pha n CTR trong tng lai co y ngha ra t quan trong trong viec
hoach nh ke hoach quan ly CTR, ong thi no cung quyet nh cac d an va chng
23
trnh quan ly cho cac c quan quan ly (s thay oi cac thiet b chuyen dung cho thu
gom, van chuyen va x ly).
Tren the gii, ac biet la tai cac nc phat trie n, bon thanh phan CTR co xu hng
thay oi ln la: thc pham, giay va carton, rac vn, plastic.
- Thc pham tha: khoi lng thc pham tha c thu gom a thay o i ang
ke qua cac nam nh bieu o hnh 2.1; la ke t qua cua cac tien bo ky thuat va cac
thay oi trong quan ie m cong ong. Hai tien bo cua khoa hoc ky thuat co anh
hng ang ke en s thay oi kho i lng thc pham tha la s phat trien cua
cong nghiep che bien thc pham va ong goi, s dung may nghien chat thai nau
bep. Khoi lng chat thai thc pham a giam t 14% (au nam 1940) xuong
con khoang 9% (nam 1992). ong thi, cong ong cung a y thc ve cac van
e lien quan en moi trng nhieu hn, xu hng s dung thc pham cong
nghiep a gia tang ang ke.
- Giay va cacton: trong na the ky qua, khoi lng giay va ba cng trong CTR
a gia tang nhanh cho ng, t khoang 20% vao nhng nam 1940 a tang len
khoang 40% vao nam 1992.
- Rac vn: rac v n trong CTR o th tang ang ke do viec a ra luat cam ot.
Hien nay, tai My, rac vn chiem khoang khoang 16 - 24% khoi l ng chat thai.
- Nha deo: thanh phan nha deo trong CTR a gia tang trong suot 50 na m qua.
Tnh t nam 1940 en 1992 viec s dung chat deo a gia tang them t 7 -8%
khoi lng thai; va d oan se tiep tuc tang trong thi gian ti.
Hnh 2.1: S thay oi thanh phan CTR trong tng lai.
24
Viet Nam, vi chu trng ay manh cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa a t nc va c
cau chuye n dch kinh te t nong nghiep sang cong nghiep cua Chnh Phu , ket hp vi
cac nghien c u ve s thay oi thanh phan CTR theo thi gian cua mot so nc co ieu
kien tng t, cho thay thanh phan CTR a co s thay oi ang ke trong rac thai o
th, o la: thc pham th a, giay cac loai, nylon - nha mem, nha cng va vai.
- Chat thai thc pham: v i qua trnh co ng nghiep hoa at nc, hang hoa cong
nghiep dan thay the ca c san pham nong nghie p. V vay, lng chat thai thc
pham a va ang giam manh. Nganh cong nghiep che bien thc pham la nganh
co anh hng l n nhat en s thay oi lng chat thai thc pham
- Giay cac loai: thanh phan chat thai giay nc ta tang nhanh do 2 nguye n nhan
chnh: (i) chu trng va nhu cau phat trien manh nen giao duc, tien en xoa nan
mu ch va pho cap giao duc trong toan dan a la m tang ty le tre em en trng;
(ii) nganh cong nghiep ong goi hang hoa cho tieu dung va xuat kha u phat trien
manh cung lam gia ta ng thanh phan giay thai.
- Nylon Nha cac loai: vi toc o va xu hng phat trien nhanh, nganh cong
nghiep ong goi, cong nghiep san xuat cac mat hang nha a lam gia ta ng khoi
lng nha trong CTR.
- Vai: Thanh pha n chat thai nay rat kho d oan, tuy nhien no co the se ta ng len
trong thi gian ti khi nhu cau may mac cua ng i dan tang cao cung nh s ay
manh xuat kha u cac mat hang nay.
2.2.2. Phng phap xac nh thanh phan CTR tai hien trng
Do thanh phan cua CTR khong ong nhat nen viec xac nh thanh phan cua no kha phc
tap. Cong viec kho khan nhat trong thiet ke va van hanh he thong quan ly CTR la d oan
c thanh phan cua chat thai hien tai va tng lai. e lay mau ai dien cho CTR can
nghien cu, ngi ta thng ap dung phng phap mot phan t.
Trnh t tien hanh nh sau:
- Mau CTR ban au c lay t khu vc nghien cu co khoi lng khoa ng
100 - 250kg, sau o CTR c o ong tai mot ni rieng biet, xao tron eu bang cach
vun thanh ong hnh co n nhieu lan. Chia hnh con a tron eu ong nhat lam 4 phan
bang nhau.
- Lay 2 phan cheo nhau va tiep tuc tron thanh 1 ong hnh con mi. Tiep tuc
thc hien cac thao tac tren cho en khi a t c mau th nghiem co khoi lng
khoang 20-30kg.
- Mau CTR se c phan loai thu cong. Moi thanh phan se c at vao mot
khay rieng. Sau o, can cac khay va ghi khoi lng cua cac thanh phan. e thu c so
lieu co o chnh xac, nen lay mau nhieu lan (t nhat hai lan).
V du ve thanh phan cua CTR o th tai My c trnh bay trong bang 2.2.
25
Bang 2.2 Thanh phan CTRo th
STT Thanh phan % khoi lng
I Chat hu c
1 Thc pham tha 9,0
2 Giay 34,0
3 Giay cacton 6,0
4 Nha 7,0
5 Vai vun 2,0
6 Cao su 0,5
7 Da 0,5
8 Rac vn 18,5
9 Go 2,0
II Chat vo c
1 Thuy tinh 8,0
2 Can thiec 6,0
3 Nhom 0,5
4 Kim loai khac 3,0
5 Bui, tro 3,0
(Nguon: Intergrated solid waste management McGRAW-HILL 1993.)
2.3 CAC THANH PHAN TAI SINH, TAI CHE TRONG CTR
2.3.1 Lon nhom
So vi nhng thanh phan CTR co kha nang tai che nh giay, thu y tinh, nha th nhom
la loai CTR c tai che thanh cong nhat. Tai che nhom mang lai hieu qua kinh te do:
- Tiet kiem va nguyen lie u on nh.
- Tiet kiem nang lng san xuat (nang lng san xuat nhom t nguyen lieu
nhom tai che t hn 5% so vi nhom nguyen chat).
- Lon nhom c tai che la loai nguyen lieu ong nhat, co thanh phan xac
nh biet trc va hau nh khong co tap chat.
- Tang cng sc canh tranh kinh te gia cac nha may san xuat lon nhom va
cac nha may san xuat bao b thuy tinh va kim loa i.
Nguyen tac:
26
Nhom phe thai em ta i che khong c nhie m ban (b i at, cat, chat thai thc
pham), c ep va ong thanh kien vi kch thc, khoi lng theo quy nh cua c
s san xuat (v du: 0,9 m x 1,2 m x 1,5 m), kho ng cha nc, cac loai lon khac hoac
nhom dang la.
2.3.2 Giay va carton
La thanh phan chiem t le kha cao trong cac thanh phan cua CTR o th (8,63% ve
khoi lng) nen viec thu hoi va ta i s dung giay se mang lai nhieu li ch kinh te nh:
giam thieu tong khoi lng CTR; giam tac ong en rng do han che nguyen lieu go
va giam nang lng, hoa chat tieu thu can thiet e san xuat giay.
Cac loai giay co the tai che bao gom: 1) giay ba o; 2) thung carton hong; 3) giay chat
lng cao; 4) giay loai hon hp.
Giay bao: giay bao tay mc c dung e san xuat an pham mi, giay ve sinh
va giay chat lng cao. Phan con lai hau nh c s dung e san xuat thung
carton va cac san pham xay dng (nh carton xo p, tran nha, vach ngan,)
Thung carton: giay carton la mot trong nhng nguon giay phe lieu rieng biet
e tai che. Nguon pha t sinh giay carton ang ke nhat la t sieu th va cac ca
hang ban le. Thung carton c ep thanh kien va chuyen en c s tai che
lam vat lieu cho lp ay hoac lp gia cua cac dang bao b carton.
Giay chat lng cao: gom giay in, giay trang, giay mau t sach (giay viet, ban
anh may va giay t tai chnh khac), gay sach hay phan giay phe lieu cat xen
t sach, giay ve tranh. Cac loai giay nay co the thay the trc tiep bot go hoac
co the tay mc e san xuat giay ve sinh hoac cac loai giay chat lng khac.
Giay loai hon hp: gom giay bao, tap ch va nhieu loai giay khac, dung e san
xuat thung carton va cac san pham ep khac.
2.3.3 Nha
San pham t nha vi ac tnh nhe, hnh dang phong phu, tien s dung a dan chiem lnh
th trng, thay the cac san pham san xuat t kim loai va thuy tinh. Cung vi s gia tang
cac san pham tieu dung t nha, nha phe thai, nylon ngay cang chiem ty trong ang ke
trong thanh phan CTR o th (12,78% theo khoi lung). Do vay, viec thu hoi va tai che
nha se gop phan giam thieu khoi lng CTR phat sinh va tiet kiem nguyen lieu.
Hau het cac nha san xuat san pham bao b nh a hien nay eu ky hieu san pham cua
ho theo so th t t 1 e n 7, ac trng cho hau het cac loai nha san xuat e tao ieu
kien thuan li cho viec phan loai va tai che.
27
Bang 2.3: Phan loai, k hieu va nguon s dung nha
Vat lieu Ky hieu Nguon s dung
Polyethylene terephathlate 1-PETE Chai nc giai khat, bao b thc pham,
High-density polyethylene 2-HDPE Chai sa, bnh ng xa phong, tui xach,
Vinyl/polyvinyl chloride 3-PVC Hop ng thc an trong gia nh, ong dan,
Low-density polyethylene 4-LDPE Bao b nylon, tam trai bang nha,
Polypropylene 5-PP Thung, sot, hop, ro,
Polystyrene 6-PS Ly, a,
Cac loa i nha khac 7-loai khac Tat ca cac san pham nha khac
(Nguon: Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1993.)
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE): c tai che au tien e san xuat cac loai
si polyeste dung e san xuat tui ngu, go i cha n, quan ao mua o ng. Sau nay
PETE co n c s dung e che tao tham, cac san pham u c, bang chuyen, bao b
thc pham Ngoai ra nha ky thuat co n du ng trong cong nghiep e san xuat o to .
High-density polyethylene (HDPE): ac tnh cng, co o nong chay cao,
thng dung e san xuat can cha bot giat va thung cha dau nht (cac loai
thung cha nay thng co ba lp, lp gia c che tao bang nguyen lieu tai
che). HDPE con c dung e che tao cac loai khan phu, tui cha hang hoa,
ong dan, thung cha n c va o chi tre em.
Vinyl/polyvinyl chloride (PVC): s dung rong rai lam bao b thc pham, day
ien, chat cach ien, ong nc, cac tam tham lot, o chi tre em.
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE): cac bao nha c phan loai bang tay,
tach cac tap chat ban va tai che khac. Tuy nhien, mot trong nhng kho khan
trong viec tai che la do mc in trang tr tren cac bao b cu khong tng thch vi
mau cua hat nha tai che; do o, giai phap thch hp a ra la dung nh a tai che
e san xuat cac san pham co mau sam.
Polypropylene (PP): phan ln PP c s dung e che tao nhng o dung ngoai
tri, hop thu, tng rao, san xuat pin o to, nap thung cha, nhan hieu cua chai lo,
Polystyrene (PS): cac san pham quen thuoc cua PS bao gom: bao b thc
pham, a, khay ng tht, ly uong nc, bao b ong goi san pham, o dung nha
bep, hop ng yogurt,
Cac loai nha khac: nha hon hp c s dung e tai che thanh loai hat
nha, dung e san xuat cac mat hang khong yeu cau khat khe ve ac tnh nha
s dung nh ban ghe ngoai san, cho au xe, hang rao, V khong can phan loai
rieng phe lieu nha nen cac nha san xuat de da ng thu mua c loai phe lieu
28
nay vi chi ph thap. Tuy nhien, cac loa i phe lie u PETE phai c tach rieng, v
chung co nhie t o nong chay cao hn cac loai nha khac.
2.3.4 Thuy tinh
Cac loai chai lo hau het c ngi dan ban lai cho nhng ngi thu mua phe lieu,
nen CTR thuy tinh chu yeu la mieng chai. Hau het thuy tinh c dung e san xuat
cac loai chai lo thuy tinh mi, mo t phan nho dung de che tao bong thuy tinh, chat
cach ien bang si thuy tinh, vat lieu lat ng va vat lieu xay dng nh gach, a lat
tng, a san nha, beto ng nhe. Trong qua trnh san xuat, mot so chat phu gia (nh
cat, soda, a voi) c tron them vao v chung co kha nang lam giam nhiet o nong
chay, do o tiet kie m c nang lng san xuat. Tuy nhien, do cac loa i mieng chai
thng b nhiem ban ne n se anh hng en chat lng va mau sac cua san pham.
Cac loai phe lieu thuy tinh khong the phan loai theo mau c dung e san xuat vat
lieu lat ng va cac vat lieu xay dng khac. Tuy nhien, viec tai s dung mieng chai
e san xuat vat lieu lat ng cung gap tr ngai v chi ph van chuye n va san xuat
cao. Hn na, san pham mi nay cung khong co chat lng cao hn so vi san pham
san xuat t nguyen lieu co ien.
2.3.5 Sat va thep
Sat va thep thu hoi t CTR o th chu yeu la cac dang lon thiec va sat phe lieu. Cac
lon thep hoac bao b thep c phan loai rie ng, ep va ong thanh kien trc khi
chuyen en cac c s tai che. Cac lon, vo hop nay au tien c cat vun, tao ieu
kien cho qua trnh tach thc pham tha va giay nhan bang qua trnh hu t chan khong.
Nhom va nhng kim loa i mau khac c phan loai bang phng phap t tnh.
Thep thu hoi c lam sach tap chat, kh thiec bang cach gia nhie t trong lo nung e
lam hoa hi thiec hoac bang qua trnh hoa hoc s dung dung dch NaOH va tac nhan
oxi hoa. Thiec c thu hoi t dung dch bang qua trnh ien phan tao thanh thiec
dang thoi. Thep a kh thiec c dung e san xuat thep m i. Rieng cac phe lieu
c kh thiec bang phng phap gia nhiet kho ng thch hp e san xuat v qua trnh
gia nhiet lam cho mo t phan thiec khuech tan vao thep va lam cho thep mi khong
tinh khiet.
2.3.6 Kim loai mau
Nhng phe lieu kim loai mau c thu hoi t o dung e ngoai tri, o dung nha bep,
thang xep, t chat thai xay dng (day ong, mang nc, ca, ). Hau nh phe lieu
kim loai mau eu c tai che neu chung c phan loai va tach cac ta p chat khac
nh nha, cao su, vai,
2.3.7 Cao su
Cao su c thu hoi e tai che lop xe, lam nhien lieu va nha rai ng. Cung nh
cac thanh phan phe lieu khac, cao su sau khi phan loai cung c ep thanh kien e
giam the tch trc khi chuyen en c s tai che.
29
2.4 KHOI LNG CHAT THAI RAN
2.4.1 Tam quan trong cua viec xac nh khoi lng chat thai ran
Xac nh khoi lng CTR phat sinh va thu gom la mot trong nhng ie m quan trong
cua viec quan ly CTR. Nhng so lieu ve tong khoi lng CTR phat sinh cung nh
khoi lng CTR thu hoi (e tuan hoan) c s dung e:
- Hoach nh hoac anh gia ket qua cua chng trnh thu hoi, tai che, tuan hoan
vat lieu.
- Thiet ke cac phng tie n, thiet b van chuyen va x ly CTR.
V du: Viec thiet ke cac xe chuyen dung e thu gom CTR a phan loai tai nguon phu
thuoc vao khoi lng cua cac thanh phan chat thai rieng biet. Kch thc cua cac
phng tien phu thuoc vao khoi lng chat tha i c thu gom. Tng t, kch thc
cua bai rac cung phu thuoc vao lng CTR con lai sau khi tai sinh.
2.4.2 Cac phng phap xac nh khoi lng chat thai ran
Cac phng phap thng c s dung e c lng khoi lng CTR:
- Phan tch khoi lng - the tch.
- em tai.
- Can bang vat chat.
Cac phng phap nay khong tieu bieu cho tat ca cac trng hp ma phai ap dung tuy
theo trng hp cu the.
Cac n v thng c s dung e bieu dien khoi lng CTR :
- Khu vc dan c va thng mai: kg/(ngi.ngay)
- Khu vc cong nghiep: kg/tan san pham; kg/ca
- Khu vc nong nghiep: kg/tan san pham tho
Khoi lng CTR o th tai Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh do Cong ty Moi trng o th
quan ly trnh bay trong bang 2.4.
Bang 2.4 So lng rac thai Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh
Lng rac nam
Nam
tan/nam tan/ngay
% khoi lng gia tang
Lng rac thong ke t nguon Cong ty Dch vu Co ng cong TP Ho Ch Minh
1983 181.802 498 100,00
1984 180.484 494 99,27
1985 202.905 556 111,61
1986 202.483 555 111,37
30
1987 198.012 542 108,91
1988 236.982 649 130,35
1989 310.214 850 170,63
1990 390.610 1.070 170,30
1991 491.182 1.346 270,17
1992 616.406 1.812 339,05
1993 838.834 2.298 451,39
1994 1.005.417 2.755 553,02
1995 1.307.618 3.583 719,25
1996 1.405.331 3.850 773,00
1997 1.173.933 3.216 642,72
1998 1.186.628 3.251 652,70
(Nguon: Cong ty Moi trng o th TP.HCM (CITENCO), 2000)
2.4.2.1 Phng phap khoi lng - the tch:
Trong phng phap nay, khoi lng hoac the tch (hoac ca khoi lng va the tch) cua
CTR c xac nh e tnh toan khoi lng cua no. Phng phap o the tch thng
co o sai so cao.
V du: 1 m
3
CTR xop (khong nen) se co khoi lng nho hn 1 m
3
CTR c nen chat
trong xe thu gom, va khoi lng cung khac so vi CTR c nen rat chat bai chon
lap. V vay, neu o bang the tch th ket qua phai c bao cao kem theo mc o nen
cua chat thai hay la khoi lng rieng cua no ieu kien nghien cu.
Khoi l ng CTR nen c bieu dien bang phng phap can khoi lng. Khoi l ng la
c s nghie n cu chnh xac nhat bi v trong tai cua xe ch rac co the can trc tie p vi
bat ky m c o nen chat nao cua CTR. Nhng so lieu ve khoi lng rat can thie t trong
tnh toan van chuye n bi v khoi lng CTR van chuyen b han che bi tai trong cho
phep cua truc lo giao thong. Mat khac, phng phap xac nh ca the tch va khoi
lng cung rat quan tro ng trong tnh toan thiet ke cong suat bai chon lap, cac so lieu
c thu thap trong khoang thi gian dai bang cach can va o the tch xe thu gom.
2.4.2.2 Phng phap em tai
Trong phng phap nay, so lng xe thu gom, ac iem va tnh chat cua chat thai
tng ng (loai chat thai, the tch c lng) c ghi nhan trong suot mot thi gian
dai. Khoi lng chat thai phat sinh trong thi gian khao sat (goi la khoi lng n v)
se c tnh toan bang cach s dung cac so lie u thu thap ta i khu vc nghien cu va
cac so lieu a biet trc.
31
2.4.2.3 Phng phap can bang vat chat
ay la phng phap cho ket qua chnh xac nhat, ap dung cho tng nguon phat sinh
rieng le nh cac ho dan c, nha may, cung nh cho khu cong nghiep va khu thng
mai. Phng phap nay se cho nhng d lieu ang tin cay cho chng trnh quan ly
CTR. Cac bc thc hie n nh sau:
- Bc 1: Hnh thanh mot hop gii han nghie n cu. ay la mo t bc quan
trong bi v trong nhieu trng hp, khi la chon gii han he thong phat sinh CTR
thch hp se a en cach tnh toan n gian.
- Bc 2: Nhan dien tat ca cac hoat ong phat sinh CTR xay ra ben trong he
thong nghien cu.
- Bc 3: Xac nh toc o phat sinh CTR lien quan en cac hoat ong nhan
dien bc 2.
- Bc 4: S dung cac moi quan he toan hoc e xac nh CTR phat sinh, thu
gom va lu tr.
Phng trnh can bang khoi lng vat chat c bieu hien bang cac cong thc
Dang tong quat:
Dang n gian
Tch luy = Vao - Ra - Phat sinh
Bieu dien di dang toa n hoc
=
dt
dM
EM
vao
- EM
ra
( -/+) r
w
Trong o:
dM/dt: Toc o tch luy vat chat ben trong he tho ng nghien cu (kg/ngay, tan/ngay)
M
vao
: Tong lng vat lieu i vao he thong nghien cu (kg/ngay)
M
ra
:Tong lng vat lieu i ra he thong nghie n cu (kg/ngay)
r
w
:Toc o phat sinh chat thai (kg/ngay)
Trong mot so qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoc, v du: qua trnh san xuat phan Compost,
khoi lng cua chat hu c se giam xuong, nen so hang r
w
se la gia tr am. Khi viet
Khoi lng vat
chat tch luy ben
trong he thong
(tch luy)
Khoi lng
chat thai phat
sinh trong he
thong
(CTR + kh
thai+ nc thai)
Khoi lng vat
chat i vao he
thong (nguyen
+ nhien lieu)
Khoi lng
vat chat i
ra khoi he
thong
(san pham,
vat lieu)
=
_
_
32
phng trnh can bang khoi lng th toc o pha t sinh luon luon c viet la so hang
dng.
Trong thc te, khi ap dung phng trnh can bang vat chat th kho khan gap phai la
viec xac nh tat ca cac khoi lng vat lieu vao va ra cua he thong nghien cu.
V du 2.1: c tnh lng chat thai phat sinh bnh quan tren au ngi t khu dan c
theo cac d lieu sau:
- Khu dan c gom 1.500 ho dan.
- Moi ho dan gom 6 nhan khau.
- Thi gian tien hanh gia m sat la 7 ngay.
- Tong so xe ep rac: 9 xe
- The tch mot xe ep rac: 15m
3
- Tong so xe ay tay: 20 xe
- The tch xe ay tay: 0,75m
3
- Biet rang khoi lng rie ng cua rac tren xe ep rac la 300kg/m
3
va xe ay tay
la 100kg/m
3
Giai:
Xac nh lng CTR thu gom trong 1 tuan tai khu dan c
Phng tien The tch (m
3
) Khoi lng rieng (kg/m
3
) Khoi lng (kg)
- Xe ep rac
- Xe ay tay
Tong so, kg/tuan
15
0,75
300
100
40.500
1.500
42.000
Xac nh lng rac phat sinh tnh tren au ngi:
n ngay/tua
tuan
7 6 500 . 1
/ 000 . 42

=
kg
= 0,67 kg/(ngi.ngay)
V du 2.2: c tnh lng chat thai phat sinh da vao can bang vat chat:
Mot nha may che bien o hop nhap 12 tan nguyen lieu tho e san xuat, 5 tan
can e cha cac san pham, 0,5 tan giay carton e lam thung cha cac san pham, va
0,3 tan cac loai nguyen lieu khac.
Trong so 12 ta n nguyen lieu tho th l ng san pham c che bien la 10 tan;
1,2 tan phe thai c s dung lam thc an gia su c va 0,8 tan c thai bo vao he thong
x ly nc thai.
33
Trong so 5 tan can c nhap vao nha may th 4 tan c lu tr trong kho e
s dung trong tng lai, phan con lai c s du ng e ong hop; trong so can c s
dung co 3% b hong va c tach rieng e tai che .
Lng giay carton nha p vao nha may c s dung het, trong so o co 5% b
hong va c tach rieng e tai che.
Trong so cac loai nguye n lieu khac c nhap vao nha may th 25% c lu
tr va s dung trong tng lai; 25% thai bo nh chat thai ran, 50% con lai la hon hp
cac loai chat thai va trong so o co 35% c dung e tai che, pha n con lai c xem
nh CTR em i thai bo.
- Thiet lap s o can bang vat lieu da vao cac d kien tren
- Xac nh lng chat thai phat sinh khi san xuat 1 tan san pham?
Giai:
1. au vao cua nha may sa n xuat o hop
- 12 tan nguyen lieu tho
- 5 tan can
- 0,5 tan giay carton
- 0,3 tan cac loai nguyen lieu khac.
2. Cac dong lua n chuyen trong qua trnh san xuat:
a. 10 tan san pham c san xuat; 1,2 tan c lam thc an gia suc; 0,8 tan
c thai vao he thong x ly nc thai.
b. 4 tan can c lu tr trong kho; 1 tan c s dung e ong hop; 3%
trong so c s dung b hong va c dung e tai che.
c. 0,5 tan carton c s dung va 5% trong so c s dung b hong va em
i tai che.
d. 25% cac loai nguyen lie u khac c lu tr; 25% thai bo nh la chat thai
ran; 50% con la i la hon hp cac loa i chat thai va trong so o th 35% c
dung e tai che, phan co n lai c xem nh CTR em i thai bo.
3. Xac nh so lng cac dong vat chat
a. Chat thai phat sinh t nguyen lieu tho
+ Chat thai c s dung lam thc an gia suc: 1,2 tan
+ Chat thai a vao he tho ng x ly nc thai: 12 - 10 -1.2 = 0,8 tan.
b. Can
+ Can b hong va s dung e tai che: 0,03. (5-4) = 0,03 tan
+ S dung e ong hop: 1 - 0,03 = 0,97 tan
34
c. Giay carton
+ Giay b h hong va s dung e tai che: 0,05 x 0,5 = 0,025tan
+ Giay c s dung e ong thung: 0,5 - 0,025 = 0,475tan
d. Cac loai vat lieu khac
+ So lng lu tr: 0,25 x 0,3 = 0,075 tan
+ Giay c tai che: 0,5 x 0,35 x 0,3 = 0,053 tan
+ Hon hp chat thai: (0,3 -0,075 - 0,053) = 0,172 ta n
e. Tong khoi lng san pham: 10 + 0,97 + 0,475 = 11,445 tan
f. Tong khoi lng va t lieu lu tr: 4 + 0,075 = 4,075 tan
4. Chuan b bang can bang vat lieu
a. Tong khoi lng cac vat lieu lu tr =Vat lieu vao -Vat lieu ra - Chat thai phat sinh
b. Can bang vat lieu
- Vat lieu lu tr = (4 + 0,075) tan = 4,075 tan
- Vat lieu au vao = (12 + 5,0 + 0,5 + 0,3) tan = 17,8 tan
- Vat lieu au ra = (10 + 1,2 + 0,97 + 0,03 + 0,475 + 0,025 + 0,053) = 12,753 tan
- Chat thai phat sinh = (0,8 + 0,172) tan = 0,972 ta n
- Kiem tra can bang vat chat: 17,8 - 12,753 - 0,972 = 4,075
c. Thiet lap s o can bang vat lieu
12 tan nguyen lieu tho
5 tan can
0,5 tan giay carton
0,3 tan cac loai vat
lieu khac
Vat chat lu tr
trong he thong
4,075 tan
11,445 tan san pham
1,2 tan phe thai lam TAGS
0,03 tan can tai che
0,025 tan carton tai che
0,053 tan cac loai vat lie u
khac tai che
0,8 tan chat thai
a vao he thong
x ly nc thai
0,172 tan hon hp
chat thai ran
35
5. Xac nh lng chat thai phat sinh khi san xuat 1 tan san pham
a. Vat lieu tai che = (1,2+ 0,03 + 0,025 + 0,053) ta n /11,445tan san pham
= 0,11(ta n vat lieu tai che/tan san pham)
b. Hon hp CTR phat sinh = (0,8 + 0,172) tan CTR/11,445 tan san pham
= 0,08 (tan CTR/tan san pham)
2.5. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN KHOI LNG CHAT THAI RAN
Cac yeu to anh hng en khoi lng CTR bao gom :
Cac hoat ong giam thie u tai nguon va tai sinh.
Luat phap va thai o chap hanh luat phap cua ngi dan.
Cac yeu to a ly t nhie n va cac yeu to khac.
2.5.1. Anh hng cua cac hoat ong giam thieu tai nguon va tai sinh
Giam thieu tai nguon ong vai tro vo cung quan trong trong quan ly CTR, v giam
thieu tai nguon ong ngha vi giam thieu mot lng ang ke CTR. Trong san xuat,
giam thieu CTR c thc hien xuyen suot t khau thiet ke, san xuat va ong goi san
pham nham giam en mc toi thieu viec s dung hoa chat oc ha i, nguye n nhien lieu
au vao cung nh tao ra san pham co thi gian s dung lau hn.
Giam thieu tai nguon co the thc hien tai cac ho gia nh, khu thng mai hay khu
cong nghiep, thong qua khuynh hng mua mot cach chon loc va tai s dung san
pham vat lieu. Hien nay, giam thieu chat thai tai nguon cha c thc hien mo t
cach ong bo va nghie m ngat, nen kho co the ket luan chnh xac c anh hng
thc s cua chng trnh nay en tong lng chat thai sinh ra. Tuy nhien, giam thieu
chat thai tai nguon se tr thanh yeu to quan trong trong viec giam khoi lng chat
thai trong tng lai.
Sau ay la mot vai cach co the ap dung nham mu c ch lam giamCTR tai nguon:
Giam phan bao b khong can thiet hay tha.
Phat trien va s dung cac san pham ben, san pham co kha nang phuc hoi
cao hn.
Thay the cac san pham ch s dung mot lan bang cac san pham co the tai
s dung (v du cac loai dao, na, a co the tai s dung, cac loai thung cha
co the s dung lai, ).
S dung tiet kiem nguye n lieu (v du : giay photocopy 2 mat).
Gia tang cac san pham s dung vat lieu ta i sinh.
Phat trien cac chnh sach khuyen khch cac nha san xuat giam thieu chat thai.
36
Chng trnh tai che thch hp, hieu qua cho phep giam ang ke lng CTR.
2.5.2 Anh hng cua luat phap va thai o cua cong chung
- Thai o, quan iem cua quan chung.
Khoi lng CTR phat sinh se giam ang ke neu ngi dan bang long va san sang
thay oi y muon ca nhan, tap quan va cach song cua ho e duy tr va bao ve ta i
nguyen thien nhien; o ng thi giam ganh nang kinh te. ieu nay co y ngha quan
trong trong cong tac quan ly CTR. Chng trnh giao duc thng xuye n la c s e
dan en s thay oi thai o cua cong chung.
- Luat phap
Yeu to quan trong nhat anh hng en s phat sinh khoi lng CTR la viec ban hanh
cac luat le, qui nh lie n quan en viec s dung cac vat lieu va o bo phe thai, V
du: qui nh ve cac loa i vat lieu lam thung ch a va bao b, Chnh nhng qui nh
nay khuyen khch viec mua va s dung lai cac loai chai, lo cha
2.5.3 Anh hng cua cac yeu to a ly, t nhien va cac yeu to khac
Cac yeu to t nhien anh hng en CTR bao go m:
- V tr a ly
V tr a ly kho ng nh ng anh hng en kho i lng chat thai phat sinh, ma con en
thi gian phat sinh chat thai. V du: to c o phat sinh rac vn kho ng giong nhau
nhng vung co kh hau khac nhau. Mien Nam nc ta co kh hau am ap va mua nang
dai hn so v i mien Bac, khoi l ng va thi gian phat sinh rac v n thng nhie u hn.
- Thi tiet
Khoi lng phat sinh CTR phu thuoc rat nhieu vao thi tie t. V du: vao mua he ( cac
nc on i) CTR la th c pham tha cha nhieu rau va trai cay.
Ngoai ra, khoi lng chat thai thu gom va can x l con phu thuoc vao:
- Tan suat thu gom chat thai
Cang co nhieu dch vu thu gom, cang nhieu CTR c thu gom, nhng ieu o khong
co ngha la toc o phat sinh CTR cung tang theo.
- ac iem cua khu vc phuc vu
Tnh ac thu cua khu v c phuc vu anh hng nhieu en toc o phat sinh CTR trong
khu vc. V du : toc o phat sinh chat tha i tnh theo au ngi khu vc ngi giau
thng nhieu hn so vi khu vc ngi ngheo.
Rieng rac vn, ngoai cac yeu to neu tren, toc o phat thai con phu thuo c dien tch
at va tan suat thay oi canh quan khu vc.
37
2.5.4 Cac phng phap d bao khoi lng CTR phat sinh trong tng lai
D bao khoi lng rac phat sinh trong tng lai la van e can thie t va quan trong e
co ke hoa ch au t cho viec thu gom, van chuyen rac mot cach hieu qua va hp ly.
Khoi lng rac thai pha t sinh trong tng lai cua mot khu vc c d bao da tren 3
can c sau:
So dan va ty le tang dan so
Ty le phan tram (%) dan c c phuc vu
Khoi lng rac thai bnh quan au ngi theo mc thu nhap
2.5.4.1 D bao theo so dan va ty le tang dan so
Theo cach nay, can c theo dan so cua khu vc nghien cu hien tai, ke t hp vi mo
hnh toan hoc e d bao dan so trong nhng nam tiep theo. T o co the tnh c
tong lng rac thai pha t sinh hien tai cung nh trong tng lai cua khu vc. Ngoai so
dan ang k chnh thc, trong qua trnh tnh toan cung can phai quan ta m en so dan
khong ang k va lng khach vang lai.
Cong thc toan c du ng e d bao dan so la cong thc Euler cai tien, c bieu
dien nh sau:
t N r N N
i i i
A + =
+
. .
*
1
2
1
2 1
i i
i
N N
N
+
=
+
+
*
/
t N r N N
i i i
A + =
+ +
. ..
/ 2 1 1
Trong o:
N
i
: so dan ban au (ngi)
*
1 + i
N : so dan sau mot nam (ngi)
2 1/ + i
N : So dan sau na nam (ngi)
r : Toc o tang trng (%/nam)
t A : Thi gian (nam)
V du 2.3: D bao lng rac cho TP.HCM, cho rang TP co khoang tren mot trieu
ngi khong ang k chnh thc. Con dan so c d bao theo so lieu ieu tra va ty le
tang: t 2000 - 2005 la 3,25%/nam, t 2006 - 2013 la 2,85%/nam. Ket qua tnh toan
bang mo hnh Euler cai tien trnh bay trong bang 2.5.
38
Bang 2.5 Dan so d oan cua TPHCM en na m 2013
Nam So dan ang ky
(trieu ng i)
So dan khong ang ky (trieu
ngi)
Tong cong
(trieu ng i)
2000 5,20 1,57 6,77
2001 5,37 1,59 6,96
2002 5,55 1,61 7,16
2003 5,71 1,64 7,35
2004 5,90 1,66 7,57
2005 6,09 1,68 7,78
2006 6,25 1,71 7,97
2007 6,42 1,74 8,16
2008 6,64 1,76 8,41
2009 6,81 1,79 8,61
2010 6,99 1,81 8,81
2011 7,18 1,84 9,02
2012 7,36 1,87 9,24
2013 7,67 1,90 9,57
Cac ket qua nghien cu tren the gii cho thay, khoi lng rac thai o th va mc thu
nhap bnh quan co s lie n quan tng oi chat che va c trnh bay trong bang 2.6.
Bang 2.6: S tng quan gia kho i lng CTR va mc thu nhap bnh quan
Mc thu nhap Trung bnh
GDP/ngi/nam (USD)
Trung bnh rac thai
(kg/ngi/ngay)
So nc
trong nhom
Thap 360 0,53 51
Trung bnh thap 1590 0,63 39
Trung bnh cao 4640 0,71 16
Cao 23420 1,20 24
Trung bnh toan the gii 4470 0,67 120
(Nguon: Cong ty T va n NORCONSULT)
Theo thong ke, thu nhap tren au ngi hien nay tai TPHCM vao khoang 1.300USD
(nam 2000). Da vao bang tren, khoi lng CTR tng ng do mot ngi thai ra
trung bnh trong mot ngay la 0,63 kg/ngi/nga y. Trien vong pha t trien kinh te cua
TPHCM d bao co the at mc tang trng t 10 -12%/nam, mc thu nhap tren au
39
ngi cua thanh pho d oan co the a t tren 4.000 USD vao nam 2013, tng ng vi
mc thai bo CTR la 0,71 kg/ngi/ngay.
Vi toan bo nhng d lieu tren, co the d oa n khoi lng CTR cua TP en nam
2013 vi so dan tng ng trong bang 2.5, ta co bang ket qua khoi lng d bao nh
sau:
Bang 2.7 Khoi lng ra c thai phat sinh can c tren dan so va lng rac thai
bnh quan au ngi theo thu nhap
Nam Tong cong (tr. ngi)
Khoi lng bnh quan au
ngi (kg/ng i.ngay)
Tong khoi lng
rac (tan/ngay)*
2000 6,77 0,617 4177,09
2001 6,96 0,625 4350
2002 7,16 0,632 4525,12
2003 7,35 0,640 4704
2004 7,57 0,647 4897,79
2005 7,78 0,655 5095,9
2006 7,97 0,662 5276,14
2007 8,16 0,670 5467,2
2008 8,41 0,677 5693,57
2009 8,61 0,685 5897,85
2010 8,81 0,692 6096,52
2011 9,02 0,700 6314
2012 9,24 0,707 6532,68
2013 9,57 0,715 6842,55
2.5.4.2 Phng phap d bao kho i lng tha i da tren dan so c phuc vu
Vi phng phap nay, can c tren % dan so ang c phuc vu bi dch vu thu gom
rac hien tai va tong l ng rac thai thu gom c, ta co the tnh toan to ng lng rac
thai trong 5, 10, hoac 15, 20 nam na cua khu vc, da tren muc tieu a e ra cua
khu vc o ve % so dan c phuc vu dch vu nay cho moc thi gian tng ng.
V du 2.4: Tai TPHCM, theo thong ke hien nay xap x 80% tong so dan c phuc vu
lay rac. Muc tieu trong nhng nam ti la se am bao thu gom 90% khoi lng rac
(hay t le so dan c nhan dch vu thu gom rac la 90%). Nh vay, ke t hp vi tai
lng thai bnh quan au ngi cua thanh pho, ta co the tnh c tong khoi lng rac
phat sinh en nam 2013 cua thanh pho nh sau:
40
Bang 2.8 D bao khoi lng CTR phat sinh TPHCM
Nam Dan so hng dch vu
(ngi)
Trung bnh rac tha i
(kg/ng i/ngay)
Khoi lng
(tan/ngay)
2000 5 076 992 (75%) 0,617 3135
2001 5 223 393 (75%) 0,625 3265
2002 5 374 308 (75%) 0,632 3399
2003 5 882 400 (80%) 0,640 3765
2004 6 502 940 (80%) 0,647 3919
2005 6 228 753 (80%) 0,655 4080
2006 6 375 856 (80%) 0,662 4224
2007 6 526 560 (80%) 0,670 4373
2008 7 148 500 (85%) 0,677 4843
2009 7 317 867 (85%) 0,685 5013
2010 7 491 391 (85%) 0,692 5188
2011 7 669 175 (85%) 0,700 5368
2012 7 851 327 (85%) 0,707 5555
2013 8 613 000 (90%) 0,715 6158
Nh vay, ket qua co s sai lech gia 2 phng phap tnh, do tren thc te, cac so lieu
ve dan so khong mang tnh chnh xac tuyet oi. Nhng viec d bao mang tnh c
lng nh tren mang mot y ngha vo cung quan trong cho cac ke hoa ch va chng
trnh quan l va x l CTR.
2.6 TNH CHAT CUA CHAT THAI RAN
2.6.1 Tnh chat vat ly cua chat thai ran
Nhng tnh chat vat ly quan trong nhat cua CTR o th la khoi lng rieng, o am,
kch thc, cap phoi hat, kha nang gi am thc te va o xop cua CTR. Trong o, khoi
lng rieng va o am la hai tnh chat c quan tam nhat trong cong tac quan ly CTR
o th.
2.6.1.1 Khoi lng rieng
Khoi lng rieng c hieu la khoi lng CTR tren mot n v the tch (kg/m
3
). Khoi
lng rieng cua CTR thay oi tuy thuoc vao trang thai cua chung nh: xop, cha
trong cac thung cha (container), khong nen, nen, Khi bao cao d lieu ve khoi
lng hay the tch CTR, phai chu thch trang thai cua cac mau rac mot ca ch ro rang v
41
khoi lng rieng c s du ng e c lng tong khoi lng va the tch rac can phai
quan ly.
Khoi lng rieng thay oi phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh: V tr a ly , mua trong
nam, thi gian lu gi chat thai. Do o, can phai than trong khi la cho n gia tr thiet
ke. Khoi lng rieng cu a chat thai o th dao ong trong khoang 180 400 kg/m
3
,
ien hnh khoang 300 kg/m
3
.
Phng phap xac nh khoi lng rieng cua CTR
Mau CTR dung e xac nh khoi lng rieng co the tch khoang 500 lt sau khi xao
tron eu bang ky thua t mot phan t. Cac bc tien hanh nh sau:
1. o nhe mau CTR vao thung th nghiem co the tch a biet (tot nhat la
thung co the tch 100 lt) cho en khi chat thai a y en mieng thung.
2. Nang thung len cach mat san khoang 30 cm va tha ri t do xuong 4 lan.
3. o nhe mau CTR vao thung th nghiem e bu vao phan chat thai a nen xuong.
4. Can va ghi khoi lng cua ca vo thung th nghie m va CTR.
5. Tr kho i lng can c tren cho khoi lng cua vo thung th nghiem ta
c khoi lng cua CTR th nghiem.
6. Chia khoi lng CTR cho the tch cua thung th nghiem ta c khoi l ng
rieng cua CTR.
7. Lap lai th nghiem t nha t 2 lan va lay gia tr trung bnh.
2.6.1.2 o am
o am cua CTR c xac nh bang mot trong 2 phng phap sau: Phng phap khoi
lng t va phng phap khoi lng kho cua CTR.
- Theo phng phap khoi lng t: o am tnh theo khoi lng t cua vat
lieu la pha n tram khoi lng t cua vat lieu.
- Theo phng phap khoi lng kho: o am tnh theo khoi lng kho cua
vat lieu la phan tram khoi lng kho cua vat lie u.
Phng phap khoi lng t c s dung pho bien trong lnh vc qua n ly CTR. o
am theo phng phap khoi lng t c tnh nh sau:
a= {(w d) / w , x 100 (2-1)
Trong o: a : o am, % khoi lng
w : khoi l ng mau ban au, kg
d : khoi lng mau sau khi say kho 105
o
C, kg
42
Bang 2.9 o am cu a ca c thanh phan trong CTR o th
STT Thanh phan o am (% khoi lng)
I
Chat hu c
1 Thc pham tha 70
2 Giay 6
3 Giay carton 5
4 Nha 2
5 Vai vun 10
6 Cao su 2
7 Da 10
8 Rac vn 60
9 Go 20
II Chat vo c
1 Thuy tinh 2
2 Can thiec 3
3 Nhom 2
4 Kim loai khac 3
5 Bui, tro 8
(Nguon : Integrated Solid Waste Management, McGRAW-HILL 1993.)
Bang 2.10: % khoi lng t trong chat thai sinh hoat ta i TPHCM
STT Thanh phan % Khoi lng t
1 Chat hu c de phan huy 62,24
2 Giay cac loai 0,59
3 Tui xach, que tre, gie ra ch 4,25
4 Nha, cao su, da 0,46
5 Vo so, oc 0,50
6 Thuy tinh 0,02
7 a soi, sanh s 16,40
8 Kim loai 0,27
9 Tap chat ng knh 10 mm tr xuong 15,27
Tong cong 100,00
(Nguon: Cong ty Dch vu Moi trng o th TP. Ho Ch Minh.)
43
V du 2.5: c tnh o am (%) cua CTR t khu o th khi biet thanh phan khoi lng cu a no
Giai
1 Thiet lap bang tnh da vao d lieu va cong thc 2 -1:
Thanh phan % khoi lng
o am,
(% khoi lng)
Khoi lng
kho (kg)
Chat hu c
Thc pham tha
Giay
Giay carton
Nha
Vai vun
Cao su
Da
Chat thai trong vn
Go
Chat vo c
Thuy tinh
Can thiec
Nhom
Kim loai khac
Bui, tro
Tong cong
9,0
34,0
6,0
7,0
2,0
0,5
0,5
18,5
2,0
8,0
6,0
0,5
3,0
3,0
100,0
70
6
5
2
10
2
10
60
20
2
3
2
3
8
2,7
32,0
5,7
6,9
1,8
0,5
0,4
7,4
1,6
7,8
5,8
0,5
2,9
2,8
78,8
2. Xac nh o am cua chat thai s dung cong thc 2-1:
o am cua mau CTR(%) = {(100 78,8)/100{ x 100 = 21,2%
2.6.1.3 Kch thc ha t
Kch thc va cap phoi hat cua cac thanh phan trong CTR ong vai tro rat quan trong
trong viec tnh toan va thiet ke cac phng tien c kh trong thu ho i vat lieu, ac biet
la sang loc phan loai CTR bang may hoac bang phng phap t. Kch thc cua tng
thanh phan CTR co the xac nh bang mot hoa c nhieu phng phap nh sau:
S
C
= l (2-2)
S
C
= (l + w)/2 (2-3)
S
C
= (l + w + h)/3 (2-4)
44
S
C
= ( l x w)
1/2
(2-5)
S
C
= (l x w x h)
1/3
(2-6)
Trong o: S
C
: kch th c trung bnh cua cac thanh phan
l : chieu dai, mm
w: chieu rong, mm
h : chieu cao, mm
Khi s dung cac phng phap khac nhau th ket qua se co s sai lech. Do o, tuy
thuoc vao hnh dang, kch thc cua CTR ma ta chon phng phap o lng cho phu
hp. V du: Ngi ta thng tnh toan kch thc cap phoi hat cua lon nhom, lon
thiec, thuy tinh theo phng trnh (2-5).
2.6.1.4 Kha nang gi nc thc te
Kha nang gi nc thc te cua CTR la toan bo khoi lng nc co the gi lai trong
mau chat thai di tac dung cua trong lc. Kha nang gi nc cua CTR la mot ch
tieu quan trong trong viec tnh toan, xac nh lng nc ro r t bai rac. Nc i vao
mau CTR vt qua kha nang gi nc se thoat ra tao thanh nc ro r. Kha nang gi
nc thc te thay oi tu y vao lc nen va trang thai phan huy cua CTR. Kha nang gi
nc cua hon hp CTR (khong nen) t cac khu dan c va thng mai dao ong trong
khoang 50 - 60%.
2.6.1.5 o tham (tnh tham) cua cha t tha i ran a c nen
Tnh dan nc cua CTR a c nen la mot tnh chat vat ly quan trong, chi phoi va
ieu khien s di chuyen cua cac chat long (nc ro r, nuc ngam, nc tham) va chat
kh ben trong bai ra c. He so tham c tnh nh sau:
K = Cd
2
= k
(2-7)
Trong o: K: he so tham, m
2
/s
C: hang so khong th nguyen
d: kch thc trung bnh cua cac lo rong trong ra c, m
: trong lng rieng cua nc, kg.m/s
2
: o nht ong hoc cua nc, Pa.s
k: o tham rieng, m
2
o tham rieng k = Cd
2
phu thuoc chu yeu vao tnh chat cua CTR bao gom: s phan
bo kch thc cac lo rong, be mat rieng, tnh go c canh, o rong. Gia tr ien hnh cho
o tham rieng o i vi CTR c nen trong ba i rac nam trong khoang 10
-11
10
-12
m
2
/s theo phng ng va khoang 10
-10
m
2
/s theo phng ngang.
45
2.6.2 Tnh chat hoa hoc cua chat thai ran
Cac thong tin ve thanh phan hoa hoc cac vat chat cau tao nen CTR o ng vai tro ra t
quan trong trong viec anh gia, la chon phng phap x ly va ta i sinh chat thai. V
du: kha nang ot chay CTR tuy thuoc vao thanh phan hoa hoc cua no. Neu CTR c
s dung lam nhien lieu cho qua trnh ot th 4 tieu ch phan tch hoa ho c quan trong
nhat la:
Phan tch gan ung - s bo (xac nh s bo ham lng chat hu c)
iem nong chay cua tro.
Phan tch thanh phan nguyen to CTR
Nhiet tr cua chat thai ra n.
2.6.2.1 Phan tch gan ung - s bo
Phan tch gan ung - s bo oi vi cac thanh phan co the chay c trong CTR bao
gom cac th nghiem sau:
o am (lng nc mat i sau khi say 105
o
C trong 1 gi)
Chat de bay hi (khoi lng b mat khi em mau CTR a say 105
o
C trong 1
gi nung nhiet o 550
o
C trong lo kn)
Cacbon co nh: la lng cacbon con lai sau khi a loai cac chat vo c khac
khong phai la cacbon trong tro khi nung 905
o
C, ham lng nay thng chiem
khoang 5 12%, gia tr trung bnh la 7%. Cac chat vo c khac trong tro gom
thuy tinh, kim loai,... oi vi CTR o th, cac chat vo c nay chiem khoang 15
30%, gia tr trung bnh la 20%.
Tro (kho i lng con lai sau khi ot chay trong lo h).
Phan bay hi la phan chat hu c trong CTR. Thong thng, chat hu c dao ong
trong khoang 40 60%, gia tr trung bnh la 53%.
2.6.2.2 iem nong chay cua tro
iem nong chay cua tro c nh ngha la nhiet o ma ta i o tro tao thanh t qua
trnh ot chay chat thai b nong chay va ket dnh tao thanh dang ran (x). Nhiet o
nong chay ac trng oi vi x t qua trnh ot CTR dao ong trong khoa ng t 1100
1200
o
C.
2.6.2.3 Phan tch thanh phan nguyen to tao thanh chat thai ran
Phan tch thanh phan nguyen to tao thanh CTR chu yeu la xac nh phan tram (%)
cua cac nguyen to C, H, O, N, S va tro. Trong suot qua trnh ot CTR se phat sinh cac
hp chat Clo hoa, nen phan tch cuoi cung thng bao gom ca phan tch xac nh cac
46
halogen. Ket qua phan tch cuoi cung c s dung e mo ta cac thanh phan hoa hoc
cua chat hu c trong CTR. Ket qua phan tch con ong vai tro rat quan trong trong
viec xac nh t so C/N nham anh gia CTR co thch hp cho qua trnh chuyen hoa
sinh hoc hay khong. Thanh phan CTR o th c trnh bay trong cac bang 2.11.
Bang 2.11 Thanh phan nguyen to cu a CTR o th
Phan tram khoi lng tnh theo chat kho
Thanh phan Carbon Hydro Oxy Nit Lu
huynh
Tro
Chat hu c
Thc pham tha
Giay
Giay cacton
Nha
Vai vun
Cao su
Da
Rac vn
Go
Chat vo c
Thuy tinh
Kim loai
Bui, tro
48,0
43,5
44,0
60,0
55,0
78,0
60,0
47,8
49,5
0,5
4,5
26,3
6,4
6,0
5,9
7,2
6,6
10,0
8,0
6,0
6,0
0,1
0,6
3,0
37,6
44,0
44,6
22,8
31,2
-
11,6
38,0
42,7
0,4
4,3
2,0
2,6
0,3
0,3
-
4,6
2,0
10,0
3,4
0,2
< 0,1
< 0,1
0,5
0,4
0,2
0,2
-
0,15
-
0,4
0,3
0,2
-
-
0,2
5,0
6,0
5,0
10,0
2,5
10,0
10,0
4,5
1,5
98,9
90,5
68,0
(Nguon: Intergrated solid waste management, McGRAW-Hill)
Bang 2.12: Thanh phan hoa hoc, ha m lng tro va nhiet tr cu a mot so thanh phan
rac trong rac o th ta i TP. Ho Ch Minh
TT Thanh phan C H O N S Tro Nhiet tr (kcal/kg)
1 Thc pham 36,2 4,8 28,9 2,4 0,3 12,8 4.675
2 Giay 40,5 5,6 31,2 0,3 0,2 8,3 3.905
3 Ba 40,4 5,4 28,5 0,1 0,2 10,5 3.901
4 Go 46,6 5,6 24,4 3,4 0,3 0,9 5.907
47
5 Vai 54,5 6,5 23,0 0,2 0,1 6,7 5.860
6 Nha 20,4 24,5 7,8 0,0 0,0 3,4 11.694
7 Nylon 23,01 3,5 0,6 0,0 0,0 3,4 11.628
8 PU 63,3 6,3 17,6 6,0 0,1 4,3 6.237
9 Cao su 69,9 46,9 0,0 9,4 0,2 14,9 8.238
10 Da 60 8,0 11,6 10,0 0,4 10,0 4,467
11 Thuy tinh, s 0,5 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,0 98,9 0,0
12 Kim loai 4,5 0,6 4,3 0,1 0,0 90,5 0,0
13 Van phong 24,3 3,0 4,0 0,5 0,2 68,0 0,0
14 Dau, sn 66,9 9,6 5,2 2,0 0,0 16,3 0,0
(Nguon: VITTEP, 2003)
V du 2.6: Xac nh thanh phan hoa hoc cua mot mau rac o th da vao cac thong tin
ve khoi lng t, khoi lng kho va cac nguyen to hoa hoc c cho trong Bang 2.11
va Bang 2.12.
Giai:
1. Tnh khoi lng cac nguyen to hoa hoc trong CTR kho
Thanh phan hoa hoc, g
Thanh
phan
KL t KL kho
C H O N S Tro
Thc pham
Giay
Giay carton
Nha
Vai vun
Cao su
Da
Rac vn
Go
9,0
34,0
6,0
7,0
2,0
0,5
0,5
18,5
2,0
2,7
32,0
5,7
6,9
1,8
0,5
0,4
6,5
1,6
1,30
13,92
2,51
4,14
0,99
039
0,24
3,11
0,79
0,17
1,92
0,34
0,50
0,12
0,05
0,03
0,39
0,10
1,02
14,08
2,54
1,57
0,56
-
0,05
2,47
0,68
0,07
0,10
0,02
-
0,08
0,01
0,04
0,22
-
0,01
0,06
0,01
-
-
-
-
0,02
-
0,14
1,92
0,28
0,69
0,05
0,05
0,04
0,29
0,02
Tong cong 79,5 58,1 27,39 3,62 22,97 0,54 0,10 3,48
Khoi lng: 21,4 g (79,5 58,1 g)
2. Tnh khoi lng cac nguyen to hoa hoc co trong CTR kho va t
48
Khoi lng, g
Thanh phan
Khong tnh nc Co nc
C
H
O
N
S
Tro
27,39
3,62
22,97
0,54
0,10
3,48
27,39
6,00
41,99
0,54
0,10
3,48
3. Tnh so mol cua cac nguyen to trong CTR bo qua phan tro
So mol
Thanh
phan
Khoi lng nguyen t
g/mol
Khong tnh nc Co nc
C
H
O
N
S
12,01
1,01
16,00
14,01
32,07
2,280
3,584
1,436
0,038
0,003
2,280
5,940
2,624
0,038
0,003
4. Xac nh t so mol va cong thc hoa hoc cua CTR co va khong co S, co va khong
co nc.
T so mol (N =1) T so mol (S = 1)
Thanh
phan
Khong tnh nc Co nc Khong tnh nc Co nc
C
H
O
N
S
60,0
94,3
37,8
1,0
0,1
60,0
156,3
69,1
1,0
0,1
760,0
1194,7
478,7
12,7
1,0
760,0
1980,0
874,7
12,7
1,0
Cong thc hoa hoc (bo qua nguyen to S) la:
Khong tnh nc: C
60.0
H
94. 3
O
37.8
N
Co nc: C
60.0
H
156.3
O
69.1
N
Cong thc hoa hoc (co nguyen to S) la :
Khong co nc: C
760.0
H
1194.7
O
478.7
N
12.7
S
Co nc: C
760.0
H
1980.0
O
874.7
N
12.7
S
49
Ghi chu : Cong thc hoa hoc sau khi tnh toan thng c lam tron so.
2.6.2.4 Nhiet tr cua chat thai ran
Nhiet tr la lng nhiet sinh ra do ot chay hoan toan mot n v khoi lng CTR, co
the c xac nh bang mot trong cac phng phap sau:
S dung noi hi co thang o nhiet lng.
S dung bom nhiet lng trong phong th nghie m.
Tnh toan theo thanh phan cac nguyen to hoa hoc.
Do kho khan trong viec trang b noi hi co thang o, nen hau het nhiet tr cua cac
thanh phan hu c trong CTR o th eu c o bang cach s dung bom nhiet lng
trong phong th nghiem. Nhiet tr trung bnh va ham lng chat tr cua mot so thanh
phan trong CTR o th trnh bay trong bang 2.13.
Bang 2.13. Nhiet tr va ham lng cha t tr cua cac thanh phan trong CTR o th
Thanh phan % kl chat tr,
trung bnh (khoa ng thay oi )
Nhiet tr trung
bnh, kJ/kg
Chat hu c
Thc pham tha
Giay
Giay cacton
Nha
Vai
Cao su
Da
Rac vn
Go
Chat vo c
Thuy tinh
Lon thiec
Nhom
Kim loai khac
Bui, tro
5,0 ( 2-8)
6,0 (4-8)
5,0 (3-6)
10,0( 6-12)
2,5( 2-4)
10,0( 8-20)
10,0( 8-20)
4,5 (2-6)
1,5 (0,6 -2)
98,0 (96 -99)
98,0 (96 -99)
96,0 ( 90-99)
98,0 (94-99)
70,0 (60-80)
4 652
16.747,2
16 282
32.564
17.445
23.260
17.445
6.512,8
18.608
139,5625
697,8
-
697,8
6.978
(Nguon: Intergrated solid waste management, McGRAW-Hill)
50
Nhiet tr CTR kho c tnh t nhiet tr rac t theo cong thc sau;
Q
kho
= Q
t
x 100/( 100 - % am )
Con nhiet tr CTR khong tnh chat tr tnh nh sau:
Q
khong tro
= Q
t
x 100 / ( 100 - % am - % tro)
V du 2.7: c tnh nhiet tr cua CTR o th co thanh pha n khoi lng nh trong v du
2.5.
Giai:
Ket qua tnh tong gia tr nhiet cu a 100 kg CTR da vao nhiet tr cua cac thanh phan
CTR ( bang 2.13) trnh bay trong bang sau:
Nhiet lng cua cac tha nh phan trong CTR o th
Thanh phan Khoi lng, % Nhiet tr, kJ/kg Nhiet lng, kJ
Chat hu c
Thc pham tha
Giay
Giay carton
Nha
Vai vun
Cao su
Da
Rac vn
Go
Chat vo c
Thuy tinh
Can thiec
Nhom
Kim loai khac
Bui, tro
Tong
9,0
34,0
6,0
7,0
2,0
0,5
0,5
18,5
2,0
8,0
6,0
0,5
3,0
3,0
100,0
4 652
16.747,2
16 282
32.564
17.445
23.260
17.445
6.512,8
18.608
139,5625
697,8
-
697,8
6.978
41.868,0
569.404,8
97.692,0
227.948,0
34.890,0
11.630,0
8.722,5
120.486,8
37.216,0
1.116,5
4.186,8
-
2.093,4
20.934
1.178.188,8
Nh vay nhiet tr cua CTR la:
Q ) / ( .
,
kg kJ 782 11
100
8 1178188
= =
51
Ngoai ra, nhiet tr co the tnh gan ung bang cong thc Dulong cai tien:
Btu/lb = 145C + 610 (H
2
1/8 O
2
) + 40S + 10N
hoac Q = 0,556 x{145C + 610 (H
2
1/8 O
2
) + 40S +10N}; kCal/kg
Trong o:
Q : Nhiet tr (kcal/kg, kJ/kg, 1Btu/lb = 2,326 kJ/kg = 0,556 kCal/kg)
C : % khoi lng Cacbon
H : % khoi lng Hydro
O : % khoi lng Oxy
S : % khoi lng lu huynh
N : % khoi lng Nit
V du 2.8: c tnh nhiet tr cua mot loai CTR co cong thc hoa hoc la
C
760
H
1980
O
875
N
13
S ( bao gom S va nc)
Giai:
1. Xac nh thanh phan kho i lng cua cac nguyen to
Thanh phan
So lng nguyen
t/mol
Khoi lng
nguyen t
Khoi lng cua tng
nguyen to
% kl
C
H
O
N
S
Tong cong
760
1980
875
12
1
12
1
16
14
32
9.120
1.980
14.000
182
32
25.314
36,03
7,82
55,30
0,72
0,13
100
2. Xac nh nhiet tr cua CTRtheo cong thc Dulong:
= 0,556 x [145(36,0) + 610(7,8 55,3/8) + 40(0,1) + 10(0,7)]
= 3209 kCal/kg
Nhan xet: V du 2.7 va 2.8 eu la tnh nhie t tr cua mot loai CTR, nhng theo hai
phng phap khac nhau. Nhiet tr tnh c v du 2.8 cao hn v ch tnh cho phan
hu c khong tnh phan tro.
2.6.3 Tnh chat sinh hoc cua chat thai ran
Phan hu c (khong ke plastic, cao su, da) cua hau het CTR co the c phan loai ve
phng die n sinh hoc nh sau:
52
Cac phan t co the hoa tan trong nc nh: ng, tinh bot, amino axit va
nhieu axit hu c.
Ban xenlulo : cac san pham ngng tu cua hai ng 5 va 6 carbon.
Xenlulo : san pham ngng tu cua ng glucose 6 carbon.
Dau, m, va sap: la nhng este cua alcohols va axit beo mach dai.
Lignin: mot polyme ch a cac vong thm vi nhom methoxyl (-OCH
3
).
Lignoxenlulo: la ket hp cua lignin va xenlulo .
Protein: chat tao thanh t s ket hp chuoi cac amino axit.
Ve so lng, lignin la mot trong nhng thanh phan quan trong nhat cua thc vat, sau
xenlulo va hemixenlulo . Ham lng lignin trong te bao go khac nhau vao khoang 18
30% kho i lng kho, trong cac loai co th ty le o chiem thap hn khoa ng 10 20%
khoi lng kho. Lignin tap trung mang th ca p cua thanh te bao va la phan co kha
nang phan huy sinh hoc cham nhat cua thc vat, co vai tro nh chat lien ket cac te
bao, do o lam tang o ben c hoc cho thanh te bao thc vat, tang kha nang chong
tham, ngan chan s that thoat nc, cac tac ong ben ngoai va bao ve thc vat chong
choi vi cac sinh vat gay benh.
Lignin co thanh phan phc tap va ong nhat. S phc tap ay khong phai la do co
nhieu n phan khac nhau cau tao thanh (cac n phan c ban eu la dan xuat cua
phenyl propane, chu ye u la ru conuferyl) ma do tnh a dang cua cac hp chat, nh
o ma cac n phan c lien ket chat vi nhau.
Tha nh pha n cu a lignin go m khoa ng 62 65%C, 5 6%H, nhie u nho m metoxyl
(-OCH
3
) va nhie u nho m hydroxyl (-OH) t do. ca c loa i th c va t kha c nhau th
ba n cha t cu a nh ng nguye n to ca u tru c lignin cu ng kha c nhau.
Lignin c sinh tong hp bi s polyme hoa cac tien chat phenylpropanoid. Co 3
loai tien chat c phan loai tuy theo so lng nhom metoxyl tren vong thm, c
mo ta bang cac cong thc hoa hoc sau:
53
Lignin co cau tao vo nh hnh khong tan trong nc va trong axit vo c. Ch di tac
dung cua kiem bisunfitnatri va H
2
SO
4
th lignin mi b phan huy mot phan va chuyen
sang dang hoa tan. Khi phan huy lignin bang kiem se tao ra cac axit thm.
Bang 2.14: Thanh phan cac cha t trong dch en do nau xenlulo bang kie m
STT Thanh phan % so vi trong lng go
1 Lignin ket tua 21,6
2 Lacton va axit oxy 18,2
3 Axit acetic 3,2
4 Axit formic 1,7
5 Ru metylic 0,4
6 Lignin hoa tan 7,0
7 Cac chat khong xac nh 5,1
Tnh chat quan trong nhat cua CTR o th la hau het cac thanh phan hu c co the
c chuyen hoa sinh hoc thanh kh, cac chat hu c on nh va cac chat vo c. S
tao mui ho i va phat sinh ruoi cung lien quan en tnh de phan huy cu a cac vat lieu
hu c trong CTR o th chang han nh rac thc pham.
2.6.3.1 Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua ca c thanh phan hu c
Ham lng chat ran bay hi (VS), xac nh bang cach nung CTR nhiet o 550
o
C,
thng c dung e anh gia kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua phan hu c trong
chat thai ran. Tuy nhien, s dung gia tr VS e mo ta kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua
phan hu c trong CTR co the khong chnh xac, bi v mot vai thanh pha n hu c cua
OCH
3
C
HO
C C
C
HO
C C
OCH
3
C
HO
C C
OCH
3
Coniferyl alcohol guaiacyl Sinapyl alcohol syringyl
p-coumaryl alcohol (p-hydroxylphenyl)
54
CTR rat de bay hi nhng lai kem kha nang phan huy sinh hoc, nh giay bao va
phan xen bo t cay trong. Thay vao o, ham lng lignin cua CTR co the c s
dung e c lng t le phan de phan huy sinh hoc cua CTR, va c tnh toan bang
cong thc sau:
BF = 0,83 0,028 LC
Trong o: BF : t le pha n huy sinh hoc tnh theo VS.
0,83 va 0,028 la hang so thc nghiem.
LC: ham lng lignin cua VS, bieu dien bang % khoi lng kho.
CTR co ham lng lignin cao nh giay bao, co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc kem hn
ang ke so vi cac chat thai hu c khac trong CTR o th. Trong thc te, cac thanh phan
hu c trong CTR thng c phan thanh 2 loai: phan huy cham va phan huy nhanh.
Bang 2.15 Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua cac chat hu c theo %kl lignin
Thanh phan
Phan CTR bay hi
tnh theo chat kho
(VS/TS), %kl
Ham lng
lignin/VS
(LC/VS), %kl
Phan phan huy sinh
hoc tnh theo VS,
%kl
Thc pham tha 7-15 0,4 0,82
Giay
- Giay ba o 94,0 21,9 0,22
- Giay van phong 96,4 0,4 0,82
- Giay Cacton 94,0 12,9 0,47
Rac vn 50 90 4,1 0,72
(Nguon: Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1993.)
2.6.3.1 S phat sinh mu i hoi
Mui hoi co the phat sinh khi CTR c lu gi trong khoang thi gian da i v tr thu
gom, tram trung chuyen, va bai chon lap. nhng vung kh hau nong am, toc o phat
sinh mui thng cao. Mot cach c ban, s hnh thanh mui hoi la ket qua phan huy k
kh cac thanh phan h u c trong rac o th. V du, trong ieu kien k kh (kh),
sunphat SO
4
2-
co the b phan huy thanh sunphua S
2-
, va ket qua la S
2-
se ket hp vi
H
+
tao thanh hp chat co mui trng thoi la H
2
S. S hnh thanh H
2
S la do ket qua cua
2 chuoi phan ng hoa ho c.
2CH
3
CHOHCOOH + SO
4
2-
2CH
3
COOH + S
2-
+ 2 H
2
O + 2CO
2
(2-8)
Lactic Sunphat Axit Acetic ion Sunphua
4H
2
+ SO
4
2-
S
2-
+ 4H
2
O
55
S
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
S
Ion Sunphua ( S
2-
) co the cung ket hp vi muoi kim loai nh sat, tao thanh cac
Sunphua kim loai.
S
2-
+ Fe
2+
FeS
Nc rac tai bai rac co mau en la do s hnh thanh cac muoi Sunphua trong ieu
kien k kh. Do o, neu khong co s hnh thanh cac muoi Sunphua th viec hnh thanh
mui hoi tai bai chon lap la mot van e o nhiem moi trng co tnh chat nghiem trong.
S phan huy sinh hoa cac chat hu c cha goc lu huynh co the tao thanh cac chat
nang mui nh metyl mercaptan va aminobutyric axit:
CH
3
SCH
2
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH + 2H CH
3
SH + CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
(NH
2
)COOH
Methionin Metyl mercaptan Aminobutyric axit
Metyl mercaptan co the b thuy phan sinh hoa tao thanh metanol va hidro sunphua
CH
3
SH + H
2
O CH
4
OH + H
2
S
2.6.3.3 S phat trien cua ruoi
Vao mua he hay nhng khu vc kh hau nong am, s sinh trng va phat trien cua
ruoi la van e rat ang quan tam tai ni lu tr CTR. Ruoi co the phat trien trong thi
gian 2 tuan sau khi trng c sinh ra. i song cua ruoi nhang t khi con trong trng
cho en khi trng thanh co the c mo ta nh sau:
Trng phat trien 8-12 gi
Giai oan I cua au trung 20 gi
Giai oan II cua au trung 24 gi
Giai oan III cua au trung 3 ngay
Giai oan nhong 4-5 ngay
Tong cong 9-11 ngay
Giai oan phat trien cua au trung trong cac thung cha rac ong vai tro rat quan trong
va chiem khoang 5 ngay trong i song cua ruoi. Vay nen thu gom CTR trong thi
gian nay, e cac thung lu tr rong, nham han che s di chuyen cua au trung ( gio i).
2.6.4 S bien oi tnh chat ly, hoa, va sinh hoc cua chat thai ran
Cac tnh chat cua CTR co the c bien oi bang cac phng phap ly, hoa, va sinh
hoc. Khi thc hien qua trnh bien oi, muc ch quan trong nhat la mang lai hieu qua
bi v s bien oi cac ac tnh cua CTR co anh hng rat ln en ke hoa ch phat trien
chng trnh quan ly CTR tong hp.
2.6.4.1 Bien oi va t ly
56
Bao gom cac phng phap: phan loai CTR; giam the tch va kch thc bang bien
phap c hoc. S bien oi vat ly khong lam thay oi trang thai cac pha (v du t ran
sang long).
2.6.4.2 Bien oi hoa hoc
Bien oi hoa hoc lam thay oi trang thai cac pha (v du: ran sang long hoac ran sang
kh). Muc ch cua qua trnh la lam giam the tch va thu hoi cac san pham bien oi.
Cac qua trnh hoa hoc c ap dung e bien oi CTR o th gom: 1) ot (oxy hoa
bang oxy trong khong kh), 2) nhiet phan, 3) kh hoa . Ca ba qua trnh nay c xem
la cac qua trnh nhiet.
2.6.4.3 Bien oi sinh hoc
Bien oi sinh hoc cac thanh phan hu c trong CTR o th vi muc ch la giam the tch
va trong lng cua chat thai, thu phan compost, cac chat mun co the dung e on nh at,
kh metan. Cac loai vi khuan, nam va men ong vai tro rat quan trong trong viec bien oi
cac chat hu c. Qua trnh bien oi nay co the xay ra trong ieu kien hieu kh hoac k
kh, tuy thuoc vao s hien dien cua oxy. Cac qua trnh sinh hoc c ng dung e bien
oi phan hu c trong CTR o th gom: phan huy hieu kh va phan huy k kh.
Bang 2.16 Cac qua trnh bien oi ap dung trong x ly chat thai ran
Qua trnh bien oi Phng phap bien oi Bien oi hoac thay oi c ban san pham
Ly hoc
- Tach loa i theo
thanh phan.
- Giam the tch.
- Giam kch thc.
Hoa hoc
- ot
- Nhiet phan
- Kh hoa
- Tach loai bang tay hoa c
may phan loai.
- S dung lc hoac a p
suat.
- S dung lc cat, nghie n
hoac xay .
- Oxy hoa bang nhiet
- S chng cat phan huy.
- ot thieu kh
- Cac thanh phan rieng biet trong hon hp
chat thai o th.
- Giam the tch ban au.
- Bien oi hnh dang ban au va giam kch
thc.
- CO
2
, SO
2
, san pham oxy hoa khac, tro
- Kh gom ho n hp kh, can dau va than
57
Sinh hoc
- Hieu kh Compost
- K kh phan huy
- K kh compost
- Bien oi SH hieu kh
- Bien oi sinh hoc k
kh
- Bien oi sinh hoc k
kh
- Phan Compost ( mun dung e on nh
at)
- CH
4
, CO
2
, kh dang vet, chat thai con
lai
- CH
4
, CO, san pham phan huy con lai
mun hoac bun.
CAU HOI
1. Cho ba loai CTR co thanh phan nh trong ba ng sau :
Thanh phan Loai A, % kl Loai B, % kl Loai C, % kl
Thc pham tha 15 45 70
Giay 35 25 10
Cacton 7 4 3
Nha 5 5 6
Vai 3 0 0
Cao su 3 0 0
Da 2 0 0
Rac vn 20 18 11
Go 10 3 0
Yeu cau xac nh:
a) Khoi lng rieng CTR A, B, hoac C
b) o am cua CTR A, B hoac C
c) Cong thc hoa hoc cua CTR A, B hoac C .
d) Nhiet tr cua CTR A, B hoac C cho ba trng hp rac t, rac kho va rac kho
khong tro. So sanh ?
2. Hi nc va CO
2
la 2 san pham chnh cua qua trnh chay. T le mol gia chung la
hang so oi vi moi CTR. Hay giai thch: R= so mol H
2
O/ so mol CO
2
3. Tnh chat nao cua CTR anh hng en s phan huy hieu kh cua no.
4. Nhng loai chat thai nao anh (ch) thng pha n loai tai nha?
58
Chng 3: HE THONG THU GOM CHAT THAI RAN
Thu gom CTR la qua trnh thu nhat rac thai t cac ho dan, cong s hay t nhng iem
thu gom, chat chung le n xe va van chuyen e n iem trung chuyen, tram x l hay
nhng ni chon lap CTR.
Thu gom CTR trong khu o th la van e kho khan va phc tap, b i v CTR phat sinh
t moi nha, mo i khu thng mai, khu cong nghiep cung nh tren cac ng pho, cong
vien va ngay ca cac khu vc trong. S phat trien nh nam cua cac vung ngoai o lan
can trung tam o th a lam phc tap them cho cong tac thu gom.
CTR phat sinh phan tan (khong tap trung) va to ng khoi lng CTR gia tang lam cho
cong tac thu gom tr nen phc tap hn, bi chi ph nhien lieu va nhan cong cao.
Trong tong so tien chi tra cho cong tac thu gom, van chuyen va o bo CTR, chi ph
cho cong tac thu gom chiem khoang 50-70% tong chi ph. Do o, cong tac thu gom la
mot trong nhng van e can xem xet, bi v ch can cai tien mot pha n trong hoat
ong thu gom th co the tiet kiem ang ke chi ph chung. Cong tac thu gom c xem
xet 4 kha canh nh sau:
+ Cac loai dch vu thu gom.
+ Cac he thong thu gom, loai thiet b s dung va yeu cau ve nhan cong cu a
cac he thong o.
+ Phan tch he thong thu gom, bao gom cac quan he toan hoc co the s dung
e tnh toan nhan cong, so xe thu gom.
+ Phng phap tong quat e thiet lap tuyen thu gom.
Chi ph van chuyen (4%)
Chi ph chon lap (12%)
Chi ph thiet b (19%)
Cac chi
ph khac
(15%)
Chi ph thu gom (50%)
Hnh 3.1: Chi ph quan ly chat thai ran
59
3.1 THU GOM CHAT THAI RAN
Thuat ng thu gom khong ch la viec thu nhat cac loai CTR t cac nguon phat sinh
khac nhau ma con bao gom ca cong tac van chuyen CTR en cac v tr ma xe thu
gom rac co the en va van chuyen CTR en ni x ly.
Trong hau het cac he thong thu gom, hoa t ong van chuyen va o bo ra c vao cac xe
thu gom eu tng t nhau, nhng viec thu gom CTR lai tuy thuoc ra t nhieu vao loai
CTR va cac v tr phat sinh.
He thong dch vu thu gom c chia ra lam 2 loai: he thong thu gom chat thai cha
phan loai tai nguon va he thong thu gom chat thai a c phan loai tai nguon.
3.1.1 He thong thu gom chat thai ran cha phan loai tai nguon
Cac cach thu gom CTR dang nay c xem xet cu the oi vi tng nguon phat sinh:
khu dan c bie t lap tha p tang, khu dan c thap tang va trung bnh, khu dan c cao
tang, khu thng mai va cong nghiep.
Phng phap ap dung cho cac khu dan c biet lap thap tang
Phng phap nay bao gom cac dch vu thu gom: 1) le ng, 2) loi i, ngo hem, 3)
mang i - tra ve, 4) mang i.
Dch vu thu gom le ng (Curb): Chu nha chu trach nhiem at cac thu ng a
ay rac le ng vao ngay thu gom va chu trach nhiem mang cac thu ng a
c o bo tr ve v tr at chung e tiep tuc ch a chat thai.
Hnh 3.2: Cac thie t b thu gom CTR le ng
Dch vu thu gom loi i - ngo hem (Alley): CTR c bo vao thung rac cong
cong, thng c at au cac loi i, ngo hem e xe rac de dang thu gom CTR.
Dch vu thu gom kieu mang i - tra ve (Setout - setback): Cac thung cha
CTR c mang i va mang tra lai cho chu nha sau khi a o bo CTR, cong
viec c thc hien bi cac oi tr giup. oi tr giup nay cung vi oi thu
gom chu trach nhiem ve viec d tai t cac thung cha CTR len xe thu gom.
Thung cha CTR c at le
ng
Xe thu gom co trang b thiet b c gii thu
gom CTR doc le ng
60
Dch vu thu gom kieu mang i (Setout): Dch vu kieu mang i ve c ban giong
nh dch vu kieu mang i - tra ve, ch khac cho chu nha chu trach nhiem
mang cac thung cha CTR tr ve v tr ban au.
Viec a thung cha CTR ra xe co the thc hien theo cach thu cong hoac c gii. oi
vi cach thu cong, thung rac c nhac len e mang i, hoac nghieng qua e lan i,
hoac ay bang xe ay nho, cung co the s dung thung chuyen dung co trang b cac
banh xe e nhan rac t cac thung rac nho, sau o ch viec ay no en xe rac. oi vi
phng phap c gii, co the dung cac loai xe nho e ch cac thung rac e n xe chnh.
Viec o CTR t cac thung vao xe rac cu ng co the thc hien theo cach thu cong hoac c
gii. Neu thanh xe thap, cong nhan ve sinh co the o trc tiep CTR vao xe. Neu xe co
thiet b nang, cac thung rac c may nang len va o rac vao xe. Trong trng hp nay,
thung c nang phai dung loai thung c che tao hp quy cach vi thiet b nang.
Bang 3.1: So sanh cac cach thu gom rac dan c
Cac cach thu gom
Cac van e
Le ng au hem Mang i/ tra ve Mang i
Can chu nha hp tac
- Mang thung i o Co Tuy Khong Khong
- Mang thung trong ve Co Tuy Khong Khong
Can lch thu gom Co Khong Khong Co
S kem my quan
- Vng vai rac Cao Cao Thap Cao
- Chng mat (Kho chu) Co Khong Khong Co
Tien cho cong nhan ve sinh Co Nhieu nhat Khong Khong
S nga o Co Co Khong co
So cong nhan ve sinh
- Thong thng 2 1 3 3
- Dao ong 1-3 1-3 3-7 1-5
Mat thi gian t t Nhieu Va phai
Kha nang gay thng tch Thap Thap Cao Trung binh
S phien toai Thap Thap Cao Cao
Chi ph (k.lng va thi gian) Thap Thap Cao Va phai
61
Phng phap ap dung cho cac khu dan c thap tang va trung bnh
Dch vu thu gom le ng la phng phap pho bien cho cac khu dan c thap tang va
trung bnh. Vi dch vu nay, oi thu gom co tra ch nhiem van chuyen cac thung cha
ay CTR t cac ho gia nh en tuyen ng thu gom bang phng phap thu cong
hoac c gii, tuy thuoc vao so lng CTR can van chuyen. Neu s dung loai thung
cha ln, can c gii hoa bang cach dung xe rac co thiet b nang.
Phng phap ap dung cho cac khu dan c cao tang
oi vi khu chung c cao tang, cac loai thung cha ln c s dung e thu gom
CTR. Tuy thuoc vao kch thc va kieu ang cu a cac thung cha c s dung ma ap
dung phng phap c gii (xe thu gom co trang b bo phan nang cac thu ng cha e de
dang d tai), hoac la ke o cac thung cha en cac ni khac (ni tai che ) e d tai.
Phng phap ap dung cho cac khu thng mai cong nghiep
Ca 2 phng phap thu cong va c kh eu c s dung e thu gom CTR t khu thng
mai. e tranh tnh trang ket xe, viec thu gom CTR cua cac khu thng mai tai nhieu
thanh pho ln c thc hien vao ban em hoac luc sang sm. Khi ap dung phng phap
thu gom thu cong th CTR c at vao cac tui bang plastic hoac cac loai thung giay va
c a t doc theo ng pho e thu gom. Phng phap nay thong thng c thc hien
bi 1 nhom co 3 ngi, trong mot vai trng hp co the en 4 ngi: gom 1 tai xe va t 2
en 3 ngi em CTR t cac thung cha tren le ng o vao xe thu gom.
Neu tnh trang un tac giao thong khong phai la van e chnh va khoang khong gian
e lu tr CTR phu hp, th cac dch vu thu gom CTR tai cac trung tam thng mai -
cong nghiep co the s dung cac thung cha CTR co gan banh xe di chuyen c, cac
thung cha CTR co the gan ket 2 cai lai trong trng hp cac xe ep rac co kch thc
ln va cac thung cha co dung tch ln. Tuy thuoc vao kch thc va kieu thung cha
CTR ma ap dung phng phap c kh d tai tai cho hay keo cac thung cha CTR en
Hnh 3.3. Xe thu gom rac co thiet b nang
62
ni khac e d tai. e han che viec tac nghen giao thong, d tai bang phng phap
c kh thng c ap dung khi thu gom rac vao ban em.
3.1.2 He thong thu gom chat thai ran a phan loai tai nguon
Cac thanh phan CTR a phan loai tai nguon ca n phai c thu gom va em tai che.
Phng phap c ban ang c s dung la thu gom doc theo le ng, s dung nhng
phng tien thu gom thong thng hoac thie t ke cac thie t b ac bie t chuyen dung.
Chung ta xem xet o i vi hai loai nguon phat thai cu the: khu dan c va khu thng
mai.
Bo rac hp ve sinh
63
Tai khu dan c:
CTR c phan loai theo nhieu cach: phan loai tai le ng khi o chung vao xe ch
thong thng hoac xe chuyen dung; phan loai b i chu nha e mang en cac iem thu
mua. Hnh thc phan loai tai le ng giup chu nha kho ng phai mang i xa nen c
nhieu ngi ung ho.
Cac chng trnh thu gom CTR tai che thay oi tuy thuoc vao qui nh cua cong
ong. V du, mo t vai chng trnh yeu cau ng i dan phan chia cac thanh phan CTR
khac nhau nh giay bao, nha, thuy tinh, kim loai, va cha trong cac thung khac
nhau. Cac chng trnh khac th ch s dung mot thung e lu tr cac thanh phan
CTR tai che hoac s dung 2 thung: 1 dung e ng giay, thung con lai dung e cha
cac thanh phan CTR tai che nang nh: thuy tinh, nhom va lon thiec. Ro rang hoat
ong thu gom cac thanh phan CTR khac nhau se anh hng trc tiep en viec thiet
ke cac phng tien thu gom.
Xe chuyen ch CTR a phan loai phai co nhieu ngan cha rieng. Co nhieu kieu xe:
xe kn hoac h, xe co thanh cao hoac thap, xe co thung cha nhieu ngan hoac ch
nhieu thung cha ri ghep lai, xe boc o rac c gii hoac na c gii.
Thung rac nhieu ngan ni cong
cong
64
Hnh 3.5 Xe thu gom rac a phan loai tai nguon
Tai khu thng mai
CTR thng c phan loai bi nhng to chc t nhan. (cac to chc na y k hp ong
phan loai CTR vi c s thng mai). Thanh phan CTR co the tai che c cho vao
tng thung cha rieng. Cac loai thung cacton c bo lai va e ngay le ng e thu
gom rieng. Cac loai lon nhom thai ra t cac khu trung tam thng mai c ap bep
e giam the tch trc khi thu gom.
Hnh 3.6 Xe thu gom rac a phan loai t khu thng mai
V du 3.1: Xac nh so chuyen thu gom CTR a phan loai e tai che doc theo le ng.
65
Mot cong ong yeu cau thiet ke loai xe chuyen dung thu gom rac le ng e thu gom cac
loai CTR a c phan loai tai nguon. Moi ho gia nh c cung cap 3 thung cha, cac
loai vat lieu tai che bao gom giay va carton, nha va thuy tinh, lon nhom va thiec. Moi
tuan cac ho dan mang cac thung cha nhng loai vat lieu tai che en cac ni thu gom doc
theo le ng e xe chuyen dung thu gom.
c tnh the tch can thiet cho moi ngan cua xe chuyen dung tng ng vi tng loai vat
lieu tai che va so xe chuyen dung can thiet. Gia s rang cac loai vat lieu tai che c thu
hoi la 80% va giay in c tai che chiem t le 20% lng giay thu gom. T le ho dan tham
gia vao chng trnh phan loai cac vat lieu tai che la 60%. Neu tong so ho dan trong khu
vc thu gom la 1.200 ho va moi ho co trung bnh 5 nhan khau. Biet rang the tch cu a moi
xe thu gom la 5m
3
va moi ngi phat sinh lng chat tha i la 0,62 kg/(ngi.ngay). Thanh
phan CTR c cho trong bang.
Giai:
1. Thiet lap bang tnh the tch cua cac loai vat lieu tai che
Thanh phan
Khoi lng,
kg
KL vat lieu
tai che, kg
Khoi lng
rieng, kg/m
3
The tch vat lieu tai
che tnh cho 100kg
CTR , m
3
/100kg
Chat h u c
Thc pham tha
Giay
Giay carton
Nha
Vai vun
Cao su
Da
Chat thai trong vn
Go
8,0
35,8
6,4
6,9
1,8
0,4
0,4
17,3
1,8
-
5,7
a
5,1
5,5
-
-
-
-
-
288,3
89,7
49,7
65,7
65,7
129,8
160,2
100,9
237,1
-
0,06
0,10
0,08
-
-
-
-
-
Chat vo c
Thuy tinh
Can thiec
Can nhom
Kim loai khac
Bui, tro
9,1
5,8
0,6
3,0
2,7
7,3
4,6
0,5
-
-
195,4
89,7
160,2
320,4
480,6
0,04
0,05
0,003
-
-
Tong cong 100,0 28,7 0,333
66
5,7
a
kg = (35,8 kg x 0,80) x 0,20
2. Xac nh the tch cac loai vat lieu tai che
a. The tch cac vat lieu tai che
- Giay in + giay carton = 0,06 + 0,1 = 0,16 m
3
- Nha + thuy tinh = 0,08 + 0,04 = 0,12 m
3
- Can nhom va thiec = 0,05 + 0,003 = 0,053 m
3
b. T le the tch khi so sanh cac loai vat lieu tai che khac so vi can nhom va thiec
- Giay in + giay carton = 3,02 ( = 0,16 m
3
/0,053 m
3
)
- Nha + thuy tinh = 2,26 ( = 0,12 m
3
/0,053 m
3
)
- Can nhom va thiec = 1,00
Tong cong = 6,28
c. V vay neu s dung xe chuyen dung co the tch 5m
3
th tnh theo t le ta co
2,4 m
3
(= 5*3.02/6.28) e cha giay in va giay carton, 1,8m
3
cha nh a va
thuy tinh, va 0,8 m
3
ch a can thiec va nhom.
3. Xac nh so lng xe can thiet e thu gom cac vat lieu phan loai
a. c tnh l ng rac phat sinh hang tuan t moi ho dan c
5 ngi/ho x 7 ngay/tua n x 0,62 kg/(ngi.ngay) = 21,7 kg/tuan.ho
b. c tnh khoi lng giay in va giay carton phan loai e thu gom hang tuan t
moi ho
+ Giay in: 21,7 kg/tuan.ho x (5,7/100) = 1,24 kg/tuan.ho
+ Giay carton: 21,7 kg/tuan.ho x (5,1/100) = 1,11 kg/tuan.ho
c. c tnh tong the tch giay in va giay carton c phan loai e thu gom
+ Giay in: (1,24 kg/tuan.ho)/(89,7 kg/m
3
) = 0,0138 m
3
/tuan.ho
+ Giay carton: (1,11 kg/tuan.ho)/(49,7 kg/m
3
) = 0,0223 m
3
/tuan.ho
+ Tong the tch giay in va giay carton: = 0,0138 + 0,0223 = 0,036
m
3
/tuan.ho
d. c tnh tong so xe thu gom chat thai phan loai hang tuan:
0,036 m
3
/(tuan.ho) x 1200 ho x 0,6 / 2,4 (m
3
/xe) = 10,84 (xe/tuan) 11 (xe/tuan)
3.2 CAC LOAI HE THO NG THU GOM
He thong thu gom c phan chia thanh nhieu dang tuy theo tng quan iem, chang han
nh phan chia theo phng thc hoat ong, trang thiet b s dung, loai CTR can thu gom.
67
Theo phng thc hoat ong, he thong thu gom gom 2 dang: he thong dung thung
cha di ong va he thong thung cha co nh.
3.2.1 He thong container di ong: (HCS - Hauled Container System)
Trong he thong nay, cac container di ong c s dung e cha ay CTR va van chuyen
en bai o, o bo CTR va tra tr ve v tr thu gom ban au hoac v tr thu gom mi.
He thong container di ong thch hp cho cac nguon phat sinh CTR co khoi lng ln
(trung tam thng mai, nha may ) bi v he thong nay s dung cac container co kch thc
ln. ieu nay giup giam thi gian van chuyen, han che viec cha CTR thi gian dai va han
che cac ieu kien ve sinh kem. Theo ly thuyet, he thong nay ch can mot tai xe lay
container a ay tai at len xe, lai xe mang container nay t ni thu gom en bai o, d tai
va mang container rong tr ve v tr ban au hay v tr thu gom mi. Trong thc te, e am
ba o an toan khi chat tai va d tai, thng sap xep 2 nhan vien cho moi xe thu gom: 1 tai xe
co nhiem vu lai xe va 1 cong nhan co trach nhiem thao lap cac day buoc container. Khi van
chuyen CTR oc hai bat buoc phai co 2 nhan vien cho he thong nay.
Trong he thong nay, CTR o vao container bang thu cong nen he so s dung container thap.
He so s dung container la ty so gia the tch CTRchiemcho va the tch cua container.
3.2.2 He thong container co nh (SCS - Stationnary Container System)
Trong he thong nay, cac container co nh c s dung e cha CTR. Chung ch
c di chuyen mot khoang cach ngan t nguon phat sinh en v tr thu gom e d
tai. He thong nay phu thuoc vao khoi lng CTR va so iem phat sinh CTR.
Khac vi he thong container di ong, he tho ng container co nh c lay tai theo ca
phng phap thu cong va c kh. Hau he t cac xe thu gom s dung trong he tho ng nay
thng c trang b thiet b e p CTR e lam giam the tch, tang khoi lng CTR van
chuyen. V vay, he so s dung the tch container trong he tho ng nay rat cao. ay la u
iem chnh cua he tho ng container co nh so vi he thong container di ong. Trong he
thong nay, xe thu gom se van chuyen CTR en bai o sau khi tai c chat ay.
Nhc iem ln cua he thong nay la than xe thu gom co cau tao ph c tap, se kho
khan trong viec bao tr. Mat khac, he thong nay khong thch hp e thu gom cac CTR
co kch thc ln va CTR xay dng.
Nhan cong trong he tho ng thu gom phu thuoc vao viec lay tai c kh hay lay tai thu
cong. oi vi he thong container co nh lay tai c kh, so lng nhan co ng giong nh
he thong container di o ng la 2 ngi. Trong trng hp nay, tai xe lai xe co the giup
cong nhan trong viec di chuyen cac container ay tai en xe thu gom va tra container
ve v tr ban au. nhng v tr at container cha CTR cach xa v tr thu gom nh
cac khu thng mai, khu dan c trong nhieu hem nho so lng cong nhan se la 3
ngi, trong o co 2 ngi lay ta i. oi v i he thong container co nh lay tai thu
68
cong, so lng nhan co ng thay oi t 1 en 3 ngi. Thong thng se gom 2 ngi
khi s dung dch vu thu gom kieu le ng va kieu loi i - ngo hem. Ngoai ra, khi can
thiet, oi lay tai se tang hn 3 ngi.
3.3 PHAN TCH HE THO NG THU GOM
e tnh toan so lng xe thu gom va so lng nhan cong cho cac loai he thong thu
gom, can phai xac nh thi gian tien hanh moi hoat ong n v trong he thong.
Bang cach chia hoat o ng thu gom thanh cac hoat ong n v, chu ng ta co the
nghien cu va thiet lap cac bieu thc tnh toa n e s dung cho trng hp chung,
ong thi anh gia c cac bien so lien quan en cac hoat ong thu gom.
3.3.1 nh ngha cac thuat ng
Trc khi thiet lap cac cong thc tnh toan cho cac he thong thu gom, cac hoat ong
n v phai c mo ta. Cac hoat ong lien quan en viec thu gom CTR co the c
chia thanh 4 hoat ong n v sau:
- Thi gian lay tai (pickup)
- Thi gian van chuyen (haul)
- Thi gian bai o (at-site)
- Thi gian khong san xua t (off-route)
Hnh 3.7: Xe van chuyen container co nh
69
Hnh 3.8: S o hoat ong cua he thong
container di ong co ie n
I. V tr at container.
II. Nhac container ay tai e d tai.
III. at container trong a c d tai xuong.
IV. Lai xe en v tr at container ke tiep tren tuyen thu gom.
V. Lai xe ve tram ieu van - ket thuc ngay thu gom, t
2
.
VI. Tram trung chuyen, ba i o.
VII. Van chuyen container rong t bai o ve la i v tr at container luc au.
VIII. Van chuyen container ay tai en bai o, tram trung chuyen.
IX. Xe tai t tram ieu van en v tr thu gom au tien cua tuyen thu gom trong ngay, t
1
.
Hnh 3.9: S o hoat ong cua he thong container di ong, kieu trao oi container.
I. V tr at container.
II. at container cua v tr trc o (sau khi a d tai bai o) xuong va nhac
container ay tai len.
III. Xe tai cung vi container rong cua v tr cuoi cung trong tuyen thu gom
quay ve tram ieu van, ket thuc ngay lam viec, t
2
.
IV. Tram trung chuyen, ba i o
V. Van chuyen container rong v tr 1 en v tr at container 2.
VI. Van chuyen container ay tai v tr at container 1 en bai o.
VII. Xe tai cung container rong t tram ieu van en v tr at container au
tien trong tuyen thu gom, bat au ngay lam viec, t
1
.
3.3.1.1 Th i gian lay ta i (P): phu thuoc vao loai he thong thu gom
70
a. oi vi he thong container di ong: hoat ong theo phng phap co ien th thi
gian lay tai (P
d
) la tong thi gian lai xe thu gom en v tr at container ke tiep
sau khi mot container rong c tha xuong, thi gian nhac container ay tai len
xe va thi gian tha container rong xuong sau khi chat thai trong o c o len
xe. oi vi he thong container di ong hoa t ong theo phng pha p trao oi
container th thi gian lay tai la thi gian nhac container a ay tai va tha
container nay v tr ke tiep sau khi chat thai c o len xe.
b. He thong container co nh (P
c
): Thi gian lay tai la thi gian chat ta i len xe thu
gom: Bat au tnh t khi xe dng va lay tai tai v tr at container au tien tren
tuyen thu gom va ket thuc khi container cuoi cu ng cua tuyen thu gom c d tai.
Thi gian lay tai trong he thong container co nh phu thuoc vao loai xe thu gom
va phng phap lay tai.
3.3.1.2 Th i gian van chuyen (h): phu thuo c vao loai he thong thu gom
a. He thong container di ong: Thi gian van chuyen la tong th i gian can thiet en
v tr d tai (tram trung chuyen, tram thu hoi vat lieu, hay bai o), bat au sau khi
mot container ay tai c at len xe va ket thuc sau khi xe ch container rong
a c d tai ri v tr d tai en v tr ke tiep ma o container rong c tha
xuong. Thi gian van chuyen khong tnh en thi gian bai o hay tram trung
chuyen
b. He thong container co nh: Thi gian van chuyen la tong thi gian can thiet en
v tr d tai (tram trung chuyen, tram thu hoi vat lieu, hay bai o), bat au khi
container cuoi cung tre n tuyen thu gom c d tai hoac xe a ay chat thai va
ket thuc sau khi ri kho i v tr d tai cho en khi xe en v tr at container au
71
tien tren tuyen thu gom tiep theo. Thi gian van chuyen khong ke thi gian bai
o hay tram trung chuye n
3.3.1.3 Th i gian bai o (s)
La thi gian can thiet e d ta i ra khoi cac container (oi v i he thong container di
ong) hoac xe thu gom (oi vi he thong container co nh) ta i v tr d tai (tram
trung chuyen, tram tai thu hoi va t lieu, hay ba i o) bao gom th i gian ch i d ta i
va thi gian d tai t cac container hay xe thu gom.
3.3.1.4 Th i gian khong san xua t (W):
La toan bo thi gian hao ph cho cac hoat ong khong san xuat, co the chia thanh 2 loai:
thi gian hao ph can thiet va thi gian hao ph khong can thiet. Tuy nhien trong thc te,
ca hai loai thi gian c xem xet cung vi nhau bi v chung phai c phan phoi eu
tren hoat ong tong the. Thi gian hao ph can thiet bao gom: thi gian hao ph cho viec
kiem tra xe khi i va khi ve vao au va cuoi ngay, thi gian hao ph cho tac nghen giao
thong va thi gian hao ph cho viec sa cha, bao quan cac thiet b Thi gian hao ph
khong ca n thiet bao gom thi gian hao ph cho ba an tra vt qua thi gian qui nh va
thi gian hao ph cho viec tro chuyen tan gau,
3.3.2 He thong container di ong
3.3.2.1 Th i gian can thiet cho mot chuyen van chuyen
Thi gian can thiet cho mot chuyen van chuyen, cung chnh la thi gian o bo mot
container, bang tong co ng thi gian lay tai, bai o, van chuyen. Th i gian can thiet
cho mot chuyen c tnh theo cong thc sau:
T
d
= (P
d
+ s + h) (3.1)
Trong o:
T
d
: Thi gian can thiet cho mot chuyen, gi/ch.
P
d
: Thi gian lay tai cho mot chuyen, gi/ch.
s : Thi gian bai o , gi/ch.
h : Thi gian van chuyen cho mot chuyen, gi /ch.
Trong he thong container di ong, thi gian lay tai va thi gian bai o la hang so.
Trai la i thi gian van chuyen phu thuoc vao to c o xe thu gom va khoang cach van
chuyen. Qua nghien cu phan tch mot so cac d lieu ve thi gian va n chuyen cu a
nhieu loai xe thu gom, ngi ta thay rang th i gian van chuyen (h) co the tnh gan
ung theo cong thc sau:
h = a + bx (3.2)
Trong o:
h: thi gian van chuyen, gi/ch.
a: hang so thi gian theo thc nghiem, gi/ch
72
b: hang so thi gian theo thc nghiem, gi/km
x: khoang cach van chuyen 2 chieu trung bnh, km/ch
Hang so toc o van chuyen a, b cho trong bang sau:
Bang 3.2 Hang so to c o van chuyen a, b
Toc o gii han (km/h) a (h/ch) b (h/km)
88,5 0,016 0,01119
72,4 0,022 0,01367
56,3 0,034 0,01802
40,2 0,050 0,02860
24,1 0,060 0,04164
Hnh ve 3.10: Bieu o bieu dien moi quan he gi a toc o van chuyen trung bnh
va khoang cach van chuyen 2 chieu cho xe thu gom chat thai ran.
Khi so v tr thu gom trong khu vc phuc vu c xac nh, khoang cach van chuyen
2 chieu trung bnh c tnh t trong tam cua khu vc phuc vu en bai o va cong
thc (3.2) co the ap dung trong trng hp nay.
Thay the bieu thc h cho phng trnh (3.2) vao (3.1) ta co thi gian can thiet cho
mot chuyen co the bieu dien nh sau:
T
d
= (P
d
+ s + a + bx) (3.3)
Trong he thong container di ong, thi gian lay tai cho mot chuyen se c tnh theo
cong thc: P
d
= pc + uc + dbc (3.4)
Trong o:
P
d
: thi gian lay ta i cho mot chuyen, gi/ch.
73
pc : thi gian hao ph cho viec nang container, gi/ch.
uc: thi gian hao ph cho viec tha container a d tai xuong, gi/ch.
dbc: thi gian hao ph e lai xe gia cac v tr at container, gi/ch.
Neu khong biet thi gian trung bnh hao ph e lai xe gia cac container (dbc) th th i
gian nay co the tnh theo cong thc (3.2). Khoa ng cach van chuyen 2 chieu thay bang
khoang cach gia cac container va hang so thi gian van chuyen c s dung tng
ng van toc la 24,1km/h.
3.3.2.2 So chuyen thu gom trong ngay
So chuyen thu gom cho mot xe trong mo t ngay hoat ong co the c tnh toan bang
cach a vao he so thi gian khong san xuat W, cong thc tnh nh sau:
N
d
=
( ) ( ) | |
Tdd
t t W H
2 1
1
(3.5)
Trong o:
N
d
: so chuyen trong ngay, ch/ngay.
H: so gi lam viec trong ngay, gi/ngay.
W: he so ke en cac yeu to khong san xuat, bie u dien bang ty so.
t
1:
thi gian la i xe t tram ieu van en v tr at container au tien trong
ngay, gi.
t
2:
thi gian lai xe t v tr at container cuoi cung trong ngay ve tra m ieu
van, gi.
T
d
: thi gian can thiet cho mot chuyen, gi/ch.
Trong phng trnh (3.5), gia thiet rang cac hoat ong khong san xuat co the xay ra
bat ky thi iem nao trong ngay. He so ke en cac hoat ong khong san xuat trong
phng trnh (3.5) thay oi t 0,10 - 0,40, trung bnh la 0,15.
So chuyen co the th c hien trong ngay tnh toan t phng trnh (3.5) co the so sanh vi
so chuyen ye u cau trong ngay (trong tuan), c tnh bang cach s du ng bieu thc sau:
( )
cf
V
N
d
d
= (3.6)
Trong o:
N
d
: So chuyen trong nga y, ch/ngay.
V
d
: The tch chat thai ra n thu gom trung bnh ha ng ngay, m
3
/ngay.
c : The tch cua container, m
3
/ch.
f : He so hieu dung trung bnh cua container (he so s dung container trung
bnh)
74
He so s dung container co the c nh ngha la ty so cua the tch container b chat
thai ran chiem cho vi the tch hnh hoc cua container. He so nay thay oi theo kch
thc cua container, ne n phng trnh (3.6) phai dung he so s dung container c
chat tai. He so c chat tai co the xac nh bang cach chia gia tr tong cong (co c
t viec nhan so container ng vi tng kch thc vi he so s dung tng ng) cho
tong so container.
=
=
=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
k
i
i
k
i
i i
k
k k
n
n f
n n n n
n f n f n f n f
f
1
1
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
...
...
Trong o:
f
i
: he so s dung cua container loai i.
n
i
: so lng container loai i.
V du 3.2: Phan tch he thong container di ong
Chat thai ran t mot khu cong nghiep mi c thu gom trong cac container co kch
thc ln, mot vai container trong so nay se c s dung lien ket vi may nen rac co
nh. Tren c s nghien cu giao thong tai cac khu cong nghiep tng t, c tnh ra ng
thi gian trung bnh e lai xe t tram ieu van en v tr at container au tien (t
1
) va
t v tr container cuoi cung (t
2
) ve tram ieu va n moi ngay se tng ng la 15 phut va
20 phut. Thi gian trung bnh hao ph e lai xe gia cac container la 6 phut va khoang
cach van chuye n mot chieu en bai o la 15,5 km (gii han toc o 55 km/gi). Xac
nh so container c o bo moi ngay. Gia thiet rang moi ngay lam viec 8 gi va he
so ke en cac yeu to kho ng san xuat W = 0,15, thi gian hao ph cho viec nhat va tha
container rong la 0,4 gi /chuyen, thi gian bai o 0,133 gi/chuyen.
Giai:
1. Xac nh thi gian lay ta i cho mot chuyen, s dung cong thc (3.4):
P
d
= pc + uc + dbc
pc + uc = 0,4; dbc = 6 phut = 0,1 h/ch
P
d
= 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5 h/ch
2. Xac nh thi gian can thiet cho mot chuyen, s dung cong thc (3.3)
T
d
= (P
d
+ s + a + bx)
s = 0,133 h/ch; x = 15,5 km; a = 0,034 h/ch; b = 0,01802 h/km
T
d
= (0,5 + 0,133 + 0,034 + 0,01802 x 15,5 x 2) = 1,23 h/ch ~ 74 ph/ch
75
3. Xac nh so chuyen container trong ngay, s dung cong thc (3.5)
N
d
=
( ) ( ) | |
Tdd
t t W H
2 1
1
So gi lam viec trong ngay H = 8 gi; he so ke en cac yeu to khong san xuat W=
0,15; t
1
= 0,25 gi; t
2
= 0,33 gi
( ) ( ) | |
23 , 1
33 , 0 25 , 0 15 , 0 1 8 +
=
d
N
= 5,06 chuyen/ngay; chon 5 chuyen/ngay
4. Xac nh thi gian that s lam viec trong ngay
5 chuyen/ngay
( ) | | ( )
23 , 1
33 , 0 25 , 0 15 , 0 1 +
=
H
Nh vay H = 7,92 gi (co the lay gan ung la 8 gi)
3.3.3 He thong contianer co nh
Do co s khac biet gi a viec lay ta i c kh hay thu cong, nen cac loai he thong
container co nh phai c xem xet rieng biet.
3.3.3.1 He thong container co nh vi xe thu gom lay ta i c kh
oi vi he thong s dung xe thu gom chat tai t o ng, thi gian cho mot chuyen bieu
dien nh sau:
T
c
= (P
c
+ s + a + bx) (3.7)
Trong o:
T
c
: thi gian cho 1 chuyen oi vi he thong container co nh, gi/ch.
P
c
: thi gian lay tai cho mot chuyen, gi/ch.
s: thi gian la y tai bai o, gi/ch
a: hang so thc nghiem, gi/ch.
b: hang so thc nghiem, gi/km.
x: khoang cach van chuyen 2 chieu trung bnh, km/ch.
Giong nh he thong container di ong, neu khong co so lieu khoang cach van chuyen
2 chieu trung bnh th khoang cach nay lay bang khoang cach t trong tam cua khu
vc phuc vu en bai o.
Ch co s khac nhau gia phng trnh (3.7) va (3.3) oi vi he thong container di
ong la so hang thi gian lay tai.
oi vi he thong containe co nh, thi gian lay tai c tnh theo cong thc:
P
c
= C
t
(uc) + (n
P
- 1)(dbc) (3.8)
76
Trong o:
P
c
: thi gian lay ta i cho mot chuyen, gi/ch.
C
t
: so container o bo (d tai) trong mot chuyen thu gom, container/ch.
uc: thi gian lay tai trung bnh cho mot container, gi/container.
n
p
: so v tr at container tren mo t chuyen thu gom, v tr/ch.
dbc: thi gian trung bnh hao ph e lai xe gia cac v tr at container, gi/v tr.
So hang (n
P
- 1) bieu th cho so lan xe thu gom se i gia cac v tr at container, va bang
so v tr at container tr i 1. Giong nh trng hp he thong container di ong, neu
khong biet thi gian hao ph e lai xe gia cac v tr at container, th thi gian nay c
tnh toan theo phng trnh (3.2), trong o thay the khoang cach van chuyen 2 chieu bang
khoang cach gia cac container va cac hang so thi gian van chuyen tng ng vi 24,1
km/h.
So container c o bo tren mo t chuyen thu gom t le thuan v i the tch cua xe thu
gom va ty so ne n buong cha cua xe thu gom. So container nay c tnh theo cong
thc:
( ) cf
vr
C
t
=
(3.9)
Trong o:
C
t
: so container o bo tren mot chuyen, container/ch.
v: the tch xe thu gom, m
3
/ch.
r: ty so nen.
c: the tch cua container, m
3
/container.
f: he so s dung container a c chat tai.
So chuyen phai thc hie n trong ngay co the tnh toan theo bieu thc sau:
vr
V
N
d
d
=
(3.10)
Trong o:
N
d
: so chuyen thu gom thc hien hang ngay, ch/ngay
V
d
: khoi lng trung bnh ngay cua chat thai thu gom, m
3
/ngay.
Thi gian cong tac trong ngay khi ke en cac yeu to khong san xuat W co the
tnh nh sau:
( ) ( )
W
T N t t
H
cd d
+ +
=
1
2 1
(3.11)
77
Trong o:
t
1:
thi gian lai xe t tram ieu van en v tr at container au tien e lay
tai tren tuyen thu gom au tien trong ngay, gi.
t
2
: thi gian lai xe t "v tr at container cuoi cung" tren tuyen thu gom sau
cung cua ngay cong tac en tram ieu van, gi.
Cac ky hieu khac c quy c giong nh c s dung trong cac cong thc tren.
Trong nh ngha t
2
, thuat ng "v tr at container cuoi cung" c s dung bi v
trong he thong container co nh, xe thu gom thng lai (trc tiep) ve tram ieu van
sau khi chat thai thu gom tren tuyen cuoi cung c o bo tai bai o. Neu thi gian i
t bai o (hay iem trung chuyen) ve tram ie u van nho hn mot na thi gian van
chuyen h
scs
, t
2
c gia s bang 0. Neu thi gian i t bai o (hay iem trung chuyen)
ve tram ieu van ln hn thi gian i t v tr thu gom cuoi cung en bai o, th thi
gian t
2
c gia s bang s chenh lech gia thi gian e lai xe t bai o ve tram ieu
van va 1/2 thi gian van chuyen h
scs
.
ni co so chuyen thu gom moi nga y la mot so nguyen, s ket hp chnh xac hay ung so
chuyen trong ngay va kch thc xe thu gom co the c xac nh bang phng trnh (3.11)
va cac phan tch kinh te. e xac nh the tch xe thu gom, thay the 2 hoac 3 gia tr cua N
d
trong phng trnh (3.11) va tnh toan xac nh thi gian lay tai a s dung tren chuyen thu
gom. Sau o bang bai toan th dan, s dung cac phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) xac nh the tch
xe thu gom cho moi gia tr N
d
. T nh ng kch thc xe thu gom xac nh tren, la chon mot
gia tr gan vi gia tr a tnh toan nhat. Neu kch thc xe thu gom nho hn gia tr a chon,
tnh toan thi gian cong tac thc te trong ngay. Sau o co the la chon xe tren c s ket hp
vi chi ph hieu qua.
Khi kch thc xe thu gom c co nh, va so chuyen thu gom trong moi ngay la so
nguyen, th thi gian cong tac trong ngay c tnh toan bang phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) va
(3.11).
Mot khi nhan cong ye u cau cho moi xe thu gom va so chuyen thu gom trong moi ngay
c xac nh, vie c la chon xe thu gom co the ket hp v i chi ph hie u qua nhat. V
du, nhng khoang cach van chuye n dai, viec s dung xe thu gom ln va thc hien 2
ch/ngay se hie u qua kinh te hn la s dung xe thu gom nho va thc hien 3 ch/ngay
trong suot thi gian cong tac (mac du thnh thoang cuo i ngay co the khong hoat
ong).
V du 3.3: So sanh gia he thong container di o ng va container co nh
Mot cong ty thu gom chat tha i ran t nhan muon at mot tram tai thu hoi vat lieu gan
khu thng mai. Cong ty nay muon s dung he thong container di ong nhng ho e ngai
rang chi ph van chuyen cao. Phai at tram tai thu hoi vat lieu cach xa khu thng mai mot
khoa ng cach toi a la bao nhieu e chi ph hang tuan cho he thong container di ong
khong ln hn so vi he thong container co nh? Gia s rang ch mot ngi va lai xe va
thu gom c s dung cho moi he thong va cac so lieu sau ay c ap dung. Trong v du
78
nay, gia s thi gian t
1
va t
2
tnh trong W bao gom ca cac yeu to khong san xuat, H = 8
gi/ngay, W = 0,15
1. He thong container di o ng
a. Khoi lng chat thai ran 300m
3
/tuan.
b. Kch thc container 8m
3
/ch
c. He so s dung container 0,67
d. Thi gian nhat container 0,033gi/ch.
e. Thi gian d tai container 0,033gi/ch.
f. Hang so thi gian van chuyen a = 0,022h/ch va b = 0,01367h/km
g. Thi gian bai o 0,053gi/ch
h. Chi ph chung 6 trieu/tuan
i. Chi ph van hanh 200.000/h lam viec
2. He thong container co nh
a. Khoi lng chat thai 300m
3
/tuan
b. Kch thc container 8m
3
/v tr at container
c. He so s dung container 0,67
d. Dung tch xe thu gom 30m
3
/ch.
e. Ty so nen xe thu gom r = 2.
f. Thi gian d tai 0,050gi/container.
g. Hang so thi gian van chuyen a = 0,022h/ch va b = 0,01367h/km.
h. Thi gian bai o 0,10gi/ch
i. Chi ph tong cong 11trieu/tuan.
j. Chi ph van hanh 300.000/h.
3. ac iem v tr
a. Khoang cach trung bnh gia cac v tr at container = 0,1mile = 160m
b. Hang so e tnh toan thi gian lai xe gia ca c v tr at container cho ca 2 he
thong la a' = 0,060h/ch va b' = 0,067h/mile = 0,04164h/km.
Giai:
He thong container di ong:
a. Xac nh so chuyen/tuan da vao cong thc 3.6
N
W
= V
W
/cf = (300m
3
/tuan)/(8m
3
/chuyen)(0,67) = 56 chuyen/tuan
79
b. c tnh thi gian lay tai trung bnh cho mot chuyen ap dung cho he thong
container di ong da vao cong thc 3.4
P
d
= pc + uc + dbc = pc + uc + a' + b'x'
= 0,033gi/chuyen + 0,033gi/chuyen + 0,060gi/chuyen +
(0,04164gi/km)(150m/ch)
= 0,133 gi/chuyen
c. c tnh thi gian can thiet trong tuan, T
w
T
W
= N
W
(P
hcs
+ s + a + bx)/|H(1 - W)|
T
W
= (56chuyen/tuan)(0,133gi/chuyen + 0,053gi/chuyen + 0,022gi/chuyen +
0,01367h/km x) / |(8gi/ngay)(1 - 0,15)|
= 1,71 + 0,1125h/km .x
d. Xac nh chi ph van hanh
Chi ph van hanh = (200.000/h)(8h/ngay)|1,71 + 0,1125h/km| ngay/tuan
= |2,736 .10
6
+ 0,18 .10
6
/km x|//tuan
= (2,736 + 0,18.x) trieu ong/tuan
He thong container co nh:
a. Xac nh so container can phai d tai tren chuye n s dung cong thc 3.9
C
t
= vr/cf = (30m
3
/ch)(2)/(8m
3
/container)(0,67)
= 11,19 container/chuyen = 11 container/chuyen
b. c tnh thi gian lay ta i cho 1 container s dung cong thc (3.8)
P
c
= C
t
(uc) + (n
p
- 1)(dbc)
P
c
= C
t
(uc) + (n
p
- )(a + bx)
= (11container/chuye n)(0,05h/container) + (11 1 v tr/chuyen)|(0,06 gi/v tr)
+ (0,04164h/km)(161m/v tr)| = 1,22h/chuyen.
c. Xac nh so chuyen can thiet e van chuyen trong tuan s dung cong th c (3.10)
N
w
= V
w
/vr = (300m
3
/tuan)/(30m
3
/chuyen)(2) = 5 chuyen/tuan.
d. Xac nh thi gian can thiet trong tuan, T
W
. Gia tr t
W
ai dien cho so nguyen so
chuyen van chuyen en v tr ma ni o cac container c d tai. Gia tr t
W
xac
nh bang so chuyen van chuyen trong tuan N
W
khi lam tron.
T
w(c)
= ((N
w
) P
c
+ t
w
(s + a + bx))/|H(1 W)|
= {(5 chuyen/tuan)(1,22h/chuyen) + (5 chuyen/tuan) x ((0,1h/chuyen + 0,022
h/chuyen + 0,01367 h/km)(x))}/|(8h/ngay)(1 0,15)|
= |0,99 + 0,01/km (x)| ngay/tuan
80
e. Xac nh chi ph van hanh hang tuan
Chi ph van hanh = (300.000/h)(8h/ngay) x |0,99 + 0,01/km (x)| ngay/tuan
= |2,376. 10
6
+ 0,024. 10
6
(x)| ong/tuan
= |2,376 + 0,024 (x)| trieu o ng/tuan.
So sanh 2 he thong:
Viec xac nh gia tr x tc la xac nh khoang cach van chuyen trung bnh 2 chieu toi
a bang cach cho chi ph he thong container di ong = chi ph he thong container co
nh.
Ta co:
6 + (2,736 + 0,18 x) = 11 + (2,376 + 0,024 x)
Chuyen oi 2 ve ta co : 0,156 x= 4,64
Ket qua x = 29,74km. Nh vay mot chieu van chuyen co khoang cach la 14,9km e
am bao rang chi ph hang tuan cho he thong container di ong khong ln hn so vi
he thong container co nh.
3.3.3.2 He thong container co nh lay ta i thu cong
Phan tch va thiet ke he thong thu gom chat tha i ran o th vi xe thu gom chat thai
thu cong co the tom ta t nh sau : Neu H la so gi lam viec trong ngay va so chuyen
thu gom trong ngay la co nh hay a biet, th thi gian can thiet cho hoat ong thu
gom co the tnh bang phng trnh 3.11, bi v tat ca cac he so a biet hoac co the
c gia nh. Khi thi gian lay tai tren 1 chuye n a biet, so v tr lay tai ma chat thai
co the c thu gom tre n mot chuyen c tnh nh sau:
P
scs
P
t
n P
N
60
= (3.12)
Trong o:
N
P
: So v tr thu gom trong mot chuyen, v tr/chyen.
60 : He so chuyen oi t gi sang phut, 60phut/gi.
P
SCS
: Thi gian lay tai tren mot chuyen, gi/chuyen.
n : So ngi thu gom, ngi.
t
p
: Thi gian lay tai tai mo i v tr thu gom, ngi.phut/v tr.
Thi gian lay tai t
P
tai moi v tr phu thuoc vao thi gian hao ph e lai xe gia cac v
tr at container, so container tai moi v tr thu gom va % v tr thu gom at gan nhau.
Bieu thc tnh nh sau:
t
p
= dbc + k
1
C
n
+ k
2
(PRH) (3.13)
Trong o:
81
t
p
: Thi gian lay tai trung bnh tai moi v trthu gom, ngi . phut/v tr.
dbc : Thi gian trung bnh hao ph lai xe gia cac v tr at container, phut /v tr.
k
1
: Hang so lien he vi thi gian lay tai 1 container, phut/container.
C
n
: So container trung bnh moi v tr lay tai.
k
2:
: Hang so lien he vi thi gian hao ph e thu gom chat thai t sau vn
cua mot can ho, phut/PRH.
PRH : So v tr thu gom at pha sau nha,%.
Phng trnh (3.13) la phng trnh c thanh lap t quan sat thc te thi gian lay
tai cho mot v tr. D nhien, thi gian hao ph e lai xe gia cac v tr thu gom se phu
thuoc vao ac tnh cua khu dan c.
Khi biet so v tr thu gom tren chuyen, ta co the tnh c kch thc thch hp cua xe
thu gom nh sau:
r
N V
V
P P
=
(3.14)
Trong o:
V : The tch xe thu gom m
3
/ch.
V
P
: The tch chat thai ra n thu gom tren mot v tr lay rac, m
3
/v tr.
N
P
: So v tr thu gom tren mot chuyen, v tr/ch.
r : He so nen
Nhieu khu nha co tan suat thu gom la 2 lan /tuan th nhu cau ve nhan cong trong lan
thu gom th 2 trong tua n bang khoang 0,9 0,95 lan so vi nhu cau nhan cong cho
lan thu gom th nhat trong tuan. Thong thng nhu cau nhan cong khong khac nhieu
bi v thi gian van chuyen container gan nh bang nhau cho ca container ay va
container chat tai mot phan. Thong thng s chenh lech nay khong c chu y trong
tnh toan nhan cong.
V du 3.4 : Thiet ke he thong thu gom cho khu da n c
Thiet ke he thong thu gom kieu le ng e phuc vu cho mot khu dan c vi 1000 can
ho rieng biet. Tnh toan s dung 2 he tho ng thu gom chat thai thu cong. He thong th
nhat s dung xe thu gom chat thai mat ben thung cha vi mot nhan cong, he tho ng th
2 s dung xe thu gom chat thai pha sau vi nhan cong la 2 ngi. Xac nh kch thc
xe thu gom va so sa nh nhu ca u nhan cong cua moi he thong thu gom. Gia s co cac so
lieu sau ay :
1. So ngi dan trung bnh s dung mot v tr phuc vu la: 3,5ngi/v tr.
2. Toc o phat sinh chat thai ran tren a u ngi la : 2,5 kg/(ngi.ngay).
82
3. Thi gian lay tai tai moi v tr thu la 0,92 ngi.phut/v tr.
4. Khoi lng rieng cu a chat thai ran (trong container) = 200kg/m
3
.
5. So container s dung cho mot v tr thu gom la: 2 container 32 lit va 1,5
container carton 20 lit.
6. Tan suat thu gom: 1 lan/tuan.
7. Ty so nen cua xe thu gom: r =2,5.
8. Khoang cach van chuye n 2 chieu: x = 56,35km
9. Thi gian lam viec trong ngay: H = 8 gi.
10. So chuyen trong ngay: N
d
= 2 chuyen
11. Thi gian i e n v tr thu gom au tien trong ngay t
1
= 0,3h.
12. Thi gian i t v tr thu gom cuoi cung trong nga y ve tram ieu van t
2
= 0,4h.
13. He so ke en cac yeu to khong sa n xuat W = 0,15.
14. Hang so thi gian van chuyen: a = 0,016h/ch va b = 0,01119h/km.
15. Thi gian bai o cua mot chuyen: s = 0,10h/ch.
16. Hai ngi thu gom, thi gian lai xe gia cac v tr at container 0,72 phut, k
1
=
0,18 phut.
Giai:
1. Xac nh thi gian thch hp e lay tai cho mot chuyen s dung cong th c (3.11)
Thay the gia tr T
scs
trong cong thc (3.7) vao co ng thc (3.11)
H = ((t
1
+ t
2
) + N
d
(P
scs
+ s + a + bx))/(1 W)
P
c
= (H(1 W) (t
1
+ t
2
))/N
d
(s + a + bx)
= ((8h/ngay)(1 0,15) (0,3h/ngay + 0,4 h/ngay))/(2chuyen/ngay)
(0,1h/chuyen + 0,016h/chuyen + (0,01119h/km)(56,35km/chuyen)
= 2,30 h/chuyen
2. Xac nh thi gian lay ta i can thiet e lay ta i tai moi v tr
(a) Mot ngi thu gom
t
p
= 0,92 ngi-phu t/v tr
(b) Hai ngi thu gom, s dung cong thc (3.13)
t
p
= 0,72 + 0,18(C
n
) = 0,72 + 0,18 (3,5) = 1,35 ngi- phut/ v tr.
3. Xac nh so v tr can phai lay tai s dung cong thc (3.12)
(a) Mot ngi thu gom
N
p
= 60 P
scs
n/t
p
83
= (60 phut/gi)(2,3 gi /chuyen)(1ngi)/(0,92ngi-phu t/v tr)
= 150 v tr/chuyen.
(b) Hai ngi thu gom
N
p
= 60 P
scs
n/t
p
= (60 phu t/gi)(2,3 gi /chuyen)(2ngi)/(1,35ngi-phu t/v tr)
= 204 v tr/chuyen.
4. Xac nh the tch chat thai phat sinh trong 1 tuan tai moi v tr lay tai
The tch = (2,5kg/(ngi.ngay)(3,5ngi/v tr la y tai)(7ngay/tuan)(200kg/m
3
)(1/tuan)
= 0,306m
3
/v tr.
5. Xac nh the tch xe tai, s dung cong thc (3.14)
(a) Mot ngi thu gom
v = V
p
N
p
/r = (0,306m
3
/v tr)(150 v tr/chuyen)/2,5 = 18,4 m
3
/chuyen.
(b) Hai ngi thu gom
v = V
p
N
p
/r = (0,306m
3
/v tr)(204 v tr/chuyen)/2,5 = 25 m
3
/chuye n.
6. Xac nh so chuyen can thiet trong tuan
(a) Mot ngi thu gom
N
w
= (1000 v tr)(1/tuan)/(150 v tr/chuyen) = 6,67 chuyen/tuan.
(b) Hai ngi thu gom
N
w
= (1000 v tr)(1/tuan)/(204 v tr/chuyen) = 4,90 chuyen/tuan.
7. Xac nh so lao ong can thiet
(a) Mot ngi thu gom
1 ngi {(6,67 chuyen/tuan)(2,3 h/chuyen) + (7 chuyen/tuan)|0,10h/chuyen + 0,016
h/chuyen + (0,01119 h/km)(56,35km/chuyen)|}/(1 0,15)(8h/ngay)
= 3,02 ngi-ngay/tuan.
(b) Hai ngi thu gom
2 ngi {(4,90 chuyen/tuan)(2,3 h/chuyen) + (7 chuyen/tuan)|0,10h/chuyen + 0,016
h/chuyen + (0,01119 h/km)(56,35km/chuyen)|}/(1 0,15)(8h/ngay)
= 4,41 ngi-ngay/tuan.
3.4. VA CH TUYEN THU GOM
e hoat ong thu gom va van chuyen CTR cho tng khu vc at hieu qua cao nhat,
cac nha quan ly phai nam vng tnh hnh tng khu vc cu the e co the vach tuyen
thu gom hp ly nhat, lch trnh cho tng tuye n thu gom ngan nhat. T o, co the xac
84
nh c nhu cau ve nhan lc, th i gian va phng tien van chuyen can thiet. Thong
thng, bo tr tuyen thu gom la bai toan th dan, khong co qui luat chung e ap dung
cho tat ca cac trng hp. V vay, bai toan vach tuyen thu gom hien nay van la mot
qua trnh tm toi, chu ye u s dung kha nang phan oan.
Mot so nguyen tac chung hng dan khi vach tuyen thu gom nh sau:
- Xac nh nhng chnh sach, ng loi va lua t le hien hanh lien quan en he
thong quan ly CTR, v tr thu gom va tan suat thu gom.
- Khao sat ac iem he thong thu gom hien hanh nh la: so ngi cua oi thu
gom, loai xe thu gom.
- nhng ni co the, tuyen thu gom phai c bo tr e no bat au va ket thuc
gan ng pho chnh. S dung nhng rao can a ly va t nhien nh la ng
ranh gii cua tuyen thu gom.
- nhng khu vc co o doc cao, tuyen thu gom phai c bat au nh doc va
i tien xuong doc khi xe a thu gom c chat tai nang dan.
- Tuyen thu gom phai c bo tr sao cho container cuoi cung c thu gom tren
tuyen at gan bai o nhat.
- CTR phat sinh nhng v tr tat nghen giao thong phai c thu gom vao thi
iem sm nhat trong ngay.
- Cac nguon co khoi lng CTR phat sinh ln phai c phuc vu nhieu lan vao
thi gian au cua ngay cong tac.
- Nhng iem thu gom nam rai rac (ni co khoi lng CTR phat sinh nho) co cung
so lan thu gom, phai sap xep e thu gom tren cu ng 1 chuye n trong cung 1 ngay.
3.4.1. Thiet lap vach tuyen thu gom
Thong thng, thiet lap tuyen thu gom bao gom 4 bc. Trong o, bc 1 ve c ban
giong nhau cho tat ca cac loai he thong thu gom, con cac bc 2, 3, 4 th khac nhau
cho tng loai he thong nen se phan tch rieng. Chu y rang cac tuyen thu gom chnh
xac sau khi a c lap san ( bc 4) se c thc hien b i ngi lai xe thu gom ta i
a ban. Da tren kinh nghiem thc te cua ngi lai xe thu gom, moi tuyen thu gom
se c ieu chnh cho phu hp vi tng khu vc rieng. Trong o th ln, nhng
ngi giam sat tuyen thu gom chu trach nhiem ve viec len lch cac tuyen thu gom.
Trong nhieu trng h p, tuyen thu gom c vach ra da tren kinh nghiem ieu
khien hoat ong cua ngi giam sat cong tac thu gom, co c qua nhieu nam cong
tac trong cung mot khu vc.
Bc 1: Bo tr tuyen thu gom
Tren ban o t le ln cua khu vc phuc vu (khu thng mai, khu cong nghiep, hay khu
vc nha dan c), cac d lieu sau ay phai c ghi cho moi iem thu gom CTR: v
tr, tan suat thu gom, so container. Neu khu thng mai hay khu cong nghiep s dung
85
he thong container co nh chat thai c kh, th khoi lng chat thai a c tnh e thu
gom moi v tr thu gom cung phai ghi len ban o. oi vi khu dan c, thng gia
nh rang khoi lng chat thai thu gom ta i mo i v tr se xap x bang nhau va bang
khoi lng chat thai trung bnh. Bi v bo tr cac tuyen thu gom lien quan en mot
chuoi cac bai toan th dan nen ban o ve nhap phai c s du ng tr c khi cac so lieu
c ban c ghi len ban ve cong tac.
Tuy thuoc vao o ln khu vc phuc vu va so ie m thu gom, co the chia khu vc phuc
vu ra thanh nhng khu vc nho tng oi o ng nhat nh: khu dan c, khu cong
nghiep, khu thng mai. oi vi nhng ni co so v tr thu gom nho hn 20 - 30 th
bc nay thng bo qua. oi vi nhng khu vc ln hn, bc nay can phai thc hien
va a vao cac he so tnh toan nh la toc o pha t sinh CTR va tan suat thu gom.
Bc 2, 3, 4 : oi vi he thong container di ong
Bc 2:
Tren t ghi chng trnh phan phoi, a u tien ghi ten cac tieu e tan suat thu gom,
lan/tuan; so v tr thu gom, tong so container; so chuyen thu gom, chuyen/tuan; va
mot cot tach ri e ghi cac ngay trong tuan trong suot thi gian chat thai se c thu
gom. Th hai, xac nh so v tr yeu cau thu gom nhieu lan trong tuan (v du: t th 2
en th 6 hoac th 2, 4 va 6) va ghi nhng thong tin len t chng trnh phan phoi.
Bat au bang danh sach vi nhng v tr thu gom co so lan thu gom cao nhat trong
tuan (v du: 5lan/tuan). Th ba, phan phoi so container quy nh ch phuc vu 1 lan
trong tuan, e so container trong trong moi ngay thu gom can bang nhau. Tuyen thu
gom s bo co the c bo tr khi nhng thong tin nay c biet.
Bc 3:
S du ng cac ieu kien a cho b c 2, vie c bo tr tuyen thu gom co the c phac thao
nh sau: Bat au t tram ieu van hoac bai au xe thu gom, mo t tuyen thu gom se c
bo tr noi tat ca cac ie m thu gom e phuc vu trong suot ngay cong tac. Bc ke tiep la
sa oi tuyen thu gom c s, ke ca cac container them vao ma no se phuc vu cho mo i
ngay thu gom. Moi tuyen thu gom hang ngay phai c bo tr e no bat au va ket thu c
gan tram ie u van. Hoat ong thu gom phai dien ra mot cach chat che .
Bc 4:
Khi nhng tuyen thu gom s bo c bo tr, khoang cach trung bnh e di chuyen gi a
cac v tr at container phai c tnh toan. Neu cac tuyen thu gom nay khong can bang
ve phng dien khoang cach van chuye n (15%) th chung phai c thie t ke lai e mo i
tuyen thu gom kho ng che trong khoang cach xap x giong nhau. Thong thng, mot so
tuyen thu gom phai c th nghiem tr c khi quyet nh thc hie n nhng tuyen sau.
Khi lng xe thu gom ln hn 1 th tuyen thu gom cho moi khu vc phu c vu phai c
bo tr va co ng viec d tai cho moi chuyen xe phai can bang.
Bc 2, 3, 4: oi vi he thonng container co nh vi xe thu gom chat ta i c kh
86
Bc 2:
Tren t ghi chng trnh phan phoi, au tien ghi cac tieu e nh sau: tan suat thu
gom, lan/tuan; so v tr thu gom; tong khoi lng CTR va mot cot tach rieng e ghi
cac ngay trong tuan trong suot thi gian thu gom CTR. Th hai, xac nh so lng
CTR thu gom t nhng v tr yeu cau thu gom CTR nhieu lan trong tuan (v du: th 2
en th 6; hoac 2, 4, 6) va ghi cac thong tin a biet len t chng trnh phan phoi. Bat
au danh sach bang cac v tr yeu cau so lan thu gom cao nhat trong tuan (v du:
5lan/tuan). Th ba, s dung the tch hu ch cua xe thu gom (the tch xe thu gom ly
thuyet x t so nen), xac nh so lng CTR tang them moi ngay t nhng v tr ch thu
gom 1 lan trong tuan, phan phoi sao cho so lng CTR thu gom (va so container o
bo) tren mo i chuyen c can bang cho moi tuyen thu gom. Khi nhng ieu kien nay
a biet th tuyen thu gom s bo co the c bo tr.
Bc 3:
Khi biet cac thong tin neu tren th viec bo tr cac tuyen thu gom co the tiep tuc: Bat
au t tram ieu van, moi tuyen thu gom phai c bo tr noi vi tat ca cac iem thu
gom e phuc vu suot moi ngay thu gom. Tuy vao khoi lng CTR phai thu gom, co
the bo tr t 1 en vai tuyen thu gom.
Bc ke tiep la sa oi tuyen c ban, bao gom ca cac iem thu gom them vao ma no
se phuc vu e hoan thanh viec chat tai. Viec sa oi nay phai c thc hien e cho
khu vc phat sinh giong nhau c phuc vu vi cung mot tuyen thu gom. oi vi cac
khu vc ln a c chia nho va cac khu vc chia nho c phuc vu thu gom hang
ngay, can phai thiet lap cac tuyen thu gom c s cho moi khu vc a chia nho. Gia
nhng khu vc chia nho nay, trong mot vai trng hp co s phu thuoc vao so chuyen
thu gom c thc hien moi ngay.
Bc 4:
Khi cac tuyen thu gom a c bo tr th khoi lng CTR va khoang cach thu gom
cho mo i tuyen phai c xac nh. Trong mot vai trng hp, co the ieu chnh lai
cac tuyen thu gom e can bang cong viec chat tai cho moi nhan cong. Sau khi cac
tuyen thu gom c thie t lap va tnh toan, chung phai c ve le n ban o chnh.
Bc 2, 3, 4: oi vi he thong container co nh chat tai thu cong:
Bc 2:
c tnh tong khoi lng chat thai c thu gom t nhng v tr lay mo i ngay va hoat
ong thu gom c ch ao hay ieu khien. S dung the tch hu ch cu a xe thu gom
(the tch xe thu gom ly thuyet x t so nen), xac nh so ho dan trung bnh c thu
gom chat thai trong suot moi chuyen thu gom.
Bc 3:
Khi a biet cac so lieu noi tre n, viec bo tr tuyen thu gom co the tie n hanh tiep tu c nh
sau: bat au t tram ieu van (hay garage), bo tr hay vach nhng tuyen thu gom sao
87
cho phai bao ham hay i qua tat ca cac iem thu gom c phuc vu trong suot tuyen.
Cac tuyen nay phai c bo tr e cho v tr thu gom cuoi cung gan bai o nhat.
Bc 4:
Khi tuyen thu gom a c vach, so lng container va khoang cach van chuyen cua
moi tuyen phai c xa c nh. Cac so lieu tren va nhu cau nhan cong trong mot ngay
phai c kiem tra lai so vi thi gian cong tac trong mot ngay. Trong vai trng
hp, co the ieu chnh lai tuyen thu gom e ca n bang khoi lng cong viec chat tai.
Sau khi a thiet lap tuye n thu gom, ve chung len ban o a chnh.
3.4.2. Thi gian bieu
Mot bang thi gian bie u ieu khien cho moi tuyen thu gom phai c chuan b bi
phong ky thuat va ng i ieu hanh van chuyen. Phai chuan b cho mo i ngi tai xe
mot bang thi gian bieu ma trong o co ghi v tr va trnh t iem thu gom. Them vao
o, mot quyen sach ghi lo trnh phai thc hien bi tai xe lai xe thu gom. Tai xe s
dung quyen so ghi lo trnh nay e kiem tra cac v tr thu gom va ke khai bang thanh
toan tien, mat khac quyen so nay cung ghi chep lai bat ky van e nao xay ra khi thc
hien qua trnh thu gom. Cac thong tin ghi trong quyen so lo trnh rat hu dung khi
ieu chnh hay sa oi tuyen thu gom.
Luon luon hoan thien cac he thong thu gom.
Cac he thong thu gom t trc en nay hoat ong chu yeu da tren kinh nghiem c
tch luy theo thi gian. Qua trnh pha t trien cua xa hoi anh hng nhieu en hieu qua
hoat ong cua cac he thong thu gom, chang han: s tang dan so, s tang trng kinh
te, tnh trang giao thong o th khien moi phng thc hoat ong thu gom can c
cai tien, bo sung, nang cap, v vay phai hoan thien cac he thong thu gom hien co. Can
c vao tnh hnh kinh te, xa hoi va ky thua t hien tai cung nh nhng d bao phat trien
trong tng lai e au t nghien cu tm ra mot he thong thu gom hoat o ng hieu qua
hn. Chang han, thong qua cac bc phan tch so lieu, nghien cu thc te, lap he
thong mo phong, mo hnh hoa o la bai toan danh cho cac nha quan ly vi s tr
giup cua cac nha chuyen mon.
Cac tieu ch chnh ac trng cho hieu qua thu gom:
Khoi lng CTR c thu gom trong mot gi
Tong so ho c phuc vu trong mot gi lam viec cua mot ca.
Chi ph cua mot ngay thu gom
Chi ph cho moi lan dng e thu gom
So lng ngi c phuc vu bi mot xe trong mot tuan.
Tnh hieu qua cua tuyen thu gom cung c anh gia bi so lan tuyen thu gom b lap
lai (the hien bang ng net t). So lan lap la i cang thap, tuyen thu gom cang hieu
qua ve kinh te.
88
3.5. HIEN TRANG THU GOM VA VA N CHUYEN RAC SINH HOAT TAI
TPHCM
3.4.3. Tong quan ve he thong thu gom, van chuyen rac sinh hoat
Lc lng thc hien thu gom va van chuyen CTR bao gom cac oi van chuyen cu a Cong
ty Moi trng o th TP.HCM (CITENCO), cac cong ty, x nghiep Co ng trnh o th cu a
22 quan huyen, Hp tac xa Van ta i Cong nong va he thong thu gom CTR dan lap.
He thong ky thuat thu gom va van chuyen CTRsinh hoat tai TP.HCM co 3 hnh thc:
- Hnh thc 1: hang ngay, CTR c thu gom bang xe ay tay va tap trung tai iem
hen. Sau o, CTR t xe ay tay se c boc d vao xe ep rac loai nho (t 2 -4 ta n)
va chuyen en tram trung chuyen. Tai tram trung chuyen, xe tai ln hn nhan CTR
t xe ep nho va van chuyen en BCL.
- Hnh thc 2: CTR c thu gom bang xe ay tay va tap trung tai iem hen, sau o
CTR t xe ay tay se c boc d len xe ep ln va ch trc tiep en BCL. Hien nay,
cong nghe nay ang c ap dung va ngay cang m rong e giam dan nhng iem
tap trung CTR va han che o nhiem.
- Hnh thc 3: CTR ch a san trong cac thung ch a (240 660 lt) doc cac tuyen
ng hay cac nguon phat sinh rac ln (ch, thng mai, van phong c quan ....)
c boc d bang xe ep loai nho (t 2 4 tan) va chuyen en tram trung chuyen.
Tai tram trung chuyen, xe tai ln tiep nhan chat thai t xe nho va van chuyen en
89
BCL. Trong hnh thc na y, neu CTR rac t cac thung ch a c boc d bang xe ep
ln, no se c van chuyen thang en BCL.
Thu gom tai ie m hen thung ay bang xe ep
90
Hnh 3.4 Hnh anh minh hoa cac hnh thc thu gom va d tai CTR tai TP.HCM
3.4.3.1. Thu gom s ca p
Hoat ong thu gom s cap bao gom thu gom CTR phat sinh t cac ho dan, cac trung
tam thng mai, c quan, ch va ng pho.
Thu gom CTR t cac ho dan:
Nhng ngi thu gom CTR ieu khien phng tien thu gom qua cac day pho e thu
gom CTR. Ngi dan t o CTR cua mnh vao phng tien thu gom hoac e CTR trc
nha va cong nha n thu gom se d tai vao phng tien thu gom. Phng tien thu gom sau
khi ay rac se c ch en o tai cac bo cha CTR, tram trung chuyen hoac en cac
iem hen va ch xe ep en d tai. Sau o, co ng nhan thu gom co the tiep tuc cong viec
hoac ngng co ng viec khi a u so chuyen hay a hoan tha nh nhiem vu.
Phng tien dung e thu gom hien nay chu yeu la xe ay tay. Gan a y, cac xe ba gac
cai tien trang b cac thu ng ch a 660 lt hoac cac thung cha 660 lt co banh xe ay a
c a vao phuc vu thu gom CTR, cac phng tien nay a the hien c cac u iem
cua no trong viec bao ve moi trng. Cac xe lam ch khach va cac xe lavi cung c
dung e ch CTR cu a ca c c quan x nghiep
Do cac phng tien thu gom cha c chuan hoa va thieu cac phng tien c gii, s
phoi h p gia xe ay tay va xe ep thu gom c gii khong chat che lam cho cac iem
hen tren ng pho b u n tac thanh nhng hang dai, nc rac chay xuong ng, phat
mui hoi thoi, gay mat my quan ng pho, va gay can tr giao tho ng. Ben ca nh o,
cac xe ay tay ha u het thu gom CTR t cac ho dan vao ban ngay, trong khi xe ep rac
lai hoat ong vao em (theo Ngh nh 36/CP) nen xe thu gom ay tay phai ch i e
d tai rat mat nhieu thi gian.
Thu gom CTR ch, c s thng mai, san xuat
Hien nay, CTR sinh hoat t c quan, trng hoc, x nghiep va cac ch c cac xe ay tay
thu gom (ket hp vi thu gom CTR t cac ho dan) va tap trung tai cac iem hen. ieu nay
lam cho so lng iem hen tang len va thi gian thu gom cua cac xe ay tay dai hn trong
mot chuyen. Lng CTR nay ngay mot nhieu them, chiem tren 25% lng rac sinh hoat,
thu cha ni phat sinh cung cha hp ly, nhat la rac ch thng ch c quet don sau
khi het thi gian hop ch va c a en iem hen bang xe ay tay.
Loai CTR nay nen c lu tr tai c s bang cac thung cha thch h p va c thu
gom bang cac xe ep e a en tram trung chuye n hay chuyen trc tiep e n BCL.
Thu gom CTR ng pho
Hien nay, cong tac thu gom CTR ng pho c thc hien di hnh thc: Cong nhan
chu trach nhiem thu gom c trang b choi quet, dung cu hot rac va xe ay tay e
quet va thu gom CTR t cac ng pho, le ng. Khi xe ay tay ay tai se c a
en cac bo rac, tram trung chuyen hay e n cac iem hen e ch xe ep en lay tai.
Cong nhan co the tiep tuc cong viec cua mnh mot ni khac hay ngng lam viec khi
a hoa n thanh nhiem vu.
91
Gan ay, nhieu ni a c bo tr cac thu ng cha CTR 240 lt doc theo hai ben le
ng e viec thu gom co the tien hanh nhanh gon hn va ong bo vi cac xe van
chuyen trong viec giao CTR, nham am bao my quan va ve sinh o th. Tuy nhien cac
thung ch a nay bo tr khong o ng eu va oi khi cha hp ly.
3.4.3.2. Thu gom th ca p
Thu gom th cap la hnh thc thu gom tiep theo sau khi thu gom s cap, CTR c thu
gom s cap se chuye n e n cac iem hen, bo rac e c cac xe tai co tai trong ln hn
thu gom, van chuyen en tram trung chuyen hay ch trc tiep en BCL. Neu CTR t
khau thu gom s cap c chuyen en tram trung chuyen th se va n chuyen trc tiep
en BCL. Hnh thc thu gom th cap c thc hien bang cach sau ay:
Cac iem hen
Co khoang 380 iem he n lay rac tren a ban TP.HCM, cac iem hen nay c xac
nh theo thoa thuan gia Cong ty quan huyen va Cong ty Moi trng o th
(CITENCO) e chuyen giao CTR t xe thu gom ay tay len cac xe ep rac cua
CITENCO hoac cua cac X nghiep va Cong ty quan huyen.
Cac iem hen nay c bo tr ngay tai bai at trong, thng la ben le cua cac ng
pho. Viec xep d ta i tai cac iem hen nay thng gay can tr giao thong do khoi lng
CTR ln nen keo dai thi gian chat ta i len xe ep rac. Viec ch i cu a cac xe ay tay xay
ra khi thi gian phoi h p gia xe ep rac va xe tay khong c ton trong hoac cac xe thu
gom ra cac iem hen sm hn thi gian quy nh va do thieu xe ep rac.
Cac bo rac
Hien nay, cac bo cha CTR c at tai cac khu at trong ne n kho ng trc tie p gay can
tr giao thong. Hieu qua trung chuyen t cac xe ay tay sang cac xe van chuyen phu
thuoc vao loai xe s dung. Mot so xe c trang b cac bo phan c gii e nang cac xe
ay tay va o CTR trc tiep vao thung cha cua xe c gii. mot so bo cha, ngi
thu gom o CTR trc tiep xuong at e kp i cac chuyen khac va CTR c xe xuc xuc
len xe tai trung chuyen en BCL. ieu nay lam cho thi gian lay tai keo dai, ong thi
cac bo cha CTR kho gi c ve sinh sach se, rac hu c thoi r a se boc mui kho
chu, gay anh hng ti dan c xung quanh.
Trong thi gian va qua, CITENCO a th iem xay dng 2 bo cha CTR c gii (348
Phan Va n Tr, Lo A C xa Thanh a Quan Bnh Thanh) e thay the cac bo cha cu va
cac iem hen xung quanh vung, khac phuc viec mat ve sinh tai cac bo cha va ta ng cao
hieu qua cua phng tien van chuyen CTR.
S dung bo cha CTR la loai hnh cong nghe lac hau khi viec van chuyen CTR c
thc hien bang xe xuc va xe tai ben. So lng gan 30 bo cha co t trc nh ng nam
1986 a dan dan c giai toa va thay the bang cac iem hen lay tai. Hien nay ch con
ton tai 04 bo ch a CTR gom: Bo Ta n Hoa (quan 11), Bo Ton That Thuyet (Quan 4), Bo
Nguyen Kiem (Quan Phu Nhuan), Bo phng 15 quan Tan Bnh.
3.4.4. Phng tien thu gom van chuyen
92
Hien nay cac thiet b dung cho viec chuyen ch CTR khong o ng bo va lac hau, khong
c bao dng, s a cha u ng cach lam nang lc van chuyen kem hieu qua, keo dai
thi gian thu gom va n chuyen CTR. Hien nay, so lng cac xe ep CTR rat thieu va
khong ong bo vi viec thu gom ban a u. Ngoai ra xe van tai chu yeu la loai h, nen
viec van chuyen CTR bang cac xe tai h khong am bao ve sinh, gay ri vai CTR va
nc r rac tren ng van chuye n. Cac va n e chu yeu trong chuyen ch CTR la thieu
cac phng tien chuyen dung va s h hong th ng xuyen cua cac xe ch rac.
Thc te hien nay, moi ngay ch co khoang 70% tong so xe hoat ong, so con lai hoac
h hong ot xuat, hoac ang trong ke hoach ba o d ng va sa cha, khong co san xe
d phong e ap ng nhu cau thu gom, van chuyen CTR trong gi cao iem. Trong cac
trng h p nay, cac nhan vien bao quan va tai xe phai lam viec them gi. Khi khoi
lng CTR bien ong that thng th phai thue them xe t ben ngoai hoa c cua Hp tac
xa Van tai Cong no ng.
3.4.5. Hien trang tuyen thu gom, van chuyen rac
Tren c s 3 quy trnh cong nghe thu gom van chuyen CTR sinh hoat hie n nay gom: 1)
Thu gom t v tr cha rac (iem hen, thung rac ng pho, x nghiep, cong ty...) ve
tram trung chuyen, 2) Van chuyen t tram trung chuyen en BCL, 3) Thu gom va van
chuyen thang t v tr cha rac en bai x ly. Hien nay co 11 tuyen van chuyen chnh
ang c thc hien. Cu the:
- Tuyen thu gom rac t cac iem hen ve tram trung chuyen bang xe ep nho loai 2
tan. C ly bnh quan 10,98 km/lt.
- Tuyen thu gom t cac iem hen ve tram trung chuyen bang xe ep nho loai 4 tan. C
ly bnh quan 13,57 km/lt.
- Tuyen thu gom t cac c quan, xi nghiep ve tram trung chuyen bang xe ep nho loai
2 tan. C ly bnh quan 36,33 km/lt.
- Tuyen thu gom CTR t cac thung cha co ng cong ve tram trung chuyen bang xe e p
nho loai 1,5 tan. C ly bnh quan 14,69 km/lt.
- Tuyen thu gom CTR t cac thung cha co ng cong ve tram trung chuyen bang xe e p
nho loai 2 ta n. C ly bnh quan 17,12 km/lt.
- Tuyen thu gom CTR t ch, c quan ve tram trung chuyen bang xe cuo ng. C ly
bnh quan 24,8 km/lt.
- Tuyen thu gom CTR t cac iem hen ve tram trung chuyen ba ng xe ep ln loai 7
- Tuyen thu gom CTR t cac iem hen ve tram trung chuyen bang xe tai ben loai 7
- Tuyen van chuye n CTR t cac iem hen thang e n bai x ly bang xe ep ln. C ly
bnh quan 25,87 km/lt.
93
- Tuyen va n chuyen CTR sinh hoat be nh vien trc tiep en bai x ly bang xe ep loai
7 tan. C ly bnh quan 26,81 km/lt.
CAU HOI
1. Xac nh toc o phat sinh CTR cua mot khu dan c, biet rang khu vc nay co 1.200
ho dan ( moi ho co trung bnh 5 ngi) va TTC a phng tiep nhan toan bo lng
chat thai thu gom c e chuyen en BCL. So lieu thu thap trong 1 tuan hoat ong
cua TTC nh sau:
- So lng xe ep rac : 9 xe
- Dung tch trung bnh cua moi xe ep rac : 15,3 m
3
- Khoi lng rieng cua rac trong xe ep rac : 600 kg/m
3
- So lng xe ta i thng : 7 xe
- Dung tch trung bnh cua moi xe tai thng : 1,53 m
3
- Khoi lng rieng cua rac trong xe tai : 400 kg/m
3
- So lng xe ta i cua t nhan : 20 xe
- The tch trung bnh cu a moi xe t nhan : 0,23 m
3
- Khoi lng rieng cua rac trong xe t nhan : 200 kg/m
3
1. Xac nh cac hang so van toc van chuyen. Biet van toc trung bnh tren nhng oan
ng en bai o khac nhau nh bang di. Tnh thi gian van chuyen cua moi
chuyen vi v tr cach ba i o 17,7 km.
oan ng (x), km/chuyen Van toc (y), km/h Thi gian, h/chuyen
3,22
8,05
12,87
19,31
25,74
32,18
40,23
27,35
45,05
51,49
57,92
64,36
67,58
72,41
0,12
0,18
0,25
0,33
0,40
0,48
0,56
2. Xac nh so chuyen xe rac can thiet trong nga y va thi gian lam viec cua he thong
Container di ong. Biet rang thi gian xe lay ra c i t tram xe en v tr lay rac au
tien la 15 phut va t v tr lay rac cuo i cung ve tram xe la 20 phut. Thi gian van
chuyen gia 2 iem lay CTR la 6 phut. Thi gian lay rac la 0,4 h/chuyen. Khoang
cach t iem lay CTR en bai o la 16,57km. Cac hang so trong phng trnh van toc
94
la a = 0,016 h/chuyen, va b = 0,017h/km. Thi gian tai bai o la s = 0,133h/chuyen va
he so tnh en thi gian khong van chuyen la W = 0,15.
3. Xac nh oan ng dai nhat t v tr can la y CTR en tram x ly sao cho chi ph
($/tuan) cua he tho ng container di ong = chi ph dung cho he thong container co
nh, t
1
va t
2
c tnh trong he so tnh thi gian khong san xuat W = 0,15.
a/ He thong container di ong :
- Lng CTR la 229,4 m
3
/tuan
- Kch thc thung cha rac = 6,1 m
3
/chuyen
- He so hu ch cua thung cha la 0,67
- Thi gian chat thung CTR len xe : 0,033 h/chuyen
- Thi gian tra thung ve v tr cu : 0,033 h/chuye n
- Hang so van chuyen : a = 0,022 h/chuyen, b = 0,01367 h/km
- Thi gian ta i bai o: 0,053h/chuyen
- Le ph: 400$/tuan
- Chi ph van hanh : 15$/h
b/ He thong container co nh:
- Lng CTR la 229,4m
3
/tuan
- Kch thc thung cha rac = 6,1m
3
/chuyen
- He so hu ch cua thung cha la 0,67
- Sc cha cua xe thu gom : 22,9m
3
/chuyen
- Ty so nen CTR : 2
- Thi gian o CTR: 0,05 h/chuyen
- Hang so van chuyen : a = 0,022 h/chuyen, b = 0,01367 h/km
- Thi gian ta i bai o: 0,1 h/chuyen
- Le ph: 750$/tuan
- Chi ph van hanh : 20$/h
c/ ac iem v tr lay CTR:
- Khoang cach trung bnh gia cac thung CTR la 0,1609km
- Hang so c tnh thi gian van chuyen gia 2 v tr at thung CTR cho ca 2 he thong
la: a= 0,060 h/chuyen, b= 0,0416 h/km
95
4. Vach tuyen mang l i thu gom CTR cho khu dan c co mat bang nh hnh ve sau,
biet rang:
- So ngi cua moi ho gia nh la 3 ngi/ho
- Toc o phat sinh rac trung bnh la 0,8 kg/ngi.ngay
- Chu ky thu gom la 1 la n/tuan
- Cong suat xe thu gom la 20m
3
- Khoi lng rac sau khi nen trong xe la 350 kg/m
3
5. Theo cac kien thc c trang b ve he thong thu gom, van chuyen CTR hay phan
tch hien trang thu gom CTR tai TP HCM?
11
2
2
10 8
2
2
8
6 6
16
16
8
4
4
8 8
2
2
8
6
1
1
6 7
2
2
7 5
2
2
5 5
4
4
6
4 4
20
20
10
2
2
10 8
2
2
8 7
4
4
7 7
4
4
7 8
5
5
8 7
2
2
7
96
Chng 4: HE THONG TRUNG CHUYEN VA VAN CHUYEN
Trung chuyen la hoat ong ma trong o chat thai ran t cac xe thu gom nho c
chuyen sang cac xe ln hn. Cac xe nay c s dung e van chuyen chat thai tren
mot khoang cach kha xa, hoac en tram thu hoi vat lieu, hoac en bai o. Cac hoat
ong trung chuyen va van chuyen cung c s dung ket hp hay lien ket vi nhng
tram thu hoi vat lieu e van chuyen cac vat lieu tai che en ni tieu thu, hay van
chuyen phan va t lieu khong the tai sinh en bai chon lap.
4.1 S CAN THIET CUA HOAT ONG TRUNG CHUYEN
Thong thng, CTR c van chuyen trc tiep t nguon phat sinh en bai cha hoac
c s tai che. The nhng, hau het cac ni tiep nhan CTR cuoi cung nay c bo tr
ngay cang xa thanh pho , tham ch la nhng ni cach xa tuyen giao thong chnh, neu
van chuyen trc tiep e n BCL th khong kha thi v chi ph van chuyen kha cao.
Ngoai ra, hoat ong trung chuyen la mot hoat o ng can thiet trong tat ca cac tram thu
hoi phe lieu. Tram trung chuyen rac la mot khau khong the thieu cua cac c s tai
che hoac tai che ket hp trung chuyen rac. Ngay ca nhng bai chon lap CTR cung
can co tram trung chuye n e tiep nhan lng ra c do cac xe thu gom ch en, sau o
nh cac xe chuyen dung ch en cac o chon lap.
V vay, co the ket luan rang cac tram trung chuyen rac la can thie t bi nhng ly do sau:
1. Han che toi a s xuat hien cac bai rac h kho ng hp phap do khoang cach
van chuyen kha xa.
2. V tr cua bai o cach xa tuyen thu gom.
3. Viec s dung cac loai xe thu gom va va nho khong thch hp cho viec van
chuyen rac i xa.
4. Co nhieu to chc thu gom rac quy mo nho t cac khu dan c
5. S hien hu cua khu vc thu gom CTR co mat o dan c thap.
6. Viec hoat ong cua cac xe thu gom dung thung cha luan chuyen cho cac
khu thng mai.
7. Viec s dung phng thc van chuyen rac t nguon bang kh nen hoac bang
dong nc.
8. Khi co s thay oi phng tien van chuyen: ng bo ng sat, ng bo
ng thuy
97
4.1.1 Khoang cach van chuyen kha xa
Ngay nay, hau het cac khau tiep nhan rac cuo i cung eu c bo tr cach xa thanh
pho, khu vc dan c. Vi khoang cach xa nh the, cong them ch ph nhan cong, chi
ph hoat ong va nhien lieu cao, viec ton tai tra m trung chuyen rac la can thiet. S
chon la nay chung quy la do tnh kinh te. Bi v, e van chuyen rac i cang xa, xe
co tai trong cang ln se co chi ph tren mot n v khoi lng cang thap. Nh vay, can
tram trung chuyen e nhan rac t cac phng tien van chuyen nho va giao cho cac
phng tien van chuyen ln e ch rac en bai o cuoi cung.
V du 4.1: Xac nh s can thiet cu a trung chuyen tren c s phan tch chi ph van hanh:
- He thong container di o ng (trc tiep)
- He thong container co nh (trc tiep)
- He thong trung chuyen - van chuyen
e van chuyen chat tha i c thu gom t khu o th en bai chon lap, theo cac d lieu sau:
a. He thong container di ong s dung xe thu gom co the tch thung cha 6m
3
vi
chi ph van ha nh la 25.000/h.
b. He thong container co nh s dung xe co trang b may ep rac, co the tch
thung ch a 15m
3
, vi chi ph van ha nh la 40.000/h.
c. Hoat ong trung chuyen - van chuyen s du ng xe au keo co the tch cu a thung
cha 80m
3
vi chi ph va n hanh la 60.000/h.
d. Chi ph hoat ong cua tram trung chuyen: 2.750/m
3
.
Giai:
1. Chuyen oi cac chi ph van hanh thanh n v ong/(m
3
.h)
a. He thong container di ong: (25.000/6 ) = 4.166/(m
3
.h)
b. He thong container co nh: (40.000/15) = 2.666/(m
3
.h)
c. Chi ph van chuyen s dung xe au keo : (60.000/80) = 750/(m
3
.h)
2. Ve ng bieu dien chi ph cho 1m
3
CTR theo thi gian lai xe toan chuyen (2
chieu), cho 3 he tho ng la chon. o th bieu die n nh sau:
98
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Th i gian (h)
C
h
i
p
h
n
g
/
m
3
)
He tho ng container di o ng
He tho ng container co nh
He tho ng trung chuye n - va n chuye n
3. T hnh ve xac nh c cac iem giao nhau gia he thong trung chuyen van
chuyen vi he thong la chon:
a. He thong container di ong: 48 phut
b. He thong container co nh: 86 phut
Nhan xet:
- Neu he thong container di ong c s dung va thi gian lai xe toan
chuyen en bai o ln hn 48 phut th nen au t tram trung chuyen.
- Neu he thong container co nh c s dung va thi gian lai xe toan tuyen
en bai o ln hn 86 phut th nen au t tram trung chuyen.
- Khi van chuyen chat thai ran vi nhng khoang cach xa th chi ph van
chuyen c bieu dien bang n v: VN/(tan x km). n v bieu dien nay
c s dung rong rai e phan tch tram trung chuyen bi v khoi lng la
ch tieu chuan quan trong nhat oi vi van chuyen bang ng sat hay
ng o to. Tuy nhien, n v bieu dien chi ph nay co the dan en tnh toan
sai khi khoi lng rie ng cua chat ran thay oi a ng ke khi chuyen t ni nay
en ni khac hoac t container nay en container khac.
V du 4.2: Xac nh thi gian giao nhau gia hai he thong thu gom rac s dung xe ep
rac va he tho ng trung chuyen, van chuyen, theo cac d lieu sau:
- Xe ep rac co the tch la 23m
3
- Khoi lng rieng cu a ra c trong xe ep rac la 350 kg/m
3
.
- Xe au keo (rmooc) co the tch la 80m
3
.
- Khoi lng rieng cu a ra c trong xe au keo la 200kg/m
3
.
- Chi ph van hanh cua xe ep rac la 40.000/h.
1.435 0.805
99
- Chi ph van hanh cua xe au keo la 60.000/h.
- Chi ph van hanh cua tra m trung chuyen la 3.650/tan.
Giai:
1. Xac nh khoi lng rac van chuyen cho tng he thong
- He thong xe ep rac:
23m
3
x 350kg/m
3
= 8.050 kg
- He thong xe au keo :
80m
3
x 200kg/m
3
= 16.000 kg
2. Xac nh chi ph van hanh tren 1 tan rac
- He thong xe ep rac:
40.000/h/8.050kg = 4,969/(kg.h) = 4969/(tan/h)
- He thong xe au keo:
60.000/h/16.000kg = 3,750/(kg/h) = 3750/(ta n.h)
Lap phng trnh xac nh thi gian giao nhau gia hai he thong:
4.969x = 3.750x + 3.650
T phng trnh tren, xac nh thi gian giao nhau cua 2 he thong la: x = 3 gi = 180 phut.
4.1.2 Tram x ly hay bai o at xa truc lo giao thong
Neu iem tiep nhan rac cuoi cung khong nam canh truc giao thong ng bo, th ro
rang hoat ong trung chuyen phai c s dung v khong the van chuyen trc tiep
tren ng quoc lo.
4.1.3 Tram trung chuyen ket hp vi tram thu hoi vat lieu
Khuynh hng quan ly CTR hien nay la phat trien cac tram lien hp trung chuyen -
tai sinh phe lieu quy mo ln. o la nhng tram lien hp a nang co the thc hien
nhieu khau mot luc nh: 1) tiep nhan chat thai; 2) phan loai; 3) tai che nha, thuy tinh
...; 4) san xuat phan Compost; 5) ot phat ien ... va 6) van chuyen pha n con lai en
bai chon lap. Viec ap du ng cac tram lien hp trung chuyen - tai sinh phe lieu quy mo
ln cho phep tiet kiem chi ph nh ket hp nhieu hoat ong trong mot tra m.
4.1.4 Tram trung chuyen tai bai chon lap hp ve sinh (landfill)
e am bao an toan va khac phuc nhng kho khan trong cong tac nhan dang chat thai cho
phep tiep nhan tai bai chon lap th ngay tai ay cung can xay dng bai cha tam thi (goi la
tramtrung chuyen bai chon lap), e nhan chat thai t cac xe tai nho, t nhan. Ngoai ra, nh
tach rieng tram trung chuyen cho xe van chuyen t nhan va xe tai nho, nen nguy c xay ra
tai nan cac khu vc cong tac cua bai chon lap giami ang ke.
100
4.1.5 Tram trung chuyen khi thay oi phng thc van chuyen
Khi x l CTR tren cac ao, e giam cac chi ph va kho khan cho qua trnh van
chuyen can phai co tra m trung chuyen ket hp ep rac vao cac container the tch ln
hn 530 m
3
.
V du: Mo hnh cang ep - trung chuyen CTR Hong Kong
Hnh 4.1: Mo hnh cang ep trung chuyen CTR Hong Kong
4.2 CAC LOAI TRA M TRUNG CHUYEN
Tram trung chuyen co chc nang chnh la chuyen CTR t cac xe thu gom va cac xe
van chuyen nho sang cac phng tien van chuyen ln hn. Phu thuoc phng phap
chat tai len cac xe van chuyen ln, co the phan loai tram trung chuyen thanh 3 loai :
1. Chat tai trc tiep
2. Chat tai t khu vc tch luy.
3. Ket hp chat tai trc tie p va chat tai kieu tch luy. (hnh 4.2)
101
Tram trung chuyen cung co the c phan loai theo cong suat, v du theo cach phan
loai cua My
[1]
nh sau:
1. Loai nho (cong suat < 100tan/ngay).
2. Loai trung bnh (cong suat trong khoang 100-500 tan/ngay).
3. Loai ln (cong suat > 500 tan/ngay).
4.2.1 Tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep
Tai tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep, CTR t cac xe thu gom nho c o trc tiep
vao xe van chuyen tai trong ln hoac thiet b nen e nen chat thai vao xe ln, hay
nen thanh kien e thua n tien chuyen en ba i chon lap. Trong nhieu trng hp, chat
thai ran co the c o tren nen d tai e tach loai cac vat lieu co the tai che, phan
con lai c ep vao cac xe trung chuyen. Tai tra m trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep, rac
hau nh khong lu lai lau, neu co ch la nhat thi. The tch chat thai cha tam thi
102
tren nen d tai thng c nh ngha la cong suat tch luy tc thi hay cong suat lu
tr khan ca p cua tram trung chuyen.
Tram trung chuyen cha t tai trc tiep co nhieu kieu tuy theo quy mo va chc nang
hoat ong cua tng tram:
- Tram cong suat ln kho ng co khau ep rac.
- Tram cong suat ln co khau ep rac.
- Tram cong suat va va nho co khau ep rac.
- Tram cong suat nho dung khu vc nong thon.
- Tram cong suat nho dung bai chon lap.
4.2.1.1 Tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep cong sua t ln khong co may ep
Tai tra m trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep cong suat ln, CTR t xe thu gom thng
c o trc tiep vao xe van chuyen. e thc hien cong viec nay, cac tram trung
chuyen thng c xay dng theo cau truc hai bac vi hai cao o khac nhau: san d
tai (hay be d tai) c xay dng tren cao e d tai t xe thu gom va o xe au keo
at di thap hoac san d tai nghieng va xe au keo au v tr di doc. mot
vai tram trung chuyen chat ta i trc tiep, CTR t xe thu gom co the c o tam thi
tren san d tai khi rmooc van chuyen a ay hay ang tren ng van chuyen chat
thai ran en ni tha i bo.
Hnh 4.1 Tram trung chuyen chat tai tr c tie p co ng sua t ln khong co may ep
Hoat ong cua tram trung chuyen chat ta i trc tiep co the mo ta nh sau: Khi en
tram trung chuyen, tat ca cac ch rac c can tai cau can va c ch dan en v tr
d tai. Sau khi hoan tat viec d tai, cac xe nay c can lai mot lan na va tnh le
ph. Khi cac toa rmooc a ay tai va at en ta i trong cc ai cho phep, chung c
103
van chuyen en bai o. The tch va khoi lng chat thai tren xe van chuye n phai
c kiem tra lai trc khi ra khoi tram trung chuyen.
4.2.1.2 Tram trung chuyen chat ta i trc tie p nang suat ln co may ep
Tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep nang suat ln co may ep la mot bien the cua
tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep nh a mo ta tren, c trang b cac phng tien
nen chat thai vao thung xe, toa rmooc kn hoac tao thanh kien. Hoat ong cua cac
tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep co thiet b nen c ban giong nh hoat ong cua
tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep khong co may nen vi cac toa rmooc h, ch
khac la chat thai c nen vao cac toa rmooc kn nh cac may nen co nh. Trong
mot vai trng hp can thiet, chat thai c van chuyen en cac thiet b nen nh
bang tai.
cac tram trung chuye n chat tai trc tiep co thiet b ep chat thai thanh nhng kien
ln, chat thai t xe thu gom c o trc tiep len be d tai hoac trc tie p vao pheu
cua ham ep. Sau khi a phan loai cac vat lieu co kha nang tai sinh, chat thai c ay
vao may ep. Kien chat thai a ep c chuyen sang cac xe co toa keo mot cau
(semitrailer) e van chuyen en BCL. Vi cach tao thanh kien chat thai co kch
thc nho hn kch th c ben trong cua thung xe van chuyen co toa keo mot cau mui
tran, chi ph van chuyen co the giam en mc tha p nhat.
Hnh 4.2 Mo hnh trung chuyen rac s dung ma y ep va contaimer
104
Hnh 4.3: (a) May nen CTR vi mang o rac h (khi cac kien CTR c hnh thanh
trong khoang ne n th co ng trt c keo len va kien CTR c ay va o trong xe van
chuyen).
(b) Chi tiet may ong kien cong suat l n vi mang o rac kn (CTR theo he thong
bang chuye n vao trong may ong kien).
4.2.1.3 Tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep nang sua t trung bnh va nho co ma y nen
Sau khi can, xe thu gom i vao tram trung chuyen va chat thai tren o c o trc
tiep vao pheu noi lien vi may ep hoac vao mot ho cha chat thai hnh ch nhat. Moi
mot ho c trang b mot pittong thuy lc e a y chat thai vao en phe u cua may ep
at cuoi ho oi dien. Neu khong co xe van chuyen kieu rmooc e nhan tai th chat
thai c o tam thi tren nen, t ay chung se c a vao pheu ma y ep nh xe
xuc banh hi.
Mot so hnh anh minh hoa cua tram trung chuye n co may ep rac.
105
106
Hnh 4.9 a) Xe ch rac ang can ta i tram
can
Hnh 4.9 b) Xe ch rac vao tang tiep
nhan
Hnh 4.9 c). Xe ch rac o rac vao
ranh cha rac
Hnh 4.9 d) May ep rac
107
4.2.1.4 Tram trung chuyen chat ta i trc tiep na ng suat nho vung nong thon
vung nong thon va nhng ni vui chi giai tr, tram trung chuyen cong suat nho
c thiet ke sao cho cac thung cha chat thai c o trc tiep vao xe thu gom va
van chuyen trc tiep en bai o. Trong viec thiet ke va bo tr tram trung chuyen loai
nay, ieu cot yeu can xem xet la tnh n gian. Nhng he thong c kh phc tap
khong thch hp nhng ni nay. So container s dung phu thuoc vao pham vi khu
vc phuc vu va tan suat thu gom. e de dang d tai, nh cua container phai c at
cao hn nh cua nen d tai khoang 1m.
Tram trung chuyen loai nay thng c s dung e thu hoi vat lieu co kha nang tai
che. Sau khi vat lieu co kha nang tai che c ta ch ra, phan thai bo c cha trong 2
toa rmooc trung chuye n luan phien.
Hnh 4.9 e) . He thong gat ra c
Hnh 4.9 g) Nha ieu ha nh
Hnh 4.9 f). Xe keo co moc ca u
108
Hnh 4.10 Mo hnh tra m trung chuyen s dung vung nong thon
4.2.1.4 Tram trung chuyen chat ta i trc tiep nang sua t nho s dung bai cho n lap
hp ve sinh
4.2.2 Tram trung chuyen kieu tch luy (storage-load transfer station)
Tai tram trung chuyen chat thai kieu tch luy, chat thai c o trc tiep vao ho cha.
T ho nay, chat tha i se c chuyen len xe van chuyen nh cac thiet b khac. Tram
trung chuyen kieu tch luy khac biet so vi tram trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep cho
no c thiet ke sao cho co the lu tr chat thai trong khoang 1 3 ngay.
4.2.2.1 Tram trung chuyen kieu tch luy cong suat ln khong co may ne n
Tai tram trung chuyen nay, tat ca cac xe thu gom en tram eu c hng dan e i
theo mot tuyen nhat nh en tram can ien t va tat ca cac so lieu cu a xe thu gom
eu c lu tr vao may vi tnh: ten nguon thai, ac iem xe thu gom va thi gian
109
vao ra tram trung chuyen, n v thu gom. Sau o, nhan vien tram ca n (ngi ieu
khien) se hng dan ngi lai xe i vao tram. Khi a vao trong tram trung chuyen,
ngi lai xe se lui xe 1 goc khoang 50
o
so vi ra cua ho cha chat thai. Khi a d tai
xong, xe thu gom di chuyen ra khoi tram trung chuyen.
Hnh 4.11: S o tram trung chuyen kieu tch luy cong sua t ln khong co may nen.
Trong ho cha chat tha i, 2 xe ui c s dung e ap vun CTR va ay chung ve pha
pheu nhap lieu cuoi moi ho . Hai can truc dang gau co khp noi c lap at pha
ben kia cua pheu nap lieu e loai tr nhng chat thai co kch thc ln hoac chat
thai co the lam hong xe trung chuyen va nen e p chat thai vao xe. Chat thai i qua
pheu, vao xe van chuyen a ch san tren can v tr thap hn.
Gau xuc co
nh hoat ong
bang hi nc
Toa keo hang hnh pheu
110
Khi a at khoi lng cho phep, nhan vien van hanh se ra hieu cho ngi lai xe biet.
Xe a ay tai c van chuyen ra khoi khu vc chat tai va c phu l i ben tren e
tranh hien tng giay va cac chat thai nhe b thoi bay theo gio tren ng van
chuyen.
4.2.2.2 Tram trung chuyen kieu tch luy nang sua t trung bnh co thiet b nen va x ly
oi vi tram trung chuyen loai nay, au tien chat thai c o vao trong cac ho cha
tam thi. T ho cha nay, chat thai c ay len he thong bang chuyen e van
chuyen en may cat, xe bao. Sau khi cat va xe, sat c tach rieng va chat thai con
lai c nen vao trong cac toa trung chuyen e van chuyen en bai o.
4.2.3 Tram trung chuyen ket hp chat tai trc tiep va chat tai tch luy
Tai mot so tram trung chuyen, ca 2 phng phap chat tai trc tiep va chat tai kieu
tch luy c s dung ket hp. ay la nhng tram trung chuyen a chc nang, hoat
ong thu hoi vat lieu cu ng co the ket hp vi tra m trung chuyen loai nay.
Hoat ong cua tram trung chuyen loai nay co the mo ta nh sau: Tat ca cac xe thu
gom khi en tram trung chuyen eu phai qua khau kiem tra tai tram ca n. Cac xe thu
gom se c can, sau o en san d tai va o chat thai trc tiep sang xe van chuyen,
tr lai tram can, can xe va tnh le ph.
oi vi t nhan hay nh ng ngi van chuyen phi thng mai (khong phai la nhom thu
gom dch vu) van chuye n mot kho i lng ln ra c vn, canh cay, va chat thai ln (lo
say, may cat co, tu lanh, ) en tram trung chuyen, eu c kiem tra tai tram can,
nhng khong phai can v chat thai a c can tai nha bi cac nhan vie n phuc vu va
nhan vien phuc vu se a cho ho hoa n. Tuy nhien, ngi s dung tram trung
chuyen van phai tra ph thai bo can c theo so lieu ghi tren hoa n. Nhan vien phuc
vu ay se kiem tra bang mat xem chat thai co cha cac vat lieu co kha nang thu hoi
tai che hay khong. Neu co, nhan vien se hng dan tai xe la i xe en o vat lieu khu
vc thu hoi vat lieu tai che trc khi en khu vc d tai chung. Mot cong nhan tram
trung chuyen se ho tr thu hoi cac vat lieu co kha nang tai sinh.
Neu co the d oan c lng vat lieu co kha nang tai che, lai xe se c cap giay
vao ca mien ph. Sau khi a thu hoi het cac vat lieu co kha nang tuan hoan, tai xe
tiep tuc lai xe en nen d tai e d cac chat thai con lai.
Neu khong co cac vat lieu tai che, tai xe se van chuyen thang en khu vc d tai
chung. Khu vc nay tach rieng khoi khu vc d tai trc tiep danh cho ca c xe thu gom
dch vu, ay co hai mieng pheu nap lieu vao xe rmooc. Chat thai tch luy tren khu
vc d tai se c ay tng t vao xe van chuyen nh xe ui banh hi. Nen d tai
c ve sinh nh ky.
111
112
Hnh 4.13 Chi tiet cac thiet b trong cong nghe cang ep trung chuyen Nhat Ban
4.3 PHNG TIEN VA PHNG PHAP VAN CHUYEN
4.3.1 Phng tien van chuyen
Xe tai, xe la va tau thuy la nhng phng tien chu yeu c s dung trong van chuyen
chat thai ran. Ben canh o, con s dung cac he thong kh nen va he thong thuy lc.
Phong ieu khien
San tiep nha n rac
May ne n rac
Bang chuyen
Thiet b kh mui, tho ng gio
Thiet b di chuyen
113
4.3.2 Phng phap van chuyen
4.3.2.1. Van chuyen bang ng bo
Van chuyen bang ng bo s dung nhng ni xe van chuyen co the vao c. Phng
tien thng c s dung e van chuyen rac t tram trung chuyen la xe rmooc, xe co
toa keo va xe ep rac kn. Tat ca cac phng tien tren eu dung c cho tat ca cac loai
tram trung chuyen.
Thong thng, cac loai xe s dung e van chuyen tren xa lo phai ap ng cac yeu cau
sau:
1) Chi ph van chuyen thap nhat.
2) Chat thai c phu kn trong suot qua trnh van chuyen.
3) Cac loai xe phai c thiet ke phu hp v i giao thong tren xa lo .
4) Khoi lng xe va rac khong vt qua gii han khoi lng cho phep.
5) Phng phap d tai phai n gian va co kha nang thc hien o c lap (t
hanh).
4.3.2.2. Van chuyen bang ng sat
Mac du, ng sat tng la phng tien van chuyen chat thai ran thong dung, nhng
hien nay ch con mot va i khu vc tren the gii s dung phng tien nay. Tuy nhien,
viec s dung ng sat e van chuyen rac ang c quan tam va phat trien tr la i,
ac biet oi v i bai cho n lap xa ma neu van chuyen bang ng bo th kho khan
trong khi a co san he thong ng sat.
4.3.2.3. Van chuyen bang ng thuy
Xa lan va nhng chiec tau ac biet a c dung e van chuyen chat thai ran en ni
x ly hay en ni o bo nh b bien, ai dng (tuy nhien, ngay nay ngi ta khong
con o rac vao ai dng na).
Trong van chuyen CTR bang ng thuy, co the s dung mot so xa lan t hanh,
nhng thong thng, ngi ta dung tau keo hay nhng loai tau ac bie t e keo xa lan
ch rac. Tuy nhien, van chuyen chat thai ran bang ng thuy thng xuyen b ngng
tre khi bien ong. Trong trng hp o, rac phai c lu tr, do o lam tang chi ph
s dung kho lu tr.
u iem chnh cua phng phap van chuyen bang ng thuy la:
- Van chuyen bang ng thuy chiem li the l n oi vi cac thanh pho co
nhieu kenh rach. Khi o, xe ch rac ch i trong noi thanh, c ly nga n, quay vong
nhanh, giam tnh trang un tac giao thong. u iem nay c tan dung toi a e to
chc nhieu cang song phan bo tren toan thanh pho va day chuyen van chuyen lien
tuc 24/24. Moi ben song nay co chie u rong mat song u cho cac xa lan neo au e
nhan rac. To chc day chuyen khep kn: xa lan coi nh la bo phan rac noi tren song,
nhan ay rac luc nao la ri ben luc ay va co chiec khac vao thay the ngay, ngha la
114
24/24 gi trong ngay xa lan luon co mat tai ben e nhan rac. Han che en mc thap
nhat kha nang gay o nhiem moi trng nha t la nhng ni co mat o dan so cao.
- Thu gom rac trong noi thanh se nhanh chong hn, va xoa bo cac bo rac tren
ng pho. Neu au t u xe tai tuc trc nhan rac, khong cho o xuong bo, rac t nha
dan c tiep nhan va ch i ngay trong ngay, giam thieu cac anh hng en moi
trng. Toc o giai phong rac nhanh hn, khac phuc tnh trang rac ton o ng lau ngay.
- C ly van chuyen ng bo giam con 5 -10 km nen chi ph van chuyen giam
ang ke . Van chuye n bang ng thuy gia cc re hn cc ng bo t 30-50%.
- Tan dung khai tha c, s dung tot nhat nhng li the ve ieu kien a ly t nhien.
V du: Tram trung chuyen phai c s dung khi tau hoa hay xa lan c dung e
van chuyen chat thai e n iem o bo cuoi cung nh : Xa lan van chuye n ra c Hong
Kong va Nhat Ba n.
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.14 Xa lan van chuyen rac Nha t Ban (a) va Hong Kong (b)
4.3.2.4. Van chuyen bang kh ne n, ap lc n c hay cac he thong khac
Ca hai he thong van chuyen bang ong dan kh ap suat thap va ong dan chan khong
eu a c s dung e van chuyen chat thai ran. Hau het chung c s dung e
van chuyen rac t cac khu dan c co mat o dan cao va cac khu thng mai en tram
tap trung e x ly hay chat len thiet b van chuyen.
Ve mat thiet ke va van hanh, he thong van chuyen bang kh nen phc tap hn he tho ng
van chuye n bang ap l c nc v he thong nay co cau tru c va van ieu khien ph c tap.
Nhu cau quat gio hay tuabin to c o cao cang gay phc tap cho che o bao dng.
Gia thanh lap at cho nhng he thong nay cao nen chung mang lai hie u qua kinh te
khi s dung cho cac cong trnh mi.
Van chuyen bang sc nc thng c s dung e van chuyen chat thai thc pham
( nhng ho gia nh co s dung may nghien rac gia nh). Mot trong nh ng kho khan
115
chnh cua phng phap nay la nc hoac nc thai dung e van chuyen chat thai ran
cuoi cung cung phai x ly. Giong nh qua trnh hoa tan, nong o chat hu c trong
nc thai loai nay cao hn nc thai sinh hoat. He thong van chuyen bang nc co
the ap dung nhng khu vc ma cac qua trnh tie n x ly va x ly bac cao ket hp vi
nhau thanh he thong x ly. Kha nang ng dung cua phng phap nay b han che
nhng khu vc co mat o dan c cao.
Nhng phng phap van chuyen chat tha i ran khac a c e xua t nh bang tai, kh
thoi va he thong ong dan ngam di long at co cac gio rac di chuyen bang t
trng.
116
4.4 NHNG YEU CAU TRONG THIET KE TRAM TRUNG CHUYEN
Khi thiet ke tram trung chuyen, nhng yeu to sau ay can c xem xet:
- Loai tram trung chuyen
- Cong suat tram trung chuyen.
117
- Thiet b, dung cu phu tr .
- Yeu cau ve sinh moi trng.
- Van e sc khoe va an toan lao ong
4.4.1. Loai tram trung chuyen
Vi nhng loai tram trung chuyen nh a trnh bay tren, khi thiet ke can xac nh
ro hoat ong tai tram co gom ca cong tac thu ho i vat lieu tai sinh hay khong. Neu co,
dien tch TTC phai u l n e xe ch rac d tai.
4.4.2. Cong suat tram trung chuyen
Khoi lng CTR a ve tram trung chuyen va sc cha cua tram phai c anh gia
mot cach can than trong qua trnh quy hoach va thiet ke TTC. Khoi l ng chat thai
a ve tram phai c tnh toan sao cho cac xe thu gom khong phai ch i lau mi
c d tai.
Do kinh ph au t thiet b van chuyen tang ne n can phan tch tnh kinh te gia sc
cha cua tram trung chuyen va chi ph hoat ong van chuyen bao gom ca thiet b va
nhan cong. V du: tang sc cha cua TTC va s dung t xe van chuye n nhng tang
thi gian lam viec se a t hieu qua kinh te hn la khi s dung TTC nho va mua nhieu
xe van chuyen. oi vi TTC chat tai lu gi, cong suat cua TTC tng ng vi the
tch CTR thu gom trong en 1 ngay. Cong sua t cua TTC cung co the thay oi theo
loai phng tien ho tr c s dung e chat ta i len xe van chuyen. Tuy vay, thong
thng sc cha cua TTC khong c vt qua the tch CTR sinh ra trong 3 ngay.
4.4.3. Yeu cau ve thiet b va cac dung cu phu tr
Thiet b va cac dung cu phu tr s dung TTC phu thuoc vao chc nang cua TTC
trong he thong quan ly CTR. TTC chat tai trc tiep, yeu cau phai co cac thiet b
dung e ay chat thai vao xe van chuyen hoac e phan bo eu chat tha i tren cac xe
van chuyen. Chung loai va so lng thiet b, dung cu yeu cau thay oi theo cong suat
cua tram. cac TTC chat tai lu tr, can mot hoa c nhieu xe ui e a p vun va ay
chat thai vao pheu nap lieu. Mo t so dung cu khac can dung e phan bo chat thai va
lam ong eu tai lng tren cac xe van chuyen.
Can la dung cu khong the thieu tat ca cac TTC va va ln e co the giam sat hoat
ong cua tram va e xa y dng he thong d lieu cong nghe va quan ly co y ngha. Can
cung can thiet khi TTC tnh le ph da tren kho i lng chat thai. Tram can cung phai
c trang b ien thoai va he thong lien lac hai chieu e nhan vien ieu hanh tram
can co the lien lac vi la i xe.
4.4.4. Yeu cau ve sinh moi trng
Tai cac TTC can lap at he thong x ly kh thai. oi vi TTC chat tai trc tiep, can
phai s dung mai che, li chan e tranh hien tng cac thanh phan chat thai nhe b
cuon theo gio. Hoat ong cua TTC phai c giam sat chat che, cac chat thai ri vai
118
phai c ve sinh ngay, khong e lau hn 1-2 gi. TTC ln can xay dng he thong
x ly s bo nc thai trc khi thai bo vao he thong thoat va x ly nc thai cua khu
vc. nhng vung xa, can xay dng tram x ly nc thai hoan chnh e x ly nc
ro r sinh ra ta i TTC.
4.4.5. Van e sc khoe va an toan lao ong
Van e ve sc khoe va an toan lao ong tai TTC co lien quan en ham lng bui
phat tan trong tram. e giam nong o bui trong khu vc cha CTR TTC chat tai
lu tr, ngi ta s dung bien phap phun nc vao khong gian pha tren pheu tie p
nhan rac. Cac cong nhan lam viec ay phai c trang b mat na cho ng bui. Trong
cac TTC chat tai lu gi, cac may ui lam viec trong ho cha phai co cabin kn, c
trang b may ieu hoa khong kh va cac thiet b loc bui. Chat thai khong c phep
o trc tiep vao ho cha cac TTC chat tai lu tr cong suat ln e am bao van
e an toan.
4.5 LA CHON V TR TRA M TRUNG CHUYEN
TTC nen c bo tr ni 1) gan khu vc phu c vu, 2) de dang tiep can vi tuyen
ng giao thong chnh va cac tram ieu phoi xe, 3) anh hng cua no en cong
ong dan c va moi trng do cac hoat ong cua TTC la thap nhat, 4) viec xay dng
va van hanh TTC se co hieu qua kinh te cao nhat. Them vao o, neu TTC c xay
dng e x ly CTR nh thu hoi vat lieu va san xuat nang lng th tat ca nhng hoa t
ong nay phai c anh gia va kiem soat.
V tat ca nhng yeu to neu tren t khi c thoa man ong thi nen can phan tch can
nhac tnh u tien gia nhng yeu to nay. Do o, viec la chon v tr bai o hay tram
trung chuyen phai da tren bai toan phan tch chi ph kinh te ky thuat gia cac yeu
to tren. Phng phap nay co the ap dung trong nhng trng hp can phai la chon
gia mot so v tr kha thi e xay dng TTC.
4.5.1. La chon tram trung chuyen da tren chi ph van chuyen
Vi nhng ie u kien ly tng, TTC can at tai nhng ni co chi ph van chuye n thap
nhat. Tuy nhien, van e kho khan cho cac c quan quan ly CTR la chi ph van chuyen
ngay cang tr nen t quan tro ng oi vi vie c la chon v tr thch hp e xay dng TTC
4.5.2. La chon v tr tram trung chuyen da tren cac ieu kien gii han
Trng hp khi hai hoac nhieu TTC va BCL c s dung th van e c at ra la v
tr nao se la toi u t TTC en bai chon lap.
Gia s phai xac nh chi ph thap nhat e van chuyen mot lng CTR t mot trong ba
TTC en mot trong ba BCL. Van e nay the hien di dang cong thc toan hoc nh sau:
- Goi v tr TTC la i
- Goi v tr BCL la j
119
- Khi o, X
ij
la lng chat thai van chuyen t TTC i en BCL j
- C
ij
la chi ph van chuyen chat thai t TTC i en BCL j
- R
i
la tong lng chat tha i a en TTC i
- D
j
la tong lng chat tha i co the cha BCL j
- Neu goi F la ham the hien tong chi ph van chuyen, th ham so F c xac
nh bi tong cac gia tr nh trnh bay di ay phai la nho nhat vi nh ng ieu kien
gii han:
X
11
C
11
+ X
12
C
12
+ X
21
C
21
+ X
22
C
22
+ X
23
C
23
+ X
31
C
31
+ X
32
C
32
+ X
33
C
33
= F
- Mo ta di dang cong thc toan hoc
= =
=
3
1
3
1 j i
ij ij
C X F
Theo cac gii han sau:
i
j
ij
R X =
=
3
1
i= 1-3
ij
j
ij
D X s
=
3
1
j = 1-3
X
ij
0 >
ieu kien gii han: 1) lng chat thai van chuyen en BCL phai bang lng chat thai
chuyen en TTC, 2) tong lng chat thai van chuyen t TTC en BCL nho hn hoac
bang sc cha cua BCL, 3) khoi lng chat thai van chuyen t TTC phai ln hn hoac
bang 0.
Bai toan xac nh v tr thch hp cua TTC va BCL theo cac ieu kien gii han
thng c goi la bai toan van chuyen trong lnh vc quan ly chat thai ran. e giai
bai toan nay co the ap dung phng phap toi u hoa theo quy hoach tuyen tnh.
V du: Thiet ke s bo cang e p - trung chuye n CTR Bnh ie n
- Cong suat : L ng rac xa ba n 1000 Tan/ngay.
L g rac e p san 1000 Tan/ngay.
L ng rac ri 2000 Ta n/ngay.
Cac hang muc xay dng tai Cang Bnh ien:
Hang muc n v Khoi lng
Ben xa lan 300 tan md 80
Ke bao ve b md 123
ng noi bo sau ben ro ng 12m m
2
4824
120
Bai cha container m
2
5730
Nha ep rac m
2
1250
Nha ra xe m
2
66
Tram can m
2
66
Nha au xe m
2
600
Cac hang muc co ng trnh khac m
2
757
Tnh toan nhu cau thiet b cho Cang Bnh ien :
Thiet b chnh So lng (Cai) ac tnh ky thuat
May ep rac 5 Cong suat: 35.6 tan/gi
Container cha rac 121 DxRxC : 6530x2250x2310mm
Ho cha rac 5 DxRxC : 7000x3000x3000mm
Pheu nhan rac 5 DxRxC 7000x3000x3000mm
Xe au keo 5 Tai trong 20 Ta n
Cau co nh 3 Sc nang : 30 Tan
Xe nang container 3
Tram can 2 Mc can toi a :30 Tan
Xa lan 10 Xa lan t hanh : 320 Ta n
Mat bang quy hoach Ca ng Bnh ien :
121
CAU HOI
1. Cac yeu cau ve la chon v tr tram trung chuyen?
2. Nhng yeu cau trong thiet ke tra m trung chuyen?
3. Mot tram trung chuyen co cong suat 1000 tan/ngay. Xem xet 2 phng an: tram
trung chuyen chat tai trc tiep va tram trug chuyen chat thai lu tr. Xac nh cac
yeu to quan trong can phai xem xet kh la cho n 1 trong 2 phng an nay.
4. Xac nh thi gian giao nhau gia hai he tho ng thu gom rac s dung xe ep rac va
he thong trung chuyen, van chuyen, theo cac d lieu sau:
- Xe ep rac co the tch la 30m
3
- Khoi lng rieng cua ra c trong xe ep rac la 600 kg/m
3
.
i
l
o
n
g
a
n
TYLE1/1.000
B
S
L
A
N
3
2
0
T
N
S
L
A
N
3
2
0
T
N
TYLE1/1.000
B
TYLE1/1.000
B
HA NGMU CCO NGTRNH SH
1
GHI CHU
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
122
- Xe au keo (rmooc) co the tch la 105m
3
.
- Khoi lng rieng cua ra c trong xe au keo la 325kg/m
3
.
- Chi ph van hanh cua xe ep rac la 40.000/h.
- Chi ph van hanh cua xe au keo la 60.000/h.
- Chi ph van hanh cua tram trung chuyen la 3.250/tan.
5. Xac nh cong suat to i a moi gi cua he thong van chuyen trc tiep cong suat ln,
gia s rang the tch trung bnh cua moi xe la 11,45 m
3
va khoi lng rieng cua chat
thai la 281,8 kg/m
3
.
123
Chng 5: CAC PHNG PHAP X LY CHAT THAI RAN
Muc ch cua cac phng phap x ly chat tha i ra n la:
- Nang cao hieu qua cu a viec quan ly CTR, bao am an toan ve sinh moi
trng
- Thu hoi vat lieu e tai s dung, tai che
- Thu hoi nang lng t ra c cung nh cac san pham chuyen oi
Cac phng phap x ly chat thai
ran
C hoc
Nhiet - c
Hoa hoc Tuyen
Nhiet Hoa ly Sinh hoa
ap
Nghien
Phan loai,
chon loc
Tao khoi
Tao hat
nhiet o
cao
Trch ly
Hoa tan
Ket tinh
Tuyen t
Tuyen trong
lc
Ra
Tuyen
noi
Tuyen
ien
Tuyen
trong huyen
phu, chat
long nang
Hnh 5.1 S o cac phng phap x ly cha t tha i
124
5.1 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHA P C HOC
5.1.1 Giam kch thc
Phng phap giam kch thc c s dung e giam kch thc cua cac thanh phan
CTR o th. CTR c lam giam kch thc co the s dung trc tiep lam lp che phu
tren mat a t hay lam phan compost, hoac mot phan c s dung cho cac hoat ong
tai sinh. Thiet b thch hp e lam giam kch thc CTR tuy thuoc vao loai, hnh
dang, ac tnh cua CTR va tieu chuan yeu cau.
Cac thiet b
Cac thiet b thng s dung la: 1) bu a ap, rat co hieu qua oi vi cac thanh phan co
ac tnh gion - de gay; 2) ke o cat bang thuy lc, dung e lam giam kch thc cac vat
lieu me m; va 3) may nghien, co u ie m la di chuyen de dang , co the s dung e lam
giam kch th c nhie u loai CTR khac nhau nh la cac nhanh cay, go c cay va cac loai
CTR xay d ng.
Vi phng phap nay, kch thc CTR thay oi ang ke. Neu dung bua ap th kch
thc phan chat thai sau khi ap khong ong nhat. Cac vat lieu gion, de gay nh
thuy tinh, cat, a co kch thc to hn la cac kim loai cha sat va khong cha sat. e
tang hieu qua, ngi ta ket hp li chan v i bua ap e loa i thuy tinh, cat, a ra
khoi chat thai ran. Trong khi o, keo cat lam cho CTR co tnh ong nhat hn.
Tieu chuan thiet ke:
Thiet b lam giam kch thc chat tha i ran c thiet ke da vao tai trong CTR
(tan/h) va nang lng tie u thu.
La chon thiet b lam giam kch thc chat thai ran.
Bang 5.1 Cac ye u to can xem xet khi la chon thiet b
Yeu to Nhan xet
1. Loai chat thai ran can giam kch thc Tnh chat c hoc cua CTR can quan tam
nh: gion hay mem
2. Kch thc yeu cau Bua ap lam giam kch thc CTR khong
ong nhat, keo cat th ngc lai
3. Phng phap nhap lie u Cong suat bang tai nhap lieu phai phu
hp vi thiet b
4. ac tnh van hanh Nang lng yeu cau (HP.h/tan), che o
bao tr, van hanh n gian, ang tin cay
va kiem soat c tieng on, kh thai va
nc thai
5. V tr Khoang cach gia san va chieu cao,
125
ong thi tnh toan en cac ieu kien moi
trng.
6. Yeu cau ve lu tr va van chuyen Vat lieu sau khi a gia m kch thc can
c lu tr va chuyen en cuoi day
chuyen
Bi v cac thiet b lam giam kch thc CTR c san xuat t nhieu hang khac nhau, nen
ngi thiet ke phai la chon sao cho thoa man muc tieu thiet ke va hieu qua kinh te
5.1.2 Phan loai theo kch thc
Phan loai theo kch thc hay sang loc la mo t qua trnh phan loai mot hon hp cac
vat lieu CTR co kch thc khac nhau thanh 2 hay nhieu loai vat lieu phan co cung
kch thc, bang cach s dung cac loai sang co kch thc lo khac nhau. Qua trnh
phan loai co the thc hien khi vat lieu con t hoac kho, thong thng qua trnh phan
loai gan lien vi cac cong oan che bien chat thai tiep theo. Cac thiet b sang loc
c s dung trc va sau khi nghien rac, sau cong oan tach kh t qua trnh thu hoi
nang lng RDF. oi khi cac thiet b sang loc cung c s dung trong qua trnh che
bien phan compost vi muc ch tang tnh ong nhat cho san pham.
Cac thiet b thng c s dung nhieu nhat la ca c loai sang rung va sang dang trong
quay va sang a. Loai sang rung c s dung oi vi CTR tng oi kho nh la kim
loai, thuy tinh, go vun, manh v be tong trong CTR xay dng. Loai sang trong quay
dung e tach ri ca c loai giay carton va giay vu n, ong thi bao ve c tac hai may
nghien khoi h hong do CTR co kch thc ln. Loai sang a tron la mot dang cai
tien cua sang rung v i nhng u ie m nh co the t lam sach va t ieu chnh cong
suat.
5.1.3 Phan loai theo khoi lng rieng
Phan loai bang phng phap khoi lng rieng la mot phng phap ky thuat c s
dung rat rong rai, dung e phan loai cac vat lie u co trong CTR da vao kh ong lc
va s khac nhau ve khoi lng rieng cua chung. Phng phap nay c s dung e
phan loai CTR o th, tach ri cac loai va t lie u sau qua trnh tach nghien thanh 2
phan rieng biet: dang co khoi lng rieng nhe nh giay, nha, cac chat hu c va
dang co khoi lng rieng nang nh la kim loai, go va cac loai phe lieu vo c co khoi
lng rieng tng oi l n.
Ky thuat c s dung rong rai nhat trong viec phan loai cac loai vat lieu (da vao s
khac nhau ve khoi l ng rieng) la d a vao kh ong lc. Nguyen ta c cua phng
phap nay la thoi dong khong kh i t di len tren qua lp vat lieu hon hp, khi o
cac vat lieu nhe se c cuon theo dong kh , tach ra khoi cac vat lieu na ng hn.
5.1.4 Phan loai theo ien trng va t trng
126
Ky thuat phan loa i bang ien trng va t tnh da vao tnh chat ien t va t trng
khac nhau cua cac thanh phan chat thai ran. Phng pha p phan loai bang t trng
c s dung pho bien khi tien hanh tach cac kim loai mau ra khoi kim loai en.
Phng phap phan loai bang tnh ien cung c ap dung e tach ly nh a va giay da
vao s khac nhau ve s tch ien be ma t cua 2 loai vat lieu nay. Phan loai bang dong
ien xoay la ky thuat phan loai trong o cac dong ien xoay c tao ra trong cac
kim loai khong cha sat nh nhom va tao thanh nam cham nhom.
5.1.5 Nen chat thai ran
Phng phap nen chat thai ran c s dung vi muc ch gia tang khoi lng rieng
cua CTR, nham tang tnh hieu qua cua cong ta c lu tr va van chuyen. Cac ky thuat
hien ang ap dung e nen va ta i sinh chat thai la ong kien, ong goi, ong khoi hay
ep thanh dang vien.
5.2 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHAP NHIET
X ly CTR va CTRNH (chat thai y te, thuoc ba o ve thc vat, chat thai nhiem dau)
bang phng phap ot la mot phng phap hie u qua va hien nay c s dung kha
pho bien.
Phng phap x ly CTR bang nhiet co nhng u iem: 1) giam the tch CTR (giam
80 - 90% khoi lng tha nh phan hu c trong CTR trong thi gian nhanh nhat, CTR
c x ly kha triet e); 2) thu hoi nang lng ; 3) la thanh phan quan trong trong
chng trnh quan ly to ng hp CTR; 4) co the x ly CTR tai cho ma khong can phai
van chuyen i xa, tranh c cac rui ro va chi ph van chuyen.
Song, phng phap ot cung co nhng han che nh: oi hoi chi ph au t xay dng
lo ot, chi ph van hanh va x ly kh thai ln. Viec thiet ke, van hanh lo ot phc tap,
ngi van hanh lo ot oi hoi phai co trnh o chuyen mon cao. ac biet, qua trnh
ot chat thai co the ga y o nhiem moi trng neu cac bien phap kiem soat qua trnh
ot, x ly kh tha i khong am bao.
5.2.1 He thong thieu ot
ot la qua trnh oxi hoa chat thai ran bang oxy khong kh di tac dung cua nhiet va
qua trnh oxy hoa hoa hoc. Bang cach ot chat thai, ta co the giam the tch cua CTR
en 80 90%. Nhiet o buong ot phai cao hn 800
o
C. San pham cuoi cung cua qua
trnh ot la: 1) cac kh co nhiet o cao bao gom kh nit, cacbonic, hi nc va 2) tro.
Nang lng co the c thu hoi nh qua trnh trao oi nhiet vi kh sinh ra nhiet o
cao.
Lo ot thung quay c s dung e x ly cac loai chat thai nguy hai dang ran, can,
bun va cung co the da ng long. Thung quay hoat ong nhiet o khoa ng 1100
o
C, s
dung chat thai nguy hai lam nguyen lieu. ay la phng phap tieu huy chat thai bang
cach ot cung vi nhien lieu thong thng khac va tan dung nhiet cho cac thiet b
tieu thu nhiet nh: noi hi, lo nung, lo luyen kim, lo nau thuy tinh, lo nung xi mang
Lng chat thai bo sung vao lo ot co the chiem 12 25% tong lng nhien lieu.
127
5.2.2 He thong nhiet phan
Nhiet phan la qua trnh phan huy hay bien oi hoa hoc CTR bang cach nung trong
ieu kien khong co oxy, va tao ra san pham cuoi cung cua qua trnh bien oi chat thai
ran la cac chat dang ran, long, va kh. Nguyen ly cua van hanh qua trnh nhiet phan
gom 2 giai oan: Giai oan 1 la qua trnh kh hoa, chat thai c gia nhiet e tach
cac thanh phan de bay hi nh kh chay, hi nc... ra kho i thanh pha n chay khong
hoa hi va tro. Giai oa n 2 la qua trnh o t cac thanh phan bay hi ieu kien phu
hp e tieu huy he t cac cau t nguy hai.
Nhiet phan bang ho quang plasma: thc hien qua trnh ot nhiet o cao (co the
en 10.000
o
C) e tieu huy chat thai co tnh oc cc manh. San pham la kh H
2
va CO,
kh axit va tro.
5.2.3 He thong kh hoa
Mot cach tong quat, qua trnh kh hoa la qua trnh ot CTR trong ieu kien thieu oxy.
Mac du phng phap nay a c phat hien vao the ky 19 nhng viec ap dung e x
ly CTR ch c thc hien trong thi gian gan ay. Ky thuat kh hoa c a p dung
vi muc ch giam the tch chat thai va thu hoi nang lng.
5.2.4 Cong nghe ot
Hau het cac phng phap x ly, lu tr va loai bo eu lien quan en cong nghe ot
ot chay cac chat mot cach co kiem soat trong mot vung kn nh mo t phng tien
x ly loai chat thai nguy hai.
Cong nghe ot co mot so ac thu:
Th nhat, neu c tien hanh ung theo qui cach, no co kha nang pha hu y toan bo
cac oc chat hu c trong chat thai nguy hai bang cach be gay cac lien ket hoa
hoc cua chung va a chung tr lai dang cac nguyen to hp thanh ban au, qua o
lam giam thieu hoac loa i bo hoan toan cac oc tnh cua chung.
Th hai, no han che the tch cua chat thai nguy hai can phai loai bo vao moi
trng at bang cach bien oi cac chat ran va long thanh dang tro. So vi viec
loai thai bo chat thai nguy hai khong qua x ly, viec thai bo tro vao moi trng
at an toan va hieu qua gap nhieu lan.
Cong nghe ot la mot qua trnh x ly kha phc tap. Trong qua trnh chay, cac chat
hu c dang ran hoac long se b chuyen o i sang pha kh. Cac kh nay qua cac li
ot se tiep tuc b lam nong len, en mot nhiet o nao o cac hp chat hu c cua
chung se b phan huy thanh cac nguyen t thanh phan. Cac nguyen t na y ket hp vi
oxy e tao nen cac chat kh ben vng, cac kh nay sau khi qua cac thiet b kiem soat
o nhiem se c thai va o kh quyen.
128
Thanh phan cua cac chat kh ben vng phat sinh t viec ot cac hp cha t hu c chu
yeu la CO
2
va hi nc. Tuy nhien, tuy thuoc vao thanh phan cua chat thai ran, mo t
lng nho CO, NO
x
, HCl, va cac kh khac co the se c hnh thanh. Cac chat kh
nay la nguyen nhan tiem an co kha nang gay nguy hai cho sc khoe con ngi va
moi trng.
Viec quan ly va thai bo cac kim loai, tan tro va cac san pham phu cua qua trnh ot
cung co the gay ra nh ng tac hai nh a e ca p. Tan to la mot vat lie u de lang, tr,
vi thanh phan chu yeu la carbon, cac muoi va cac kim loai. Trong qua trnh ot, hau
het tan tro se tap trung ay cua buong ot (tro ay). Khi lp tro na y c lay ra
khoi buong ot, no co the xem nh la chat thai nguy hai bi cac qui ta c chuyen hoa
hoac do no co 1 ac tnh (nguy hai) nao o. Tuy nhien cac hat tro kch thc nho (vat
chat dang hat ma co the co cac kim loai kem theo) cung se b cuon theo cac chat kh
len cao (con goi la tro bay). Cac hat tro nay cung cac kim loai co lien quan cung phai
c xem xet bi cac qui nh ap dung cho cong nghe ot bi v chung co the mang
cac hp phan nguy hai ra khoi he thong thiet b vao trong kh quyen. Do viec ot
khong pha huy c ca c hp chat vo c co trong chat thai nguy hai (cac kim loai
chang han), cac hp chat nay co the cung se tch tu trong lp tro ay va tro bay vi
nong o co hai. He thong lo ot chat thai nguy hai c trnh bay trong hnh 5.1.
5
129
5.3 X LY CHAT THAI RAN BANG PHNG PHA P CHUYE N HOA SINH
HOC VA HOA HOC
5.3.1 Qua trnh u phan hieu kh
La mot qua trnh bien oi sinh hoc c s dung rat rong rai, muc ch la bien oi cac
chat thai ran hu c tha nh cac chat vo c (qua trnh khoang hoa) di ta c dung cua vi
sinh vat. San pham tao thanh dang mun goi la phan compost.
5.3.2 Qua trnh phan huy chat thai len men k kh
130
La qua trnh bien oi sinh hoc di tac dung cu a vi sinh vat trong ieu kien k kh,
ap dung o i vi chat tha i ran co ham lng ran t 4 8% (bao gom: cha t thai ran cua
con ngi, ong vat, ca c san pham tha t nong nghiep, va chat hu c trong thanh
phan cua chat tha i ran o th). Qua trnh phan huy len men k kh c ap dung rong
rai tren the gii. San pham cuoi cung la kh metan, kh CO
2
, va chat mun on nh
dung lam phan bon.
5.3.3 Qua trnh chuyen hoa hoa hoc
Qua trnh chuyen hoa hoa hoc bao gom mot loat cac phan ng thuy phan c s
dung e tai sinh cac h p chat nh la glucose va mot loat cac phan ng khac dung e
tai sinh dau tong hp, kh va acetate xenlulo . Ky thuat x ly chat thai ran bang
phng phap hoa hoc pho bien nhat la phan ng thuy phan xenlulo di tac dung cua
axit va qua trnh bien o i metan thanh metanol.
Phan ng thuy phan axit
Xenlulo hnh thanh do s lien ket cua hn 3.000 n v phan t glucose, xenlulo co
ac iem la tan trong nc va cac dung moi hu c, nhng hau nh khong b phan
huy bi te bao. Neu xenlulo c phan huy th glucose se c tai sinh. Qua trnh
thc hien bang phan ng hoa hoc c ban nh sau:
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ H
2
O n C
6
H
12
O
6
(5-2)
xenlulo glucose
ng glucose c trch ly t xenlulo co the c bien oi bang cac phan ng sinh
hoc va hoa hoc tao thanh san pham la ru va cac hoa chat cong nghiep.
San xuat metanol t metan
Metan c hnh thanh t qua trnh phan huy ye m kh cua cac chat thai ran hu c co
the c bien oi thanh metanol.
Qua trnh bien oi c thc hien bang 2 phan ng sau:
CH
4
+ H
2
O CO + 3H
2
(5-3)
CO + 2H
2
CH
3
OH (5-4)
Thuan li cua viec san xuat metanol t kh biogas co cha metan la metanol co the
lu tr va van chuyen de dang hn la viec chuyen kh metan.
5.3.4 Nang lng t qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoc cua chat thai ran
Mot khi cac san pham c hnh thanh t chat thai ran hoac t qua trnh phan huy yem kh
(tao kh metan) hay t bien oi hoa hoc (tao thanh metanol), th nhng bc thc hien tiep
theo la s dung va lu tr. Neu cac san pham nay sinh ra nang lng th oi hoi can thc
hien nhng bc bien oi tiep theo. Biogas co the s dung trc tiep e ot cac ong c ot
trong hoac la s dung kh nay lam quay tuabin, e tao ra ien nang.
Xu c tac
acid
Xu c tac
131
Hnh 5.3 Mo hnh quan ly va x ly cha t tha i ran
5.4 CAC PHNG PHAP X LY CHAT THAI RAN CONG NGHIEP
5.4.1 Cac phng phap x l tong quat
Viec tan dung chat thai ran trong nhieu trng hp dan en s can thiet phai phan
chia chung thanh cac cau t, cung vi viec tach vat lieu bang cac phng phap khac
nhau hoac cho chung mot dang xac nh nao o , bao am kha nang t tan dung phe
thai nh tai nguyen th cap. Tap hp tat ca cac phng phap chuan b va che bien
phe thai pho bien nhat c trnh bay tren hnh 5.4
Muc ch cua cac phng phap x ly chat thai ra n noi chung la nham vao:
- Nang cao hieu qua cua viec quan ly CTR
- Thu hoi vat lieu e tai s dung, tai che
- Thu hoi nang lng t ra c cung nh cac san pham chuyen oi
132
Hnh 5.4 Cac phng phap chuan b va che bie n chat thai ran
5.4.2 Phng phap c hoc
Cng o va hieu qua cua a so cac qua trnh khuech tan hoa hoc va sinh hoa tang
theo o giam kch thc hat vat lieu. Do vay, chat thai ran thng phai qua cong
oan giam kch thc hat, tiep theo la phan loa i va chon loc.
CTR c lam giam kch thc co the s dung trc tiep lam lp che phu tren mat at
hay lam phan compost hoac mot phan c s dung cho cac hoat ong tai sinh chat
thai ran. Thie t b thch hp s dung trong viec giam kch thc CTR tuy thuoc vao
loai, hnh dang, ac tnh cua CTR va tieu chuan la chon thiet ke nhng thiet b cho
phu hp.
Cac thiet b thng s dung la: 1) bua ap, rat co hieu qua khi oi vi cac vat lieu co
ac tnh gion - de gay; 2) keo cat bang thuy lc, dung e lam giam kch thc cua
cac vat lieu mem hn so vi dung bua ap; va 3) may nghien, co u iem la di
chuyen de dang c, co the s dung e lam giam kch thc cho nhieu loai CTR
khac nhau nh la cac nhanh cay, goc cay, hay la va cac loai CTR rac t qua trnh xay
dng.
ap
Phng phap ap c s dung e thu san pham co o ln chu yeu la 5mm. ap c
ap dung rong rai trong che bien chat thai cua bo c a phu trong x l tran quang mo, x
cua nha may luyen kim, cac o dung k thuat bang nha a qua qua trnh s dung,
phe thai muoi mo va thach cao photpho, phe lieu go, mot so nha, vat lieu xay dng
va nhieu loai vat lieu khac.
Cac ch so cong nghe c ban cua ap la mc o ap va nang lng ap.
Cac phng phap chua n b va che bien chat thai ra n
Phan loa i va
chon loc
sang
Phan loa i
ba ng thuy lc
Phan loa i
bang kh ong
Gia m
kch thc
ap
Nghien
Tang
kch thc
Tao hat
ong vien
ong khoi
Ket dnh
nhiet o cao
Hoa tan -
ket tinh
Trch li Tuyen
Tuyen lang
trong lc
Tuyen noi
Tuyen t
Tuyen ien
Tuyen trong
chat long nang
133
Mc o ap:
i =
D
d
D
d
tb
tb
max
max
= (5.1)
D
max
va d
max
- ng knh toi a cua hat vat lieu trc va sau ap
D
tb
va d
tb
- ng knh trung bnh cua hat vat lieu ban au va san pham.
Cac kch thc D
max
va d
max
xac nh giai oan ap tho, trung bnh va nhuyen.
ap Tho Trung bnh Nhuyen
D
max
, mm 1 200 - 500 350 - 100 100 - 40
D
max
, mm 350 - 100 100 - 40 30 - 5
Chi ph nang lng rieng phan (kWh cho 1 tan vat lieu) la :
E =
N
Q
(5.2)
ay N - cong suat ong c may ap, kW
Q - nang suat may ap, T/h
Gia tr E phu thuoc mc o ap va tnh chat c l cua vat lieu.
Cong nghe ap co the c to chc v i viec ap dung hoac chu ky h khi vat lieu ch
can ap 1 lan, hoac chu k kn vi sang, san pham tren li se quay tr lai may ap.
Mot so s o ap n gian c trnh bay tren hnh 5.5.
Hnh 5.5. Mot so s o ap n gian
Nghien
Phng phap nghien c s dung khi can thu san pham thai co o l n nho hn 5
mm, c s dung pho bien trong cong nghe tai s dung chat thai cua khai thac
quang mo, phe lieu xa y dng, x cua luyen kim va nhien lieu, phe thai cua tuyen
than, phe thai nha, qua ng pirit thieu ket va hang loat tai nguyen th ca p khac.
Phe thai
San pham ap
ap ap
Phe thai
ap
San pham ap
ap
Phe thai
ap
San pham ap
134
Cac may nghien pho bie n hn ca la may nghien thanh, nghien bi va nghien dao. Viec
nghien mot so phe lieu nha va cao su c tien hanh nhiet o thap.
Phan loai va cho n loc
Cac qua trnh nay c ng dung e phan chia phe thai thanh phan oan theo o ln.
Chung bao gom phng phap sang hat vat lieu va phan chia chung di tac dung cua
lc quan tnh - trong lc va li tam - trong lc.
Sang la qua trnh phan loai theo o ln cac hat co kch thc khac nhau bang cach
dch chuyen chung tren be mat co lo.
e phan rieng vat lieu ran dang bun, ngi ta s dung xiclon nc, may li tam lang
5.4.3 Phng phap nhiet
ay la qua trnh nhiet phan (v du phe lieu nha, go, cao su, can cua che bien dau
mo), nong chay (v du x luyen kim, phe lieu kim loai), nung u (v du x luyen kim
mau, quang thieu ket pirit, mo t so x cha sat va bui) va kh oc ba ng ngon la (ot
chay) nhieu chat thai ra n tren c s hu c.
5.4.4 Phng phap nhiet - c
Tao hat bang nhiet o cao
Phng phap nay c ng dung e che bien bui, r sat, x va dam nguye n lieu quang
trong luyen kim, quang thieu ket pirit va cac phe lieu phan tan cha sat.
Qua trnh tao ha t nay c tien hanh bang cach ot vat lieu trc tiep vi nhien lieu
ran trong lo nhiet o khoang 1.100 - 1.600
0
C. Sau o san pham thieu ket c ap
en 100 - 150mm roi c sang va lam nguoi. Phan oan di 8mm se c quay tr
lai lo , thng chiem 30 - 35%.
Tao khoi
Tao khoi la cac qua trnh tao hat, ong vien, ong khoi va tao kho i nhiet o cao.
Chung c s dung e che bien thanh va t lieu xay dng cac phe thai cua khai thac
quang mo, phan sot cua tuyen than va tro cua tram nhiet ien, trong qua trnh tan
dung thach cao photpho trong nong nghiep va cong nghiep xi mang, trong chuan b
lam nong chay phe thai co o phan tan cao cua kim loai mau va en, trong qua trnh
tai s dung nha, mo ho ng, bui va dam bao
Tao hat va ong vien co the c thc hien bang cach can vat lieu bo t, e p, cho cac
hat tiep xuc vi nhau trong dong xoay roi, trong lp tang soi, trong lp tang rung
hoac di tac dung cua tac ong c hoc khac.
S ong khoi vat lieu phan tan c tien hanh vi ap suat nen ep ln hn 80MPa
khong co chat lien ket, con co chat lien ket th a p suat nen khoang 15 - 25MPa.
135
5.4.5 Phng phap tuyen chat thai
Trong thc te tai sinh chat thai ran cong nghiep (ac biet la cua cong nghiep khoang
san, cha kim loai mau va en, cac phan chi tiet phe thai, cac thiet b ien ai, cac o
dung khac tren c s kim loai va hp kim, vai loai tro nhien lieu, hon hp chat deo,
x luyen kim mau va hang loat cac tai nguyen th cap khac), ngi ta s dung cac
phng phap tuyen vat lieu khac nhau nh: tuyen trong lc, tuyen t, tuye n ien,
tuyen noi va cac phng phap tuyen ac biet kha c.
1. Tuyen trong lc
Phng phap tuyen nay da tren s khac nhau cua van toc ri trong moi trng long
(hay kh) cua cac hat co kch thc va khoi lng rieng khac nhau. o la cac qua
trnh tuyen sang (ai), tuyen trong huyen phu nang, trong dong dch chuyen theo be
mat nghieng va ra.
ai:
ai la qua trnh phan chia hat khoang san theo khoi lng rieng di tac dung tia
nc thay oi theo hng thang ng, i qua may ai co li. ai thng ap dung
cho vat lieu a kh x s bo co o ln toi u 0,5-100 mm oi vi vat lieu khong quang
va 0,2 - 40m oi vi vat lieu quang mo.
Khi ai vat lieu ln, lp nam tren li co chieu day 5 - 10 lan ng knh hat ln nhat
cua nhap lieu, c goi la lp lot. Khi ai vat lieu nhuyen (en 3 - 5mm) tren li,
ngi ta xep lp lot nha n tao t cac hat vat lieu ln, nang co kch thc 3 - 4 lan ln
hn kch thc hat ln nhat cua nhap lieu. Trong qua trnh ai, vat lie u c phan
lp: trong lp di tap trung cac hat nang, trong lp tren cung - hat nhe, nhuyen. Cac
lp nay c lay ra rieng biet.
2. Ra
e pha v va loai lp at set, cat va cac chat khoang khac cung nh cac tap chat hu
c trong phe tha i thng s dung qua trnh ra. Tac nhan ra thng la nc (co the
them chat hoat ong be mat), hoac hi nc qua nhiet va cac dung moi khac nhau.
3. Tuyen noi
Trong thc te che bien cac dang phe lieu rieng biet (nh x luyen kim, cac thanh
phan ba quang va khong quang) ngi ta ap dung phng phap tuye n noi. o ln
cua vat lieu c tuyen khong ln hn 0,5 mm.
4. Tuyen t
Tuyen t c ap dung e tach cac cau t co t tnh yeu va manh ra kho i thanh phan
khong nhiem t. Cac chat co kha nang nhiem t manh la FeO.Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
x-1
S
x
Cac oxit, hydroxit va cacbonat sat, mangan, crom va kim loai qu la vat lieu nhiem t
yeu. Con cac khoang chat nh thach anh fenspat, canxit CaCO
3
khong b nhiem t.
Vat lieu nhiem t yeu c tuyen trong t trng manh cng o en 800-1600
kA/m, con vat lieu nhie m t manh - trong t trng yeu 70-160 kA/m.
136
e phan rieng bang t trng, vat lieu phai qua x l s bo bang ap, nghien, sang
kh can, nung u t) thng tuyen t kho cac vat lieu co o ln 3 - 50 mm, va tuyen
t t cho hat nho hn 3 mm.
5. Tuyen ien
Tuyen ien da tren s khac nhau cua tnh dan ien cua vat lieu c phan rieng.
Theo tnh dan ien va t lieu c chia thanh dan ien, ban dan, ien moi. Khi tiep xuc
vi be mat cua ien cc kim loai tch ien th no se truyen ien tch cho vat lieu. Cac
hat dan ien c tch ien nhieu nhat se ay xa khoi ien cc, con cac hat ien moi
gi nguyen qu ao cua mnh.
6. Tuyen trong huye n phu va chat long nang
Qua trnh nay la s pha n chia vat lieu theo kho i lng rieng trong trng lc hap dan
hay li tam trong huyen phu hoac chat long co khoi lng rie ng gia cac khoi lng
rieng cua cac hat can phan chia. Huyen phu nang la cac hat khoang san nang hoac
hp kim t co o phan tan cao l lng trong nc - go i chung la chat lam nang,
thng la hp kim sat - silic, pirit, FeS
2
, pirotin Fe
x-1
S
x
, Fe
3
O
4
, quang sat o Fe
2
O
3
va
cac vat lieu khac co o ln en 0,16 mm. Cac chat long nang c dung la dung dch
CaCl
2
, ZnCl
2
, PbCl
2
Khoi lng tieng cua huyen phu c tnh theo cong thc
o
c
= C (o
y
- 1) + 1, g/cm
3
(5.3)
ay C- nong o the tch cua chat lam nang, phan n v,
o
y
- khoi lng rieng cua chat lam nang, g/cm
3
.
Khoi lng cua chat lam nang trong the tch huyen phu V la:
( )
( )
m V
y y
c
y
=

.o
o
o
1
1
, kg (5.4)
ay V- the tch huyen phu, m
3
e gi tnh on nh cua huyen phu ngi ta cho them at set (en 3% khoi lng chat
lam nang, hoac ap dung hon hp bot cac chat la m nang co khoi lng rieng khac
nhau.
Cac thiet b tuyen trong chat long nang pho bien nhat la cac thiet b phan rieng dang
trong, chop, bac thang va xiclon nc.
Nang suat cua may phan li dang trong (T/h) theo san pham nhe c xac nh theo cong
thc:
Q
D h v
l
=
1
0 5 1 5
o
, ,
(5.5)
ay - au ra cua san pham nhe, phan n v
137
D - ng knh trong, m
h - chieu cao dong chay, h = (1,2 - 1,5) lan ng knh cua hat ln nhat, m
v - van toc dong huyen phu au ra cua may phan li, v = 0,3 - 0,5 m/s
o
l
- khoi lng rieng o ong cua san pham nhe, kg/m
3
.
Nang suat cua may phan rieng dang chop theo nhap lieu, T/h
Q = qS (5.6)
ay q- tai trong rieng tren 1 n v dien tch vung la m viec cua may, T/m
2
h
S- dien tch vung hoa t ong, m
2
5.4.6 Phng phap hoa l
Nhieu qua trnh tan dung chat thai ran trong co ng nghiep da tren viec ap dung cac
phng phap trch li, ho a tan va ket tinh vat lieu.
1. Trch li
Phng phap nay c ap dung rong rai trong che bien ba thai cua cong nghiep khai
thac mo, mot so x cua luyen kim va nhien lieu, quang pirit thieu ket, ca c nguyen lieu
th cap cua nganh go va cac nganh khac. Phng phap da tren vie c loi keo mot
hoac vai cau t t khoi vat lieu ran bang cach ho a tan chon loc chung trong chat long.
Phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua qua trnh hoa l dien ra khi trch li, ngi ta chia ra lam
hoa tan n gian (cau t chnh c loi cuon vao dung dch trong thanh phan a co
trong vat lieu ban au) va trch li vi phan ng hoa hoc (cau t muc tie u trong vat
lieu ban au kho hoa tan se chuyen thanh dang de tan).
Lng tac chat tieu hao toi thieu, can thiet e lo i cuon hoan toan cau t muc tieu vao
dung dch, va kha nang thc hien qua trnh c xac nh bi hang so can bang cua
phan ng K
c
. V du, oi vi trng hp trch:
AB
R
+ 2CD
dd
C
2
B
dd
+ AD
2R
Hang so nong o can bang K
c
c bieu dien nh sau:
| |
| |
K
C
CD
c
B
cb
cb
=
2
2
(5.7)
Khi at can bang, nong o tac chat Cd khong tie u hao con lai trong dung dch.
| |
| |
CD
C B
K
cb
cb
c
=
2
(5.8)
Nh vay, lng tac chat CD can thiet d tren 1 mol cau t AB c trch phai bang:
| |
CD
K
du
c
=
1
(5.8)
138
Con tong lng tac chat tieu hao phai la: 2
1
+
K
c
Gia tr hang so can bang c tm trong tai lieu tra cu, hoac c tnh theo cac ai
lng cua ham nhiet ong hoc cua cac chat tham gia phan ng, hoac theo cac gia tr
the ien hoa. Khi xay ra phan ng oxi hoa kh , cung nh c xac nh bang thc
nghiem.
Van toc trch li thng thay oi theo dien bien qua trnh va phu thuoc nong o tac
chat, nhiet o, cng o khuay tron, dien tch be mat pha ran va cac yeu to khac.
Dang tong quat cua van toc la:
dG
d
jS
t
= (5.9)
ay G - Lng chat can trch trong pha ran, kg
j - lng chat can trch chuyen vao dung dch trong 1 n v thi gian, tren 1
n v be mat pha ran, kg/ m
2
.s
S - be mat tng tac cua cac pha,m
2
Neu qua trnh trch tng ng vi s hoa tan va phan ng trao oi, dien ra vi s tao
thanh pha ran mi
aA
R
+ bB
d
cC
R
+ dD
dd
th no bao gom s khuech tan tac chat en be mat pha ran qua lp phim long, khuech
tan tac chat qua lp san pham ran hoac lp vat lieu tr, phan ng hoa hoc tren be mat
chat trch, khuech tan chat tan t be mat phan ng qua lp ran va lp phim long. Khi
o dong chat trch co da ng:
j
C
K
C
D D k K
d
b
D D
c
c
=

|
.
|
|
\
+ + + + +
|
\
|
.
|
|
\
|
.
|
|
0 0
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 1
'
' '
o o o o
(5.10)
ay o
1
, o
2
- Chieu day lp phim long va san pham phan ng ran,
D
1
, D
2
, D
1
, D
2
- he so khuech tan tac chat trong dung dch va trong
san pham phan ng
C
0
, C
0
- nong o tac chat va san pham trong dung dch, mol/m
3
b,d- so mol cua ta c chat va san pham phan ng, mol
Neu phan ng khong thuan nghch (1/K
c
~ 0)
j
C
D D k
=
+ +
0
1
1
2
2
1 o o
(5.11)
139
ay
o
i
i
D
la he so truyen khoi,
D
i
i
o
la tr lc khuech tan,
1
k
la tr lc ong hoa hoc.
Nh vay, tong tr lc khuech tan va hoa hoc la tr lc chung cua qua trnh:
1 1 1 1
1 2
| | |
+ + =
k
(5.12)
hay j = |
C
0
Neu trong qua trnh trch tao thanh san pham ran dang vo boc chat th tr lc cua no
1
|
la l n nhat, khi o qua trnh dien ra trong vu ng khuech tan trong. Con neu vo boc
chat kho ng hnh thanh va ai lng k u l n th qua trnh dien ra trong vung khuech tan
ngoai. Trng hp qua trnh c quye t nh bi phan ng hoa hoc th no dien ra trong
vung ong hoc.
Dung moi trch li can phai thoa man cac yeu cau nh tnh chon loc, hang so phan
phoi va khuech tan, kho i lng rieng, tnh bat chay, hoat tnh an mon, tnh oc hai
Cac thong so anh hng en qua trnh trch thng la nong o dung moi, kch thc,
o xop cua hat va t lieu, cng o thuy ong, nhiet o va tac ong cua ca c trng lc
khac nhau (ien mot chieu, ien t, tan so cao, li tam) cung nh trong mot so
trng hp co s hien dien cua cac vi sinh vat khac nhau (trch bang vi khuan).
Qua trnh trch co the gian oan va lien tuc. Qua trnh gian oan c tien hanh bang
cach ngam hoac tham ra. Trch li lien tuc tien bo hn c tien hanh bang cach cho
tiep xuc nhieu bac bang cac phng phap cung chieu, ngc chieu va to hp cua
chung. Thiet b trch li rat a dang. Chung c phan loai theo phng thc hoat ong
(lien tuc va gian oan), theo hng chuyen ong cua dung mo i va pha ran (cung
chieu, ngc chieu, khuay tron hoan toan, qua trnh trong lp vat lieu va to hp cua
chung), theo tnh chat tuan hoan cua dung moi (tuan hoan, khong tuan hoan, ti) va
theo cac nguyen tac khac.
2. Hoa tan
Phng phap nay la th c hien qua trnh tng tac d the gia chat long va chat ran
kem theo s dch chuyen chat ran vao dung dch, c ng dung rong rai trong thc
te che bien nhieu loa i chat thai ran.
Kha nang t hoa tan cua chat ran co the c a nh gia bi dau cua ai lng AG (s
thay oi nang lng Gibbs) c xac nh bi cong th c:
AG = AH - TAS (5.13)
140
ay AH - o bien oi entanpi, kJ/kg
AS - o bien oi entropi, kJ/kg
o
K
T - nhiet o tuyet o i,
o
K
Khi AG < 0 co kha nang hoa tan
AG = 0 tng ng vi can bang trong he thong
AG > 0 co kha nang ket tinh
o hoa tan chat ran trong chat long thng b gii han bi nong o ba o hoa C
s
. Van
toc hoa tan c bieu dien bi phng trnh
-
dG
dt
= KF(C
s
- C
t
) (5.14)
ay G- lng chat hoa tan, kg
K- he so truyen khoi,
F- tong be mat cua cac hat tan vao thi iem t, m
2
.
Trong thc te, co trng hp van toc hoa tan c quyet nh khong phai bi khuech
tan chat tan t be mat pha ran vao dung dch, ma bi van toc chuyen pha cua vat chat
vao dung dch (v du o i vi muoi K
2
SO
4
.2MgSO
4
, MgSO
3
.H
2
O). Tuy nhien, ai a
so cac muoi qua trnh hoa tan c quye t nh bi van toc khuech tan, khi o ai
lng K c xac nh theo cong thc
K = K A
1/3
l
-1
(D
l
)
2/3
(5.15)
ay K - he so truyen khoi (oi vi cac muoi tan khue ch tan K = 70 10),
A - hieu khoi lng rie ng pha ran va long, kg/m
3
l
- o nht ong hoc cu a chat long, s/m
2
D
l
- he so khuech tan hu dung cua chat tan,
Thi gian can thiet e hoa tan hoan toan lng chat G cho trc, co the c anh
gia bi bieu thc:
( )
t =
|
\
|
.
|
G
C
C
K F C C
d
c
d d c
.ln
.
A
A
(5.16)
ay AC
, AC
c
- ong lc au va cuoi cua qua trnh, mol/m
3
F
- tong be mat hoa tan cua hat vat lieu, m

2
Qua trnh tan c thc hien trong thiet b hoat ong gian oan (khi nang suat khong
ln - trong lp ha t ran hoac vi s khuay tron) va lien tuc (trong lp chuyen ong
hoac khuay tron).
141
3. Ket tinh
Viec tach pha ran dang tinh the t dung dch bao hoa, t the nong chay hoac hi
c pho bien rong rai trong che bien cac chat thai ran khac nhau.
Kha nang ket tinh cua cau t dung dch c anh gia qua gian o tra ng thai o hoa
tan (C
s
) - nhiet o.
Neu ng cong hoa tan tang nhanh theo nhiet o th khi giam nhiet o mot t dung
dch se chuyen vao vung qua bao hoa va se sinh ra tinh the ran. Luc o nong o cua
dung dch giam. Ket tinh cac dung dch nh the c thc hien bang cach lam lanh
chung.
Neu o hoa tan tang cham theo nhiet o th viec chuyen dung dch vao vung qua bao
hoa ch xay ra khi lam lanh sau va luc o tach ra mot lng khong ln tinh the ran.
Trng hp nay ke t tinh nen tien hanh bang cach loai mot phan dung moi.
Co the co trng hp o hoa tan thay oi khong ang ke trong khoang rong nhiet o.
Trong trng hp nay ket tinh c tien hanh bang cach bay hi dung moi.
Co ba phng thc ket tinh c ban:
1. Ket tinh v i viec loa i mot phan dung mo i nh bay hi hoac ong bang. Phng
thc nay c goi la ket tinh ang nhiet.
2. Ket tinh bang cach lam lanh hoac un nong dung dch vi lng dung moi khong
oi.
3. Phng thc ket tinh ket hp: ket tinh chan khong, ket tinh vi s bay hi mot
phan dung moi trong dong khong kh hoac kh tr tai nhiet khac, ket tinh phan
oan.
Ngoai ra, trong thc te ng i ta con ng dung ket tinh bang muoi (cho vao dung dch
chat lam giam o hoa tan), ket tinh nh phan ng hoa hoc, cung nh ket tinh nhiet o
cao bao am kha nang thu c cac tinh the ngam nc vi ham lng am ket tinh
nho nhat. Van toc cua qua trnh ket tinh thuoc nhieu yeu to (o qua bao hoa, nhiet
o, cng o khuay tron va nong o tap chat) va thay oi theo thi gian qua cc ai.
Van to c ke t tinh c tnh qua hai ai lng van toc tao mam va van toc tang trng
tinh the.
Van toc tao mam
( ) ( )
N C
V N
n R T S
m A
-
=
(
(
.exp
. ln
16
3
3
2
2
3 2
to
, hat / cm
3
.s (5.17)
ay R - hang so kh = 8,31 x 10
-3
kJ/(mol.
0
K)
o - sc cang be mat,
N
A
= 6,022510
23
phan t/mol
142
S - o qua bao hoa, S = C
dd
/C
s
n - so ion tao thanh khi hoa tan 1 phan t
V
m
- the tch mol cua pha ran,
C = 10
25
- gia tr thc nghiem
ng knh ti han cua cac mam tinh the tao tha nh c xac nh theo cong thc
d
V
nRT S
m
=
4o
ln
(5.18)
Van toc tang trng tinh the
( )
J
dm
d
F C C k
s
= =
t
(5.19)
ay F - be mat tinh the,
C - nong o dch cai, mol/m
3
C
s
- nong o bao hoa, mol/m
3
k - he so tang trng toa n phan.
5.4.7 Cac phng phap hoa hoc
Chat thai ran, di goc o cua cong nghe hoa hoc, thc chat la mot loai nguyen lieu
san xuat - nguyen lieu khong sach cha nhieu tap chat - va cung c xem nh mot
loai quang mo nhan tao. V vay, khi che bien chung, ngi ta ap dung cac phng
phap x l nh oi vi quang mo ma ta a neu len trong phan cac phng phap
chung. Ngoai ra, e chuyen cau t muc tieu thanh dang nguyen lieu sach ap ng cac
nhu cau san xuat khac nhau, ngi ta thng bo sung them tac chat khac va khi o se
xay ra cac phan ng hoa hoc gia cau t muc tieu va tac chat bo sung. o chnh la
ban chat cua viec ap du ng phng phap hoa hoc trong x l chat thai ran cong nghiep.
Phng phap hoa hoc c ap dung rat rong ra i v phu hp vi cac chat vo c cung
nh hu c.
5.4.8 Cac phng phap sinh hoa
Phng phap nay da tren kha nang phan huy cac chat hu c trong chat thai bi vi
sinh vat. Phng phap nay c ng dung e chuyen cac chat hu c thanh phan bon
(len men k kh) hoac phan huy chung hoan toan (len men hieu kh).
Mot so vi sinh vat co kha nang chuyen cac hp chat vo c khong tan sang trang thai
tan trong ieu kien xac nh. Phng phap nay goi la trch bang vi khua n. Trch bang
vi khuan c hieu la qua trnh tach chon loc cac nguyen to hoa hoc t hp chat a
cau t trong qua trnh ho a tan chung moi trng nc bi cac vi sinh vat.
Cac vi sinh vat c s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep la vi khuan sat, chung co the
oxi hoa sat hoa tr 2 thanh sat hoa tr 3 cung nh cac sunfua vo c, va vi khuan lu
143
huynh. Nguon nang lng duy nhat cho qua trnh song cua cac vi sinh vat nay la phan
ng oxi hoa cac hp chat vo c kim loai va nguyen to lu huynh.
Vi khuan sat co kha na ng oxi hoa sunfua kim loai, chuyen chung thanh sunphat trc
tiep hoac gian tiep.
2FeSO
4
+
1
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ MeS MeSO
4
+ 2 FeSO
4
+ S
Vi khuan sat c s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep e trch ong t phe thai va
quang ngheo. e trch, ngi ta s dung dung dch nc tren c s Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
va
H
2
SO
4
vi s hien dien cua Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeSO
4
va vi khuan sat.
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2CuS + H
2
O + 3O
2
2CuSO
4
+ 4FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Tren the gii, phng phap trch bang vi khuan a c ap dung rong rai e thu ho i
uranium t quang mo, Zn, Mn, As, Co... Ngi ta ang tm kiem cac vi sinh vat khac
vi muc ch tach c cac chat hu dung rong rai hn. Phng phap trch bang vi
khuan rat tien tien v no cho phep giam ang ke gia thanh cac cau t qu hiem va m
rong cac tai nguyen cong nghiep, bao am tnh kha thi cua viec s dung toan phan
nguyen lieu vo c.
CAU HOI
1. Tong quat cac phng phap x ly CTR? Muc ch cua cac phng phap x ly nay?
2 . Trnh bay cac phng phap x ly CTR bang hoa ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc?
3. Cac yeu to can xem xet khi la chon thie t b lam giam kch thc vat ran?
4. X ly chat thai ran bang phng phap nhiet co nhng u, nhc iem g? So sanh
cac cong nghe x ly bang phng phap nay?
5. Loai chat thai ran na o co the s dung trong cong nghe o t? San pha m sau ot gom
nhng chat g? Anh h ng cac chat nay en moi trng?
6. Tom tat cac phng phap x ly chat thai cong nghiep.
Vi khuan
144
Chng 6: TAI CHE CHAT THAI RAN
Tai che CTR c xep th t u tien th hai sau giam thieu tai nguon trong he thong
quan ly CTR tong hp. Bi v tai che, tai s du ng CTR la mot giai pha p co nhieu u
iem nh:
Tiet kiem tai nguyen thien nhien, giam nhu cau s dung nguyen lieu tho cho
san xuat
Cung cap nguon nguye n lieu th cap co gia tr cho cong nghiep vi chi ph
thap, em lai hieu qua kinh te cho ng i tai che
Ngan nga s phat tan nhng chat oc hai vao moi trng va ranh phai thc
hien cac quy trnh mang tnh bat buoc nh tieu huyhoac chon lap chat thai.
Tai che CTR o th bao gom 1) thu hoi vat lieu t dong thai, 2) qua trnh trung gian phan
loai va nen ep, 3) van chuyen , 4) qui trnh tai che nham chuyen vat lieu tho thanh nguyen
lieu cong nghiep hoac san pham cuoi cung.
Cac qui trnh thu hoi vat lieu, phan loai, nen ep va van chuyen a c xem xet ky cac
chng tren, trong chng nay se gii thieu cong nghe tai che cac phe thai thng gap
trong CTR o th nh nhom, sat thep, nha, giay ...va cong nghe tai che mot so phe thai
cong nghiep cha cac chat vo c va hu c
6.1 CONG NGHE TAI CHE CAC PHE THAI THONG THNG
6.2.1 Tai che nhom
6.2.1.1 Nguon nguyen lieu
Nhom la loai phe lieu co gia tr hn cac loai phe lieu khac nen viec thu hoi nhom
sach t nhom phe lieu co y ngha ve mat kinh te va moi trng rat ln, giam c gia
thanh nguyen lieu au vao san xuat ong thi tiet kiem ngoai te e nhap nhom
thng pham. Ben canh o, nhu cau nang lng can thiet e san xua t lon nhom t
nhom tai che giam 5% so vi nhom nguyen chat. V vay tat ca cac loai nhom phe lieu
eu c thu gom ban lai tai nguon hoac tai mot so tram trung chuyen, nguon cung
cap t cac bai rac la rat t.
Vi ac tnh cua nhom phe lieu la s tinh khiet sau khi nau lai. Nhom phe lieu sau
khi phan loai ky, c a vao nau lai theo ung chung loai se cho ra nguyen lieu co
o tinh khiet khong kha c nguyen lieu chnh pha m. Gan nh toa n bo san pham bang
nhom c tieu thu hie n nay tren th trng (tr hang nhap khau) eu bat nguon t
phe lieu, oi v i mot so san pham cao cap th c pha them mot t nguyen lieu tinh.
Can c vao nguon go c phat sinh, chu ng ta co the chia cac phe lieu nhom lam 2 nhom
chnh:
145
+ Nhom a: Phe lieu nho m phat sinh trong qua trnh s dung t cac chi tiet, phu
tung va cac thiet b a h hong, bao gom 3 loai chnh:
Phe lieu cua nganh cong nghiep gom phan ln la nhom cung mot so vo
lon, hop hong
Phe lieu dan dung: chu yeu la cac vo lon bia, nc ngot, phe lieu
Phe lieu quan dung.
+ Nhom b: Phe lieu nho m sinh ra trong qua trnh san xuat, gia cong kim loai,
gom cac loai phe lieu luyen kim, phe lieu trong san xuat can, phe lieu sinh ra trong
qua trnh ma, phu trang be mat
Lng phe lieu trong nhom a va b phu thuoc vao quy nhom kim loai trong nen kinh
te quoc dan. Hien nay, phe lieu nhom a chiem khoang 40 - 50% tong lng phe lieu
nhom tai sinh. Xa hoi cang phat trien cao, ky thuat cang hoan thien th phe lieu nhom
cua nhom a tang va cua nhom b giam.
6.2.1.2 Qua trnh ta i che nhom
Qua trnh ta i che nhom co the mo ta mot cach to ng quat theo quy trnh cong nghe nh
sau:
au tien, nhom phe lie u c phan ra thanh 2 loai: nhom deo (bien dang c) va
nhom cng (cha nhieu Silic) ch c dung e uc san pham nhom. Nhom c lam
sach khoi at, cat, bui, vo nha, sat thep, ong, dau m bang cac bien phap c hoc va
hoa hoc.
Sau o, phe lieu phai c ra sach bang nc va say kho 150
o
C. Cac phe lieu
dang reo, lon, phoi can em ong banh c 2 - 3 kg, khoi lng rieng phai at 1,5 -
1,8 kg/dm
3
.
Nau chay mot phan phe lieu trong lo nau luyen, ong thi bo sung chat tr dung.
Chat tr dung gom: NaCl, KCl, Na
3
ClF
3
vi t le tuy vao san pham se c che tao.
Trong qua trnh nau luyen can am bao khuay tron hieu qua nham tra nh tnh trang
phe lieu khong nong chay het va gat lp mang x tren be mat nhom long tranh lp
nhom oxit lan vao nho m long hay lang xuong ay noi. Vao cuoi qua trnh nau, bo
sung them chat bien tnh vao noi e tinh luyen nhom.
Nhom long sau khi tinh luyen c o vao khuon uc e tao thanh phoi nhom hoac
uc trc tiep san pham nhom trong trng hp nhng san pham co kieu dang ac
biet, khong can can lan nh quai noi, voi am, nieng xe, ve xe Phoi nhom la nguon
nguyen lieu cho qua trnh san xuat cac san pham nhom thong qua cac cong oan:
Can mong: phoi nhom dang cac mang nhom t lo uc se c chuyen ve
c s san xuat e can thanh tam bi may can. Quy trnh can bao gom:
- Can pha: can lan th nhat cho mang nhom mong hn.
146
- Can mong: can lan th hai theo o day ma san pham can. e tranh b nt
ne mieng nhom, thng mang se c hap cho deo ra trc khi can.
Cat tron: nhom sau khi c cat thanh mieng se c cat tron theo ng knh
quy nh, phu thuoc va o kch thc san pham san xuat. Cac mieng tron se
c chuyen sang khau lan thanh san pham (noi, xoong, chao, mam) con reo
tha se c tuan hoan lai lo nau.
Lan: cac mieng nhom sau khi c cat tron se c nhng ngi th co
chuyen mon, tay nghe cao lan thanh san pham theo yeu cau.
Hnh 6.1 Quy trnh tai sinh nho m t phe lieu
e lam mat i dau m cua bui nhom, nang cao tnh tham my, cac san pham nhom sau
khi tao thanh can phai c anh bo ng trc khi a ra th trng.
6.2.2 Tai che sat va thep phe lieu
Hau he t cac c s san xuat co lien quan en sat t nhieu eu s dung mo t phan phe lie u.
Cung gio ng nh nguon phat sinh nhom phe lieu, sat thep phe lie u phat sinh hau nh t
tat ca cac nganh, t cac hoat ong quan dung, xay dng va trong sinh hoat hang ngay.
V vay, nguo n nguyen lieu cho qua trnh tai che sat rat a dang va phong phu
oi vi cac lon thep, cac loai bao b thep va cac loai sat phe thai phat sinh trong sinh
hoat hang ngay se c thu gom bi cac va ve chai ln, sau o phan loai va nen ep,
ong kien trc khi chuyen en c s tai che.
Hien nay, co rat nhieu phng thc tai che sat thep tuy thuoc vao nguon nguyen lieu
au vao cung nh yeu cau san pham thep. Tai che sat thep se thc hien theo 2
Nhom phe lieu
Chua n b lieu
Nau chay
Tinh luye n
u c
Phoi
San pham uc
Tr dung che phu
X
Nhom lo ng sach
Tr dung tinh
H
o
i
l
i
e
u
147
khuynh hng chnh la: nau luyen va khong nau luyen. Trong o, cac hoat ong cua
tai che khong nau luyen se ch s dung cac tac ong c ly e tao hnh san pham mi
tren nen sat thep cu, cu the cac hoat ong nay thng bao gom:
1. Can keo sat: sat t va phe lieu mua ve bao gom u moi kch thc va moi
c s se la chon kch c va quy cach phu hp vi may moc cua c s mnh.
Sat phe lieu nay c nung len cho o roi sau o a qua may can e hnh
thanh nhng thanh sat tron. Phan ln nguyen lieu sat nay se cung ca p cho
nganh xay dng e o betong hoac cac c s san xuat ca sat, khung sat
2. Ngoai ra, con co cac loai can keo khong qua la , c goi la sat nguoi.
Quy trnh ch n gian la can hay keo. oi vi mot so sat co kch th c qua
ln nh vo bom, vo tau th trc khi nung nong e can, keo ngi ta se dung
han gio a e cat thanh tng tam nho, sau o a vao may cat, cat thanh tng
thanh nho roi mi chuye n qua nung va keo.
3. Dap lon thiec: nguon phe lieu chu yeu la cac lon thiec nh lon sa, lon
nc ngot, lon cha cac loai bot, thc pham Cac lon nay c c s thu mua
t cac va, c phan loai va lam sach, sau o se c cat bo nap e thanh
nhng tam nho. Nhng tam nay c a vao may dap e tao thanh cac lon
mi vi nhieu kch th c khac nhau tuy thuoc vao n at hang.
4. San xuat inh, oc vt: nhng phe lieu co kch thc vun, nho se c cac c
s san xuat thanh cac loai inh, oc vt bang may dap, khoa, tien Th trng
tieu thu chu yeu la cac ch kim loai.
Rieng vi trng hp ta i che sat thep dung phng phap nau luyen, mot so tnh chat
ly - hoa cua sat thep se b bien oi do bo sung cac chat tr dung. e hie u ro hn ve
phng phap nay, ta co the tham khao quy trnh san xuat cua nha may Thep Nha Be
c trnh bay di ay:
Nha may Thep Nha Be c thanh lap t nam1973, la mot n v kinh te quo c
doanh, trc thuoc Cong ty thep Mien Nam, san xuat cac san pham thep tron cuon,
thep tron thang, thep va n, thep goc vi cong suat 191850 tan/nam (1998) trong o s
dung nguon nguyen lieu chu yeu la sat phe lieu. Hie n ta i, nha may co 3 phan xng
san xuat va 1 phan xng phu tr vi quy trnh hoat ong nh sau:
a) Phan xng chuan b lie u
Chc nang cua phan x ng nay la chuyen thu mua, phan loai, lam sach va che
bien thep phe lieu theo ung quy cach.
Tiep nhan nguyen lieu: nguyen lieu la sat, thep, gan, vun hoac phe lieu
thu mua t cac nguon khac nhau chuyen ve nha may va cha bai tap trung.
Tai ay phe lieu c phan loai theo thanh pha n, kch thc, o dai va loai bo
cac phe lieu gay no cu ng vi cac tap chat c hoc, at, cat, giay, Sau o
148
nguyen lieu c van chuyen bang cau truc co trang b mam t. Cac loai lieu
ln, dai c cat bang may cat lien tuc, may cat mot ben hoac may cat con va
cho vao thung cha theo ung quy cach roi c can bang can moc.
Che bien lieu: Khi cho lieu vao thung, tuy thuo c vao yeu cau mac thep,
lieu c che bien thch hp bang cach them bt gang hoac thep. Lie u c
cha trong 4 thung co thanh phan va khoi lng xac nh va c van chuyen
en phan xng luyen bang xe goong.
b) Phan xng luyen
Chc nang cua phan xng nay la nau luyen thep, xng co 2 lo oc lap: lo luyen 10
tan va 12 tan. Trnh t cong tac cua phan xng luyen:
Chuan b lo va nap lieu: sau mot vai me nau, lo c kiem tra ky, kiem
tra ien cc, lu lng nc lam nguoi ien cc, he thong nang ha ien cc,
Lo c bao tr bang bo t magie. Khi lo a chuan b xong, lieu se c na p vao
bang cau truc nang. Cac thung cha lieu theo quy cach:
Thung 1: 6,0 tan
Thung 2: 5,5 tan
Thung 3: 4,5 tan
Thung 4: 3,8 tan
Chuan b cac chat tr dung: Chat tr dung c s du ng la: feromangan,
ferosilic, huy nh thach, voi, than. Cac chat nay c nap trc vao nh cau tru c.
Nau luyen: Qua trnh na u luyen gom 3 giai oan:
+ Giai oan nau chay: sau khi nap lieu, lo c phat ho quang e nau
chay thep. Giai oan nay lau nhat va tieu hao na ng lng nhieu nhat.
+ Giai oan oxy hoa: kim loai a nong chay hoan toan, nhie t o rat cao
tao ieu kien thuan l i cho cac nguyen to C, Si, Mn, P, S khuech tan vao
kim loai, at en ham lng yeu cau. giai oan nay xi c thao ra t
60 - 70% va bo sung CaO (1-1,5% khoi lng me)
+ Giai oan hoan nguyen: giai oan nay quyet nh chat lng thep:
Kh cac oxit FeO, MnO, SiO
2
,
Kh S en gii han cho phep
Tinh luyen va hp kim hoa thep
Kh cac kh H
2
, N
2
, trong thep
149
Lam nguoi: ien cc trong qua trnh luyen va thep sau khi uc can c
lam nguoi lien tuc bang nc. Sau o nc la m nguoi c giai nhie t, kh
cng va tuan hoan tr la i.
X ly kh tha i: Trong qua trnh nau luyen phat sinh mot lng ln kh tha i
cha bui va cac chat o nhiem khac, kh thai na y c hut qua he thong x ly
nham cai thien moi trng lam viec cung nh moi trng khong kh khu vc
xung quanh.
X ly x: X sinh ra trong lo luyen trang thai nong chay c o ra cac
ho cha, e nguoi va thue van chuyen i san lap mat bang.
uc thoi: Thep ra lo c he thong ben nghieng lo o thep long ra thung
rot trung gian. Thung nay nh cau truc chuyen en khuon uc. ay thep
long c rot vao khuo n, lam nguoi bang nc, ran thang va cat thanh cac
thanh co chieu dai xac nh.
c) Phan xng can
Chc nang cua phan xng nay la tao hnh cho thep san pham. Cac giai oan cua qua
trnh can nh sau:
Nung thep: Cac thoi thep cho vao lo e nung en nhiet o 1.150
0
C.
Nhien lieu lo nung la dau FO.
Can thep: Thep sau khi nung at nhiet o 1.150
0
C c ay qua cac may
can tho, can trung va can tinh e tao ra san pham thep V hoac thep tron, gan
san pham sau o c xe nang chuyen en bai cha.
S o cong nghe cua toa n bo qua trnh san xuat sat thep cua nha may nh sau:
150
Hnh 6.2 Quy trnh tai che sat thep cua nha ma y Thep Nha Be
6.2.3 Tai che nha
Cac san pham nha ngay cang chiem lnh th trng va co kha nang thay the cac san
pham bang kim loai, thuy tinh va giay. Do ac tnh nhe nen chi ph van chuyen cac san
pham nha bao gi cung re hn cac san pham khac. San pham nha thch hp e cha
ng ca c loai th c pham t cung nh kho . Cung vi s phat trien cua cac mat hang
bang nha, nh a phe thai, ac biet la bao nilon ngay cang chiem mot t trong ang ke
trong thanh phan cua CTRSH. Ngoai ra, vi toc o phat trien nhanh cua cac nganh
cong nghiep, nhat la cong nghiep ho a chat, viec s dung cac bao b, thung cha bang
nha ngay cang c a chuong b i tnh chat an toan, tranh cac phan ng an mon xay
ra. V vay, ne u toan bo nha phe thai sinh ra c thu ho i se giu p giam ang ke the
tch CTR can x ly .
e tien cho viec phan loai nha khi tai sinh, cac nha san xuat cac san pham bao b
nha hien nay s dung ky hieu rieng cho tng loai san pha m nha va anh so th t
t 1 7, ac trng cho hau het cac loai nha. Bang phan loai c trnh bay nh sau:
Bang 6.1 Ky hieu phan loai cac san pham nha
Vt liu K hiu va
ma so
Muc dch s dung %kl nha s dung
cho bao goi
Polyetilen
terephtalat
1- PETE Chai nc giai khat, bao b thc phm 7
Tuan hoan
nc
Phe lie u sat
thep cac loai
Phan loa i
Cat
Phe lie u no, tap
chat vo c, giay,
at, g
Phoi lieu
Gang
xam
Chua n b lo,
nap cha t tr
dung
Fe-Mn
Fe-Si
Vo i
Than
Kple
Nau cha y Nung
Oxy hoa
Hoan nguyen
The p thoi
Rot vao khuon
Nung Can
Lam nguo i
Ke o, nan thang va cat
do ng the p
X
The p can thanh pham
Kh thai
Tuan hoan
nc
Tuan hoan
nc
Xyclon
151
Hight- density PE 2-HDPE Chai sa, bnh ng chat tay ra, tui
xach
31
Polyvinyl clorua 3 - PVC Hop ng thc an, ong nha 5
Low-density PE 4- LDPE Bao b nilon, tam lot , cac vat lieu
dang mang khac
33
Polypropylen 5 - PP Thung, hop, sot, ro 10
Polystyren 6 - PS Ly, a, khuon uc 10
Cac loai khac 7 - nha khac Nha hon hp 4
Tng t phe thai khac, phe thai nha cung c chia ra phe lieu san xuat va sinh
hoat. Trong san xuat, chat thai ran c tao thanh cac dang khac nhau nh thoi,
cuc, si Chat thai cua qua trnh tao hnh vat lieu t nha co dang vie n hoac la vat
lieu hong, cac oan cat Chat thai cong nghe c s dung trc tiep nha may la
thch hp nhat v khong can phai tinh luyen tr c khi s dung va s dung thiet b ac
biet. Nhng chat thai na y c s dung chu yeu theo hai hng:
1) Tao ra san pham chnh hoac cac san pham co cong thc tng t.
2) San xuat o dung th ca p.
hng th nhat, phe thai thng c dung ngay sau khi hnh thanh. Trong mot so
trng hp, chung c thu gom t ong va cho vao thiet b nghien, sau o c tron
chung vi nguyen lieu chnh va a vao may ep, may tao hnh. Ham lng phe lieu
trong nguyen lieu thng khoang 5 -10%, nhng trong nhieu trng h p cung co the
at en 20% hoac cao hn.
Hng che bien chat thai cong nghe th hai bao gom phan loai (tach ta p chat la va
loai bo phan khong thch hp), nghien va tao ha t e san xua t cac o dung co nhu cau
s dung rong rai (bao b, tam trai, o chi, o ky niem...). Noi chung, viec che bien
phe thai trong cong nghe san xuat o dung bang nha a giai quyet c cac van e
ton ong trong pham vi san xuat rieng va khong che o nhiem cho san xuat nha.
Van e quan trong hn la qua trnh loai tap chat va s dung phe thai nha sinh hoat.
ac iem noi bat cua van e nay la o ben cua phe lie u nha trong ie u kien t nhien,
dan e n s gay o nhie m moi tr ng ro ret. Nam 1980, phe thai nh a Anh co kho i
lng khoang 1,35 trieu tan (san l ng 2,145 trieu tan), va My la 2,5 trieu tan (san
lng 17,5 trieu tan).
Nha phe thai cha mot lng ln cac chat hu c co gia tr . Cac chat nay se lam giam
nhu cau s dung cac nguyen lieu t nhien nh kh ot, dau mo va giam o nhiem moi
trng neu c tai s dung. Ve mat kinh te, gia thanh PVC, PE, PS th cap thap hn vat
lieu chnh t 2,5 - 6 lan, con gia thanh capron th cap thap hn capron chnh pham
khoang 12 lan.
152
Qua trnh che bien phe thai nha thanh o dung phai qua cac giai oan chuan b
nguyen lieu nh thu gom, la chon, lam sach cac tap chat, nen ep va tao hat. Phng
phap che bien phu thuo c chu yeu vao o sach, kch thc hnh hoc, hnh dang ben
ngoai, tnh chat va ham lng tap chat ben trong nha va mot so yeu to khac.
Phe thai nha sinh hoa t trc khi c s dung lai thng phai tach cac tap chat sinh
hoat khac. Cac phng phap tach gom co nghien, sang, phan loai, ket hp vi cac
dang phan rieng khac (phan rieng bang khong kh, chan khong, t, tnh ien, thuy
lc) trch li, tuyen noi
Cac s o tai che phe thai nha san xua t th ng n gian hn do kho ng can phan
rieng, ch can phan loai theo hnh dang, sau o c ra va say.
Co the tach nha co tnh deo nong ra khoi nen vai bang cac phng phap phan rieng
bang khong kh nh ne u tren. Trong qua trnh nay, phe thai nha de o nong dang
tam tren nen vai (polime, vai bam nho, bui vai...) c tach bi dong khong kh trong
xiclon va pheu gio xoa y. Hon hp polime vun va vai bam c tach ra bi dong
khong kh va c a ra ong dan e tron vi bu i vai.
Khi s dung phng phap tuyen noi, sc cang be mat cua he khong kh-polime-nc
thay oi nh s la cho n nong o cac chat tham t khac nhau. Khi o, mot phan
nha a c nghien no i len nh tac ong cua bot kh, con mot so khac cung vi tap
chat lang xuong ay. Chat tham t co the la ligninsunphat natri, axit tannic, keo
ong vat (gelatin), chat hoat tnh cation, anion va cac chat gien khong phan li.
S phan huy mot phan cua phe thai nha an ho i deo (nha flo, capron) lam mat kha
nang s dung chung nh la vat lieu chnh pham. Phe thai nay c s dung thch hp
nhat dang bot e lam chat bao phu khong b mai mon hoac nhng chi tiet quan
trong. Bot phe thai nay co the thu c nh nghien phe thai nhiet o thap hoac
trong may nghien bua vi s co mat cua nit long (hoac CO
2
). Cach hieu qua hn ca
la lam lanh s bo phe thai trc khi nghien.
Nhieu phng phap tai sinh cac loai polime khac cung a c nghien cu. Ngi ta
thng s dung phng phap hoa tan e chuye n phe thai sang trang thai thch hp
trc khi x ly.
Phng phap hoa tan c s dung e tach vo PVC cua day ien hoac cap ien ra
khoi kim loai. Theo phng phap nay, phe thai nghien nho c ngam trong
dioctylphtalat, tricrejylphotphat, dibutylphtalat, glixerin e lp vo tr nen mem va
trng n. Sau o, chung c tach bang may li tam.
Khi nau chay phe thai, ta se thu c nha capron th cap. Phe thai c nung chay
trong ong gia nhiet ng, hon hp nong chay c ep qua voi pha ay ong. Cac si
hnh thanh t ay se c lam nguoi trong be nc va nghien nho. Ca c hat capron
tiep tuc c ra nhieu lan bang nc no ng e loai cac chat co khoi lng phan t
thap, say di ap suat chan khong, va cuoi cung che bien thanh san pham tieu dung.
153
Can chu y la hon hp chat phe thai cua PE, PS, PVC khi nong chay co kha nang ket
dnh v i can t qua trnh x l cac ion kim loa i nang trong nc thai cong nghiep.
ieu nay cho phep tien hanh ket hp ong thi viec tai s dung cac chat thai neu tren
bang cach che bien chu ng thanh vat lieu th ca p. Mot v du cu the la ho n hp can kho
co cha crom vi polimetylen, polistyren, polivinylclorua theo t le 3:1:1:1 se c
hoa long va nha hoa trong hai may un ep mac noi tiep, sau o c a vao may
nh hnh.
Trong thc te x l phe thai polime, ngi ta thng chon mot trong cac phng thc:
chuyen chung thanh sa n pham th cap co thanh phan hoa hoc tng t polime ban
au, phan huy bang tac nhan oxi hoa (hoac nhie t), tieu huy.
Hnh 6.3 S o tai sinh nha phe thai
1- Bang tai van chuyen bao phe thai; 2- May nghien; 3- Phan loai bang kho ng kh; 4-
May phan loai bang t; 5- May ra; 6- Bang tai; 7- May say; 8- May nghien; 9- May
ep; 10- C cau tao vien; 11- Thung cha.
6.2.3.1 Tan dung khong thay oi cau truc ban au cua nha
Phe thai polime c x ly bang nhieu phng phap khac nhau nh un ep, o khuon
di ap suat cao, can e thu thanh pham. Phe thai PVC cng c nghien thanh cac
hat 4 mm, tron vi phu gia tao deo, mau va cha t on nh 150
o
C trong 10 - 15 phut,
khoi chat thu c sau o c em i che bien thanh o dung.
Phe thai nha kho ng phan loai c co the che bien thanh vat lieu xay dng. oi vi
trng hp nay, phe tha i c ra, nghien, tao hat hoac nen ep e tang o cng cho
N c
Cha t hoa t o ng be ma t
N
c
C
h
a
t
h
o
a
t
o
n
g
b
e
m
a
t
Ha t
Kim loa i na ng
N c
N c
Kho ng kh
Phe tha i na ng
N c
Kho ng kh
N c
154
vat lieu. Trong san xua t vat lieu xay dng, ngi ta thng ap dung phng phap
nong chay, tron, ep e san xuat gach, tam lot, ga ch bloc...
Tuy nhien, hng x ly phe thai polime nha pho bien nhat la chuyen chung thanh
dang nguyen lieu th ca p.
Mot trong cac van e cap bach can c giai quyet la viec tai s dung bao nilon
(Polietylen). ay la san pham c s dung ngay cang nhieu trong cac nganh san xuat.
Sau ay la quy cong nghe e che bien bao PE phe thai thanh cac vat lieu nh ong
nc, o tieu dung va bao nilon th cap (xem hnh 6.4). T kho nguyen lieu, bao
nilon phe thai co ham lng tap chat nho hn 5% c a i phan loai. Qua trnh
nay nham muc ch tach tap chat va chat ban. Sau qua trnh chon loc, nilon c
nghien trong may nghien dao t hoac kho e at c kch thc 2-9 mm. Tiep
theo, chung c ra trong may ra vt tai hay may giat (oi vi trng hp nghien
kho). Qua trnh ra c tien hanh bang hon hp cac chat tay ra ac biet. Vat lieu
sau khi vat kho co o am 10 -15% se c kh nc hoan tan trong may say bang
khong kh 65 -75
o
C khoang 30 - 60 phut. Sau khi say, khoi vat lieu co o am nho hn
0,2% c nhap vao ma y nen ep va tao hat.
Hnh 6.4 S o san xuat mang PE th cap
1- Bo pha n loai phe thai; 2- May nghien; 3- May ra; 4- May li tam; 5-May say; 6-
Nhap lieu; 7- May ep u n; 8- May tao hat; 9- Ma y tron; 10- May tao mang.
Trong may ep, PE c ep chat qua li loc va lo khuon e tao thanh dang si, roi
c keo qua be nc la m nguoi (nhiet o giam xuong 35 - 40
o
C) va a en may cat
tao hat. ay, cac si nha se b cat thanh ha t co chieu dai 3-6mm. Cac hat nay
c i vao may sang rung. Tai ay, o am cu a hat giam xuong s 0,2% nh dong
khong kh nong 80
o
C thoi qua. Hat c cho vao may tron vi cac hat PE chnh pham
theo t le 6:4. ay la t le toi u e bao am tnh on nh cua bao nilon th cap. Trong
khi tron, ta co the cho them bot mau va tac chat tinh che mang.
Hon hp thu c sau o c ep thanh tam nilon co chieu day 80 - 200 m. T quy
trnh tren, gia thanh cu a bao nilon th cap se thap hn bao nilon c san xuat t
7
5
8
9
7 10
4 3 2 1
San pha m
155
nguyen lieu chnh pham. Ngi ta tien hanh bien tnh bao nilon phe thai bang cach
bo sung cac chat on vo c nh ZnO, TiO
2
, tac chat lien ket va chat an hoi.
Bao nilon phe thai con c che bien thanh o dung bang cach o khuon di ap suat
150 - 200
o
C. Phe thai cua bao PVC co the c dung e san xuat vat lieu xay dng
nh tam lot PVC mot lp. Phe thai cua thuy tinh hu c la nguyen lieu rat tot e san
xuat o lu niem va o chi.
6.2.3.2 Tai sinh phan huy
oi vi mot so dang phe thai polime, viec x ly bang hoa va nhiet (gom qua trnh
chuyen hoa polime ban au thanh nguyen lieu san xuat hay cac san pha m co gia tr
khac) la phng phap thch hp nhat.
Qua trnh kh va trung ngng phe tha i capron di tac dung cua axit photphoric va
hi qua nhiet a c thc hien trong quy mo cong nghiep. V du, phe thai capron
ran c phan huy thanh hon hp hi kh (cha en 25% caprolactam), sau o c
co ac en 80% va lam sach. n phan t thu c chiem t le 75 - 80%. ay la t le
thch hp cho tai s dung trong san xuat.
T PE th cap, ta co the thu sap PE bang phng phap phan huy nhiet. Sap nay c
s dung e lam khuon uc hoac phu gia cho hon hp bitum asphat nham tang o
cng va kha nang chu mai mon cua lp phu cho ng giao thong.
Nhiet phan la hng tai che phe lieu nha tie n tien. San pham cua qua trnh nay
c dung lam nguyen lieu e tong hp chat hu c hoac nhien lieu. Qua trnh nhiet
phan polime phe thai thng c tien hanh 300 - 900
o
C.
Bot polipuretan phe tha i c thuy phan 290-320
o
C bang hi nc e tao thanh
ru a nguyen t, diamin va CO
2
dung trong san xuat bot poliuretan.
Phan ln phe lieu cua nganh san xuat nha la can t qua trnh x l nc thai co
thanh phan phc tap va thng c thai bo. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu trng hp, cac
phe thai tren co the c tai s dung vi hieu qua rat cao. V du trong san xuat tam
nha acrilic butadien styren, nc thai dang dung dch latex uc c x l bang
phng phap hoa l vi chat keo tu la sunphat amon. Can hnh thanh dang bot nhao,
mau trang co cha 5-10% polime latex, 4-5% Al(OH)
3
, 5-7% bot go va 78-86% nc.
Thanh phan cua phan hu c trung bnh la: 46,7% C; 19,9% N
2
; 17,0% O
2
; 9,7% H
2
;
5,4% Cl
2
va 1,3% S. Phan vo c co nhiet o nong chay ln hn 1 500
o
C cha 91,9%
Al
2
O
3
(cac oxit khac dang Fe
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, SO
3
2-
, Na
2
O, K
2
O...).
T nha phe thai, co the san xuat than e x l kh thai va nc thai sa n xuat. S co
mat cua am va cac kh t qua trnh nhiet phan lam cho chat hap phu co cau truc xop,
co kha nang hap phu cao. Qua trnh nhiet phan thng c tien hanh 700-750
o
C.
Cac th nghiem a cho thay dang than nay co kha nang hap phu rat hieu qua kim loai
nang va dau co trong nc thai.
156
Vi nguon nguyen lieu nha phe thai doi dao va phong phu ve chung loai cung keo
theo rat nhieu phng thc san xuat nha tai sinh tao ra nhieu san pham khac nhau,
co the tom tat nh sau:
- Cac c s chuyen xay bam phe lieu nha, sau o r a sach bang nc roi
em phi kho tren cac bai at trong. ac iem cua nhng c s nay la gia
cong va rat thu cong.
- Cac c s tao hat: s dung phe lieu xay a c phi kho e ta o thanh
nhng hat nh a nguyen lieu cung cap cho nh ng c s san xuat .
- Cac c s san xuat mat hang t nha phe lieu: bao gom nhng c s s dung
100% hat nha phe lieu cho san xuat va ca nh ng c s s du ng hat phe lieu
pha tron vi hat nha chnh pham theo mot ty le nao o, tuy thuoc va o san
pham san xuat hay gia tr cua hang san xuat nha m ha gia thanh san pha m.
Ngoai ra, con co cac c s va xay, va ta o hat va san xuat. Tuy nhien so lng nhng
c s nay khong nhieu v oi hoi mat bang va vo n san xuat ln.
Quy trnh tai che: chu yeu gom 4 giai oa n chnh
1. Phan loai: thng c tien hanh bi nhng ng i lao ong ngheo hoac thue mn
nham phan loai, lam sach thanh tng loai nh PE, PP, PVC, PS rieng biet.
2. Xay bam va phi kho: phe lieu sau khi c pha n loai, lam sach se c a vao
may xay e xay nho va a qua mot be nc e ngam va ra sach chat ba n. Sau o
c em phi kho tai cac bai at trong roi ong lai thanh bao va chuye n en cac
c s tao hat.
3. Tao hat: tai ay, cac mau nha phe lieu c a vao mot mot bo phan e xay
nhuyen va pha mau theo yeu cau san xuat. Tiep theo, cac mau nha c lam nong
chay trong mot ong dai va c mot truc ep ay qua mot tam li e tao thanh
nhng si nha co ng knh khoang 0,3 0,4cm. Sau o, cac si nha nay c
dan qua be nc lanh nham lam ong cng si nha va cuoi cung c mot may
cat cat ra thanh nhng hat nho.
4. San pham: hat nha sau khi c tao thanh se c a en cac c s san xuat san
pham. tuy thuoc va o loa i san pham se san xuat nh: thoi tui, dep, ong nc, ro,
thau, ma may moc se khac nhau.
Di ay la quy trnh sa n xuat day ai t nh a thai
157
Hnh 6.5 Quy trnh san xuat day ai t nha thai
6.2.4 Tai che thuy tinh
So vi cac nganh tai che phe lieu khac th quy trnh san xuat cua thuy tinh phe lieu
n gian hn.
Hau het thuy tinh c dung san xuat cac loai chai lo thuy tinh mi, mot phan nho
dung e che tao bong thuy tinh hoac chat cach ien bang si thuy tinh, vat lieu lat
ng va vat lieu xay dng nh gach, a lat ng, a lat san nha va be tong nhe.
Quy trnh ta i che chai lo thuy tinh
1. Loai tr phe lieu: thuy tinh phe lieu t cac v a chuyen ve c phan loai da
theo mau va mc o tinh khiet, sau o c ra sach va a p vun.
2. Nung va san xuat san pham: thuy tinh vun c o vao lo nung, lo nung c lam
bang gach chu la va mot ca e o thuy tinh phe lieu vao noi. Khi nhiet o lo
tang cao, thuy tinh nong se chay theo cac mang e ra khuon. Thng mot lo co t
4 6 khuon. San pham sau khi lay ra khoi khuon tiep tuc nh hnh tren ng
hap nham tranh gay bot cho san pham neu nhiet o thay oi ot ngot.
San pham e nguoi c kiem tra va ong bao xuat xng, nhng san pham khong
at tieu chuan se b ap v e nau lai.
ac iem cua nganh na y la hao hut nguyen lieu rat t va khong can s dung chat phu
gia trong qua trnh tai che.
Ngoai tai che ra, thuy tinh phe lieu con c tai s dung. Mot so phe lieu con nguyen
ven se c thu gom va ra sach, sau o phan c loai theo kch thc, kieu dang,
mau hoac phan loai theo mat hang ng trong o nh nc tng, nc mam, nc
giai khat... va c ban lai cho cac c s san xuat ra chung e ho dan nhan va ng
san pham mi.
KEO HAT
UC KHUON
BAM NHO
TRON
MAU
THOI
SAN
PHAM
Nguye n lieu : Bao nha PP, day
ai, nha ta m phe pham
LAM SACH BAM NHO NUNG
CHAY
SAN PHAM
NGUYEN LIEU
158
6.2.5 Tai che va tai s dung giay - carton
Giay la vat dung pho bien trong sinh hoa t, ong thi lng giay tha i ra hang ngay la
rat l n va u mo i loai, t mau giay vun cho en nhng tam cacton ln. Theo cac ket
qua ieu tra cho thay, giay va carton chiem 1,2 - 4,6% khoi lng dong thai. u iem
ln nhat ve mat moi trng cua tai che - tai s dung giay la tiet kiemtai nguyen rng
s dung lam nguyen lieu cho san xuat giay.
ac iem cua nganh nay la giay phe lieu khong ch c tai che nh ng c s tieu
thu cong nghiep vi nhng may moc n gian, thu cong hoac quy mo nho ma con
nhng x nghiep quy mo ln.
Hoat ong ta i s dung
Chu yeu la s dung nh ng bao b cacton b loai bo e cat, ong la i thanh nhng bao
b co kch thc nho hn, cung cap cho nhng c s san xuat khac. Nguon cung cap
phe lieu thng t nhng nguon on nh nh cac cua hang, kho va phe lieu loai nay
thng sach se va nguyen ven.
Quy trnh hoat ong rat n gian: phe lieu c phan loai, sap xep theo kch thc,
sau o c a vao ba n cat va cat theo yeu ca u cua n at hang. Cuoi cung c
bam lai thanh cac hop va xuat xng. May moc thiet b n gian ch bao gom ban cat
va may bam giay.
Hoat ong ta i che: s dung toan bo giay phe lieu cac loai.
oi vi nhng c s nho th quy trnh tng oi n gian. Phe lieu c phan loai
trang, en, nhuom mau, sau o ngam va tay cho sach roi c loc e lay phan bot
giay, tiep theo bot giay c em trang tren nhng tam phen va phi nang cho kho.
San pham t quy trnh n gian nay co chat lng rat kem, phan ln ch bao gom
nhng mat hang nh gia y tien vang bac, giay goi hang, giay boi
oi vi nhng c s co quy mo hien ai hn th quy trnh co them cac may moc e
nghien giay thanh bot va s dung cac truc xeo giay. V vay san pham co chat lng
cao hn va san lng cung nhieu hn. San pha m cua cac c s nay thng la giay
cuon vang, giay ba cng, giay ve sinh
6.3 TAI CHE CHAT THAI RAN CONG NGHIEP - CTR VO C
Trong cong nghiep hoa chat, lng chat ran c hnh thanh ln nhat trong cac nganh
san xuat axit sunfuaric, phan vo c va soa. ay la cac hoa chat c ban co nhu cau
ng dung cao va c san xuat vi nang suat ln, do o, lng chat thai tao thanh
cung rat ln. Trong pha n nay se trnh bay cac dang chu yeu cua chat thai ran vo c
hie n ang phat sinh t cac nganh san xuat khac nhau Tp. HCM va ca c phng an
x ly theo hng tai s dung chung.
159
6.3.1 Tai che CTR do san xuat axit sunfuaric t quang pirit sat
San xuat axit sunfuaric c tien hanh bang ca ch nung quang pirit, hay ot kh lu
huynh, lu huynh t nhien, nung cac sunfua kim loai e tao ra SO
2
va sau o chuyen
hoa thanh H
2
SO
4
.
Quang pirit thong th ng cha 53,5% lu huy nh va 46,5% sat. Tuy nhien, s hien
dien cua ca c tap chat nh cat, at set, cac sunfua kim loai mau, cacbonat, hp chat
cua As, Se, Ag, Au lam giam ham lng cua lu huynh trong quang pirit tuyen noi,
con 32-40%. Quang thie u ket c hnh thanh nh la mot phe pham khi nung quang
pirit sat. Quang thieu ket cha chu yeu la sat vi ham lng t 40 en 63%, lu
huynh 1 - 2%, Cu 0,33 - 0,47%, Zn 0,42 - 1,35%, Pb 0,32 - 0,58%, va mo t so kim loai
qu hiem 0,001 0,002%.
Kh lu huynh thoat ra t lo se b nhiem ban b i bui thieu ket va cac ta p chat khac.
Nong o bui phu thuoc cong nghe san xuat, chat lng va mc o nghien nguyen
lieu, ket cau lo Tuy vao kieu lo, nong o bui dao ong trong khoang 1 - 200g/m
3
.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cu a bui thc te tng t nh thanh phan quang thieu ket. Trc
khi che bien thanh axit sunfuaric, kh nay pha i c x l e loai bui trong cac xiclon
va thiet b loc ien kho, at en nong o 0,1 g/m
3
.
Hien nay, phng phap chu yeu ieu che axit sunfuaric la xuc tac, ngha la SO
2
se b
oxi hoa thanh SO
3
vi xuc tac V
2
O
5
. Bui va cac tap chat con sot sau khi qua thiet b
loc ien se gay ngo oc xuc tac, lam ban thiet b, ta ng tr lc va bam dnh vao san
pham. V vay, kh lo sau loc ien phai c x l them bang cach ra lien tuc vi
dung dch axit sunfuaric lanh 60 - 75% va 25 - 40%, ket hp vi viec thu hoi sng
mu trong thiet b loc t. Cac qua trnh lam sa ch kh bo sung nay tao ra mot lng
bun ban tch tu trong thiet b ra va loc ien t.
Nh vay, chat thai ran cua san xuat H
2
SO
4
t quang pirit gom quang pirit thieu ket,
bui t xiclon, thiet b loc ien kho, bun trong be lang, bon cha, thiet b lam lanh axit
va thiet b loc ien t.
Vi ieu kien san xuat tot nhat, kho i lng quang thieu ke t hnh thanh khi san xuat 1
tan axit la 0,55 tan. Co the tai s dung quang pirit thieu ket theo cac hng sau: thu
hoi kim loai mau, tai s dung trong san xuat gang thep, ximang, thuy tinh, va trong
nong nghiep V du, Lien Xo cu, gan 75% qua ng pirit thieu ket c a p dung trong
san xuat vat lieu xay d ng va trong nong nghiep.
6.3.2 Tai che CTR do san xuat phan lan t quang photphat
Quang photphat khai thac chu yeu dung e san xuat phan lan. Cac khoa ng chat cha
trong quang photphat co cong thc tong quat 3M
3
(PO
4
)
2
.CaX
2
(M - ion Ca, Na, Sr va
cac nguyen to khac, X - flo, clo va OH
-
). Ngoai ra, trong quang con cha mot so tap
khoang.
Phu thuoc vao thanh phan va mot so yeu to khac, ngi ta s dung cac phng phap
che bien quang khac nhau. Thong thng, quang c tan nhuyen va tuyen di
160
nhieu hnh thc. Qua trnh tuyen quang tao ra mot lng ln chat thai ra n va bui cuon
theo dong kh cua he tho ng ieu hoa va thiet b say.
Photphat tinh c che bien bang hai phng phap: bang axit hoac bang nhiet e thu
trc tiep san pham: super photphat, photphat a kh flo. Phan huy photphat bang
phng phap nhiet va trch li se thu H
3
PO
4
phuc vu cho viec san xuat cac san pham
khac nhau, ke ca phan vo c.
6.3.2.1. Phe thai cua sa n xuat axit photphoric theo phng phap trch li
Qua trnh san xua t nay hnh thanh chat thai la thach cao photpho, co thanh phan
chnh la sunphat canxi va cac tap chat photphat. Tren 1 tan P
2
O
5
, phu thuoc vao
nguyen lieu s dung, ta co the thu c t 3,6 e n 6,2 tan thach cao photpho tnh theo
chat kho. Phu thuoc vao ieu kien san xuat axit photphoric, thach cao trong bun c
hnh thanh cac dang CaSO
4
.2H
2
O, CaSO
4
.0,5H
2
O va CaSO
4
. Cac chat thai nay la
bot tinh the nhuyen ma u xam co o am 25 - 40%. Tnh theo chat kho , chung cha
en 94% CaSO
4
. Cac tap chat chu yeu trong chung la cac photphat khong tham gia
phan ng, oxit, hp cha t cua flo va Sr, axit photphoric, chat hu c va mot so hp
chat cua Mn, Mo, Co, Zn, Cu, cac nguyen to at hiem
Phan ln thach cao photpho c o vao bai rac. Tuy nhien, van chuyen va ton tr
thach cao photpho rat to n kem, chiem khoang 40% gia thanh thie t b va van hanh san
xuat. V du, cac bai rac cua Lien Xo cha hn 150 trieu tan thach cao photpho va
hang nam tang khoang 10 trieu tan. Sau ay, chung ta se khao sat cac phng phap
a c ap dung va cac hng s dung thach cao photpho.
1. Lam phan bon
Thach cao photpho ch a en 22,1% lu huy nh va 0,5% H
3
PO
4
co the c s dung nh
mot dang phan khoang cha lu huynh va photpho. Tuy nhien, vie c s dung phan vi
ham lng thap nh vay ch co hieu qua kinh te khi at trong cach nha may khong xa.
2. San xuat axit va xi ma ng
Co the tan dung thach cao photpho trong cong nghiep xi mang (lam khoang chat khi
nung va phu gia cho xi mang x), cai tao at man, san xuat sunphat amon, xi mang,
axit sunfuaric, lu huynh, voi, vat lieu ke t dnh va cac vat dung khac
e s dung trong san xuat, xi mang thach cao photpho c tao hat va say e n khi
ham lng am at gan 5%. Viec ng dung thach cao photpho trong qua trnh san xuat
se lam giam tieu hao nhiet, tang nang suat lo, tang chat lng xi mang x, tang thi
gian lam viec cua lp lot lo va do o, bao am hieu qua kinh te cao.
Qua trnh che bien P
2
O
5
hoac thach cao t nhie n thanh axit sunfuaric va xi mang a
c thc hien thanh co ng tren qui mo cong nghiep mot so nc (Ao, c, Ba Lan,
Nam T). e thu x xi mang va SO
2
, ngi ta chuan b lieu lo cha P
2
O
5
, coc, cat va
at set bang 3 bien phap: kho, t va ket hp.
Qua trnh nay bao gom cac giai oan say thach cao, nghien phu gia va chuan b
nguyen lieu e nung (phng phap kho). Trong khi nung lieu lo, nhiet o 1400 -
1450
0
C se dien ra qua trnh kh CaSO
4
bang than va tao thanh x. Cat va at set co
tac dung thuc ay s chuyen hoa CaSO
4
. Nhien lieu cho lo nung c dung la dau
mazut, kh hoac than bui.
161
Kh nong cha SO
2
c lam sach trong xiclon va thiet b loc ien roi a i san xuat
H
2
SO
4
. 1 tan H
2
SO
4
98% thanh pham se tng ng vi viec tieu hao 1,6 tan anhydric
photpho, 0,14 tan at se t, 0,08 tan cat, 0,11 tan coc, 85 m
3
nc, 160 KWh ien nang
va 1,5.10
6
Kcal nhien lieu.
Phan ng phan huy CaSO
4
dien ra theo hai giai oan.
Giai oan mot tao thanh sunfua canxi va dioxit cacbon.
CaSO
4
+ 2C CaS + 2CO
2
Giai oan 2, cac sunfua canxi c chuyen hoa thanh CaO.
CaS + 3CaSO
4
4CaO + 4SO
2
CaS + 2SO
2
CaSO
4
+ S
2
900
0
C, van toc cua cac qua trnh nay tng oi gan nhau. Tuy nhien, nhiet o cao,
van toc phan ng th nhat ln hn so vi phan ng th hai. Qua trnh co kem theo cac
phan ng phu:
CO
2
+ C 2CO
3CaS + CaSO
4
4CaO + 2S
2
S
2
+ C CS
2
Phan ng tong cong
CaSO
4
+ C CaC + CaO + SO
2
+ CO
2
Ngi ta thng lay d cacbon t 20 30% v co tnh en phan hao hut trong phan
ng phu. Qua trnh nay rat nhay cam vi oxi v khi nong o oxi cao, lu huynh se
chay (CaS + 2O
2
CaSO
4
) tao thanh CaSO
4
. CaSO
4
c hnh tha nh di dang
bu x, ong thanh tang trong lo, rat kho tach. Do o, qua trnh nung neu c tien
hanh vi nong o oxi 0,5 - 0,6% 1200
o
C, vi chat kh d 20 - 60%, ta thu c kh
co nong o 10 -13% SO
2
. Phan lu huynh sot lai trong pha ran la 0,2 - 0,5%.
S hien dien cua photphat trong thach cao (en 15% P
2
O
5
) khong anh hng e n qua
trnh phan huy , nhng lam giam s hnh thanh va ket tinh silicat canxi trong ximang
clinke. Flo chuyen vao pha kh trong khi nung se lam ngo o c xuc tac cua qua trnh
chuyen ho a SO
2
SO
3
. V vay, mac dau s co mat ong th i cua photphat va flo tao
s on nh pha cho 3CaO.SiO
2
(thanh phan chu yeu cua x), nong o flo va P
2
O
5
phai
nho hn 0,15 va 0,5%.
Tnh toan kinh te ky thuat cho thay gia thanh H
2
SO
4
san xuat t thach cao photpho
ln hn 1,4 lan so vi san xuat t quang pirit.
3. San xuat sunphat amon t thach cao photpho
Qua trnh da tren s tng tac cua thach cao photpho va cacbonat amon (hoac la
NH
3
va CO
2
) ap suat kh quyen hoac ap suat cao.
1. CaSO
4(l)
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3(l)
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4(l)
+ CaCO
3(r)
2. 2NH
3(k)
+CO
2(k)
+ H
2
O
(h)
+CaSO
4(r)
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4(r)
+ CaCO
3(r)
Phng phap long co nhieu u iem hn bi v de dang thc hien giai nhiet do phan
ng sinh ra bang cach tuan hoan dong dung dch (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
. Hn na, cac tinh the
CaCO
3
tao ra trong pha kh cung kho loc va ra.
162
Tren hnh 6.9 trnh bay s o nguyen l cua phng phap long.
Dung dch (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
c a vao cum thiet b phan ng e tng tac vi thach cao
photpho a tan nhuyen. CaCO
3
tao thanh trong phan ng se ket tua. Sau o, dung
dch c loc e tach CaCO
3
. Khi o, trong dung dch co (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
vi nong o 35 -
40%, c trung hoa bang H
2
SO
4
e loai NH
3
tha, va tien hanh co ac trong thiet b
bay hi nhieu cap. Cac tinh the (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
thu sau qua trnh li tam se c say kho.
Vi lng tieu hao 1340 kg thach cao, 340 kg CO
2
, 60 kg H
2
SO
4
va 260 kg NH
3
, ta
thu c 1 tan sunphat amon va 760 kg CaCO
3
chat lng cao. CaCO
3
c dung
trong san xuat vat lieu xay dng, voi hoa at ...
Hnh 6.7 S o tan dung chat thai ran cua san xua t axit photphoric ba ng trch li
Thach cao am
Nhien lieu
Khong kh
Bui
CaSO
4
CaS
Oxy
1
3
2
Coc
Khong kh
Cat
at set
X
Thach cao
Kh thai
H
2
O
axit H
2
SO
4
H
2
O
2
1
3
4 6
5
7
8 9
10 11
H
2
O
NH
3
CO2
CaSO
4 (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
i kh
nc
1
2
3
4 5
a)
b)
163
a. Che bien thanh axit sunfuaric va ximang: 1. May say; 2. Xilo; 3. May nghien; 4.
Loc ien; 5. Xiclon; 6. Lo nung thung quay; 7. May tron; 8.May lanh; 9. Thap say;
10. Thiet b phan ng; 11. Thap hap thu.
b. Che bien thanh sunphat amon: 1.Thiet b phan ng e chua n b (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
; 2. May
nghien; 3. Thiet b phan ng; 4. May loc; 5. Thiet b trung ho a; 6. Thiet b co ac. c.
Che bien thanh CaS: 1. Thiet b phan ng I; 2. Xiclon; .Thiet b phan ng II.
4. Che bien thach cao photpho thanh lu huynh va voi, hoac axit sunfuaric va voi.
Sunphat canxi b kh b i than coc hoac cac san pham cua s chuyen hoa kh t nhien.
CaSO
4
+ 2C CaS + 2CO
2
CaSO
4
+ 4CO CaS + 4CO
2
CaSO
4
+ 4H
2
CaS + 4H
2
O
Sau o CaS c chuyen vao dang huyen phu vi nc bang kh CO
2
:
CaS + H
2
O + CO
2
H
2
S + CaCO
3
H
2
S co the c ot chay hoan toan thanh SO
2
e san xuat H
2
SO
4
hay oxi hoa mot
phan e thu lu huynh nguyen to theo phng phap Claus.
Theo s o tren hnh 6.10, thach cao am c kh nc trong thiet b I. Nhiet o can
thiet c tao ra bang cach ot cac hidrocacbon con lai trong kh i ra t thiet b phan
ng II. Trong thiet b II, CaSO
4
chuyen hoa thanh CaS di tac dung cua tac nhan
kh, nhiet o gan 850
0
C
Hnh 6.8 S o he thong ta i che phe tha i tha ch cao
1 - May tron; 2- Thu ng lu tr; 3- Bnh lu lng; 4-Noi ap suat; 5-Bnh cha phan
loc; 6 - Thiet b; 7 - Thiet b loc chan khong; 8 - Lo; 9 - May say thung quay; 10 - Bnh
cha san pham; 11 - Xiclon.
6.3.2.2. Chat thai ran cua san xuat axit photphoric bang nhiet
Nguyen lieu b kh bi than trong lo ien v i s co mat cua oxit silic trong lieu lo.
1 2 3 5 8
9
4
6 7
11
10
Vao kh quyen
Bui
Thach cao
Khong kh
H
2
O
San pha m
Nhien lieu
Q
Q
850
0
C
164
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 5C + 2SiO
2
P
2
+ 5CO + Ca
3
Si
2
O
7
Qua trnh kem theo cac phan ng phu:
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 8C Ca
3
P
2
+ 8CO
Ca
3
P
2
+ 6C 3CaC
2
+ P
2
2CaF
2
+ SiO
2
2CaO + SiF
4
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3C 2Fe + 3CO
4Fe + P
2
2Fe
2
P
Co 2 phng phap e thu H
3
PO
4
: mot bac va hai bac.
Trong phng phap mot bac, kh lo c ot roi lam nguoi, thuy hoa, a vao thiet b
loc ien e thu hoi sng mu axit photphoric.
Phng phap hai bac hoan thien hn va ang c ap dung rong rai. Theo o,
photpho c ngng tu t kh c em ot tao thanh P
2
O
5
. Thuy hoa san pham tao
thanh se thu c axit photphoric. Photpho long ngng tu trong thiet b c cho vao
bnh cha e lang. Photpho se phan lp, tao tha nh bun gom co photpho bui, SiO
2
va
mo hong. Tren 1 tan photpho thu c, trong lo ien hnh thanh 4000 m
3
kh co nong
o CO cao, 0,1 - 0,5 tan Fe
2
P, 0,05 - 0,35 tan bui, 7,5 - 11 tan bun silic, gan 50 kg bun
cha sat. Fe
2
P, Fe
3
P hnh thanh trong khi kh Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
va Fe
2
O
3
c lay ra khoi lo
theo chu ky xac nh, e nguoi se tao khoi gio ng gang, c s dung chu yeu trong
luyen kim. Cac san pham nay c dung nh chat pha trong qua trnh uc hoac la
chat kh oxi, cung nh lam vat lieu chong tia phong xa. Bui t thiet b lo c ien co the
dung lam phan khoang v trong thanh phan cua no co en 22% P
2
O
5
va 15% K
2
O.
Kh ra khoi thiet b ngng tu cha khoang 85% CO, 0,05% photpho, 0,2 - 0,4% PH
3
,
0,5 -1% H
2
S (tnh theo the tch) va cac tap chat khac, se c s dung lam nhien lieu.
Sau khi loai tap chat (PH
3
, H
2
S, P), CO se c dung trong tong hp hoa hoc.
Hnh 6.9 S o san xuat photpho theo phng phap nhiet
1- Thung nhap nguyen lieu; 2- May tron; 3- Bo phan nhap lieu; 4- Thung nhap lieu lo;
5- Lo ien; 6- Ranh thoat bun x; 7- Ranh thoat photpho sat; 8- Loc ien; 9- Thiet b
ngng tu; 10- Bnh ch a photpho long; 11- Thung lang.
Kh i x l
Cat
Coc
Photphat
Nc
Nc
en xng H
3
PO
4
en kho photpho
1
1
9
8
1
2
4
3
5
5
165
5. Tan du ng can.
Can co ham lng trung bnh nh sau: 38 - 42% CaO, 2 - 5% Al
2
O
3
, 44 - 8% CaO,
0,5- 3% P
2
O
5
, 0,5 - 1% MgO, 0,5-1% Fe
2
O
3
va cac phan t khac. Do can co cha flo
(3,6% dang CaF
2
), photpho (3,6% dang P
2
O
5
), lu huynh nen khong the ng dung
trc tiep cac phng phap tai s dung nh oi vi can hnh thanh trong qua trnh
luyen gang. Can nay Lien Xo a c nghie n cu vi muc ch lam vat lieu xay
dng va cac vat dung khac.
6. Tan du ng Flo
CaF
2
+ H
2
O + SiO
2
2HF + CaO.SiO
2
Ca
3
P
2
+ 3H
2
O + 3SiO
2
2PH
3
+ 3CaO.SiO
2
CaS + H
2
O + SiO
2
H
2
S + CaO.SiO
2
7. San xuat a bot t x photpho no ng chay
Mot trong cac s o san xuat a bo t t x phopho nong chay c trnh bay tren hnh
6.12a. X nong chay b pha v bang cac tia nc di ap suat cao va tie p tuc v khi va
ap vao man chan, ri xuong bang tai. Kh thoat ra va vat lieu c lam nguoi. Cac cu c
x nong ong ac c cho vao may nghie n e pha v en hat co kch thc 100 mm,
c tie p tuc lam nguoi trong thiet b truyen nhiet va van chuye n vao cong oan che
bien tie p theo. Kh thoat ra t buo ng ch a va hanh lang se i vao cac ong dan kh.
a bot con c che bien t x photpho nong chay bang phng phap be nc on
nh vi thao lieu bang cach ay (xem hnh 6.12b).
Hnh 6.10 S o san xuat a bot
a- Phng phap thoi nc: 1- Ranh x cua lo ien; 2- Thiet b thoi tia nc; 3- Man
chan; 4- Ong thoat kh; 5- Buong thu kh; 6- Bang tai; 7- May ap; 8- Hanh lang
nghieng; 9- Buo ng thao san pham; 10- Ong nha p khong kh; 11- Thiet b lam nguoi;
12- Bang van tai; 13- Thung ch a.
b- Phng phap be nc: 1- Gau x; 2- Mang x; 3- Tam chan nc; 4- C cau ay; 5-
Be on nh; 6- Tng la t c; 7- Buong cha kh; 8- Ong ra; 9- Thung cha a bot;
10- Mang cap; 11- Thu ng cha sa n pham a nghien.
b)
a bot
X
1
2
3 6 7 10 10
8 11
5 9
X
a)
a bot
2 3 4 5
6 7
8 9
10 11 12 13
166
X photpho dang hat c s dung nh phu gia khoang hoat tnh cho lieu lo xi mang
(en 15%). Viec ng du ng chung trong cong nghiep xi mang cho phep giam tieu hao
nang lng en 6-7% va tang o cng cho xi mang.
Cac ng dung cua photpho trong san xuat rat a dang. My, x photpho c dung
e voi hoa at. Trong nhng nam gan ay, ngi ta a quan tam en viec che bien x
photpho bang phng phap hoa hoc vi muc ch thu hoi cac san pham co gia tr va
tinh quang cac nguyen to at hiem.
Trch x bang HNO
3
co the thu c SiO
2
phan tan va dung dch Ca(NO
3
)
2
dung lam
phan bon. Cac hp chat cua nguyen to at hiem co the c trch bang 3,butyl
photphat va tai trch bang nc ket hp vi qua trnh ket tua dang hydroxit. X l x
nay bang HCl cho phep thu tinh quang nguyen to at hiem, vi SiO
2
co o tinh khiet
cao va thanh pham CaCl
2
.
6.3.2.3. S dung toan phan nguyen lieu photphat
Qua trnh tuyen quang photphat hnh thanh mo t lng ln chat thai ra n. San xuat 1
tan tinh quang Apatit, ta thu c 0,6 0,7 tan tinh quang Nefelin. Quang nay co the
che bien thanh: soa, xi mang, K
2
CO
3
, KOH, Al
2
O
3
.
Theo phng phap nay, tinh quang nefelin dang bot c thieu ket vi CaCO
3
.
Na
2
O. K
2
O.Al
2
O
3
.nSiO
2
+ 2CaCO
3
Na
2
O.K
2
O.Al
2
O
3
+ (2CaO.nSiO
2
) + 2CO
2
San pham thieu ket c trch bang nc. Na
2
O.K
2
O.Al
2
O
3
se chuyen vao dung dch
loc. 2CaO.nSiO
2
c tach va dung trong san xuat xi mang, phan loc cha Na
2
SiO
3
c cho vao noi hi e kh silic ap suat 0,6 - 0,7 MPa
5Na
2
SiO
3
+ 3 Na
2
O.Al
2
O
3
(3-4)Na
2
O.3Al
2
O
3
+ 5SiO
2
.nH
2
O + (8-10)NaOH
Bun lang
Dung dch c cacbonat hoa bi khoi lo thieu ket:
Na
2
O.K
2
O.Al
2
O
3
+ 2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O 2Al(OH)
3
+ + Na
2
CO
3
+ K
2
CO
3
e thu c Al(OH)
3
, ngi ta tien hanh loc dung dch. Trong phan nc loc, ngoai
Na
2
CO
3
, con co NaHCO
3
, KHCO
3
va K
2
SO
4
do trong kh lo co SO
2
.
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
KHCO
3
+ KOH K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
va K
2
CO
3
c tach ra khoi dung dch da tren s khac biet cua o hoa tan
theo nhiet o.
6.3.3 Tai che CTR t qua trnh san xuat phan kali
Hn 90% muoi kali, chu yeu la KCl, khai thac t long at c s du ng lam phan
bon. Khoang san kali la hon hp KCl va NaCl cung cac tap khong tan. Phan khoang
167
san khong tan con lai thng c che bien thanh Al
2
O
3
va ong thi thu c san
pham phu la KCl. Qua trnh che bien va tuyen nguyen lieu trong cong nghiep kali
hang nam thai ra hang trieu tan NaCl va hang tra m ngan tan can muoi at set.
Quang kali c che bien bang cac phng phap khac nhau, thng dung nhat la
phng phap ket tinh t dung dch va tuyen noi. 1 tan KCl thanh pham ta o ra 3 - 4 tan
muoi phe thai vi cac ta p chat nh NaCl, CaSO
4
, MgCl
2
, Brom va cac chat khong tan
khac. Thanh phan chat thai nh sau: 89 90% NaCl, 4,4 5% NaBr, 1,1% CaSO
4
,
MgCl
2
0,1%, 4,4 4,8% chat khong tan. Trong thc te, mot lng nho phe thai muo i
c dung e san xua t muoi an, con a so thai vao nguon nc mat, bien, lap khoang
trong cua cac x nghiep mo.
Muoi phe thai ch a e n 90% NaCl co the du ng e san xuat soda, clo Tuy nhie n, ieu
nay ch thch h p cho cac nha may gan mo Kali v vie c van chuyen nguyen lieu re
tien nh the khong co hieu qua kinh te. Can phai e y la viec s dung trc tie p cac phe
thai nay trong cong nghiep clo se gap kho khan do trong thanh phan muoi co ch a
sunphat, chat khong tan va KCl. Phe lie u thai ra t vie c tuye n noi KCl con cha cac
amin c s du ng lam tac nhan noi. Di ay chung ta se khao sat mot so cong nghe
tai s dung phe thai muoi.
Tren hnh 6.13 trnh ba y s o cong nghe qua trnh san xuat muoi an cho gia suc t
muoi phe thai. Phan oan 5mm va 0,1 mm co ham lng KCl va phan khong tan ln
nhat.
Hnh 6.11 S o san xuat muoi an cho gia suc t muoi phe thai
VA O KHO
KHO NG KH
PHU GIA KHOA NG
VA O KH QUYE N
VA O KHO
I TUYE N NO I
PAA
N C
NH4NO3
CA N T TUYE N NO I
168
1 - Thiet b loc chan khong; 2 - May khuay ngang; 3 - Ho; 4, 13, 17 - May bm; 5, 8, 14,
16 - May khuay; 6, 20 - Bang ta i; 7- May li tam; 9 Thiet b phan loai thuy ong; 10-
Thung tiep xuc; 11- Xiclon nc; 12- Bon cao v; 14- He thong lam nguoi; 15- Thiet b
ngng ket; 18- May ep; 19, 21 - May tron vt ta i; 22- Thung lng a cau t ; 23,24 -
May say dang trong;
Qua trnh cong nghe bao gom kh can cua phe thai, trch KCl bang dung dch NaCl,
say, un nong muoi, them phu gia khoang san va ong khoi. Dung dch c lang
trong nham muc ch tuan hoan. Cac cong oan quan trong la tach am va loai cac
amin ra khoi san pham, say, un muoi. Amin ch co the c tach hoan toan khi un
muoi en nhiet o > 500
0
C. Vi muc ch giam nhiet o un, ta co the s dung chat
oxi hoa nh NH
4
NO
3
va NaOCl, khi tac dung phan huy cac tap amin. V du:
2C
18
H
37
NH
2
+ 111NH
4
NO
3
36CO
2
+ 261H
2
O + 112N
2
2C
18
H
37
NH
2
+ 111NaOCl 36CO
2
+ 39H
2
O + 111NaCl + N
2
S dung lng NH
4
NO
3
gap oi ly thuyet se tach amin hoan toan trong vong 15 phut
nhiet o 300
0
C; s dung NaOCl con cho phep giam nhiet o xuong con 150 -
200
0
C. Viec s dung cac chat oxi hoa nay khong tao ra tap chat phu cho san pham.
Hnh 6.12 S o san xuat muo i cong nghie p t muoi phe tha i
1, 5, 17 - Bang tai; 2 - Sang; 3 - Ray; 4 - Pheu nhap lieu; 6, 11, 14 - Thung cha; 7,
8, 12 - Be lang; 9, 15, 18, 21 - May tron; 10 - Ma y li tam; 13, 16, 19, 20 - May bm.
Mot v du cua viec s dung muoi thai e san xuat muoi cong nghiep c trnh bay
tren hnh 6.14. Trong trng hp nay, lng tap chat toi a tap trung trong phan oan
0,315 3 mm. Muoi thai c cho vao pheu nhap lieu chung vi nc, tao thanh bun
vi l le long:ran = 0,8 -1, t chay vao li e phan loai. Hat ln hn 3 mm c phan
loai tiep tren sang va thai bo. Bun vi hat nho hn 3mm c tap trung vao may tron,
CA N
N C
PAA
RA BA I O
PHE THA I T BA I O
169
bm vao thiet b lang 7. Can ngng ket ay se c phan loai tiep trong thiet b
lang 8, co dang bun vi l le long : ran = 1,5:1. T o, bun c a qua may tron 9
va cho vao may li tam. ay, cac tinh the muo i tach ra khoi dung dch nc cai va
c ra bang nc muoi sau li tam co o am 5 - 7%. Sau ly tam, muoi c say e
thu san pham thoa man yeu cau trong ky thuat (97,82% NaCl, 0,48% chat khong tan,
0,43% Ca
2+
, 0,02% Mg
2+
, 0,9% H
2
O). Nc t cac thiet b va dung dch nc cai cua
cong oan li tam c tien hanh lang trong be la ng 12. Polyacrilamit e cham vao e
thuc ay qua trnh lang. Phan nc sau lang cha 0,1 kg/m
3
SS a va o be cha e
tuan hoan trong qua trnh san xuat, con phan bu n lang co nong o cac hat at set cao
c a vao ham lu tr.
Can muoi, at set hnh thanh trong san xuat KCl la huyen phu phan tan cao, cha cac
tha nh phan khong tan va co ham lng muoi khoang 200 g/l. Can bun l lng gom
9,8 - 11,5% KCl, 18,5 - 20% NaCl, 0,3 - 1,5% MgCl
2
, 0,2 - 0,5 CaSO
4
, 0,1 - 0,4%
CaCl
2
. Huyen phu nay co l le long: ran = 1,7 - 2,5.
T can nay, ta co the san xuat cac san pham nh KCl, NaCl, dung dch kiem
clomagezit. S o che bien bun at set - muoi bang phng phap hoa tan-ket tinh
c trnh bay tren hnh 6.15.
Hnh 6.13 S o ta i che bun at se t - muo i bang phng pha p hoa tan - ket tinh
HI
NC
NaCl VA OHA M
KCl
NC
NC
N C
VAOKHQUYEN
PAA
HI
HI
NC
PAA
ITUYE NNO I
CA NT TUYENNOI
170
1, 6, 9, 11 - Thiet b lang; 2 - Thung cha; 3 - Bo nh lng huyen phu; 4 - Thiet b
phan ng - hoa tan; 5 - Thiet b un; 7 - Thiet b co ac; 8 - Bo phan li; 10 - Thiet b
ket tinh; 12 - Bo thu hoi bot; 13 - Baromet.
Theo s o nay, sau khi ngng ket trong thiet b lang, bun at set-muoi dang huyen
phu c a vao be cha trung gian. May o lieu lng dung dch nc cai kiem
c cho vao thiet b phan ng - hoa tan e kiem soat qua trnh trch li KCl ra khoi
pha ran. Nong o KCl trong dung dch bao hoa kiem ( 85
0
C) phu thuoc l le long-ran
trong bun ban au, tho ng thng thay oi trong khoang 211,7 - 281g/1000 g H
2
O.
Huyen phu nong nay c tiep tuc cho qua be lang, ay ngi ta cho them dung
dch PAA 0,5% (300 - 400g/tan chat khong tan) e thuc ay qua trnh ngng ket. T
o, phan bun c cho vao ham lu tr, phan nc trong c cho vao be cha trung
gian. Sau o dung dch c co ac en o qua bao hoa theo KCl t 0,97 - 1,09.
Dung dch sau co ac la huyen phu (pha ran go m 99 - 99,8% NaCl, 0,1 - 0,9% KCl,
0,03 - 0,15% CaSO
4
, 0,1 - 0,5% phan khong tan) cha en 20g MgCl
2
/1000g H
2
O
c cho vao be lang 9. Cac tinh the c tach ra khoi chat long. Phan nc trong
c ket tinh khi lam nguoi bang nc se thu c cac tinh the KCl nhuyen (0,2 -
0,38 mm). KCl c ngng ket trong san pha m t 95,3 - 100%, con phan long c
quay tr lai thiet b phan ng hoa tan.
6.3.4 Tai che CTR do san xuat ton trang kem
6.3.4.1 S hnh thanh CTR do san xuat ton trang kem
Cong nghe san xuat ton trang kem c ban nh sau: kem dang thoi c nung nong
chay roi phu len be mat thep a c tay sach. e un nong chay kem, ngi ta dung
chat tr dung la NH
4
Cl va lu huynh e chong oxy hoa be ma t kem. Cac phan ng
gia kem va cac chat nay tao ra hon hp dang bot noi len tren be ma t kem nong
chay. No khong co ch cho qua trnh ma kem nen c vt ra lien tuc va cha vao
cac thung kim loai. Chat thai nay phat sinh dang long va co mau en nen c go i
la nc en. Khi e nguoi, nc en hoa ran va o chnh la CTR do san xuat ton
trang kem. Thi gian tr c ay, chat thai nay b thai bo ba bai nh tai bai rac sinh
hoat, chon lap tao mat bang xay dng, o xuo ng so ng, ao ho va tham ch o xuong
ruong ven ng. Theo so lieu thong ke nam 1998, lng nc en nay vao khoang
60 tan/thang.
Theo ket qua nghien cu cua tai lieu [20], ha m lng kem trung bnh trong CTR
(nc en) vao khoang 43,5% khoi lng, trong o phan kem tan (ZnCl
2
) chiem
24,78%, con phan khong tan (ZnO, ZnS ) chie m 18,72%, ngoai ra, trong thanh phan
cua nc en con cha mot so nguyen to khac nh Cl 14.8%, Fe 1.12%, Pb 0.03%.
Ham lng kem trong nc en tng ng v i quang sunphua ngheo, nhng so vi
quang kem ch, kem oxit th ham lng nay cao hn han. Vi thanh phan nay, neu
o bo ba bai se co tac hai rat ln en moi trng do ZnCl
2
de tan va phat tan vao
trong moi trng nc. Tuy nhien, neu tan dung nc en nh mot nguo n nguyen lieu
171
th cong nghe che bien se n gian hn rat nhieu so vi viec che bien t quang mo t
nhien.
6.3.4.2 Quy trnh cong nghe ta i che CTR t qua trnh san xuat ton trang kem
Cong nghe tai s dung toan phan chat thai ran neu tren c trnh bay tren hnh 6.16
Hnh 6.14 S o cong nghe tai che CTR cua sa n xuat ton ma kem
Theo s o nay, trc tien x kem c tach ra khoi thung cha kim loai, ap en
kch thc cang nho ca ng tot (ng kn thng vao khoang 10mm). Do tnh don, de
v nen viec ap nho c thc hien kha de dang. Tiep theo, x a ap nho c cho
vao be , ngam nc e hoa tan cac chat tan, chu yeu la ZnCl
2
. Qua trnh nay c
thc hien nhieu lan vi dong nc tuan hoan nham muc ch hoa tan triet e ZnCl
2
trong chat thai. Dung dch ZnCl
2
thu c co no ng o > 20% (t trong >1,2) c kh
sat bang oxi gia (H
2
O
2
) va dan qua be lang e tach tap chat khong tan. Thanh phan
can chu yeu la Fe(OH)
3
, tuy nhien khoi lng khong nhieu nen se c tch luy trong
172
be cha va dung e san xuat bot mau. Con dung dch ZnCl
2
c em i co ac, ket
tinh mot lan hay nhieu lan tuy theo chat lng san pham ZnCl
2
yeu cau; che bien
thanh cacbonat kem ZnCO
3
bang cach cho phan ng vi dung dch soda. Phan ng
dien ra nh sau:
ZnCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
ZnCO
3
+ 2 NaCl
ZnCO
3
ket tua c lay ra khoi dung dch muoi bang cach ra bang nc nhieu lan
roi cho vao may li tam. Sau khi qua may ly ta m, ZnCO
3
co o am khoang 20% se
c say kho, nghien trong may nghien bua roi cho ong bao thanh pham. ZnCO
3
t
c ng dung trong th c te nhng khi nung nhiet o ln hn 400
o
C ta se thu c
oxit kem.
ZnCO
3
ZnO + CO
2
ZnO la chat c s du ng trong nhieu nganh san xuat nh sn, lu ho a cao su, bot
mau cho gom s, gach men ...
Phan x kem con lai trong be ngam khong tan trong nc chu yeu la ZnO va ZnS
dang bot nhao, Zn, Pb, Fe dang manh vun, mot t hp chat sat II. Ch, kem, sat co
kch thc ln hn muoi kem nen c tach ra khoi hon hp de dang bang cach ai
va ra bang nc. Chung se c thu mua b i cac lo luyen kim. Con ZnO va ZnS co
the c che bien thanh sunphat kem (ZnSO
4
) bang cach hoa tan vi dung dch
H
2
SO
4
trong thiet b pha n ng khuay tron. Phan ng nh sau:
ZnO + ZnS + 2H
2
SO
4
2ZnSO
4
+ H
2
S + H
2
O
Dung dch ZnSO
4
can c kh sat bang H
2
O
2
. Sat II c oxy hoa thanh hydroxit sat
III khong tan Fe(OH)
3
, c lang va loc e tach Fe(OH)
3,
nung tao thanh mau vo c.
Dung dch ZnSO
4
c co ac ket tinh e thu cac tinh the ZnSO
4
.7H
2
O. Sunphat
kem c dung e san xuat phan di dang vi lng.
e ieu che dung dch ien phan dung cho xi ma kem hoac e thu hoi kem kim loai,
dung dch ZnSO
4
can c kh sat bang MnO
2
pH = 1 roi trung hoa tao tua
hydroxit sat III. Ket tua Fe(OH)
3
cung c lang loc e tach ra va dung dch tiep tuc
c tach loai Clo. Cho dung dch sunphat ong va ong bot vao dung dch e kh
Clo. Khuay tron u thi gian phan ng. Lang loc, tach can CuCl ra, a i tai sinh
ong. Bo sung axit sunfuaric vao dung dch kem sunphat e tao thanh dung dch ien
phan. Thc hien ien phan vi ien cc catod bang nhom va anod bang ch se thu
c kem kim loai. ieu kien ien phan: mat o dong ien D
k
= 555,55 A/m
2
, ien
the U = 4 - 5V, khoang cach gia 2 ien cc la 60mm.
. Phng trnh ien phan tong quat:
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
O = Zn+ + 1/2O
2
| + H
2
SO
4
6.3.5 Tai che bun o
t> 400
o
C
173
6.3.5.1. Nguon goc phat sinh bun o
Bun o la loa i CTR sinh ra t qui trnh san xua t nhom hydroxyt t quang boxit. Kho i
lng bun o khoang 30 tan/ngay va ngay tai bai cha, lng chat ran nay ang ton
ong khoang 7.500 tan. Bun o thai ra moi trng se la tac nhan gay o nhiem, anh
hng en cay trong, la m ban nguon nc, gay cac benh ve da
Thc te, bun o dang huyen phu co thanh pha n trung bnh nh sau:
- Phan long : 1-3 g/l Na
2
O, 1-3 g/l Al
2
O
3
;
- Phan ran : 18 22 % Al
2
O
3
; 40 50% Fe
2
O
3
; 2 4% SiO
2
; 2 5% TiO
2
va
mot so kim loai khac nh Ca, Cu, Mg
Bun o cha ham lng nhom va sat cao, can co bien phap thu hoi nha m em lai li
ch ve kinh te va am ba o an toan ve mat moi trng.
6.3.5.2 Cac cong nghe x ly bun o tren the gii
Tach long, thu hoi bu n ac
Co nhieu phng phap tach long nham thu hoi bun ac, a ap dung tren the gii nh:
- Lang: co kha nang thu hoi bun ran vi ham lng chat ran vao khoang 25%.
Ngoai ra, co the ap dung mot so phng phap nh ieu chnh pH, phng phap t, bo
sung kim loai hoac s dung cac polyme tr keo tu, tuy nhien, hieu qua lang tang
khong ang ke ma chi ph hoa chat kha cao, nen khong c ng dung.
- Phng phap loc ep bun ap suat 13 kg/cm
2
, thu bun dang banh ran
- Phng phap ly tamco bo sung chat keo tu co the at nong o chat ran len en 38%.
ong ran
Bun o c tron vi than non hay than nau vi t le (0,510):1. Chat lo ng trong bun
o se ket dnh vi hat than tao thanh hon hp de lu tr va van chuyen, ng dung cho
qua trnh hydro hoa than hoac lam chat xuc tac.
Bun o c tron vi muoi amon bac 4 vi lieu lng 20-200g/tan bun o. Sau o
hon hp c khuay tro n lien tuc cho en khi bu n o tr thanh kho i cng.
Ton tr va thai bo bun o
Ton tr : yeu cau bun o phai c trung hoa, ni cha kn, gan nha may e giam chi
ph van chuyen
Thai bo: Tha i xuong bie n, thai vao song, thai bu n tren at lien.
X ly thai bo:
- X ly bang phng phap sinh hoc: S dung vi khuan sat, tham gia phan ng
tao axit sunfuaric va Fe
3+
. Sau o axit sunfuaric se ket hp vi nhom tao thanh
174
muoi nhom Sunfat hoa tan. Cong nghe tren cho gia thanh x ly, chi ph nhan cong
thap.
- ot: tron bun o vi than, ep, sau o ong goi cho vao lo ot bang gas va
than coc. Kh sinh ra c ngng tu va ra bang dung dch FeSO
4
theo t le ly
thuyet. Nc chay ra c tach dau, hac n. Dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
c tuan
hoan en nong o 30% bao hoa. Dung dch bao hoa c tan dung e san xuat
phan bon hay nit. Can dang than coc c lam nguoi bang kh tr va
nghien e tao thanh san pham, co ham lng cacbon cao dung cho nha may
ien. Kh sau khi ngng ra c lam lanh va a vao he thong phan phoi kh
di dang tinh khiet va kho. Dau can, hac n tach ra t be lang c tan dung
lam chat ket dnh hay o t tan dung nang lng.
X ly tan dung
Bun o s dung trong co ng nghe san xua t vat lie u phai c x ly trc bang HCl e
hoa tan cau t natri, sau o tron vi at set, say e ha o am, tranh bien dang roi a
vao nung.
- San xuat tam lp cach am: Bun o c tron vi thuy tinh va mot so chat
thai ran khac tao thanh san pham la tam lp cach am co kha nang cho ng chay, chu
c thi tiet tot hn ta m lp lam bang xenlulose va nha truyen thong.
- San xuat vat lieu composit: Hon hp composit gom co: bun o, polyme,
si thien nhien. Qua trnh san xuat vat lieu nay khong can gia nhiet. Hon hp
composit cha sat, nhom, titan, 82,5% xenlulo, 11,3% lignin c ng dung lam cac
phu kien xay dng nh: ca, san nha, hop cam ien, bang. Cong nghe nay c ng
dung pho bien tai An o .
- Thu hoi kim loai dung trong luyen kim: Bun o trc tien c tron v i
axit va un nong e hoa tan cac cau t canxi, sa t, nhom, magie. Phan ra n thu c la
silica c tach khoi dung dch. Sau o, ieu chnh pH e ket tua lan lt sat, nhom
dang hydroxit va cac muoi khac.
- Thu hoi Natri aluminat: Bun o c em nung vi voi nhiet o 280
o
C
va thu c san pham la canxi aluminat. Bun o co the con c phan huy bang SO
2
va nc e hoa tan soda, nhom va silica trong bun. Gia nhiet san pha m, tach phan
khong tan la silica va thu dung dch la soda va aluminat. Kiem hoa dung dch e thu
c canxi sunfit ket tu a va tach khoi dung dch natri aluminat. Canxi sunfit c
nung e tao voi va SO
2
. Dung ch c kiem hoa va a tr lai giai oan phan huy
bun o.
- ng dung trong co ng nghe moi trng: Bun o sau khi x ly vi canxi
c say kho, dung lam chat hap phu SO
2
trong khoi thai cong nghiep. Bun o co kha
nang x ly en 90% SO
2
.
6.3.5.3. Cac nghien cu x ly bun o Viet Nam
175
San xuat gach
Bun o c phi kho, ap nho, nghien mn sau o phoi lieu vi at set, trong o bun
chiem t 10 50%, phun am va ep hnh ap suat 150 200 kg/cm
2
roi a vao say
va nung en nhiet o 950 1100
o
C trong vong 7 gi. Lam nguoi t nhien. San pham
co o hut nc at tieu chuan gach xay dng.
San xuat PAC
Bun o c phi pho t nhien, say, nghien mn. Cho bun o phan ng vi HCl

nhiet o 155
o
C , ap suat 5 at trong thi gian 3 gi. Hon hp sau phan ng c loc
tach phan ba khong phan ng va thu c dung dch la PAC.
6.3.5.4. Quy trnh san xuat bot mau va thu hoi nhom t bun o
Quy trnh san xuat bot mau va thu hoi nhom t bun o c the hien tre n hnh 6.20
Trc tien, bun o c ngam trong nc e tach silic hat ln . Chung c say kho
roi nghien tron vi xu t ran theo t le khoi lng 1:1, sau o em i thieu ket nhiet
o 700
o
C trong thi gian 1 gi. San pham thie u ket c nghien mn, hoa tan bang
nc va lang loc e tach phan dung dch nhom. Ba ran c ra bang NaOH vi nong
o 40 g/l e tach nhom con trong ba va phan ba ran con lai tiep tuc c ra bang
nc nong e loai NaOH cho en pH = 7. Dung dch nhom c tuan hoan ve day
chuyen san xuat nhom. Phan ran khong tan thu c la Fe(OH)
3
c say 120
o
C roi
em nung 700-800
o
C trong 1 gi. Cuoi cung san pham c nghien tao thanh bot
mau dang bot mn.
Quy trnh san xuat bot mau t bun o co nhieu trien vong do cong nghe n gian, san
pham co chat lng va gia tr cao (88% Fe
2
O
3
), co kha nang canh tranh tren th
trng. Tuy nhien, giai oan nung bun o vi xut ran co tnh an mo n cao, nhanh
chong gay h hong thiet b nen la mot tr ngai l n.
176
Hnh 6.18 S o san xuat bot mau va thu hoi nhom t bun o.
6.3.5.5. San xuat hon hp chat keo tu t bun o
Bun o c pha vi nc, khuay tron trong khoang 10 15 phut, sau o ca bun o
va axit c bm ong thi vao bon phan ng. Tai be phan ng, phan ng hoa hoc
xay ra rat manh liet va toa nhiet. Nhie t o luc au 115 -120
o
C va giam con 100
o
C sau
3 gi. Sau o, hon hp phen c xa qua bon loc chan khong. Cac thiet b phan ng
va loc c bao on e gi nhiet, giup cho qua trnh phan ng va loc die n ra de dang.
Do nhiet o loc cao nen phen khong ket tinh va qua trnh loc dien ra de dang. Dung
dch thu c sau loc chnh la hon hp chat keo tu (goi la phen Bach Khoa). Phan ba
Bun o
Nc ai
Say kho
NaOH
Hi Tron
Thieu ket
Nghien
Hoa tan
Lang loc
Ra
Dung dch nhom
Say Nung
Nghien
Bot mau
Bon cha dung dch Alumina
Nc thai kiem
lan nhom
Nc nong
Tuan hoan e san
xuat phen nhom va
hydroxit nhom
177
loc tai be loc chan kho ng c ra nhieu lan bang nc sach nham tan thu triet e
phan phen con lai trong ba. Phan long sau khi ra ba c hoan lu tr lai be phoi
tron bun o, do o, khong thai ra ngoai.
Dung dch hon hp cac chat keo tu c lam nguoi t nhien trong cac khay cha, luc
nay phen ket tinh. Hon hp phen tinh the c tach ra khoi dung dch nh may li tam.
Nh vay, san pham thu c 2 dang:
- Phen long (co nong o bao hoa nhiet o thng): Fe (4 - 6%), Al (2 -2,5%)
tng ng Fe
2
O
3
(6,5 - 7,34%), Al
2
O
3
(4 4,7%), ty trong 1,4 -1,45.
- Phen tinh the: Fe (2,5 3,8%), Al (5,4 6,1%) tng ng Fe
2
O
3
(3,71 -5,4%),
Al
2
O
3
(10,2 -11,5%)
Hnh 6.19 S o cong nghe san xua t hon hp keo tu t bun o
Phen Bach Khoa sau khi ieu che c ng dung th cho keo tu nhieu loai nc thai
cong nghiep. Ket qua nghien cu t phong th nghiem va thc te cho thay:
- pH keo tu toi u cua phen bun tren tat ca nc thai dao ong trong khoang 4,5 5,5.
- Ham lng phen toi u phu thuoc vao tnh chat tng loai nc thai. Nhn chung,
keo tu nc thai bang phen bun cho hieu qua kh COD, o mau, SS bang hoac
cao hn so vi keo tu bang phen sat va nhom.
Bng 6.2 Ke t qua keo tu cua phen Bach Khoa tre n cac loai nc thai
COD (mg/l)
o
mau
SS
Loai nc thai Chat keo tu
C
(mg/l)
vao ra E(%) E% E%
Giay An Bnh
Phen nhom
Phen Bach Khoa
600 1732.5
419
419
76,2
76,2
98,2
98,4
99,4
99,5
Kenh Tan Hoa Lo
Gom
Phen nhom
Phen sat
400 490
196
140
60,0
71,4
96,3
90,1
95,8
77,0
178
Phen Bach Khoa 138 71,8 96,7 89,5
Rac ong Thanh
Phen nhom
Phen Bach Khoa
2000 1082
454
436
58,1
59,7
-
96,0
96,3
Det Gia nh
Phen nhom
Phen Bach Khoa
2000 1860
232
232
87,5
87,5
95,0
97,2
96,5
98,0
Thuoc tr sau
Thanh Sn
Phen Bach Khoa 1500 1980 929 53,0 78,0 99,0
Nc thai thuy san
(nha may JS Vina)
Phen nhom
Phen Bach Khoa
700 3545
1071
923
69,7
74,0
- -
Nc thai kenh
Tham Lng
Phen nhom
Phen Bach Khoa
300 240
42,6
38
82,3
84,2
87,3
88,7
85,0
89,4
Nhn chung, phen Bach Khoa co hieu qua tng ng hoac tot hn phen nhom va
phen sat truyen thong.
6.3.6. X ly bun xi ma
Nc thai xi ma thng co 2 dong khac nhau:
Dong 1: Nc thai cha cyanua (CN
-
) phat thai t cong oan ma xyanua.
Dong 2: Nc thai mang tnh axit, thai ra t cac cong oan ma dung axit H
2
SO
4
.
Nc thai cha xyanua c x ly bang phng phap oxy hoa vi tac chat la Javel
con nc thai cha axit c x ly bang bien phap trung hoa bang xut. He thong x
ly c lap at bao gom 1 bon khuay tron phan ng va mot bon loc ket hp e x ly
ong thi ca nc thai cyanua va nc thai axit.
Khi o, kim loai nang trong nc thai c tach ra nh qua trnh ket tua trong moi
trng kiem.
- Crom: Can kh Cr
6+
thanh Cr
3+
roi ket tua bang kiem tao thanh crom
hydroxit.
- Sat: oxy hoa chuyen Fe
2+
thanh Fe
3+
va c loa i ra dang ket tua Fe(OH)
3
.
- Niken: ket tua niken ba ng dung dch kiem pH = 1010,5.
Cac kim loai nay ket tua va lang, tch luy di ay be, theo chu ky c xa ra san
phi. o la bun xi ma. Theo ket qua nghien cu [21], bun xi ma cha thanh phan
chnh co gia tr thu hoi khong cao gom Al 3%, Cu 0,96%, Ni 3,87%, Cr 5,61% va cac
thanh phan khong gia tr la Si 10%, Fe 5%, Ca 3%. Co nhieu phng phap khac nhau
e tan dung bun xi ma.
179
6.3.6.1. Tai che BUN XI MA thanh bot mau
Bun xi ma au tien c hoa tan bang dung dch HCl va tien hanh la ng, loc nham
tach rieng hai pha ran va long. Phan ran phan ng vi dung dch NH
3
va loc, phan
dung dch cha cac ph c cua Ni, Cu c cho phan ng v i Na
2
CO
3
. Nhiet o cua
thiet b phan ng gi on nh 70 -80
0
C. San pham phan ng la Ni(OH)
2
, c em
nung e thu NiO dung lam bot mau. Phan long la dung dch CuCl
2
cho phan ng v i
phoi sat thu c ong kim loai. Rieng phan chat ran thu c sau khi loc bun va
phan ng v i NH
3
la ho n hp hydroxit cua Fe, Al, Cr c nung nhiet o 300
0
C,
sau o hoa tan trong dung dch HCl. em loc hon hp thu c Cr
2
O
3
(ran) dung e
san xuat bot mau. Dung dch nhom, sat qua loc c s dung nh dung dch hon hp
cac chat tr lang.
Hnh 6.20 S o cong nghe tai che bun xi ma
Ho n hp hydroxit
Fe, Al, Cr
Lang, lo c
Bun xi ma
Hoa tan Phan ng
NaOH
Loc
dd NH
3
dd HCl
DD chat tr
lang
Nung (300
0
C)
Cr
2
O
3
San xuat bot mau
Hoa tan
Loc
dd. CuCl
2
Na
2
CO
3
Phan ng
(70 80
0
C)
dd ph c cua
Ni, Cu
Phoi sat
Cu
bot
Nung
NiCO
3
va Ni(OH)
2
NiO
Lang loc
Phan ng
Lang loc
180
6.3.6.2. X ly bun xi ma bang phng phap chon lap
Bun xi ma ne u co ham lng kim loai qu thap, viec thu hoi khong kinh te th se c
x ly bang chon lap. Tuy nhien, tr c khi cho n lap, chat thai can c ong ran nham
co lap kim loai nang, han che kha nang hoa tan khi gap nc xam nhap. Phng phap
nay c goi la o ng ran hay co nh chat thai. Co 2 khuynh hng cong nghe co nh
hoa ran:
- Them hoa chat: chat thai c tron vi mot so hoa chat co tnh kh (nh
FeSO
4
, Na
2
S, Na
2
SO
3
, NaOCl) va cac chat co tnh kiem va ket dnh nh voi, xi
mang. Cac chat o nhie m chu yeu la cac oxyt kim loai mang tnh oxy hoa de hoa tan
trong nc nh Cr
3+
, trong moi trng kiem va co s hien dien cua cac tac nhan co
tnh kh se giam kha nang hoa tan vao nc. Phng phap nay phc tap do phai bo
sung mot so hoa chat vao trong chat thai, thiet b nghien tron hien ai, at tien va
phai kiem tra qua trnh x ly lien tuc. Tuy nhien, phng phap nay co u iem la
khong lam tang khoi tch can chon lap do lng phu gia a vao ch khoang 20%.
Cong nghe nay c ng dung pho bien tai Nha t, My.
- Them phu gia hoa ran: chat thai ran c tron vi mot so chat nh cat, xi
mang, voi, n c nham hoa ran be to ng hoa, nham giam kha nang phat tan chat o
nhiem vao mo i trng nc. Phng phap nay n gian do kho ng s dung nhieu hoa
chat , thiet b nghien tron n gian va cong tac kiem tra qua trnh x ly de dang, tuy
nhien, phng phap nay se lam tang khoi tch can chon lap, do lng phu gia a vao
kha nhieu, khoang 220% (1m
3
chat thai a vao x ly thanh 2,2m
3
chat phai cho n lap).
Cong thc phoi tron (phan tram kho i lng tnh theo chat thai) hie n ang c ap dung.
Chat thai 100%
Tro lo o t 20%
Voi 10%
Xi mang 35%
Cat 100%
Nc 65%
6.3.7. Thu hoi crom t phe thai nha may thuoc da
Nguon chat thai ran cua nha may thuoc da chu yeu la muoi, da tha cu a cong oan
xen t, xen kho, em Lng chat thai ran na y thay oi tuy vao nguo n nguyen vat
lieu au vao va cong nghe san xuat. Tnh tren ca nc Viet Nam, trong nam 2.000 co
4.300 tan da phe thai, tc 11,8 tan/ngay. Trong o, TP.HCM la 1.500 tan, tng
ng 4,1 tan/ngay.
Chat thai phat sinh chu yeu t qua trnh thuoc la nc thai va chat tha i ran, co tac
ong rat ln en moi trng.
181
- Nc thai thuoc da co cha nhieu chat hu c va Crom vi nong o t 70 en
100g/m
3
.
- Sau khi thuoc, da can phai trai qua qua trnh hoan thien, bao mon e at
chieu day mong muon. c tnh khoang 40% lng da a thuoc c thai bo
giai oan nay vi ham lng Crom khoang 1,96% khoi lng da.
Trong da bao va bun, Crom ch ton tai dang Cr (III), gap ieu kien thuan li co the
b chuyen hoa thanh Cr (VI), la chat oc, co the gay ung th, t vong cho sinh vat.
Bu n co o am va ham lng nit tong thap, tuy nhien, o tro lai rat cao (53,55%) v
trong thanh phan cua bu n co nhieu kim loai khac nhau, ac biet la Crom (6,99%).
6.3.7.1. Thu hoi Crom t da bao
Thu hoi Crom t da bao trai qua 2 giai oan:
- Giai oan 1: Giai oan nau soi da vi Ca(OH)
2
: Giai oan nay ch tach
protein ra khoi da ma khong tach Crom v tnh t tan cua CaSO
4
canh tranh vi qua
trnh ke t tua Cr(OH)
3
, lam cho Crom trong da khong tan vao trong dung dch.
Ca(OH)
2
lam cho qua trnh thuy phan tr nen on nh hn nh vao tnh em cua
mnh. Cr(OH)
3
lng tnh va se tan khi pH cua hon hp di 5,5 hay cao hn 12 theo
phan ng sau:
Cr
3+
Cr(OH)
3
CrO
2
-
Neu dung NaOH la chat kiem manh, pH cua hon hp se tang nhanh va hoa tan Crom
tan vao trong dung dch. ieu nay se khong xay ra khi dung Ca(OH)
2
.
- Giai oan 2: Giai oan khuay ba trong axit co tac dung hoa tan Crom vao
dung dch. Khi giai oan nau vi Ca(OH)
2
hoan tat, phan ln protein a ra khoi da.
Trong da ch con lai Crom t do a mat lien ket vi protein ( ke t tua trong da di
dang Cr(OH)
3
) va rat de hoa tan. Khi mo i trng pH = 1, hieu suat tach Crom ra khoi
da di dang Cr
3+
la khoang 80%. Lng Crom thu c co the tang khi toi u hoa
cac ieu kien nh thi gian khuay, pH Hn na, hon hp axitda rat de loc, dung
dch Crom thu c hau nh loai bo c protein. u iem cua phng phap nay la
quy trnh n gian, s dung hoa chat re tien va pho bien, hieu qua thu hoi Crom cao.
6.3.7.2. Thu hoi Crom t bun x ly nc thai
Thu hoi Crom t bun die n ra qua cac giai oa n sau:
- Bun c nghien ky, hoa tron vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
pH=0.75 va thi gian
khuay 1 gi e Crom hoa tan het vao dung dch.
- Loc hon hp, ta thu c dung dch Crom (III). ay, ta tien hanh hieu
chnh pH ve 4.5 bang dung dch NaOH nham ket tua Crom thanh Cr(OH)
3
. Phan ba
sau loc c thai bo, chon lap.
Cr
3+
+ 3OH
-
= Cr(OH)
3
- Loc va ra sach ket tua, dung H
2
SO
4
am ac hoa tan ket tua, ta thu c
dung dch Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Phan ng dien ra nh sau:
182
2Cr(OH)
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
= Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
Ket qua nghien cu cho thay hieu qua thu hoi Crom at 44%.
6.4 TAI CHE CHAT THAI RAN CONG NGHIEP CTR HU C
6.4.1 Tai che nha ng chua
Mot trong nhng chat thai ran chu yeu c tao ra trong cong nghiep che bien dau
mo, hoa dau la nha ng chua. Chat nay co nguon goc t qua trnh tay ra san
pham dau mo bang H
2
SO
4
hoac t qua trnh san xuat chat tay ra tong hp va chat
tao bot. Nha ng chua ton tai dang keo, co o nh t cao. Thanh phan chu yeu
cua nha ng chua la H
2
SO
4
, nc va cac chat hu c vi ham lng trong khoang
10 - 93%.
Hang nam, Lien Xo thai ra khoang 300.000 tan nha ng chua. Trong so nay, ch
co khoang 25% c tai s dung. Do o, phan nha ng chua con lai c tap
trung trong ham cha cu a cac nha may la rat ln.
Nha ng chua c phan loai da vao ham lng chat chiem u the. Thng co 2
loai: nha ng chua co nong o axit ln (> 50%) va nha ng chua co nong o
chat hu c ln (> 50%). Bang cach da vao thanh phan cua nha ng chua, ngi
ta co the xac nh hng s dung no nh che bien thanh sunphat amoni, lam nhien
lieu hoac lam tac chat e tay sach san pham co nguon goc t dau mo. Tuy nhien, do
tnh phc tap cua cong nghe san xuat sunphat amon, th trng tieu thu t, chi ph cho
viec x l kh thai cung nh nc thai ln nen t c ap dung trong cong nghiep
Phng phap khac s du ng nha ng chua e thu hoi SO
2
, than coc giau lu huynh,
nha ng (bitum) to ra nhieu u the hn phng phap ke tren. oi vi quy trnh
thu hoi SO
2
, ng i ta cho vao nha ng chua dung dch axit a qua s dung hoac
chat thai long t qua trnh san xuat H
2
SO
4
. Trong lo ot 800 - 1200
0
C, chat hu c b
ot chay hoan toan va hon hp nha ng chua vi H
2
SO
4
se b cat mach e tao
thanh SO
2
. Mot so nc a s dung cong nghe nay e tan dung nha ng chua vi
cong suat 700 - 850 tan/ng vi t le thu hoi H
2
SO
4
hoac oleum la 98 - 99%.
Phan hu c cua nha ng chua gom hp chat lu huynh, cac chat the asphant ran
Vi thanh phan nay, nha ng chua se c che bien thanh bitum. ay la vat lieu
c s dung rong rai lam ng giao thong. Khi nha ng chua b un nong, cac
hp chat lu huynh va H
2
SO
4
t do se cat mach hu c, lam cho khoi chat b ep chat
va tao thanh hon hp d the co cac chat the asphant nong o cao. e thu khoi bitum
ong the, ngi ta tron nha ng chua vi nha ng chng cat (dang keo, thu
c sau qua trnh chng cat uoi phan oan nhien lieu va dau m). Vi hon hp
nay, phan ng nen ep cu ng nh keo va cac asphanten se c tao ra vi nong o thap
hn rat nhieu. S o cong nghe cua qua trnh c trnh bay tre n hnh 6.23.
Qua trnh nau gian oa n bitum c tien hanh trong bnh un 280 - 320
0
C. Trc
tien, nc se bay hi ra khoi hon hp nha ng chua va nha ng chng cat. Vi
nha ng chua co t cong oan tay ra dau m , qua trnh un c tie n hanh van
toc 0,2 - 0,4
0
C/ph va 2 - 4
0
C/ph cho nha ng chua t qua trnh tay ra dau hoa. T
bnh phan ng, hon hp kh c cho qua thiet b tach kh-long. Qua trnh lam lanh se
183
tach rieng dau m va kh SO
2
. Kh SO
2
hnh thanh se c x ly bang phng phap
hap thu vi soda hay dung dch amoniac. Cac hydrocacbon khong ngng va CO
2
se
c thai vao kh quyen.
Qua trnh nay co nang suat thap va gay o nhiem khong kh v la quy trnh gian oan
va khong co s khuay tron khoi chat phan ng.
Do ac tnh cua nha ng chua la de phan huy 160 - 350
0
C, tao thanh SO
2
va
than coc giau lu huynh nen no c s dung rong rai trong cac nganh cong nghiep
san xuat cac chat nay.
Hnh 6.23 S o cong nghe tai che nha ng chua thanh bitum
1- Bnh tron; 2- Bm; 3- Bnh phan ng; 4- Bnh tach kh - long; 5- Ma y lanh ngng
tu; 6- Bnh tach dau va nc; 7- Tha p hap thu; 8- Thung cha.
Hnh 6.24 S o he tho ng phan huy nha ng chua nhiet o tha p tre n than coc
tai nhie t
1, 2 - May tron; 3 - Bnh cha; 4 - May lanh; 5 - May un khong kh; 6, 18 - Xiclon; 7 -
Bm kh; 8, 17, 25, 27 - Quat; 9, 19, 21, 26 - Lo; 10 - May nang vt tai; 11 - Bang tai
cat ngang; 12 - Lo nung; 13 - Bang tai; 14 - Thung trung gian; 15 - Ma y phan rieng;
Can dau chng cat
Nha ng chua
Chat hap thu
Bm
H
Khoi lo
4
Nc
5
3
2
1
Hi nc
Nhien lieu
Dau + nc
6
7
2
Chat hap thu
bao hoa
Kh thai
8
VII
IX
I XI
III
VIII
VI
III
III
VII
VII
VII
V
XII
XIII
III
XII
XIII
VII
VIII
VIII VII
XIII
VII
I
IV
V
II
I
184
16 - Thung cha than co c thanh pham; 20 - Lo ta n dung nhiet; 22 - Thiet b nh lng
than coc; 23 - Bang tai - tron; 24, 28, 32 - May bm.
Cac dong: I - H
2
SO
4
phe thai; II - Nha ng chua; III - Than coc; IV - Nha ng
chua hoat hoa; V, VI - Kh phan huy; VII - Kho ng kh; VIII - Kh t nhien; IX - SO
2
a
i san xuat H
2
SO
4
; X - Nc; XI - Hi nc; XII - Khong kh nong; XIII - Khoi lo
Pho bien nhat trong cong nghiep la he thong phan huy nha ng chua nhiet o
thap co s dung than co c lam chat tai nhiet. He thong tren con co the phan huy hon
hp H
2
SO
4
vi nha ng giau chat hu c hay H
2
SO
4
va bun dau. Mot trong cac s
o x ly c trnh bay tren hnh 6.24. Nguyen lieu ban au (nha ng chua va
H
2
SO
4
a qua s dung) c tron chung trong he thong. He thong gom co bnh cha,
thiet b lam nguoi, may bm e tao hon hp co o axit gan 50%. Khi no ng o H
2
SO
4
< 40%, viec van chuyen nha ng chua trong he thong se kho khan. Neu nong o
H
2
SO
4
> 60%, se co s tach hi - kh manh liet do qua trnh tao thanh bui than coc v
vay cung gay kho khan cho qua trnh van chuyen. Ngoai ra, vi nong o H
2
SO
4
~
50%, nha ng chua con co kha nang phan ng nhie t o 150 - 250
0
C. Sau o,
hon hp i vao bnh lu lng.
S phan huy nha ng chua c tien hanh trong he thong tuan hoan than coc. He
thong gom co may nh lng coc, thiet b tron, bang tai, may nang vt tai, bang tai
cat ngang va lo chng. Nha ng chua 60
0
C t bnh lu lng c cho vao thiet
b 23. Tai ay, no c tron chung v i than coc nong 340 - 350
0
C theo l le 1:8, i ra
t lo chng, se phan huy. Khi di chuyen tiep tu c len pha tren lo nung trong thiet b
10, nha ng chua se b phan huy hoan toan. Phan than coc bang tai se c cho
vao lo nung. Trong lo nung, mot phan than coc va cac chat de bay hi se b chay, hon
hp se c lam nong en 340 - 350
0
C, phan khac a i lam nguoi. Kh phan huy t
thiet b 23 va 11 c cho qua xiclon 18, lo ot e c ot chay tiep tuc 1000 -
1050
0
C. Phan tap hu c c cho qua lo tan dung nhiet, sau o i qua co ng oan san
xuat axit H
2
SO
4
.
Vi nha may co cong suat che bien 40 tan nha/ ngay em, lng kh tao thanh se la
84.000m
3
. Kh nay co thanh theo the tch nh sau: 6,5% SO
2
, 24% H
2
SO
4
, 10% CO
2
,
59,5%N
2
. Nhiet lng cua kh t he thong tuan hoan than coc c s dung e un
nong khong kh trong cac lo 9, 19, 26 va thiet b tan dung nhiet 5. Sau khi qua xiclon
6 va bm kh 7, no c thai vao kh quyen.
Lng than thng chiem 27 - 30% tai trong thiet b. Vi than co cha 8 - 12% S, 7 -
75% cacbon lien ket, hieu suat chat bay hi 17 - 22%, nhiet tr nho nhat la 30,2
mJ/kg.
Nhc iem ang ke cu a cong nghe tren la s an mon hoa hoc manh, qua trnh gia
nhiet va van chuyen chat tai nhiet ran phc tap...
185
Than coc dau mo giau lu huynh thu c bang he thong coc hoa co the c s dung
trong qua trnh hoa luye n cua luyen kim mau, la m tac nhan sunfua hoa (cung vi cac
chat bo sung cha lu huynh ac biet - pirit, thach cao...), tac nhan kh trung trong
mot so nganh cong nghiep hoa chat (ieu che Na
2
S, CS
2
)
Viec san xuat than coc dau mo giau lu huynh t nha ng chua a c tien hanh
Lien Xo va mot so nc khac. Ngi ta cung a phan rieng nha ng chua bang
phng phap trch li hoa c hap phu e tai s dung rieng le cac phan axit va hu c co
cha trong phe thai nay.
Nhng kho khan trong viec tai s dung nha ng chua a thuc ay s ap dung cac
cong nghe khong thai vao cong nghiep che bien dau mo. Ngi ta a ng dung nhieu
phng phap tien tien e tay ra cac san pham dau mo nh trch li (tay ra bang dung
moi chon loc), hap phu, kh lu huynh bang thu y lc
Cac tap chat ran trong dau mo, nguyen lieu phu tr tao nen chat thai pho bien trong
cac nha may che bien dau mo va hoa dau la bu n dau, vi khoi lng khoang 7 kg/1
tan dau mo. Do o, bu n dau c tch luy ra t nhieu trong nha may. Bun dau nay la
phan dau nang co trung bnh 10 - 56% dau thanh pham, 30 - 85% nc va 1,3 - 46%
tap chat ran. Trong cac ham cha, bun dau tao thanh lp. Lp tren cung la nhu tng
nc va san pham dau mo, lp gia la san pham dau mo d va cac ha t nc l lng,
lp di ay co la pha ran ngam am va san pham dau mo.
Co the s dung bun dau theo nhieu hng khac nhau. Sau khi c tach nc va say
kho, bun dau co the c a tr lai san xuat. Cung co the s dung no nh mot loai
nhien lieu.
6.4.2 Tai che can dau do suc ra tau ch dau tho
Nganh cong nghiep dau kh cua Viet Nam a lien tuc phat trien trong hn hai mi
nam qua, nhat la t 1986 en nay, bao gom cac hoat ong khoan, tham do khai thac,
ton tr va van chuyen dau kh, dch vu dau kh tren bien, che bien dau kh ven b.
Nganh cong nghiep dau kh phat trien a ong gop to ln trong nen kinh te quoc dan,
nhng ben canh o cung tao mot ap lc ln ve mat moi trng, ac biet la cac chat
thai do hoat ong khai thac dau kh sinh ra. Trong o, chat thai sinh ra t qua trnh
suc ra tau ch dau tho (thng c goi la ca n dau) cho ti nay van cha co bien
phap x ly triet e.
6.4.2.1. Tnh hnh suc ra tau ch dau tho tai Viet Nam
Cac tau ch da u bat buoc phai thc hien viec su c ra sau mot thi gian nhat nh e
bao am sc cha hieu dung va bao am chat lng san pham. Viec su c ra tau cha
dau a co t nhieu nam qua va tap trung tai cac cang ln cua Viet Nam nh Hai
Phong, Ha Long, a Nang, Vung Tau. Cac ta u cha dau nay la cac tau cha dau
thng pham (DO, FO), co sc cha nho, t vai nghn en vai chuc nghn tan. Con
viec suc ra tau cha dau tho ch thc hien tre n vung bien Ba Ra - Vung Tau vi
nhng tau co sc cha len en 15 van tan.
186
Cac tau cha dau tho hien nay c s dung la m kho noi cha dau tho tai khu vc
khoan khai thac dau kh vung mo Bach Ho va nh ky khoang 3 nam chung c
suc ra mot lan va bao dng tai Singapore. Nhng t nam 1994, Singapore khong
chap nhan cho suc ra ma Viet Nam phai t thc hien. Viec thc hien suc ra c
tien hanh tai phao so 0 khu vc Vnh Gianh Rai, tnh Ba Ra - Vung Tau.
Trong thc te, viec suc ra c tien hanh ba ng phng phap thu cong gian n,
phan long kho lay c tron v i mat ca thanh khoi ac set c cho va o cac bao tai,
cha tren boong tau. Do khong s dung hoa chat hoac hi nc e ra nen ham lng
nc va cac tap chat ho a hoc cha trong can dau Viet Nam se thap hn so vi can
dau c thong ke tren the gii. Viec s dung mat ca e tron vao can da u trong qua
trnh nao vet lam tang thanh phan tap chat c hoc kho lang, gay phc tap cho qua
trnh tach c hoc trong giai oan x ly ve sau.
6.4.2.2. Cac phng phap x ly tren the gii
Qui trnh Texacoing: gom hai giai oan:
Giai oan 1: tron can dau vi phan oan nhe hydrocacbon , sa lang tach lp:
pha long (dau - phan oan nhe), pha ran (sap - nc)
Giai oan 2: s dung dung moi aromatic e tach sap ra khoi nc, sau o trch
li sap t hon hp sap - dung moi.
Qui trnh Beck - Jacker
Can dau c gia nhiet va loc s bo e tach tap chat co kch thc l n, sau o tap chat
nhuyen c tach bang xiclon. Ket qua thu c dau lan n c va c x ly tiep theo.
X ly can dau bang dung moi keo silicat (Haxa -100), Nhat Ban
S dung ac tnh cua keo Haxa-100 la kha nang xam nhap vao gia be mat cua cac
chat can ac va dau (bang lc hut tnh ien), ke o dau ra khoi be mat cua cac chat can
ac va pha v nhu tng.
u iem:
- Thu hoi dau tho triet e t can dau.
- Dung moi x ly khong gay o nhiem trong qua trnh tai che.
- Nc thai t.
- Dien tch xay dng nho.
Khuyet iem:
- Von au t cao.
- Chat thai ran nhieu can phai x ly.
187
Cong nghe x ly va chuyen hoa can dau
Can dau c chng cat nhieu lan e tach can, phan oan nang, nc va x ly bang
hoa chat e tao ra dau diesel.
u iem:
Nc thai t, kh thai tap trung va c x ly, tao san pham co gia tr kinh te cao: dau
diesel Cetan 38 -40, dau nhien lieu, than coc, ky thuat van hanh n gian, t gay o
nhiem moi trng.
Khuyet iem:
- Von au t xay dng ln.
- Dien tch xay dng ln.
6.4.2.3. Cac phng phap x ly Viet Nam
Tan dung can da u (do suc ra bon cha dau FO) lam chat on be tong
Nguyen tac: s dung dau lan bun lam chat phu gia cho be tong.
u iem: cong nghe n gian, x ly hoan toan ca n dau.
Khuyet iem: do dau b vi sinh phan huy nen o ben be tong giam theo thi gian, san
pham co gia tr thap.
X ly can dau bang phng phap ot
Nguyen tac: can dau c tach thanh hai pha lo ng va ran di nhiet o can thiet, sau
o se c loc rieng e ot (dau) hoac chon lap, san lap mat bang (can ran)
u iem: thiet b che ta o trong nc, t chat thai, von au t thiet b thap.
Khuyet iem: ot nhiet o cao (>1000
o
C), thiet b che tao bang vat lieu at tien, de
hong, ky thuat van hanh phc tap, chi ph van hanh cao, kho ng thu ho i c san pham.
X ly can dau bang phng phap vi sinh
Nguyen tac: can dau co bo sung nc ngot, enzim GBE, men Petro BAC va thc an
nhan men. Sau o hon hp c len men theo nguyen tac phan huy mang mong. Ket
qua thu c dung dch long co the dung lam pha n vi sinh.
u iem: thiet b x ly can c che tao trong nc, kh thai t (a qua qua trnh x
ly), hieu qua x ly cao, san pham co gia tr (phan bon).
Khuyet iem: dien tch mat bang xay dng ln, nc va rac thai nhieu, chi ph au t cao.
San xuat thanh ot t can dau
Nguyen tac: can dau c tron vi ba ma e tang ham lng chat kho, sau o c
un ep di ap lc c ho c, tao thanh san pham la thanh ot (tng t nh cui)
u iem: cong nghe n gian, de thc hien, cho phep x ly hoan toan ca n dau, khong
phat sinh chat thai
188
Nhc iem: phng phap x ly khong triet e, can dau ch mi c ong ran c
hoc, san pham trong qua trnh s dung se tao ra chat thai co tai lng o nhiem ln,
san pham co gia tr thap (tng ng cui)
Nhan xet chung: Cac cong nghe x ly can dau tren the gii ap dung ca c qui trnh c
ban trong cong nghe ho a hoc va loc hoa dau hien ai, cho phep x ly triet e can
dau, tao san pham co chat lng cao. Tuy nhien, cac cong nghe nay ye u cau chi ph
au t kha cao (khoang 2 trieu USD cho mo i co ng nghe), v vay trong ieu kien Viet
Nam cha the ap dung c. Cac cong nghe a ap dung nc ta con tuy tien, thieu
c s khoa hoc nen hieu qua thap ve moi mat ma nhat la phat sinh cac van e ve moi
trng. Do o can co bien phap x ly hieu qua hn ve mat moi trng, ky thuat cung
nh kinh te.
Theo cac ket qua nghie n cu cho thay can dau do suc ra tau ch dau tho cha chu
yeu dau tho (80%), tap c hoc gom mat ca, gie lau, a t set , cat (15%) va 5%
nc. Thanh phan co gia tr cua can dau chnh la dau tho, neu c thu hoi no co the
tai xuat khau cung vi dau tho chnh pham hoac c s dung nh nhien lie u, luon
c th trng san sang tiep nhan. Do o, cong nghe thu hoi dau tho a c nghien
cu va trien khai ap dung trong thc te, c mo ta di ay.
6.4.2.4. Thu hoi dau tho t can dau tho
1. Be cha can dau
2. Bang tai
3. Thiet b gia nhiet
4. Thiet b loc
5. Thiet b lang nc
6. Bon cha dau thanh pham
7. Be cha nc nhiem dau
8. Be cha ba loc
Hnh 6.23 S o cong nghe x ly can dau tho
Can dau t kho cha cu a cong ty suc ra tau dau c tap ket ve x ng va lu tr
trong be cha (1). Be nay c xay bang be tong cot thep co cac lp chong tham,
8
1
4
6
7
189
chong ro ri e loai tr triet e kha nang tham thau dau can ra ngoai lam anh hng
en moi trng. Be nay cung can co mai che e tranh ma va tranh nang nham han
che kha nang bay hi cac phan nhe. ong thi be c bo tr mot khoang cach an
toan oi vi cac nguon ien, ni sinh hoat cua cong nhan. T be cha, can dau c
a len may gia nhiet (3) theo nhieu cach khac nhau, phu thuoc vao trang thai cua
can dau. Can dau dang ong ran c a le n bang bang tai, neu la dau set, hi
chay, dang nhao, ta dung bm e van chuyen can dau. thiet b gia nhiet, can dau
c un nong en nhie t o 70 - 80
o
C, vi nhiet o nay, can dau hoa lo ng hoan toan,
o nht cua no giam ang ke se giup cho cac cong oan sau o c tien hanh mot
cach de dang.
Nhiet cung cap cho thiet b nay bang ien nang nh ien tr. ien tr c ieu
chnh sao cho nhiet o cua day ien tr khong qua cao e tranh xay ra hien tng
qua nhiet cuc bo trong thiet b, cung nh khong qua thap lam cho thi gian gia nhiet
phai keo dai. e tang cng hieu qua cua qua trnh truyen nhiet, ben trong thiet b
gia nhiet co lap canh khuay quay vi van toc c xac nh sao cho va tiet kiem
nang lng va am bao hieu qua truyen nhiet can thiet.
Ngoai ra thiet b con trang b bo ngng tu phan de bay hi cua can dau e tranh o
nhiem khong kh. Trong thiet b ngng tu, tac nhan lanh c s dung la nc, con
phan nhe sau khi ngng tu tuan hoan ve thie t b khuay tron gia nhiet.
Can dau t thiet b gia nhiet nh the nang chay qua may loc chan kho ng (4). Mang
loc la li kim loa i va c gi nhiet o 70 - 80
o
C e tranh can dau ong ac, bt kn
li loc. Qua trnh loc c ieu chnh on nh nh bm chan khong. Bm nay co the
tao ap suat chan khong en 10mmHg. Dau sau khi qua l i loc se c lay ra ay
thiet b. Sau mot thi gian lam viec nhat nh hay sau moi me lam viec, cac lo tren
li loc b cha ay can nen can phai lam ve sinh bang cach m ca ben hong thiet
b. Neu muon qua trnh hoat ong lien tuc hoac khi co nhu cau tang nang suat, ta can
trang b them mot so may loc giong nhau. Ma y loc cung c gi nhiet bang ien
nang, tiep nhiet bang ien tr e dau luon trong trang thai long.
Phan ba tach ra t may loc chan khong c la y ra bang phng phap thu cong sau
khi loc va cha trong be (8), ba nay con ngam nhieu dau, de chay, se tron them vi
mat ca, trau hoac loi ngo lam giam o deo va c tieu thu, nh cac lo gach, lo
gom, ot kem vi cui.
Sau khi loc, can dau c c a qua thiet b tach nc (5). ay nh s chenh
lech khoi lng rieng, nc se tach khoi dau, la ng xuong ay va c xa ra ngoai bon
cha nc (7). Thiet b nay co ay chop vi go c ay nho e tach nc ra de dang.
Nc se c thao ra van xa ay en khi thay dau xuat hien th ong van lai. Tiep
theo, dau long c bm vao bon cha (6). Dau long thu c co the tron vi phu gia
e giam o nht. Thie t b tron co c cau giong nh thiet b gia nhiet, nhng khong co
he thong day ien tr va canh khuay co dang chan vt e tao dong chuyen ong
190
hng truc. Van toc quay cua canh khuay ln e tao ra s ong nhat cho hon hp
nhien lieu. Phu gia cha trong bon, nh bm nh lng dan vao thiet b khuay tron.
Phan nc tach ra khoi dau co khoi lng kha nho, co mang vet dau, se c cha
vao be on nh va sau o se c x ly bang cac thiet b chuyen dung, theo phng
phap sinh hoc hoac bang vat lieu hut dau chung vi nc ve sinh thiet b va nha
xng neu co va nc ma chay tran trong khu vc xng.
Phan can loc lay ra thiet b loc c tron the m vi mot so nhien lieu chay nh a
noi tren, sau o cho va o khuon e tao hnh la m nhien lieu ran. khi nh hnh, nhien
lieu ran at c nhiet o 60 - 70
o
C. Sau o nhien lieu ran se c lam nguoi bang
khong kh, roi tach kho i khuon vo bao, nhap kho.
Nang lng dung trong qua trnh san xuat la ien nang, nhiet o cua tat ca cac qua
trnh gia nhiet, lang, loc c khong che 70 - 80
o
C nh bo ieu khien nhiet t ong.
6.4.3 Tai che can dau t bon cha dau FO
6.4.3.1 Nguyen nhan hnh thanh va tnh chat cua can da u
Trong qua trnh van chuyen va ton tr cac san pham dau b lan nc (do x ly khi
khai thac, do ve sinh ng ong) tao thanh lp hi nc trong bon dau. Do o bon b
r set, chu yeu nap va cac tang thep pha tren thanh be la ni tiep xuc thng xuyen
vi khong kh.
Trong nc ngng tu t khong kh va nc lot bon co cha nhieu loai muoi hoa tan.
Dung dch muoi nay la nguyen nhan gay ro r di dang cap ien phan gia cac tam
kim loai lam ay be va tang di thanh be vi kim loai cua moi han.
Cac loai axit, kiem tan trong nc cung nh cac axit hu c co trong thanh phan cua
cac san pham dau la nguyen nhan lam be b r. Trong o, gay r manh nhat la cac hp
chat lu huynh co trong thanh phan cua san pham dau. H
2
S tach ra t san pham dau
hoa tan trong nc ngng tu tren ma t trong cu a nap bon va thanh tren cua be, cung
vi cac axit trong khong kh tao thanh H
2
SO
4
va FeS gay an mon thanh be va lam
nhiem ban dau, ong la i di ay be. FeS sinh ra gay an mon ien hoa manh, pha
huy bon sinh ra cac san pham do an mon khac lam nhiem ban dau.
oi vi san pham ton tr la xang, hp chat tetraetyl ch phan huy (manh di anh
sang mat tri) tao ra cac hat ch mau trang lang xuong ay va xang tr nen trong.
Bun con sinh ra trong qua trnh x ly ng ong va bon cha. San pha m dau c
bm het ra khoi ng ong bang nc song e tien hanh sa cha, la p rap... dung
nc song, do co cha nhieu muoi hoa tan nen tao lng can va tap chat trong dau va
bon cha.
Cac loai can trong bon cha
Co the chia lam cac loai can: vo c, hu c, hon hp cua hai nhom tren.
191
Can vo c: cac oxy sat, sunphua sat (FeS), r kim loai mau, kim loai. R kim loai hnh
thanh tren thanh va nap bon va lang xuong ay bon. Can con cha at, cat
Can hu c: hydrocacbua (carbene, carboid) de hoa tan trong xang, dau hoa, hoac
cac dung moi hoa hoc khac, can nha hac n.
Can ay trong bo n ch a dau trang cha chu yeu la cac san pham do an mon
(vay r sat) va cac tap chat c hoc khac. Tap chat do an mon nam lan trong khoi
san pham dau di dang cac hat nho trong suot qua trnh s dung bon. Trong
o, cac san pham oxy hoa chie m phan l n.
Can trong be cha dau nhn gom cac tap chat gay ra do an mon, tap chat c
hoc va nhu tng dau trong nc.
Can trong cac be cha dau tho gom ay u cac thanh phan hu c va vo c
tren. Trong thi gian ton cha trong bon nhng ie u kien nhie t o ap suat
nhat nh, nhng hydrocacbua cao phan t loai ceresin va parafin di dang
tinh the cng tach ra khoi dau mo . Chu ng co the lan trong dau mo hoac lang
xuong ay bon. o ng thi can lang xuo ng ay bon co n co lan at cat, nham
thach t long at theo dau mo chay vao cu ng vi nc va tap chat khac.
Cac tinh the parafin do ong tu thanh nhng he phc rieng co ng knh en
0,5-1mm nen lang xuong ay bon. ay, chung dan dan lien ke t chat vi cac
phan t cat, bui va cac tao chat c hoc khac tao thanh mot lp can ben vng,
lam giam the tch s dung bon, kho tay ra bon.
Tai cac bon cha dau mo, sau khi chuyen tai het lng dau trong o, a y bon con lai
chu yeu la parafin, hac n hoac nha asphalt, cu ng vi cat, vay r sat va cac tap chat
khac tao thanh mot khoi lien ke t chat. Phan cha kp lang ket chat th de dang tan ra
khi co dong dau mi phun tiep vao bon. Do hien tng tren va do dong dau chay
xoay vao bon nen xuat hien khoi ket lang khong ong eu di a y bon, thong
thng tai vung ong dan xat nhap, lp can tng oi thap hn so vi pha oi dien.
Ket qua theo doi tnh chat ket tu cua cac loa i can ay trong cac be ch a dau mo ta i
tram tiep nhan cua ng ong dan dau.
Bang 6.3 Tnh chat ke t tu cu a cac loai can ay trong cac be cha dau
STT Thi gian s dung be sau
moi lan suc ra (thang)
Khoang cach t ay be ti
tim ong nhap (mm)
o cao trung bnh
cua lp can ay (V)
1 12 590 740
2 6 370 360
3 12 370 770
4 1 420 200
5 2 600 300
(Nguon: Khizghilov, I. Kh. Bao quan pham chat xang da u trong qua trnh ton cha va
van chuyen. To ng cong ty xang dau. 1975).
192
Ket qua tren cho thay, hai thang au sau khi suc ra be (luc mc can thap hn ong nhap)
la luc toc o lang tu can ln nhat. Giai oan sau, khi mc can cao hn ong nhap, mc can
giam i ro ret do can b xoi mon bi dong dau i vao be.
Can trong be cha mazut co nhng iem khac biet. Thanh phan chnh cu a can la cac
hp chat cao phan t da ng asphalt, phan con lai gom carbene va cacboid co t trong
cao. Nhn be ngoai, can co mau en, ac set va rat nh t. Qua trnh lang cac
asphalten, carbene va carboid dien ra khi tang nhiet o khi ham nong mazut tai be
cha. ac biet kho on nh nhat la loai can cracking co cha tren 1% carboid.
Nh vay, chnh che o nhiet dung e bao quan va van chuyen mazut la mo t yeu to
quan trong ay manh qua trnh tach carboid va lang ket chung tren be mat kim loai
cua be cha. Mot yeu to quan trong na tao nen can la s hut bam cac loai nha
trung tnh va nhng cao phan t (co trong mazut) tren be mat cac phan t asphalten
va carboid. Do s ong tu cac phan t nay, qua trnh tao can cang manh them. Ngoai
ra, ham lng cac chat lu huynh cung gay kho khan them cho qua trnh ve sinh can
ay trong cac be cha mazut.
Bang 6.4 Thanh phan can ay trong cac be ch a mazut
STT Thanh phan Ham lng, %
1 Nc 6,0
2 Asphalten 8,1
3 Nha 4,8
4 Parafin 1,3
5 Carboid va tap c hoc 36,4
6 Than coc 45,9
7 Tro 6,8
8 Lu huynh 3,8
(Nguon: Khizghilov, I. Kh. Bao quan pham chat xang da u trong qua trnh ton cha va
van chuyen. To ng cong ty xang dau. 1975).
Can ay trong be cha mazut la mot kho i ac set. Nha asphalt lang xuong ay be
lau dan dnh vi nhau tao thanh lp can vng chac. Khi ton ta i lau trong be, can tr
thanh mot loai nha asphalt cng.
Tom lai, cac loai can di ay bon cha va ca c tau ch dau hnh thanh va tch tu
ngay cang nhieu khong ch trc tiep anh hng en chat lng san pham ma con lam
giam kha nang s dung cac bon cha hay cua tau. Khi thai bo cac loai can nay neu
khong qua x ly se gay o nhiem moi trng ac biet la oi vi nguon nc va at.
Do o, van e at ra trong qua trnh van chuyen va ton cha dau la x ly lng bun
dau moi lan ve sinh bon cha va tau ch dau.
193
Theo ket qua phan tch can dau cua Tong kho xang dau Petrolimex Nha Be, thanh
phan cua dau can bao gom:
+ Tai bon cha: FO: 60 -70 %; nc va tap chat: 30 40%
+ Tai cac ho cha: FO: 40 50%; nc va tap chat: 50 60%
Bang 6.5 Tnh chat can dau thu tai tong kho xa ng dau Nha Be
TT Ch tieu Ky hieu n v tnh Gia tr
1 Khoi lng rieng
20
g/cm
3
0,95
2 o nht q
50
cP 68 -93,5
3 Ham lng tro % kl 0,34 (6,89)
4 Ham lng nc % kl 8
5 Ham lng lu huynh S % kl 2,01 2,04
6 Nhiet tr Q kCal/kg 9400 -9500
Vi thanh phan cua dau can la da u san pham b nhiem nc va cac tap chat c hoc
khac, viec thai bo trc tiep can da u se gay ra cac s co moi trng. v vay, can co cac
giai phap x l. Hien nay, a co rat nhieu nghien cu ve van e nay nhng chung quy
lai co 2 h ng x l can dau la: thu hoi dau sach va tieu huy
6.4.3.2 Thu hoi can dau
Thc chat can dau gom dau sach, nc va chat ran l lng vo c hoac hu c, do o
viec thu hoi, tai s dung can dau khong ch mang lai li ch to ln ve mat moi trng
ma con mang lai hieu qua ve kinh te. Cong nghe thu hoi dau ien hnh nh sau:
7
5
2
0
0 0.0
RA AO
SINH HO C
S O CONG NGHE THU HOI DAU SACH
VA CAO O
ThIET 8[ Tk6h TkF Th0
ThIET 8[ Tk6h 6k h
ThIE T 8[ Tk6h h006
ThIE T 8[ Tk6h k 0
1
0
0
0
2000 4000
5
0
0
MAY TA I RAC
VT TA I
MANG CHAN
BON THU HO I
BO N CH A DAU
Hnh 6.23 Quy trnh cong nghe x l can da u
194
Can dau t cac nguon khac nhau c thu gom bang xe bon hoac xe tai, van chuyen ve
xng, bm hoac o vao thiet b tach tap tho. Tai ay, cac tap tho c tach ra nh li
loc va dau c gia nhiet en nhiet o khoang 70
o
C. Sau o can dau c bm vao thiet
b tach can theo nguyen ly li tam. Dau va nc i vao thiet b tach nc con can ran
ngam dau a i ot. Nc tach ra t dau a i x ly trong thiet b tach dau, con dau
sach c bm vao bon cha. Tro con lai sau khi ot can dau la chat tr co the dung lam
vat lieu san lap mat bang. Chi tiet cac qui trnh cong nghe c mo ta di ay.
Quy trnh thu hoi dau sach
Cac xng x ly can dau c cha thiet b tach can tho, bao gom ngan cha va ngan
khuay tron gia nhiet. Can dau t chay t thu ng cha qua l i chan bang kim loai vao
ngan gia nhie t . Lu i kim loai nay co nhiem vu tach cac tap tho, tap chat bam tren l i
c nang len tre n va o vao thung cha t ong nh c cau l i quay. Trong ngan gia
nhiet dau c nung en nhie t o 70
o
C nh he thong ie n tr. He thong nay t o ng
ngat khi nhiet o at yeu cau, do o luon bao am an toan chay no.
Tiep theo, dau c bm qua xiclon thuy lc. Trong xiclon dau chuye n ong xoay,
tao ra lc li tam. Di tac dung cua lc li tam cac tap ran se di chuyen ra thanh thiet
b va ri vao thung cha. Con dau sach cung vi nc tap trung tai phan tam cua thie t
b va i vao thiet b tach nc. Trong thiet b ta ch nc hon hp dau va nc c u
nhiet 70
o
C trong ieu kien tnh, khi o nc nang hn nen se lang xuong ay vi
thi gian khoang 1 nga y va c xa gian oan vao thiet b tach dau. Phan dau sach
sau khi tach nc c bm vao cac bon cha.
Quy trnh ot tap tho va hat ran ngam dau:
Cong nghe ot can dau c la chon la cong nghe ot bang hieu ng nhiet phan la
mot cong nghe tien tien c the gii (ac biet la cac nc phat trien) s dung rong
rai. Cong nghe ot nhiet phan con c goi la co ng nghe ot co kiem soat khong kh.
Trong Cong nghe ot nhiet phan chat tha i c ot trong hai buong o t:
- Buong ot th nhat (goi la buong ot s cap): o t nhiet o thap, dung e
phan huy can dau thanh cac kh chay nh: CO, H
2
, CH
4
,. Neu cac kh nay khong
c x ly ma thai thang ra (nh cong nghe ot co ien) th se gay o nhiem moi
trng.
- Buong ot th hai (goi la buong o t th cap): o t nhiet o cao, dung e
ot chay hoan toan cac kh sinh ra t buong s cap.
Nh cach ot nay, khoi thai cha t bu i va cac chat o nhiem h u c. Tuy nhien, kh
thai con cha cac kh axit nen lo ot c trang b mot he thong lam nguoi va x ly
kh thai axit bang dung dch kiem.
Quy trnh x ly nc thai nhiem dau:
Nc thai nhiem dau tach ra t tb tach nc c xa trc tiep vao tb ta ch dau. Thiet
b tach dau hoat ong theo nguyen ly noi vach nghieng ket hp vi nguyen ly tuyen
195
noi ap lc. Cac bot kh cc nhuyen c tao ra t ay cua thiet b se nang cac hat dau
len tren be mat nc. Lp dau noi tren mat nc theo ong dan chay vao ngan thu hoi,
con nc sach qua ngan chan dau chay vao ao sinh hoc. Tai ao sinh hoc he thc vat
nc phat trien di ta c dung anh sang mat tri se giup phan huy cac chat hu c hoa
tan trong nc thai, con cac can ran se sa lang tao thanh lp bun di a y ao.
Ao sinh hoc ngoai nhie m vu x ly nc thai nhiem dau va nc thai sinh hoat cua
xng con co chc nang cha nc, cung cap cho lo ot.
X ly can dau bang phng phap ot
Phng phap pho bien nhat cu a tan dung va kh oc can dau la phng phap o t. Hie n
nay co rat nhieu co ng nghe o t nh ot tang soi, ot thu ng quay, ot thanh ghi, o t
nhiet phan, nhng phng an ot hieu qua c la chon can c tren thanh phan dau.
e ot can dau cha t hn 20% tap chat ran, ngi ta thng s dung lo ot tang soi.
S o cong nghe ot can dau trong lo tang soi c trnh bay tren hnh 18.4.
Nham tang hieu qua chay trong lo, co the s dung cat thach anh co phan oan 2 - 3
mm lam chat tai nhiet. Khi ot can vi nhiet tr di 2,09 MJ/kg, ngi ta cho them
kh ot vao lo va un no ng khong kh. Khi ot can co nhiet tr cao hn, can phai lam
nguoi tang soi. Khoi lo chay trong thie t b un no ng khong kh truyen nhiet lng cua
mnh cho khong kh. Sau khi c lam sach bui va tro, no c thai qua ong khoi. Khi
nong o trong can dau la 67 - 83% nc, 8 - 12% san pham dau mo, 6 - 15% khoang
san se tao thanh tro cha 23,5% SiO
2
, 0,2% CuO, 0,59% ZnO, 1,22% Al
2
O
3
, 44,8%
Fe
2
O
3
, 16,75% CaO, 1,73% MgO, 1,2% Na
2
O, 4,66% P
2
O
5
, 0,25%H
2
O.
Khi ot can dau co cha 70% tap chat ran, ngi ta thng s dung lo o t thung quay v
lo ot nay cho phep ot chat thai vi moi thanh phan theo cac kch thc khac nhau.
Theo o, can dau c bm vao bnh cha va nen bang khong kh, a vao lo nung.
phan au cua lo, hi nc t can dau se bay hi va tai ay die n ra qua trnh ho a hi
phan san pham dau mo. Phan gia cu a lo bat au giai oan ot cac cau t co the chay
c cua can. Tro tao thanh do qua trnh chay se i vao buong ot bo sung. ay, nh
en x, qua trnh o t bo sung se o t chay hoan toan cac hat ran va kh i ra t lo nung
thung quay. Buong ot bo sung c tho ng vi ong khoi. Nhiet lng to a ra do o t c
dung cho nha may nhie t ien.
196
Hnh 6.24 S o thiet b ot can dau
a- Lo nung tang soi: 1- Lo nung tang soi; 2- May un khong kh; 3- Xiclon; 4- Ong
venturi; 5- Thung cha tro; 6- Quat; 7- Ong khoi.
b- Lo nung dang thung quay: 1- Buong ot bo sung; 2- Lo nung thu ng quay; 3- Thung
ng ca n dau; 4- Quat.
6.4.4 X ly phe thai cao su
Chat thai ran cua cong nghiep san xuat vat lie u cao su ky thuat (cao su lu hoa va
cha lu hoa, cao su - vai) c tao thanh trong giai oan chuan b hon hp cao su,
tao phoi lu hoa va x l thanh pham.
Thanh phan co gia tr trong chat thai la cao su va vai. Phan ln chat thai cua nganh
san xuat dung cu cao su ky thua t c o bo hoac ot (khoang 20 - 30% chat tha i,
60% oi vi cao su cha lu hoa), phan con lai c s dung ngay trong cac x
nghiep e san xuat cac o dung co nhu cau ln nh tham, ong, bao tay, ung, non cao
su Cac chat thai co tha nh phan tng t la vo xe hi, vo may bay, vo may keo, o
dung ca nhan.
Vo xe phe thai chiem 15 - 20% khoi lng ban au, phan con lai c tai sinh. Cao
su tai sinh sau x l co the dung e san xuat cac o dung cao su ky thuat. V du, khi
tai sinh mot vo xe co kch thc trung bnh, ta co the thu c gan 10 kg cao su.
b)
a)
Tro
Kho ng kh
Kho i lo
Kho ng kh
Ca n da u
Va o kh quye n
N c
Tro
Kho ng kh
Ca n da u
Nhie n lie u
N c
Hi n c
197
Can phai chu y rang khong phai tat ca cac o dung cao su eu co the tai sinh. Cac o
dung cao su kho ng the tai sinh gom co: o dung a mat tnh de o va tr nen do n do lao
hoa, o du ng co ham lng cao su thap hoac o dung c che tao t cao su tai sinh.
Trc khi tai sinh, cao su can phai qua giai oan chuan b bao gom nghien cao su
thanh hat, tach vai, tron phu gia, chat lam mem, chat hoat hoa cua qua trnh kh lu
huynh, thuc ay cao su chuyen vao trang tha i deo. Chat lam mem cho qua trnh kh
lu huynh la san pham hu c (nha thong, nha lo hi, dau m ky thuat...) vi nhiet
o soi ln hn 300
o
C, vt xa nhiet o kh lu huynh.
Cac phan t cua chat lam mem xam nhap vao gia cac phan t cao su trong chat deo,
tao ra s gian n do tang khoang cach phan t, lam yeu lc lien ket phan t. Do o,
lam giam xac suat h hong cua qua trnh tao ca u truc cao su. Chat lam mem con tao
thanh mot trong cac cau t tai sinh, lam tang tnh an hoi cua no. nh lng chat
lam mem khoang 10 - 30% khoi lng chat deo.
Chat hoat hoa cua qua trnh kh lu huynh la disunfua pentaclorthiophenol, disunfua
triclorthiophenol, muoi kem cua nhng chat tre n va cac chat tao deo hoa hoc. Khi
dung cac hp chat nay, nhiet o cua qua trnh giam va thi gian kh lu huynh giam
40 - 50%. Lng chat hoat hoa thng chiem 0,15 - 3,0%, phu thuoc vao thanh phan
cha t deo.
Qua trnh c ban e sa n xuat cao su tai sinh la kh lu huynh. Qua trnh nay c
thc hien bang cach nung cao su a c nghien vi phu gia trong khoang thi gian
xac nh 160 - 190
o
C. Luc nay, qua trnh phan huy cao su lu hoa se xay ra, cau
truc khong gian cua cao su b phan ra tai lien ket lu huynh - cao su va cao su - cao
su. Qua trnh kh lu huynh lam giam khoi lng cua cao su. Do o, sau khi kh lu
huynh, co mot phan cao su b tan ra. Khoi lng phan t cao su trung bnh 6.000
12.000 g/mol.
Cao su thu c t qua trnh kh lu huynh co lng ln noi oi cha bao hoa, am
bao kha nang tai lu hoa cao khi san xuat vat lieu tai sinh.
Co nhieu phng phap ieu che cao su tai sinh nh nhiet c, trung hoa bang hi hay
trung hoa bang nc.
Khong phu thuoc vao phng phap tai sinh trc o, phe thai cao su eu phai qua
cong oan chuan b giong nhau (xem hnh 6.26). Chung c la chon theo hnh
dang, chung loai va nong o cao su, c tach kim loai co trong phe thai tren may cat
ep thanh 3 en 4 phan, c nghien tren may cat lp thanh cac manh ban vanh
khuyen co chieu rong 10 - 40 mm, va nghie n thanh hat tren may ap, nghien ua
(hoac may nghien bua va nghien a). Sau cac giai oan tren, cac hat cao su thu c
se co kch thc 1-2 mm vi ham lng vai t 2 -10% (phu thuoc vao phng phap x
l tiep theo). ay chnh la vat lieu ban thanh pha m e san xuat cao su tai sinh.
Trong phng phap hi nc, phan cao su hat khong cha vai c tron vi chat tang
o dai va c nhap vao lo kh lu huynh. a y, chung c x l ba ng hi trc tiep
198
di ap suat 0,8 -1,0 MPa 175 -185
o
C trong 7 - 8 gi (oi vi vo xe). Vi muc ch
ong the hoa va deo ho a, hon hp a kh lu huynh c che bien noi tiep trong cac
may can (can hon hp tai sinh va chuan b can tinh) roi cho qua ep loc truc vt. Viec
x l cuoi cung khoi cao su thanh san pham c tien hanh tren may can tinh.
V co qua trnh khuay tron khoi chat kh lu huynh nen cao su tai sinh thng khong
co tnh deo ong nhat. ay chnh la nhc iem chnh cua phng phap hi nc.
Vi phng phap nc, cao su tai sinh se co chat lng cao hn. Qua trnh kh lu
huynh theo phng phap trung hoa bang nc oi vi cao su a c loai vai c
tien hanh trong noi hi ng co canh khuay vi moi trng la chat nhu tng nc -
chat tang dai 180 -185
o
C trong vong 5 -8 gi. Hi nc co ap suat d 1,2MPa
191
o
C c cho vao vo noi hi. Khi ket thuc qua trnh kh lu huynh, ngi ta tach
nc ra khoi cao su tai sinh trong thung quay co vo xuyen lo. e at en o am 15-
18%, ngi ta ep cao su tai sinh trong may nen vt ay. Sau o, cao su tai sinh c
say trong may say chan khong hoac bang tai. Viec x l c hoc tiep theo e kh lu
huynh c tien hanh tng t nh trong phng phap hi.
Qua trnh tai sinh cao su theo phng phap trung hoa bang nc, s khuay tron lien
tuc thuc ay s trng n cua cao su trong chat tang dai. Ngoai ra, neu s dung chat
tang dai la nha cua cay go la nhon co cha nhieu axit tan trong nc, cac si vai con
sot lai se b phan huy (hieu qua tng t khi bo sung clorua kem va canxi). Nhng
yeu to noi tren eu anh hng tot en chat lng cua cao su tai sinh.
Phng phap tai sinh hoan thien nhat ve mat ky thuat la phng phap nhiet c.
Phng phap nay cho phep tang toc o ang ke qua trnh ta i sinh, nh c kh hoa va
t ong hoa toi a qua trnh san xuat. Phng phap nhiet c lam cho qua trnh tai sinh
c thc hien lien tuc, giam gia thanh tai sinh.
Trong quy trnh san xuat cao su tai sinh bang phng phap nhiet c (hnh 6.27), ca c
hat cao su c loai vai e at ham lng lng si s 2%. Sau o, no c tron lien
tuc vi chat tang dai trong khoang 4 -12h. Cao su tiep tuc c cho qua may ep truc
vt 140 - 210
o
C e kh lu huynh. T may e p, cao su a kh lu huynh c tiep
tuc x l tren may can tinh e c cao su tai sinh. Cao su tai sinh c san xuat theo
phng phap nay ong nhat hn va deo hn cao su tai sinh thu c theo phng
phap trung hoa bang nc.
199
Hnh 6.25 S o san xuat cao su tai sinh bang phng phap nhiet c
1. Thung cha cao su a nghien 2. Thu ng ch a chat lam mem 3. Thiet b nh
lng, 4. May tron 5.Thiet b kh lu huynh, 6. May can 7. San pham
Lien Xo a sang che ra cac phng phap san xuat cao su tai sinh mi: phng phap
phan tan va phng phap bc xa. Phng pha p phan tan c thc hien bang cach
nghien cao su en trang thai ra t nhuyen trong moi trng nc. Qua trnh c tien
hanh vi s co mat cua chat kh lu huynh va chat hoat ong be mat nhiet o 40-
60
o
C, do o, ngan chan c s hnh thanh cac phan ng oxi hoa va s thay oi ang
ke thanh phan cao su trong thi gian tai sinh. Phng phap bc xa (vi tac dung cua
tia ) co the c s dung e tai sinh cao su tren c s cao su butyl. Trong phng
phap nay khong can phai nghien can than cao su.
Lien Xo, gia thanh cao su tai sinh thap hn 4 - 6 lan gia thanh cao su tong hp. V
vay, viec s dung no e thay the mot phan hay toan bo cao su trong san xuat o dung
bang cao su k thuat ra t co li ve mat kinh te. Viec s dung cao su tai sinh khong ch
em lai li ch kinh te ma con em lai l i ch ve mat ky thuat nh tang van toc khuay,
giam tieu hao nang l ng, giam o co ngo t cu a cao su thu c... Phe thai kim loai
cua qua trnh san xuat cao su tai sinh co the c dung trong cong nghiep luyen kim
en. T vai phe lieu, ta co the lam cac tam cach nhiet, cach am, chat on cho o go...
Mot hng khac e che bien cao su phe thai la nghien chung thanh hat. Cac hat cao
su nay co the c che bien thanh nhieu loai va t lieu xay dng co cao su chiem 10 -
40% nh mang bitum - cao su, vat lieu chong tham, tham lot, van tng, vat lieu phu
ng hoac c dung e san xuat bao b ben hoa ho c va cac muc ch khac.
Mac du qui mo tai s dung phe thai cao su tren the gii kha ln nhng nguon d tr
cua chung van tiep tuc tang len ang ke. V vay, ngi ta van con tiep tuc tm kiem
cac hng tan dung va che bien mi.
oi vi cac phe tha i cao su khong c s dung e san xuat cao su tai sinh, co the
dung phng phap nhiet phan e thu c cac san pham khac nhau. Ba ng cach nhiet
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
CHA T LA M ME M
CAO SU A LOA I VA I
200
phan phe thai cao su 400 - 450
o
C, ta co the thu c dau cao su, mot chat c s
dung lam chat tang dai trong san xuat cao su va cao su tai sinh
Ket qua cua qua trnh nhiet phan vo xe o to a nghien 593 - 815
o
C la hydrocacbon
long (c s dung nh nhien lieu), phan san pham ran co the c s dung thay cho
mo hong e san xuat cac o dung cao su k thuat.
Neu nhiet phan nhiet o cao (900 -1200
o
C) hai giai oan, t vo xe o to, ta co the
thu c mo hong (chat can thiet cho cong nghiep cao su), than coc co kha nang hap
phu cao, kh va nguyen lieu cho luyen kim en.
Hien nay, qua trnh nhie t phan phe thai hu c ang thu hut nhieu s quan tam.
6.5 TNH HNH TAI CHE CTR TREN THE GII VA VIET NAM
6.5.1 Tnh hnh tai che CTR tren the gii
nhieu nc phat trien tren the gii, hoat ong tai che va tai s dung CTR a c
quan tam va mang lai hieu qua kinh te ln. Cac quoc gia nay a xay d ng mot chien
lc quan ly chat thai trong toan bo he thong quan ly chat thai. Nam 1989, he thong
quan ly nay c Lien Hiep Chau Au ch ao. Va co ng tac nga n nga phat sinh chat
thai, thu hoi va giam thieu viec thai bo c u tien thc hien. Them vao o, viec gia
tang s hp tac gia ca c thanh vien nham giam thieu xuat - nhap khau bat hp ly va
cac hoat ong phat sinh CTNH cung c ay manh.
Cac nc phat trien hien nay ang thay oi loi song theo xu hng s dung cac sa n
pham co nguon goc tai che va phat trien cac nganh kinh doanh tai che mi tren th
trng. ac iem cu a hoat ong thu hoi va tai che chat tha i cac nc nay la a to chc
c cac dch vu cong cong co trach nhiem ay manh tai che rac bang chnh sach.
e giam thieu lng ra c thai phat sinh, nc My a co nhng chnh sach ho tr cac
hoat ong tai che va hie n ang co gang thiet lap mot xa hoi kinh te tuan hoan: cac nha
san xuat phai xet xem sa n pham cua mnh co sinh ra t chat thai hn kho ng va cac phe
lieu co kha na ng tai che hay khong.
Nhat Ban la mot trong cac quoc gia i tien phong trong viec ap dung ca c cong nghe
tien tien trong lnh vc x ly CTCN, song song o th Nhat Ban cung a phat trien
nhng cong nghe tien tien nham tai che, tai s dung chat thai. Cac hoa t ong tai che
rac thai Nhat Ban c ho tr bi he tho ng luat va cac quy nh lien quan en viec
quan ly chat thai, v du: luat tai che vo hop va bao b c ban hanh nam 1996, luat
tai che thiet b ien c ban hanh nam 1998. Theo thong ke, tai Nhat Ban, nam 1995
co khoa ng 50% giay phe lieu c thu hoi va tai che, 100% cac chai thuy tinh va 75%
tong lng vo o hop kim loai c thu hoi va ta i che.
Tai c, nam 1990 Volkwagen a khanh thanh mot nha may tai sinh xe o to va c
chnh phu c khuyen khch thc hien cac bien phap thu hoi phe pham.
Ngoai ra, hoat ong tai che, tai s dung CTR cu ng a va ang phat trien rat manh me
cac nc tien tien nh Phap, Ha Lan, Uc, Canada
201
6.5.2 Tnh hnh tai che CTR tai Viet Nam
Cac hoat ong thu hoi va tai che CTR tai nc ta a ra i t lau, vi muc ch mang
lai hieu qua kinh te va gop phan giai quyet nhu cau lao ong cua at nc. Luat moi
trng ra i anh dau mot bc chuyen ang ke trong cong tac bao ve moi trng
nc ta, hoa nhap vi xu h ng chung toan the gii, hoat ong tai sinh, tai che chat
thai c quan tam nhie u hn va phat trien ma nh trong nhng nam gan ay, khi cac
hang loat cac nha may, khu cong nghiep ra i, cac o th phat trien ma nh trong tien
trnh cong nghiep hoa , hien ai hoa at nc.. Tai cac o th ln, hoat ong nay cang
dien ra manh hn v nguon cung cap nguye n lieu rat doi dao.
Tp. HCM la o th ln nhat ca nc va cung la ni co rat nhieu c s san xuat gia
cong to chc thu mua phe lieu, phe pham cong nghiep lien quan e lam nguyen lieu
cho cong nghe tai che. Ngoai ra, mot so c s t nhan cu ng t to chc thu gom tai che
CTR theo hnh thc thu cong va sa n xuat th pha m. Cac nganh nghe ac trng cua cac
c s tai che nay chu yeu tap trung vao tai che nha, tai che giay, tai che kim loai (sat,
nhom).
Hien Tp. HCM co khoang 20 c s tai che co von au t ln hn 1 ty VN, khoang 50
100 c s co quy mo trung bnh, von au t t 0,5 1 ty VN va con hang ngan c
s tai che nho co von a u t t 100 300 trieu.
Cac c s tai che phe lieu tai Tp. HCM nam ra i rac ca khu vc noi thanh lan ngoai
thanh vi u moi nganh nghe khac nhau. Cac c s tai che trong noi thanh thng co
quy mo san xuat nho va chu yeu la cac c s thu cong e tranh a nh h ng en moi
trng va dan c xung quanh. Nhng c s nay thng ket hp vi nhng c s khac e
tao ra mot san pham hoan chnh. ien hnh la cac c s tai che nhom, sat thng thu
mua phe lieu roi sa n xuat cac san pham ban thanh pham (phoi nhom, phoi sat) va ban
cho cac c s san xuat khac e tao ra cac san pham cuoi cung. Cac c s tai che chat
tha i ngoai thanh thng co xu hng sa n xuat ra cac sa n pham hoan thie n hn nhng t
quan tam en moi trng do v tr c s thng nam xa khu dan c, cha vao khu qua n ly
tap trung nen cha co s qua n ly chat che, tham ch mot so c s con cha co giay phep
kinh doanh. Chat tha i phat sinh cu a cac c s nay co nhng tnh chat oc hai khac nhau
ma phan ln cac c s eu cha trang b thiet b x ly hoac neu co th cung cha hoan
chnh, oi luc khong hoat ong va cho tha i thang vao moi trng, gay a nh h ng nghiem
trong en moi trng, sc kho e cua cong nhan va dan c xung quanh. Ngoai ra, cac c
s con sa n xuat ai tra xen ke gia cac nganh nghe vi nhau, gay kho khan cho cac c
quan chc nang trong viec qua n ly chat tha i.
Hien nay trong he thong quan ly CTR cu a thanh pho, lnh vc tai che van con c
xem la mot hoat ong kinh te hoan toan oc lap, v no nam trong mot lnh vc t nhan
nang ong, nha nc van cha co hng a u t va quan ly cu the. V vay nhng
phng phap tai che va n con rat lac hau, hieu suat khong cao, ieu kien ve sinh moi
trng cha c am bao.
202
CAU HOI
1. Tnh hnh tai che CTR tai Viet Nam?
2. Y ngha cua tai che CTR ?
3. Gii thieu tom ta t mo t qui trnh tai che CTR sinh hoat ( v du nhom, sat thep, nha,
cao su )
4. Trnh bay tom tat mot phng an ta i che oi vi mot loai CTR vo c ( v du quang
pirit thieu ke t, bun o do san xuat nhom t quang boxit, x t cong nghe nhung kem
nong, bun xi ma ) . Phan tch tnh kha thi cua phng an chon?
5. Trnh bay tom tat mot phng an ta i che oi vi mot loai CTR hu c ( v du nha
ng chua, can dau do suc r a tau ch dau tho, can dau t bon cha dau FO, cao
su phe thai, nha phe thai ). Phan tch tnh kha thi cua phng an chon?
203
Chng 7: CONG NGHE SAN XUAT PHAN HU C
(COMPOST) T RAC O TH
7.1 TONG QUAN
Cac cong nghe san xuat phan hu c (compost) t CTR o th gom pha n huy k kh
va hieu kh. Ban chat chung cua 2 qua trnh tren la s dung vi sinh va t e on nh cac
thanh phan hu c co trong CTR o th trc khi s dung hoac x ly tiep.
Hnh 7.1: Cac dong vat chat chnh trong x ly sinh hoc cac chat hu c co the phan
huy sinh hoc trong CTR o th
7.1.1 nh ngha
Qua trnh che bien phan hu c: la qua trnh chuyen hoa cac thanh phan hu c
trong chat thai ran o th thanh chat mun on nh nh hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat
Phan hu c: la chat mun on nh thu c t qua trnh phan huy cac chat hu c,
khong cha cac mam be nh, khong loi cuon con trung, co the lu tr an toan va co li
cho s phat trien cua cay trong
7.1.2 Cac giai oan c ban trong san xuat phan hu c:
San xuat phan hu c t chat thai ran o th la qua trnh ket h p cu a 3 giai oan c ban
sau:
- Tien x ly chat thai ran o th
- Phan huy cac thanh phan hu c trong chat thai ran o th.
- Chuan b san pham va tiep th san pham
7.2 O NG HO C QUA TRNH PHA N HUY SINH HO C CTR H U C
7.2.1 ong ho c qua trnh phan huy k kh CTR hu c
CTR hu
c co the
phan huy
sinh hoc
Phan huy hieu
kh
Phan huy k kh
Chon lap
Nc thai
(nc r rac)
Kh thai
(biogas)
CTR on nh e
cai tao at
Kh thai
Phan hu c
Nang
lng
204
Toc o qua trnh phan huy k kh phu thuo c vao ie u kien moi trng. e d oan va
xac nh toc o phan hu y k kh cua cac thanh phan hu c trong CTR o th, o ng ho c
qua trnh la noi dung c ban can c hie u ro. Khi nghie n cu ong hoc qua trnh
chuyen hoa sinh hoc, ac biet la qua trnh chuyen hoa k kh, th ng s dung phng
trnh Monod e the hie n moi quan he gia no ng o c chat va toc o sinh tr ng thc
cua vi sinh vat (Monod, 1949):
S k
S
S
+
=
max
(7.1)
Trong o:
: Toc o tang trng rieng cua vi sinh vat (ngay
-1
)
max
: Toc o tang trng rieng cc ai cua vi sinh vat (ngay
-1
)
S : Nong o c chat (mol/l)
k
S
: Hang so toc o (bang gia tr S khi =
max
).
Mac du phng trnh Monod c s dung rong rai trong nghien cu cac qua trnh
phan huy k kh (McCarty, 1964; Ghosh va Pohland, 1974; Ripley va Boyle, 1983)
cho nhng ket qua phu hp, nhng phng trnh nay ch co gia tr oi vi cac he
thong trong o c chat la nhng chat co kha nang hoa tan. T nghien cu cua Faire
va Moore (1932) va nghien cu cua Eastman va Ferguson (1981), Brummeler (1993)
cho thay: oi vi c chat dang ran, ong hoc bac 1 la thch hp nhat. Phng trnh
phan huy c chat theo ong hoc bac 1 co the bie u dien nh sau:
S k
dt
dS
r = = (7.2)
Trong o, k la hang so toc o phan huy
Mac du phng trnh na y c s dung rong ra i e nghien cu qua trnh phan huy cac
chat thai phc tap nh bun cong thai, phan chat hu c cua CTRSH va rm ra
(Eastman va Ferguson, 1981; Pfeffer, 1974, Jewell, 1982), nhng van co n nghi van la
nong o c chat S co thc s c xac nh trong qua trnh nghien cu khong. Nhng
chat nay cha mot phan chat hoa tan va nhieu hp chat cao phan t nh protein,
lipid, va xenlulo . Tat ca nhng hp chat nay co toc o phan huy kha c nhau trong
ieu kien k kh va hau het eu la nhng thanh phan co toc o pha n hu y b gii han
(Noikle va cong s, 1985, Guher va Zehnder, 1982). Nhng nghien cu c ban ve
ong hoc qua trnh thuy phan cac phc chat trong qua trnh phan huy k kh hau nh
khong c trnh bay. Toc o qua trnh thuy phan se phu thuoc vao loa i c chat, gia
tr pH, nhiet o va s co mat cua cac chat c che (Gujer va Znhnder, 1983).
Theo nghien cu cua Pfeffer (1974), oi vi qua trnh phan huy k kh chat hu c
trong CTRSH a nghie n, giai oan gii han toc o chnh la qua trnh thuy phan phan
xenlulo trong c chat va giai oan nay co ong hoc bac nhat.
205
oi vi c chat d the nh phan chat hu c cu a CTRSH, vi thanh phan xac nh,
ong hoc qua trnh phan huy bac nhat dng nh la dang n gian nhat va hng thc
te nhat e mo ta toan bo qua trnh. Tuy nhien, khoang 13 15% cac h p chat hu c
cua cac c chat nay b phan huy v i toc o cao hn phan chat hu c con lai, cung
theo ong hoc bac 1. Phan nay co the cha cac loai ng va amino axit, v toc o
kh cac hp chat nay l n hn ang ke so vi xenlulo (Noike va cong s , 1985). Theo
Cecche va Alvarez (1991), con mot phan th ba na ton tai gom cac axit beo de bay
hi hnh thanh trong qua trnh lu tr chat thai. Tuy nhien, thanh pha n nay khong
phai luc nao cung co, nen anh hng cua chung en ong hoc qua trnh c bo qua.
e d oan toc o sinh kh (Emcon Associates, 1979; Hoeks, 1983), co the gia s
rang chat hu c trong CTRSH o th bao gom nhieu phan. Phng trnh bieu dien
toc o kh c chat trong qua trnh phan huy k kh phan chat hu c cua CTRSH gom
hai hp chat c bieu dien nh sau:
) (
2 2 1 1
2 1
S k S k
dt
dS
dt
dS
dt
dS
r + =
|
.
|
+
\
|
= = (7.3)
Nong o c chat S
1
va S
2
neu bieu dien theo nong o CTR bay hi tng ng VS
1
va
VS
2
la :
r = (k
1
.VS
1
+ k
2
. VS
2
) (7.4)
Trong o: k
1
va k
2
la ha ng so toc o bac 1 cua hp chat 1 va hp chat 2, VS
1
va VS
2
la nong o chat thai ran bay hi c cua hp chat 1 va hp chat 2 tng ng. Trong
thc te nong o chat ra n bay hi VS = VS
1
+ VS
2
co the c xac nh mot cach
gian tiep bang cach o lng kh metan sinh ra. oi vi mot qua trnh phan huy, toc
o kh cac chat ran bay hi co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc hau nh bang toc o sinh
kh metan (Gujer va Zehnder, 1983; Brummeler, 1993) v qua trnh ta o thanh sinh
khoi khong ang ke:
r ~r
CH4
(7.5)
Trong o r
CH4
la toc o sinh kh metan .
Lng chat ran bay hi b phan huy co the bieu dien nh sau:
) . (
) (
VS k
dt
VS d
r = = (7.6)
Trong o, k la hang so toc o cua toan bo qua trnh (ngay
-1
). Lay tch phan phng
trnh tren cho:
t k
VS
VS
o
t
. ln = (7.7)
Nh vay neu bieu dien theo toc o sinh kh metan , phng trnh tren tr thanh:
206
t k
CH
t CH
. 1 ln
max
4
4
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(7.8)
Trong o, CH
4
t la lng tong kh metan sinh ra sau thi gian t, CH
4max
la lng kh
metan cc ai co the ta o thanh t phan chat hu c. Nh vay, bang cach o lng kh
CH
4
sinh ra co the xac nh toc o phan huy chat hu c mot cach de dang hn.
7.2.2 ong hoc qua trnh phan huy hieu kh CTR hu c
Qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoc hieu kh CTR co the bieu dien mot ca ch tong quat
theo phng trnh sau:
Chat hu c + O
2
+ Dinh dng
Vi sinh vat
Te bao mi + CHC kho phan huy
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O + NH
3
+ SO
4
2-
+ ... + Q
Neu chat hu c co trong CTR c bieu dien di dang C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
, s tao thanh te
bao mi va sunphat khong ang ke, thanh phan cua vat lieu kho phan huy con lai
c ac trng bi C
w
H
x
O
y
N
z
th lng oxy can thiet cho qua trnh on nh hieu kh
cac chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua CTR o th co the c c tnh
theo phng trnh sau:
C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
+ 0.5(ny + 2s + r c)O
2
nC
w
H
x
O
y
N
z
+ sCO
2
+ rH
2
O + (d nx)NH
3
Trong o:
r = 0.5[b nx 3(d nx)]
s = a nw
C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
va C
w
H
x
O
y
N
z
bieu dien thanh phan phan t thc nghiem cua chat hu c
ban au va sau khi ket thuc qua trnh. Neu qua trnh chuyen hoa xay ra hoan toan,
phng trnh bieu dien co dang nh sau:
3 2 2 2
2
3
4
3 2 4
NH d O H
d b
aCO O
d c b a
N O H C
d c b a
+
+
+
+
Trong nhieu trng hp, NH
3
sinh ra t qua trnh oxy hoa cac hp chat hu c b tiep
tuc oxy hoa thanh nitrat (qua trnh nitrat hoa). Lng oxy can thiet e oxy hoa NH
3
thanh nitrat co the tnh theo phng trnh sau:
NH
3
+ 3/2 O
2
HNO
2
+ H
2
O
HNO
2
+ O
2
HNO
3
NH
3
+ 2O
2
H
2
O + HNO
3
Nh vay, trong qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc hie u kh, san pham tao tha nh khong co
mat cua NH
3
. Hay noi cach khac, trong trng hp nay, toc o phan huy c xac
nh theo lng chat hu c con lai theo thi gian phan huy va c bieu dien nh
sau:
207
t k
VS
VS
o
t
. ln = (7.9)
V du: Xac nh lng oxy can thiet e phan huy hieu kh 1 tan chat hu c. Gia
thiet rang thanh phan chat hu c can phan huy ban au la [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
5
, thanh
phan chat hu c con lai la [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
2
, sau qua trnh phan huy con lai 400 kg
CTR.
Giai:
1. So mol cua chat thai ban au:
1000 / ( 30x12 + 50 x1 + 25 x16 ) = 1,23
2. So mol cua chat thai con lai:
400 / ( 12 x12 + 20 x1 + 10 x16 ) = 1,23
3. T le so mol ban au va con lai: n= 1,23/1,23 = 1
4. Tnh cac he so :
r = 0,5 [ b n.x 3( d- n.z)]= 0,5 [ 50 1. 20]= 15
s = a n. w = 30 1. 12 = 18
5. Khoi lng oxi can cung cap:
0,5 [ n. y + 2.s +r c) = 0,5 [ 1.10 + 2. 18 + 15 25]. 1,23. 32 = 708 kg
7.3 VI SINH VAT VA CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN QUA TRNH PHAN
HUY CHAT HU C
7.3.1 Vi sinh vat
Vi sinh vat th ng c phan loai d a tre n cau truc te bao va ch c nang hoat ong cu a
chung thanh (eucaryotes), (aubacteria) va (archaebacteria). Nho m procaryotic
(aubacteria va archaebacteria) o ng vai tro quan tro ng trong qua trnh chuyen ho a sinh
hoc chat hu c co trong CTR va c goi mot cach n gian la vi khuan. Nhom
eucaryotic bao go m thc vat, o ng vat va sinh vat nguye n sinh. Nhng eucaryotic o ng
vai tro quan trong trong qua trnh chuyen hoa cac chat thai hu c gom co (1) nam, (2)
men va (3) actinomycetes (khuan tia).
Vi khuan: Vi khuan la nhng te bao n gian co dang hnh cau, hnh que hoac dang
xoan oc. Vi khuan hnh cau (cau khuan) co ng knh dao ong trong khoang 0,5
en 4m; vi khuan hnh que co chieu da i dao ong trong khoang 0,5 20 m va
chieu rong t 0,5 4 m; vi khuan dang xoan oc (khuan xoan) co the dai hn 10 m
va rong khoang 0,5 m. Cac vi khuan nay ton tai trong t nhien va c tm thay
trong moi trng hieu kh va k kh. Nghien c u tren nhieu loai vi khuan khac nhau
cho thay vi khuan cha khoang 80% nc va 20% chat kho, trong o cac chat hu c
208
chiem 90% va 10% con lai la chat vo c. Cong thc phan t thc nghiem gan ung
oi vi phan chat hu c la C
5
H
7
NO
2
. Da tren cong thc nay, khoa ng 53% (theo
khoi lng) chat hu c la carbon. Cac hp chat tao thanh phan vo c trong te bao vi
khuan gom co P
2
O
5
(50%), CaO (9%), Na
2
O (11%), MgO (8%), K
2
O (6%), va Fe
2
O
3
(1%). V tat ca cac nguyen to va hp chat nay phai lay t moi trng, nen neu thieu
nhng hp chat nay se han che s phat trien cua vi khuan.
Nam: Nam c xem la nhom nguyen sinh ong vat a bao, khong quang hp va d
dng. Hau het cac loai nam co kha nang phat trien trong ieu kien o am thap, la
ieu kien khong thch hp cho vi khuan. Them vao o, nam co the chu c moi
trng co pH kha thap. Gia tr pH toi u cho ha u het cac nhom nam vao khoang 56
nhng gia tr pH cung co the dao ong trong khoang 29. Qua trnh trao oi chat cua
cac vi sinh vat nay la qua trnh hieu kh va chu ng phat trien thanh nh ng si dai goi
la si nam tao thanh t nhng te bao co nhan va co chieu rong thay oi trong khoang
t 420 m. Do nam co kha nang phan huy nhieu hp chat hu c trong nhng ieu
kien moi trng thay oi rat rong, nen chung c s dung rong rai trong cong
nghiep e san xuat nhieu hp chat co gia tr nh cac axit hu c (axit citric, axit
glutamic,...), cac chat khang sinh (penicillin, griseofulvin) va enzym (cellulase,
protease, amylase).
Men: Men la nam khong co dang si va do o chung ch la nhng n bao. Mot so
men co dang elip vi kch thc dao ong trong khoang 815m x 35m, mot so
men khac co dang hnh cau vi ng knh thay oi t 812 m. Trong cong nghiep,
men c phan loai thanh men dai va men nuoi cay. Men dai do vi sinh vat
trong t nhien sinh ra e thc hien cac phan ng phan huy chat hu c trong qui trnh
dinh dng cua te bao. Men cay la men co t cac chung vi sinh vat c phan lap va
nuoi cay trong ieu kie n nhan tao nham thu c nhom enzym co tac dung xuc tac
cho phan ng sinh hoa tren mot loai chat hu c thuan nhat.
Khuan tia (Actinomycetes). Khuan tia la nhom vi sinh vat co tnh chat trung gian gia
vi khuan va nam. Chung co hnh dang tng t nh nam nhng vi chieu rong cua te
bao ch khoang t 0,51,4 m. Trong cong nghiep, nhom vi sinh vat nay c s
dung rong rai e san xuat chat khang sinh.
7.3.2 Cac qua trnh trao oi chat cua vi sinh vat
Cac vi sinh vat d dng hoa hoc co the nhom lai theo dang trao oi chat va nhu cau
oxy phan t cua chu ng. Cac vi sinh vat tao ra na ng lng bang cach van chuyen ien
t trung gian cua enzym t chat cho ien t en chat nhan ien t be n ngoai (nh
oxy) c goi la qua trnh trao oi chat ho hap (respiratory metabolism). Trong khi
o, c che trao oi chat len men (fermentative metabolism) khong co s tham gia cua
chat nhan ien t ben ngoai. Qua trnh len men la qua trnh tao nang lng t hieu
qua hn qua trnh ho hap, do o cac vi sinh vat d dng loai nay co toc o sinh
209
trng va san sinh te ba o thap hn so vi vi sinh vat d dng trao oi chat theo c
che ho hap.
Khi oxy phan t c s dung lam chat nhan ien t trong qua trnh trao oi chat ho hap,
th qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh ho hap hieu kh (aerobic respiration). Cac vi sinh vat
phu thuoc vao qua trnh ho hap hieu kh e at c nhu cau nang lng chung ch co the
ton tai khi c cung cap oxy phan t, goi la vi sinh vat hieu kh bat buoc (obligate aerobic).
Cac chat vo c b oxy hoa chang han nh nitrat va Sunfat co the ong vai tro chat nhan
ien t oi vi mot so loai vi sinh vat ho hap trong ieu kien khong co oxy phan t. Trong
lnh vc cong nghe moi trng, cac qua trnh s dung cac loai vi sinh vat nay thng c
goi la qua trnh thieu kh (anoxic).
Cac vi sinh vat san sinh nang lng bang qua trnh len men va ch co the to n tai trong
ieu kien moi tr ng khong co oxy c goi la vi sinh vat k kh bat buoc (obligate
anaerobic). Ben canh o con co mo t nho m vi sinh vat khac co the phat trien trong ca
ieu kien co hoac khong co oxy phan t c goi la vi sinh vat k kh tuy tien
(facultative anaerobes). Cac vi sinh vat tuy tie n co the c phan loai thanh 2 nho m
da tre n kha nang trao oi chat cua chung. Nhng vi sinh vat k kh tuy tien co the
chuyen t qua trnh trao oi chat theo c che len men sang dang trao oi chat theo c
che ho hap hieu kh, tuy theo s co mat cua oxy phan t . Cac vi sinh vat k kh chu
c ie u kien hieu kh (aerotolerant anaerbobes) co c che trao o i chat len men
hoan toan nhng kha tr khi co mat oxy phan t.
Bang 7.1 Cac chat nha n ien t trong cac phan ng cua vi sinh va t
Moi trng Chat nhan ien t Qua trnh
Hieu kh
K kh
Oxy, O
2
Nitrat , NO
3
-
Sunphat, SO
4
2-
Kh Cacbonic, CO
2
Trao oi chat hieu kh
Kh nitrat
Kh Sunphat
Metan hoa
Nguon: Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1993.
7.3.3 Nhu cau dinh dng cho s phat trien cua vi sinh vat
e co the tai sinh va hoat ong mot cach hp ly, vi sinh vat can co nguon nang
lng: cacbon e tong hp te bao m i va cac nguyen to vo c (chat dinh dng) nh
nit (N
2
), photpho (P), lu huynh (S), canxi (Ca) va magie (Mg). Cac chat dinh dng
hu c cung can thiet e tong hp te bao.
7.3.3.1 Nguon cacbon va nang lng
Hai nguon carbon thong dung nha t oi vi mo te bao la cacbon hu c va CO
2
.
Nhng vi sinh vat s dung nguon cacbon hu c e tao thanh mo te bao c goi la vi
210
sinh vat d dng (heterotrophs). Cac vi sinh vat s dung nguon carbon t CO
2
c
go i la vi sinh t dng (autotrophs). S chuyen hoa CO
2
thanh mo te bao hu c la
qua trnh kh oi hoi phai cung cap them nang lng. Do o cac vi sinh vat t dng
tieu ton nhieu nang lng cho qua trnh tong hp hn so vi vi sinh vat d dng. ay
chnh la nguyen nhan khien cho toc o sinh trng cua vi sinh vat t dng thng
thap hn.
Nang lng can thiet e tong hp te bao co the c cung cap t anh sang mat tri
hoac t phan ng oxy hoa hoa hoc. Cac vi sinh vat co the s dung anh sang mat tri
lam nguon nang lng c go i la vi sinh vat quang dng (photrophs). Cac vi sinh vat
quang dung co the la vi sinh vat d dng (vi khuan chuyen hoa lu huynh) hoac cac
vi sinh vat t d ng (tao va vi khuan quang hp). Cac vi sinh vat lay nang lng t cac
phan ng ho a hoc c goi la chemotrophs. Cung giong nh vi sinh vat quang dng,
chemotrophs cu ng gom hai loai: di d ng ho a hoc (nguye n sinh ong vat, nam va hau
het cac vi khuan) va t dng ho a hoc (vi khuan nitrat hoa). Cac vi sinh vat t d ng
hoa hoc thu nang lng t qua trnh oxy ho a cac hp chat vo c nh ammonia, nitrit va
cac hp chat cha lu huynh. Cac vi sinh vat d dng hoa ho c th ng thu nang lng
t qua trnh oxy hoa cac hp chat h u c. S phan loai vi sinh vat theo nguon nang
lng va carbon cua te bao c trnh bay trong Bang 7.2
Bang 7.2 Phan loa i vi sinh vat theo nguon cacbon va nguon nang lng
Loai Nguon nang lng Nguon cacbon
T dng
- Quang t dng
- T dng hoa hoc
D dng
- D dng hoa hoc
- Quang d dng
Anh sang mat tri
Phan ng oxy ho a kh chat vo c
Phan ng oxy hoa kh chat hu
c
Anh sang mat tri
CO
2
CO
2
Cacbon hu c
Cacbon hu c
Nguon:Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1993.
7.3.3.2 Nhu cau dinh dng va cac yeu to anh hng en s phat trien cua vi sinh vat
Cac chat dinh dng khong phai la nguon carbon hay nang lng co the la thanh
phan c che s tong hp va phat trien cua te bao vi sinh vat. Cac chat dinh dng vo
c c ban can thiet cho vi sinh vat bao gom nit (N), lu huynh (S), photpho (P), kali
(K), magie (Mg), canxi (Ca), sat (Fe), natri (Na) va clo (Cl). Cac chat dinh dng t
quan trong hn bao go m kem (Zn), mangan (Mn), molyden (Mo), selen (Se), Coban
(Co), ong (Cu), Niken (Ni) va tungsten (W).
211
Ben canh cac chat dinh dng vo c, mot so loai vi sinh va t cung can cung cap cac
chat dinh dng hu c. Mac du nhu cau dinh dng cua cac vi sinh vat khac nhau se
khac nhau nhng cac chat dinh dng hu c co the pha n lam 3 loai chnh nh sau:
(1) amino axit, (2) purines va pyrimidines, va (3) vitamins.
7.3.3.3 S dinh dng cua vi sinh vat va cac qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoc
Muc ch chnh cua hau het cac qua trnh sinh hoc la chuyen hoa cac chat hu c co trong
chat thai thanh cac san pham cuoi ben vng. Nh vay, e thc hien c ieu nay, cac vi
sinh vat d dng se ong vai tro quan trong hang au v chung s dung cac hp chat hu
c lam nguon cung ca p carbon va nang lng. Phan hu c cua CTRSH co cha mot
lng thch hp cac chat dinh dng (ca hu c va vo c) can thiet cho qua trnh chuyen
hoa sinh hoc cua chat thai. Tuy nhien, oi vi mot so CTR t khu thng mai, lng dinh
dng san co khong u nen can bo sung dinh dng thch hp e vi sinh vat co the sinh
trng va phan huy chat thai hu c.
7.3.4 ieu kien moi trng
Nhng ieu kien moi trng: nhiet o va pH co anh hng quan trong en s song va
sinh trng cua vi sinh vat. Noi chung, qua trnh phat trien toi u cua vi sinh vat ch
xay ra trong mot khoang dao ong hep cua nhiet o va pH, mac du chung van co the
ton tai trong khoang gii han rong hn nhieu. Nhiet o thap hn nhiet o to i u se
anh hng ang ke en toc o sinh trng cua vi sinh vat hn la nhiet o ln hn gia
tr toi u. Ke t qua nghie n cu cho thay rang toc o sinh trng cua vi sinh vat se tang
len gap oi khi nhiet o tang len moi 10
o
C cho en khi at nhiet o toi u. Theo
khoang nhiet o ma vi sinh vat co the hoat ong tot nhat co the phan loai chung
thanh psychrophilic, meosphilic va thermophilic (vi sinh vat a lanh, a am va chu
nhiet). Khoang nhiet o thch hp cho tng loai vi sinh va t nay c trnh bay trong
Bang 7.3
Bang 7.3 Khoang nhiet o cu a cac nhom vi sinh vat
Nhiet o Loai vi sinh vat
Khoang dao ong Toi u
Psychrophilic
Mesophilic
thermophilic
-10 30
40 50
45 - 75
15
35
55
Nguon:Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1993.
Nong o ion hydro, bieu dien di dang pH, la yeu to khong quan trong oi vi s
phat trien cua vi sinh vat neu dao ong trong khoang pH = 6 - 9. Thong thng, gia
tr pH toi u e vi sinh vat phat trien dao ong trong khoang 6,5 7,5. Tuy nhien khi
pH ln hn 9,0 hoac thap hn 4,5 cac phan t axit yeu hoac baz yeu co the khuech
tan vao te bao de dang hn cac ion hydro va hydroxyt, do o lam thay oi pH va pha
huy te bao.
212
o am la mot yeu to moi trng quan trong khac anh hng en s sinh trng cua vi sinh
vat. o am cua chat thai hu c can chuyen hoa sinh hoc phai c xac nh trc, ac biet
la trong trng hp lam phan compost theo qui trnh kho. Trong nhieu trng hp can bo
sung nc e at c o hoat tnh cua vi sinh vat. o am toi u cua qua trnh lam phan
compost hieu kh dao ong trong khoang 50 - 60%. Neu o am giam xuong di 40%, toc
o cua qua trnh se b cham lai.
Qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh hoc chat thai hu c oi hoi he thong sinh hoc ton tai
trang thai can bang ong hoc. e thiet lap va duy tr can bang ong ho c, moi trng
phai khong cha cac kim loai nang, ammonia, cac hp chat cua lu huynh va cac
thanh phan oc tnh kha c nong o ti han.
7.4 CONG NGHE K KH
7.4.1 nh ngha qua trnh phan huy k kh
Phan huy k kh la qua trnh phan huy chat hu c trong moi trng kho ng co oxy
ieu kien nhiet o t 30 65
0
C. San pham cua qua trnh phan huy k kh la kh sinh
hoc (CO
2
va CH
4
). Kh CH
4
co the thu gom va s dung nh mot nguon nhien lieu sinh
hoc va bun a c on nh ve mat sinh hoc, co the s dung nh nguon bo sung dinh
dng cho cay trong.
7.4.2 Qua trnh phan huy k kh
Qua trnh chuyen hoa cac chat hu c cua CTRSH di ieu kien k kh xay ra theo
3 bc. Bc th nhat la qua trnh thuy phan cac hp chat co phan t l ng ln thanh
nhng hp chat thch h p dung lam nguon nang lng va mo te bao. Bc th hai la
qua trnh chuyen hoa cac hp chat sinh ra t bc 1 thanh cac hp chat co phan t
lng thap hn xac nh. Bc th ba la qua trnh chuyen hoa cac hp chat trung gian
thanh cac san pham cuo i n gian hn, chu yeu la kh metan (CH
4
) va kh cacbonic
(CO
2
).
Trong qua trnh phan huy k kh, nhie u loai vi sinh vat k kh cu ng tham gia qua trnh
chuyen hoa phan chat hu c cua CTR thanh san pham cuo i ben vng. Mot nho m vi
sinh vat co nhie m vu thuy phan cac hp chat hu c cao phan t va lipid thanh cac
thanh phan xay d ng cau truc nh axit beo, monosacharic, amino axit va cac hp chat
lien quan. Nhom vi sinh vat k kh th hai c goi la nonmetanogenic (gom cac vi
sinh vat k kh tuy tie n va vi sinh vat k kh bat buoc) le n men cac san pham a cat
mach cua nhom 1 thanh cac axit hu c n gian ma chu yeu la acetic axit. Nhom vi
sinh vat th 3 chuye n hoa hydro va acetic axit thanh kh metan va CO
2
. Vi sinh vat
metan hoa ch co the s du ng mot so c chat nhat nh e chuye n ho a thanh metan
nh CO
2
+ H
2
, formate, acetate, metanol, methylamines, va CO. Cac phng trnh
chuyen hoa xay ra nh sau:
4H
2
+ CO
2
CH
4
+ 2H
2
O
4HCOOH CH
4
+ 3CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
213
CH
3
COOH CH
4
+ CO
2
4CH
3
OH 3CH
4
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
4(CH
3
)
3
N + 6 H
2
O 9CH
4
+ 3CO
2
+ 4NH
3
4CO + 2H
2
O CH
4
+ 3CO
2
Mot cach tong quat, qua trnh chuyen hoa k kh phan hu c co trong CTRSH co the
mo ta bang phng trnh sau:
Ba giai oan cua qua trnh phan huy k kh c trnh bay tom ta t bang sau:
Bang 7.4 Cac giai oan cua qua trnh phan huy k kh
Giai oan 1 Giai oan 2 Giai oan 3
Ten giai oan
Thuy phan Axit hoa Acetate hoa Metan hoa
Cac chat ban
au
ng phc
tap, protein,
chat beo
ng n
gian
Amino axit,
axit hu c
Acetate
Vi sinh vat
Vi khuan axit
hoa
Vi khuan
acetate hoa
Vi khuan
metan hoa
San pham
ng n
gian
Amino axit,
axit hu c
Acetate
Kh sinh ra CO
2
CO
2
, H
2
CO
2
, NH
4
, H
2
CO
2
, NH
4
V du: c tnh tong lng kh tren mo t khoi lng CTR theo ly thuyet co the sinh ra
di ieu kien phan hu y k kh tai BCL hp ve sinh. Biet rang cong thc hoa hoc
cua phan chat hu c de phan huy sinh hoc la C
60
H
94
O
38
N.
Giai:
1.Phng trnh phan ng phan huy k kh CTR hu c:
C
60
H
94
O
38
N + 18,25 H
2
O = 31,875 CH
4
+ 28,125CO
2
+ NH
3
1436 328,5 510 1237,5 17
2. So mol metan va CO
2
sinh ra do phan huy hoan toan 1 kg CTR:
Metan: 510 /(1436 x 16) = 0,0222 kmol
CO
2
: 1237,5 /(1436 x 44) = 0,0196 kmol
3. Thanh phan kh sinh hoc:
C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
S
e
+ (4a b 2c + 3d + 2e) H
2
O 1/8 (4a + b 2c 3d 2e) CH
4
+ 1/8 (4a - b + 2c +3d 2e) CO
2
+ dNH
3
+ eH
2
S
214
Metan: 0,0222/ ( 0,0222 + 0,0196 ) = 53,11%
CO
2
: 0,0196/ ( 0,0222 + 0,0196 ) = 46,89 %
4. The tch kh sinh hoc ieu kien chuan:
( 0,0222 + 0,0196 ) x 22,4 = 0,936 m
3
/kg
7.4.3 Qui trnh cong nghe k kh
S o qui trnh x ly CTR o th tong quat theo cong nghe k kh trnh ba y tren hnh
7.2. Cac he thong e tien hanh qua trnh phan huy k kh (con goi la qua trnh len
men hay qua trnh metan hoa) la cac be phan ng kn e kiem soat qua trnh k kh
va thu gom toan bo lng kh sinh hoc sinh ra. San lng kh sinh hoc phu thuoc vao
thanh phan chat thai va ie u kien trong be phan
ng.
Hnh 7.2: S o qua trnh x ly rac o th bang cong nghe phan huy k kh
7.4.4 Phan loai cong nghe
Cac dang cong nghe phan huy k kh rac o th co the phan loai nh sau:
Theo moi trng phan ng: Qua trnh phan huy k kh c chia thanh phan huy k
kh kho va phan huy k kh t. Phan huy k kh kho la qua trnh phan huy k kh ma
vat lieu au vao co o am 60 65%, phan huy k kh t la qua trnh phan huy k kh
ma vat lieu au vao co o am 85 90%.
Phan loai
Phan huy k Biogas
s
Cai tao
at
Bon ruong neu c chap
nhan
U hie u kh e chuyen
thanh phan bon h u c
Chon lap
Rac o th
Chat hu c Bun hu c, chat thai nong
nghiep
215
- t: rac o th dang huyen phu vi lng nc cung cap nham pha loang rac
en ty le 10 -15% TS.
- Kho: ham lng TS trong rac phan huy khoang 20 - 40%.
Theo che o cap lieu
- Me: he thong hoa t ong gian oan theo me
- Lien tuc: he thong lam viec lien tuc
Theo phan oan phan ng
- Mot giai oan: toan bo qua trnh phan huy xay ra trong mot thung phan ng
- a giai oan: toan bo qua trnh xay ra nhieu thung phan ng mac no i tiep
theo mot hoac ca hai che o sau:
- Giai oan axit hoa va metan hoa c tach rieng vi muc ch lam gia tang
hieu qua, tnh on nh va kha nang kiem soat.
- Van hanh cac nhiet o khac nhau: trung bnh va nhiet o cao.
Thc te ngi ta thng thiet ke va van hanh be phan ng phan huy k kh theo 1
giai oan hoac 2 giai oan. Trong thiet ke 2 giai oan, giai oan 1 gom qua trnh thuy
phan va axit hoa (khoang 1 3 ngay), giai oan 2 gom qua trnh acetate hoa va
metan hoa. u va nhc iem cua phan huy k kh theo 1 giai oan va 2 giai oan
c trnh bay trong bang sau:
Bang 7.5 u nhc ie m cua cong nghe san xuat phan k kh theo 1 va 2 giai oan
1 giai oan 2 giai oan
u iem
Chi ph au t thap
Ky thuat van hanh cao
He thong o nh
Co the toi u hoa theo tng
giai oan.
S dung thi gian lu va
the tch hieu qua
Diet vi khuan gay benh tot
(pH thap giai oan 1)
Nhc iem
Khong the toi u hoa he thong
pH khong on nh
Tnh on nh cua he tho ng thap
Chi ph au t cao
Ky thuat van hanh phc tap
Theo loai nguyen lieu au vao:
216
- Phan huy ket hp vi phan ong vat: thanh phan hu c trong rac o th c
tron vi phan ong vat va phan huy ket hp vi nhau. Qua trnh nay cai
thien ty le C/N va san lng kh sinh ra.
- Ch phan huy rac o th: thanh phan nguyen lie u ban au ch co thanh phan
hu c cua rac o th c tao huyen phu vi dch long.
Cac dang be phan ng c dung nhieu nhat tre n quy mo cong nghiep la be phan ng
mot giai oan. Hien nay, cac thiet ke be phan ng dang nay ang c nang cap e
ap ng cac yeu cau ngay cang gia tang cua th trng.
Cac he thong hai hay nhieu giai oan bat au o ng vai tro quan trong trong x ly rac
cong nghiep cung vi ra c hu c va can o ve sinh an toan cao.
Cac he thong me co cac cai tien ro re t hn. C hoi ap dung he thong na y cao tai cac
quoc gia ang phat trien v suat au t thap.
Tren thc te kho co s so sanh mot cach toan dien gia cac he thong v i nhau do van
e quan trong nhat khi la chon cong nghe la suat au t ban au va can chiem c
thien cam cua cong ong.
7.4.5 Cac yeu to vat ly va hoa hoc anh hng en qua trnh phan huy k kh
Ty le C/N
Ty le C/N toi u trong qua trnh phan huy k kh khoang 20 -30:1. mc o ty le
thap hn, nit se tha va sinh ra kh NH
3
, gay ra mui khai. mc ty le cao hn s
phan huy xay ra cham.
pH
San lng kh sinh hoc (biogas) sinh ra t qua trnh phan huy k kh at toi a khi gia tr pH
cua vat lieu cua he thong nam trong khoang 6 - 7 (6,5 7,5). Gia tr pH anh hng en thi
gian phan huy cua cua chat thai ran vat lieu. pH cua moi trng phai c khong che sao
cho khong nho hn 6,2 bi v khi o vi khuan sinh metan b c che hoat ong. Tai thi
iem ban au cua qua trnh len men, so lng ln cac axit hu c c tao thanh va co the
lam cho gia tr pH cua hon hp giam xuong di 5, ieu nay se lam han che qua trnh phan
huy. Qua trnh phan huy se tiep tuc va lng NH
3
tao thanh se gia tang do s phan huy cua
nit, gia tr pH co the tang len tren 8. Khi san lng kh metan tao thanh on nh, gia tr pH
trong khoang 7,2 - 8,2.
Nhiet o
Vi sinh vat metan hoa se khong hoat ong c khi nhie t o qua cao hay qua thap.
Khi nhiet o giam xuo ng di 10
o
C, san lng kh sinh hoc (biogas) ta o thanh hau
nh khong ang ke. Hai khoang nhiet o toi u cho qua trnh phan huy k kh:
217
Giai oan nhiet o trung bnh: nhie t o dao ong trong khoang 20 - 40
o
C, toi u
30 -35
o
C.
Giai oan hieu nhiet: nhiet o toi u trong khoang 50 - 65
o
C.
7.4.6 Cac qui trnh cong nghe ac trng
7.4.6.1 Cong nghe t mot giai oan
oi vi he thong hoat ong theo cong nghe t mot giai oan, rac c chuyen sang
dang huyen phu co khoang 10% chat ran bang cach pha loang vi nc. He thong
hoat ong vi s phan huy hoac ket hp phan huy gia rac o th vi cac nguyen lieu
loang hn nh bun t cong ranh hoac phan o ng vat. Thuy tinh va a c yeu cau
loai bo nham ngan ng a kha nang tch tu nhanh cua cac chat nay di ay be phan
ng. Sau khi qua trnh phan huy, bun long phai c yeu cau ep e lay lai dch long
(co the tuan hoan tr lai cho au vao) va tao ra chat ran a phan huy co o am thap
e x ly tiep.
ac trng ky thuat
Cac u va nhc ie m chnh ve mat ky thuat cua cong nghe t mot giai oan nh sau:
- u iem:
- Cong nghe on nh a c th nghiem va van hanh trong nhieu thap ky.
- Tnh ong nhat cua rac hu c sau khi a qua nghien thuy lc va pha loang, at ham
lng TS nho hn 15%, cho phep ap dung be phan ng dang khuay tron hoan toan.
- Nhc iem:
- Chat thai can c tie n x ly tot nham am bao o ong nhat va loai bo cac chat
o nhiem thai ran dang tho hoac chat thai co oc tnh cao t rac o th.
- oi vi rac khong c phan loai tai nguon can co cac bc tien x ly nh sau:
sa ng, nghien thuy lc, tuyen noi.
- Can giam thieu cac thanh phan nang v chung co the gay h hong he thong
khuay va bm cung nh giam thieu cac chat tao bot gay anh hng en hieu suat
cua qua trnh tach kh (biogas) sinh hoc.
- Kha nang b tac dong thuy lc.
ac trng sinh hoc
Ty lng kh sinh hoc thu c tren thc te khoa ng 170 - 320Nm
3
CH
4
/kg VS (tng
ng ty le giam VS la 40% - 75%) tuy thuoc vao nhiet o moi trng va loai chat thai.
Ty lng kh sinh hoc thu c t chat thai lam vn thap hn so vi cac thanh phan
chat thai ran hu c kha c nh thc pham, do co ham lng lignin cao hn.
218
Tai lng hu c the tch am bao qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc ben vng trong ieu kien
hieu nhiet oi vi rac c phan loai c hoc la 9,7 kg VS/m
3
/ngay; oi vi rac c phan
loai tai nguon la 6kg VS/m
3
/ngay; oi vi chat thai t nganh cong nghiep che bien nong
san co ty le C/N l n hn 20 th tai lng tren co the at tham ch trong ieu kien nhiet o
bnh thng.
Ham lng TKN cao gay c che qua trnh metan hoa, gia tr ngng nong o NH
4
+
khoang 3g/l. Thng ham lng TKN trong chat thai c phan loai c hoc khoang
14g TKN/kg TS va thc pham khoang 20g TKN/kg TS. Ham lng NH
4
+
co the duy
tr mc 3g/l trong dung dch len men bang cach s dung hp ly nc pha loang. Tuy
nhien trong mot so tr ng hp ac biet, chang ha n nh chat thai t nganh che bien
nong san vi ty le C/N nho hn 20 va co khoang 60% VS de phan huy sinh hoc th
ham lng NH
4
+
can duy tr thap hn va khong the ap dung he thong t 1 giai oan.
Ham lng axit beo trong thc pham thai cung anh hng en qua trnh metan hoa.
Cac van e kinh te, moi trng
Khi x ly chat thai ran theo cong nghe t 1 giai oan, hon hp di da ng bun c
nap vao cac be phan ng th l i ch ln ve ma t kinh te la co the s dung cac thiet b
re tien nh bm va ng ong. Tuy nhien, neu so vi he thong kho th chi ph be
phan ng, thiet b kh nc va tien x ly lai cao hn. Xet tong the, mc au t cua he
thong t mot giai oan va kho mot giai oan hoan toan nh nhau.
Nhc iem cua he thong la khong thu hoi c hoan toan kh sinh hoc do mot phan
chat hu c b loai cung vi cac chat tao bot hoac dang cac thanh phan nang nam
pha di ay be phan ng.
Mot nhc iem na cua he tho ng la s dung qua nhie u nc, th ng khoang 1m
3
/tan
chat thai ran, lam tang chi ph s du ng nc cu ng nh chi ph au t va x ly nc thai.
Bang 7.6 Tong quan ve ac tnh cua cong nghe t mot giai oan
TT Tieu ch u iem Nhc iem
1 Ky thuat Phat trien t qua trnh a c
nghien cu ky
oan mach
Cac chat tao vang/bot va nang
lang xuong ay be phan ng
Tien x ly phc tap
2 Sinh hoc Pha loang chat gay c che
bang nc
Tng oi nhay cam ve tai
lng do cac chat gay c che
co kha nang lan truyen nhanh
trong be phan ng
219
Mat VS theo cac chat tr
3 Kinh te va
moi trng
Thiet b x ly va van chuyen
bun re (bu lai oi hoi thiet b
tien x ly va the tch cua be
phan ng ln)
Tieu thu nhieu nc
Tieu thu nang lng cao do
phai gia nhiet the tch l n
Mot vai he thong hien ang ap dung tren thc te
Cong nghe t lien tuc mot giai oan cua EcoTec a c ap dung tai nha may x ly
chat thai sinh hoc vi cong suat 6.500 tan/nam Bottrop, c t nam 1995 vi cong
suat 30.000 tan/nam; nha may co cong suat 17.000 tan/nam Shilou, Trung Quoc.
Ngoai ra con co mot d an xay dng nha may co cong suat 14.000 tan/nam
Bangkok.
Chat thai a c phan loai tai nguon c van chuyen en nha may va chuyen qua
cong oan nghien s bo, phan loai t tnh trc khi phan loai bang trong quay. Chat
thai chay c hay con goi la nhien lieu thu hoi t rac (RDF) c tach ra va chuyen
en noi hi ot theo cong nghe tang soi. Cac chat hu c con lai c chuyen en be
chuan b nguyen lieu phan ng. Tai ay, cac chat nay tao thanh dch long vi 15% TS
bang cach tron vi nc. Cac tap chat ran c loai bo va nguyen lieu c bm en
be phan ng sinh hoc k kh.
He thong gom hai hay nhieu day chuyen hoat ong song song. Qua trnh phan huy
bat au nhiet o 35
o
C vi thi gian lu t 15-20 ngay (cong nghe pha n huy k kh
hieu nhiet 55
o
C cung co the ap dung c cho he thong nay). Quy mo cua he thong
co the len en 5.000m
3
. Kh sinh hoc sinh ra se c tuan hoan la i mot phan e tao
bot kh lam khuay tron vat lieu trong be phan ng. Huyen phu tao ra c diet khuan
70
o
C trong vong 30 phut nham am bao an toan khi bon cho at nong nghiep.
220
Hnh 7.3: S o cong nghe t lien tuc mo t giai oan do Eco Technology JVV OY
phat trien
7.4.6.2 Cong nghe kho mot giai oan
ac trng ky thuat
Ham lng TS toi u trong cac chat ran len men trong he thong s dung cong nghe kho
mot giai oan khoang 20 - 40%, vi rac co ham lng TS > 50% can phai pha loang.
Nc c them vao toi thieu e tao s can bang nhiet toan dien, rat hu ch cho hoat
ong che o hieu nhiet.
He thong kho khac biet so vi he thong t ve ban chat vat ly cua cac chat len men.
Nc
Mun
Cac chat tr
Chat thai hu c
Nghien s bo
Tach kim loai
Sang quay
Be chuan b nguyen
lieu phan ng
Bm
RDF lam nhien
lieu cho noi hi
ot theo nguyen
ly l lng
Be phan ng k
kh mot giai
oan
(Nhiet o: 35
o
C
Thi gian lu:
15-20ngay)
Bon cha
Tuan hoan kh
biogas cho muc
ch khuay tron
Be diet khuan
(70
o
C trong vong 30
phut
Be cha
Kh nc
Phan
bon
long
Nc thai
221
Qua trnh van chuyen, nap chat len men co the thc hien nh bang tai, truc vt hoac
bm chuyen du ng co co ng suat ln. Cac thie t b nay at hn so vi bm s dung trong
he thong t. Ngoai ra, cac thiet b nay phai u manh e co the van chuyen c a,
thuy tinh, go ma khong gay ra bat c can tr na o.
He thong tien x ly ch can ap dung e loai cac chat ran co kch thc l n hn 40mm,
v du nh sang quay hoac he thong nghien oi vi chat thai hu c c phan loai tai
nguon. Dang thiet b phan ng s dung la kieu dong chay nut (plug-flow) n gian ve
mat ky thuat va kho ng can phai co thiet b khua y tron c hoc ben trong thiet b phan
ng.
Nhc iem chnh cua qua trnh kho la khong co kha nang phan bo eu va xoay vong vi
sinh vat cung nh chong qua tai va qua trnh axit hoa. Cac van e tren a c giai quyet
trong he thong Dranco bang xoay vong nc r co pha tron vi nc sach theo ty le 6:1.
He thong nay cho phep x ly rat hieu qua oi vi cac chat thai co ham lng TS trong
khoang 20 - 50%.
He thong Kompogas cu ng tng t nh he tho ng Dranco nhng s du ng ong nam
ngang. Vi he thong nay, ham lng TS trong chat can len men c hieu chnh
trong khoang 23%.
He thong Valorga khac vi he thong dang tron ng la s dung kh sinh ra e khuay
tron. Kh sinh ra c bm vao ay be vi ap suat cao moi 15 phut. Ham lng TS
can c duy tr trong he thong Valorga khong qua 20%.
Do cac han che ve mat c kh, thiet b phan ng Kompogas thng c thiet ke, thi
cong vi cong suat co nh va e thay oi cong suat nhieu thiet b phan ng vi cong
suat t 15.000 T/nam ti 25.000 T/nam c xay dng e van hanh song song.
oi vi he tho ng Dranco va Valorga, mac du co the thay o i c cong suat nhng cac
thiet b phan ng thng co the tch kho ng qua 3.300 m
3
va chie u cao khong qua 25m.
ac trng sinh hoc
He thong kho mot giai oan co tai lng hu c cao hn so vi he thong t do khong
b anh hng bi cac chat gay c che t qua trnh axit hoa hoac metan hoa.
Cac nghien cu cho tha y khong xay ra hien t ng c che bi C trong ieu kien k kh
hieu nhie t vi chat thai co ty le C/N ln hn 20 oi vi he thong Dranco. ieu nay co
the giai thch c do lng NH
4
+
sinh ra t hn va ieu kien khuay tron kem hn so
vi he thong t.
Ty lng sinh biogas trong ca 3 he thong tren na m trong khoang 90 Nm
3
/T, chat thai
lam vn ti ti 150 Nm
3
/T, thc pham thai ti trong khoang 210-300 Nm
3
CH
4
/T
VS vi mc phan huy VS trong khoang 50-70%.
Ty lng biogas sinh ra trong he thong kho cao hn he thong t co the giai thch
c do cac chat de phan huy sinh hoc khong b mat i theo cac chat tao vang/bot
hoac lang xuong di be phan ng.
222
He thong Valorga tai Tiburd- Ha Lan co tai lng 1.000T chat thai hu c ti/tuan/2
be phan ng co dung tch moi be 3.000m
3
va hoat ong 40
o
C, tai lng nay tng
ng vi 5 kg VS/m
3
/ngay oi vi he thong t.
He thong Dranco ta i Brecht-B, tai lng co the at t i 15 kg VS/m
3
/ngay. Ket qua
at c trong trng hp 35% TS, thi gian lu 14 ngay va 65% lng VS b phan
huy. Nhn chung, tai l ng cua he thong Dranco co the duy tr eu an mc 12 kg
VS/m
3
/ngay hay gap oi tai lng cua he thong t.
Cac khac biet ve mat kinh te bao gom ca chi ph au t va van hanh gia he thong
kho va t khong nhieu.
Tuy nhien ve kha canh moi trng, s khac biet gia he thong kho va t rat ro ret.
He thong kho s dung nc t hn he thong t 10 lan va do vay lng nc thai can
x ly se t hn he thong t nhieu lan.
u iem khac cua he thong kho la kha nang va n hanh ieu kien hieu nhiet cao, do
vay kha nang am bao ve sinh oi vi san pham cao hn va th i gian phan huy
nhanh hn.
Bang 7.7 Tong quan ve mot so ac trng cu a co ng nghe kho mot giai oan
1 Ky thuat Khong co cac bo phan truyen ong
ben trong be pha n ng
Manh (khong can phai loai bo chat
tr)
Khong b oan mach
Chat thai t (<20% TS) khong
the x ly rieng biet (phai tron vi
chat thai kho hn)
2 Sinh hoc Lng VS mat trong qua trnh tien
x ly t
Tai lng hu c cao
Kha nang lan truyen cac chat c
che b han che
Kha nang pha loang chat gay c
che bang nc thap
3 Kinh te va
moi trng
Chi ph tien x ly re va the tch be
phan ng nho
Kha nang tiet trung hoa n toan
S du ng rat t nc
Nhu cau nhiet t
Cac thiet b lu tr va van chuyen
chat thai yeu cau cong suat ln.
223
Mot vai he thong ang ap dung tren thc te
Cong nghe DRANCO la cong nghe phan huy k kh chat thai hu c theo cong nghe kho
lien tuc mot giai oan hien c ap dung tai 4 nha may quy mo cong nghiep Chau Au
vi cong suat t 11.000 en 35.000 tan/nam. Tai Brecht-mien Bac nc B co nha may
cong suat 12.000 tan/nam. Mot he thong khac ap dung cong nghe nay vi qui mo pilot
cung c xay dng tai Ghent, B vi cong suat x ly 700 tan/nam. Nha may nay c
xay dng nh la d an trnh dien ve cong nghe va khong co hieu qua kinh te khi hoat
ong cong suat nho.
Chat thai hu c a c phan loai tai nguon c phan loai bang tay hay xe nho
trc khi chuyen en sang phan loai e tach cac vat chat ln. Thiet b phan loai t
tnh loai bo cac manh kim loai va nguyen lieu sau o c tron vi n c tai s dung
t qua trnh. Nguyen lie u c bm en nh cu a phan ng sinh hoc k kh co dung
tch 808m
3
.
Hnh 7.4: S o cong nghe kho lien tuc mot giai oa n do hang DRANCO, B phat trien
Nc c tien x ly
Polyme
va nc
Nhiet
Chat thai hu c
c phan loai tai
nguon
Phan loa i bang tay
Nghien
Sang phan loai
Be phan loai t tnh
Be nh lng
(Tron vi nc ta i s dung)
May
tron va
Be phan
ng sinh
hoc k kh
May phat ien ien
Tao hi
Tron
On nh
hieu kh
Phan Humotex
Ep
Nc thai i x ly
tiep
224
He thong DRANCO bao gom mot giai oan k kh hieu nhiet (hoat o ng nhiet o
50 -58
o
C, th i gian lu la 20 ngay, 5% lng chat thai trong be phan ng c lay ra
hang ngay, kh nc ba ng may ep dang truc vt e thu c 55% chat ran. Nc r
c tien x ly bang cac ho hieu kh tai cho tr c khi thai en tram x ly nc thai o
th cua vung. Phan chat ran vi ham lng TS khoang 50% c on nh hieu kh
trong thi gian khoang 2 tuan theo ky thuat tho i kh t ay. San pham cuoi cung la
phan Humotex, la san pham on nh, ve sinh, s dung tot cho at. Khoang 7% kh
c tao ra s dung cho ot nong be phan ng.
Thanh phan chat ran to ng so cua nguyen lieu bien thien khoang 15-40%, phu thuoc
vao cac vat lieu au vao.
7.4.6.3 Cong nghe a giai oan
Tong quan
Cong nghe hai hoac a giai oan la cong nghe trong o chat hu c c chuyen thanh
kh sinh hoc va cac chat vo c on nh thong qua cac phan ng sinh hoa khong nhat thiet
phai xay ra trong cung mot ieu kien. Do vay, qua trnh toi u hoa cong nghe la thc hien
toi u hoa tng bc trong toan bo day chuyen cong nghe nham am bao toi u ca ve toc
o phan ng va ty lng sinh kh sinh hoc.
Tren thc te, ky thua t hai giai oan thng c ap dung, trong o giai oan 1 la giai
oan thuy phan xenlulo , giai oan 2 la giai oan acetat hoa va metan hoa vi toc o
sinh trng cham cua quan the vi sinh. Cac he thong ap dung cong nghe hai giai oan
phan biet th co kha nang tang hoat tnh cua qua trnh metan hoa thong qua viec ap
dung be phan ng co lu sinh khoi hoac cac ie u kien khac. Cung co the tang toc o
thuy phan giai oan 1 bang cach ap dung ie u kien microaerophilic hoac cac ieu
kien khac. Viec ap dung cac ky thuat tren cho phep gia tang cac kha nang thiet ke he
thong hai giai oan. ieu nay co the lam tang tnh phc tap ve mat ky thuat cua he
thong nhng bu lai co the cho hieu qua cao.
Tren thc te, u iem chnh cua cong nghe hai giai oan khong phai la hieu suat
chung cao cua he thong ma la kha nang x ly ca c chat thai co kha nang gay mat bat
on nh trong cac he tho ng mot giai oan, ac biet la rac cong nghiep, thong qua viec
at c tnh em cao hn, kiem soat tot hn to c o nap hoac ong pha n huy cac loai
chat thai khac nhau.
He thong khong lu tr sinh khoi
- ac trng ky thuat
Thiet ke n gian nhat cua he thong hai giai oan la mac noi tiep hai be phan ng
dang khuay tron hoan toan. He thong nay tng ng vi he thong t mot giai
oan. Cac kha nang khac la mac noi tiep hai he thong dang dong chay nut (plug-
flow) theo che o t- t hoac kho-kho.
225
- ac trng sinh hoc
u iem noi bat cua he thong hai giai oan la tnh on nh sinh hoc cao va cho phep phan
huy rat nhanh cac chat hu c nh trai cay hoac rau. Tuy nhien, rat nhieu cac nghien cu
cac qui mo khac nhau cho thay, he thong t hai giai oan va mot giai oan khong khac
biet nhieu ve mat sinh hoc, nhng he thong hai giai oan hu ch can phai co giai oan
axit hoa va thuy phan khi co cac chat kho phan huy sinh hoc nh xenlulo chang han.
He thong co lu tr sinh khoi
- ac trng ky thuat
e am bao ma t o ca c vi khuan metan hoa cao va quan the vi khua n metan hoa
phat trien nhanh trong giai oan th hai nham tang toc o va kha nang chu soc ve tai
lng hu c hoac cac chat c che co the thc hien bang hai cach:
Phng phap th nhat: la tang mat o vi khuan metan hoa bang cach khong phoi hp gia
lu thuy lc va lu chat ran. Thiet ke nay ch hieu qua oi vi cac chat thai t nha bep co
kha nang thuy phan cao hoac chat thai t cac ch. e at c ieu nay co the s dung be
phan ng tiep xuc ket hp vi be lang ben trong hoac s dung mang loc e loc dong ra va
xoay vong vi khuan ve be phan ng.
Phng pha p th hai: cho phep tang mat o vi khuan trong giai oan 2 la s dung cac
vat lieu ho tr qua trnh phat trien bam dnh. Cong nghe BTA va Biopercolat c
phat trien tren ky thuat nay. Cong nghe BTA la qua trnh t- t. Chat thai sau khi
c nghien thuy lc va at 10% TS se c vo khuan va ep. Chat long c chuyen
sang be metan hoa, banh bun chuyen sang thanh dang set bang nc va thuy phan
trong be phan ng dang khuay tron hoan toan trong ieu kien nhiet o thng vi
thi gian lu thuy lc 2 - 3 ngay.
Gia tr pH c duy tr trong khoang 6 -7 ta i be thuy phan nh hoi lu nc t be
metan hoa. Dong ra t be thuy phan lai c ep kh nc lan na va chat long
chuyen vao be metan hoa. Ve mat ky thuat, he thong nay khac phuc c cac nhc
iem trong he thong mo t giai oan nh oan ma ch, tao vang/bot, lang cac chat nang
xuong ay be phan ng, be ng ong va mat t 10% en 30% lng VS.
Nhc iem duy nhat cua he thong t-t la tnh phc tap ve mat ky thuat. He thong
nay can phai co 4 be phan ng e at c muc tieu ma co the can c giai quyet bang
1 be phan ng.
He thong Biopercolat s dung cung nguyen tac vi qua trnh BTA, tuy nhien co iem
khac: giai oan au la qua trnh kho trong ieu kien microaerphilic va lien tuc c
tham bi nc e tang phan ng long hoa. Nc sau be phan ng co ham lng COD
len ti 100g/l c cap vao be loc sinh hoc k kh hoat ong theo che o dong chay
nut.
226
Viec toi u hoa qua trnh tach tai giai oan 1 bang ky thuat microaerophilic va giai
oan hai bang loc sinh hoc cho phe p he thong co thi gian lu thuy lc toi thieu
khoang 7 ngay.
He thong Bioperoclat co nhieu iem cai tien xet ve phng dien ky thuat. e tranh hien
tng tao ranh trong giai oan kho, qua trnh cung cap nc c thc hien qua a quay
co o m 1mm. Tai be loc sinh hoc k kh, he thong tao xung thuy lc theo chieu ngang
cho phep ngan can qua trnh tac cac gia the va tang cng kha nang tiep xuc gia vi
khuan vi thc an. Ngoai ra he thong thuy phan kho cho phep loai bo cac van e nay sinh
vi he thong t hoac t-t.
- ac trng sinh hoc
He thong hai giai oan vi ham lng sinh khoi cao va sinh trng dnh bam cho phep tang
sc e kha ng chong lai cac chat c che. Ket qua so sanh qua trnh phan huy chat thai co kha
nang phan huy sinh hoc cao t nganh che bien nong san gia he thong 1 giai oan va 2 giai
oan cho thay : he thong 2 giai oan co tai lng hu c gap oi ma khong b bat c anh
hng nao en vi khuan metan hoa.
He thong BTA va Biopercolat co the van hanh vi tai lng 10-15 kg VS/m
3
/ngay vi
ieu kien giam ty lng phat sinh biogas 20-30% do cac hat ln con lai sau qua trnh thuy
phan con cha nhieu chat cao phan t, co the phan huy sinh hoc khong c cap cho be
metan hoa.
Bang 7.8 Tong quan ve mot so ac tnh cu a cong nghe t a giai oan
1 Ky thuat Tnh uyen chuyen trong thiet ke Phc tap
2 Sinh hoc Co kha nang tiep nhan chat thai kho
phan huy sinh hoc nh xenlulo
oi vi C/N < 20 ch ap dung c
he thong co lu tr sinh khoi
Ty lng sinh biogas thap
(khi cac chat ran khong the
metan hoa).
3
Kinh te va moi
trng
t kim loai nang trong sa n pham hu
c thu c (khi cac chat ran khong
the metan hoa)
Suat au t ln
Mot vai he thong ang c ap dung tren thc te
Cong nghe t lien tu c a giai oan do hang BTA/Carl Bro, an Mach phat trien
Cong nghe t lien tuc a giai oan cua BTA a c ap dung au tien Helsingor,
an Mach vao nam 1993 vi cong suat 20.000 tan/nam ch tiep nhan rac t ho gia
nh a c phan loai tai nguon.
227
Chat thai a c phan loai tai nguon c van chuyen en sang tap ket trong nha may.
Sau o c chuyen en may xe bao va may nghien thuy lc. Tai may nghien thuy lc,
chat thai c nghien, loai bo chat deo va cac chat tr. Sinh khoi sau khi nghien c tien
x ly nhiet o 70
o
C trong vong 1 gi e diet khuan va NaOH c them vao e gia tang
toc o phan ng trong cac cong oan sau. Sinh khoi se c tach lam 2 loai: dch long c
bm en be phan ng sinh hoc k kh va huyen phu c chuyen en be phan ng thuy
phan, o no chuyen thanh cac axit hu c. Phan dch long t be thuy phan c bm en
be phan huy sinh hoc k kh.
Nha may tao ra khoang 3 trieu m
3
kh sinh hoc moi nam, s dung cho tram phat ien
va noi hi ot kh gan nha may.
Nha may trang b bo trao oi nhiet, do o nhiet c tao thanh t qua trnh phan huy
co the c s dung e tang nhiet o chat thai trong cong oan tien x ly .
Hnh 7.5: S o cong nghe t lien tuc a giai oan BTA
Dch long
Phan kho
Dch
long
Chat x
Chat deo
va chat
tr
Chat thai hu c a
c phan loai tai
Sang tap ket
May xe bao
May nghien thuy lc
(nghien chat thai va loai
chat deo/ chat tr)
Be tien x ly
(Chat thai c diet khuan 70
o
C trong
vong 1 gi
NaOH c them vao e gia tang toc o
phan huy)
Tach
Thuy phan
Be phan
ng sinh
hoc k kh
Phan long
ong c ot
trong
Noi hi
228
Cong nghe t lien tuc a giai oan do hang TBW Biocomp, c phat trien
Cong nghe t lien tuc a giai oan cua TBW a c ap dung tai Thronhofen, c t
nam 1996 vi cong suat 13.000 tan/nam va ch tiep nhan chat thai hu c a c phan loai
tai nguo n.
Cong nghe TBW la co ng nghe ket hp gia phan huy k kh va hieu kh rac thai.
Chat thai hu c a c phan loai tai nguon c s dung ket hp vi chat thai long
cua cong nghiep che bien nong san. Chat thai tai nha may c phan loai thanh cac
vat lieu tho va chat hu c mn hn nh sang dang trong quay. Cac vat lieu sau o
c loai bo cac vat lie u vo c bang tay, may phan loai t trc khi chuyen sang
phan huy tiep. Phan vat lieu tho c chuyen en qua trnh che bie n phan rac hieu
kh, phan vat lieu min hn c chuyen en qua trnh phan huy k kh.
Hnh 7.6: S o cong nghe t lien tuc a giai oan TBW
Qua trnh u vat lieu tho c thc hien theo dang anh luong trong vong 6 tuan, trong
suot qua trnh nay chung c ao tron mot lan.
Phan hu c mn c chuyen en may nghien thuy lc tao dung dch co 10% chat
ran bang nc. Dch long sau o c bm theo me (vai me/ngay) vao be phan ng
k kh 1 hoat ong nhiet o 35
o
C vi thi gian lu khoang 2 tuan. Chat thai tai ay
c khuay tron nh thiet b khuay dang chan vt. Bun hoat tnh t ay cua be phan
ng k kh 1 c chuyen sang ay cua be pha n ng k kh 2. Be phan ng k kh 2
Chat thai hu
c
Nc
Tron vi nhau
tao lp mun
Phan tho chuyen
sang u
(composting)
Thiet b
phan loai
trong quay
Phan loai t
Phan loai
May nghien
Be cha
Be phan ng k
kh 1
(Nhiet o: 35
o
C)
Be phan
ng k kh
2
(Nhiet o:
ong c ot trong
Be cha
Kh nc
229
hoat ong che o hieu nhiet (55
o
C) vi thi gian lu cung khoang 2 tuan. Ket thuc
tuan th 2 co khoang 60% chat hu c ban au se c chuyen thanh biogas.
S phan chia vat ly cua 2 giai oan tao ra s gia tang san lng kh. Khoang 25%
nang lng c tao ra t biogas c s dung e cap nhiet cho cac be phan ng va
cac hoat ong ben trong nha may. Moi m
3
biogas tao ra 1,5 kW ien va 3 kW nhiet.
Chat thai sau phan huy c ep e loai nc. Phan ln nc tao ra c tai s dung
e tron vi phan hu c mn may nghien. Pha n nc tha c lam sach bang cac
ho lam sach c thiet ke san. Phan bun ran c tron vi phan hieu kh a on nh
e tao san pham cai thie n chat lng at.
7.4.6.4 Cong nghe me
Tong quan
Trong cac he thong me, cac be phan ng c nap chat thai mot la n, sau o se c
van hanh qua cac bc phan huy theo che o kho vi 30 - 40% TS.
Ve mat nguyen ly, he thong me co the coi nh mot ho chon lap c thc hien trong
thung nhng ty lng kh sinh hoc sinh ra cao hn t 50 en 100 lan so vi bai rac
tren thc te bi cac nguyen nhan sau:
- Nc r c tuan hoan lien tuc cho phep phan tan eu chat dinh dng, vi sinh
vat cung nh cac axit sinh ra.
- Nhiet o cua rac trong be phan ng cao hn nhie t o rac tai cac bai rac.
Tren thc te co 2 dang sau ang c ap dung:
Kho me (DBD): he thong me c cung cap vi thanh phan TS trong khoang 20 -
40%. Trong qua trnh phan huy, nc r thu gom t be phan ng c tuan hoan tr
lai e duy tr thanh phan o am nhat nh, phan phoi lai cac thanh phan hoa tan va vi
khuan. Nhc iem cua he thong nay la can co qua trnh tien x ly nguyen lieu cho
phu hp.
U k kh me tuan hoan (SEBAC): cong nghe nay tng t nh cong nghe kho - me. Tuy
nhien, nc r t be phan ng c trao oi gia me a co va me mi nham thuc ay qua
trnh khi ong, tang cng vi sinh a thch nghi va loai bo cac axit beo bay hi trong be
phan ng.
ac trng ky thuat
Mot van e ky thuat oi vi he tho ng me la kha nang tac he thong thu gom nc r pha
ay be . Van e nay co the giai quyet c bang cach giam thieu tac o ng cua qua trnh
ne n t nhien thong qua ha chieu cao cua lp rac xuong co n 4m va tron lan rac vi cac
vat lieu khac co o xop cao, v du 1T chat thai a phan hu y va 0,1T vun go vi 1T chat
thai ti.
Van e an toan chay no khi thao sa n pham cung can quan tam.
230
Hai pha axit hoa va metan hoa trong he thong me c xay ra biet la p. Co 3 dang
thiet ke khac nhau:
Dang 1. He thong me mot giai oan: nc r c xoay vong ve pha nh cua be
phan ng. Nha may hoat ong quy mo cong nghiep ap dung thiet ke nay cho rac thai
c phan loai tai nguo n vi cong suat 35.000 T/nam a c thc hie n tai Lelystad,
Ha Lan. Nha may gom nhieu be phan ng co dung tch 480 m
3
/ be hoat ong song
song.
Dang 2. He thong me luan phien: nc r t be phan ng mi nap rac ti co cha
nhieu axit hu c c chuyen vao be ni ang xay ra qua trnh metan hoa, con nc
r t be metan hoa se chuyen vao be mi e ieu chnh pH va bicarbonat. ieu nay
cung cho phep cung cap vi sinh vat cho rac ti.
Dang 3. Lai ghep me UASB: trong thie t ke nay, be phan ng on nh c thay
the bang be phan ng UASB. Tai be UASB, cac quan the vi sinh vat c tch luy
di dang cac hat bun cho phep x ly chat thai long co ham lng axit hu c cao.
Ve hnh thc, he thong nay gan tng t vi he thong Biopercolat co lu sinh khoi.
ac trng sinh hoc
Tai nha may Biocel Lelystad, ty lng biogas sinh ra trung bnh la 70 kg biogas/tan chat
thai hu c c phan loai tai nguon nho hn khoang 40% so vi he thong mot giai oan
lien tuc cho cung loai chat thai. Nguyen nhan chnh la do phan bo khong eu nc ro r
trong rac khi xoay vong.
Tai lng hu c cua he thong Biocel nhn chung khong cao hn so vi he thong mo t
giai oan lien tuc, khoa ng 3,6 5,1 kg VS/m
3
/ngay tuy thuoc vao nhiet o khong kh.
Trong he thong me luan phien, axit hu c sinh ra b chuyen hoa nhanh trong be on
nh. Do vay, thanh phan va ty lng sinh biogas kha on nh.
Do tnh n gian ve mat ky thuat cua he thong me, nen suat au t nho hn he thong
mot giai oan lien tuc khoang 40%.
Tuy nhien, nhu cau s dung at cua he thong me ln hn so vi he thong mot giai
oan lien tuc do chieu cao cua be phan ng nho hn 5 lan va tai lng the tch nho
hn 2 lan.
Chi ph van hanh he tho ng me tng ng vi cac he thong khac.
Bang 7.9 Tong quan ve mot so ac trng cu a co ng nghe me
1 Ky thuat n gian Tac he thong ay thu gom nc r
Ca n chat thai co o xop ln
Nguy c no khi thao san pham
231
2 Sinh hoc On nh cao Ty lng sinh biogas thap do tao
ranh
Tai lng hu c the tch nho
3 Kinh te va
moi trng
Re, c ap dung cho
cac nc ang phat trien
Tieu thu nc t
Nhu cau s dung at cao (tng
ng vi u phan sinh hoc hieu kh)
Bang 7.10 Tom tat cac qua trnh lam phan hu c k kh
Qua trnh Quoc
gia
Hien
trang
Mo ta qua trnh
Composting
k kh dang
me noi tiep
nhau
(SEBAC)
My Th
nghiem
SEBAC la qua trnh gom ba giai oan. Trong giai
oan au, nguyen lieu a nghien c u vi nc ro
r tuan hoan t thiet b phan ng cua giai oa n 3
giai oan phan huy cuoi. Cac axit bay hi va cac san
pham cua qua trnh le n men khac tao thanh trong
thiet b phan ng giai oan 1 c chuyen sang thiet
b phan ng giai oan 2 e chuyen hoa thanh metan .
Qua trnh
KAMPOGAS
Thu
Sy
Cha
phat
trien
KAMPOGAS la qua trnh phan huy k kh mi c
ap dung e x ly chat thai rau qua va rac vn. Thiet
b phan ng co dang tru tron at thang ng, c
trang b may khuay thuy lc va c van hanh nong
o chat ran cao trong khoang nhiet o thermophilic.
Qua trnh
DRANCO
B a phat
trien
DRANCO c s dung e chuyen hoa phan chat
hu c co trong CTRSH e tao thanh nang lng va
cac san pham dang humus. Qua trnh phan huy xay ra
trong thiet b phan ng dong chay tang thang ng
khong khay tron c kh. Nc ro r ay thiet b c
tuan hoan. Thiet b DRANCO c van hanh nong
o chat ran cao va trong khoang nhiet o mesophilic.
Qua trnh
BTA
c a phat
trien
BTA a phat trien chu yeu e x ly phan chat hu c
co trong CTRSH. Qua trnh x ly BTA bao go m: (1)
x lys bo chat thai ba ng phng phap c hoc, nhiet
va phng phap hoa ho c; (2) phan loai chat ra n sinh
hoc hoa tan va khong hoa tan; (3) thuy phan k kh
cac chat thai ran co kha nang phan huy sinh ho c; (4)
metan hoa chat ran sinh hoc hoa tan. Qua trnh
metan hoa xay ra nong o chat ran thap va khoang
nhiet o mesophilic (len men am). Sau khi tach nc
232
chat ran khong phan huy vi nong o tong cong
khoang 35% c dung nh compost.
Qua trnh
VALOGRA
Phap a phat
trien
Qua trnh VALOGRA bao gom n v phan loai, n vi
tao kh metan va n v tinh che. Thiet b len men k kh
hoat ong nong o chat ran cao va trong khoang nhiet
o len men am. Qua trnh xao tron chat hu c trong thiet
b c thc hien bang cach tuan hoan kh sinh hoc di
ap suat ay thiet b phan hu y.
Qua trnh
BIOCELL
Ha
Lan
Cha
phat
trien
BIOCELL la he thong me c phat trien e x ly
chat thai c phan loai tai nguon (nh rau qua thai,
rac vn,...) va chat thai nong nghiep. Thiet b co
dang hnh tru tron, ng knh 11,25m va chie u cao
4,5m. Chat ran ban a u co nong o 30% thu c
bang cach tron chat thai hu c a c phan loai t
me trc o.
7.4.6 Kh sinh hoc
Kh sinh hoc la san pha m cua qua trnh phan huy k kh cac CTR hu c. San lng
kh sinh hoc thu c phu thuoc vao thanh pha n chat thai, khoi lng chat hu c va
ieu kien trong be phan ng. Thanh phan cua kh sinh hoc bien oi nh sau:
CH
4
55 65%
CO
2
35 45%
N
2
0 3%
H
2
0 1%
H
2
S 0 1%
CH
4
co nhiet tr cao nhat (khoang 9.000 kcal/m
3
); thong thng, san pham kh sinh
hoc co nhiet tr khoang 4.500 6.300 kcal/m
3
.
Cuoc khu ng hoang nang lng vao nhng nam 1980 a gay ra nhng anh hng kinh te
cho nhie u quoc gia, ac biet la nhng n c ngheo phai le thuoc vao viec nhap khau dau
va kh o t. Kh sinh ho c la a c xem nh la nguon nang lng thay the. Kh sinh ho c
co the c s dung trong ho gia nh nh la du ng e nau an, cung cap nhiet, thap sang,
va hn the n a la s dung trong cac c quan cong s e cung cap nang lng hay dung
e phat ien.
7.4.6.1 Thu hoi nang lng t kh sinh hoc
T thc tien cho thay, viec thu hoi kh sinh ho c t qua trnh phan huy k kh nham
muc ch thu hoi nang lng, a c ap dung t lau e thay the nhie n lieu, than,
dau, go va gop phan giai quyet cac van e lie n quan en viec quan ly va he thong
233
mang li phan phoi na ng lng. Mot trong nhng yeu to thuan li cho viec thu hoi
nang lng kh sinh hoc la lng chat thai hu c can thiet cho qua trnh san xuat sinh
hoc rat doi dao. Giam nhu cau s dung go trong rng va nhng no lc trong cay rng
trong tng lai.
Da vao gia tr nhiet nang cua kh sinh hoc (4.500 6.300 kCal/m
3
). Hesse (1982)
c tnh khi ot hoan chnh 1 m
3
kh sinh hoc co the:
Chay 1 ong c 2HP trong 2 gi
Cung cap 1.25 kw-h ien
Cung cap nhiet e nau 3 ba an trong 1 ngay cho 5 ngi
Cung cap 6h cho 1 bong en 60W
Chay 1 tu lanh cong suat 1m
3
khoang 1h
Chay 1 may u cong suat 1 m
3
khoang 0.5h
V vay, 1m
3
biogas tng ng vi 0,4kg dau diesel; 0,6 kg xang; hoac 0,8 kg than.
Tai Trung Quoc 5.2% dan so vung nong thon va tai An o 0.8% ngi dan nong thon
s dung kh sinh hoc la m nhien lieu o t. Khoang 95% nha may san xuat kh sinh hoc
tai Chau A dang s dung trong gia nh. Do o , muc ch s dung c ban cua ho la
nau an va thap sang, 5% con lai s dung cho tu lanh, phat ien, bm n c ti tieu.
Neu kh sinh hoc vi ham lng H
2
S thap th khong can phai loa i tr H
2
S cho muc
ch nau an va thap sang. Neu kh sinh hoc c lu tr va chuyen ch th H
2
S pha i
c loai tr e tranh hien tng an mon.
V du: Tnh lng Metan thu hoi do phan huy k kh phan hu c trong CTR o th.
Hay tnh lng metan co the thu c t 1 tan chat thai, la phan hu c cua CTR o
th, theo cac d lieu sau:
1.o am la 20%
2. Thi gian phan huy 30 ngay
3. Chat ran bay hi: VS= 0,93 TS
4. Chat ran bay hi co kha nang pha n huy sinh hoc: BVS=0,7 VS
5. Hieu suat chuyen hoa cua BVS: 95%
6. Kh sinh ra: 0,5 m
3
/ kgBVS phan huy
7. Nhiet tr cua kh sinh hoc: 18.600 kJ/m
3
Giai:
1. Lng VS co trong 1 tan CTR hu c:
1 tan x 0,8 x 0,93 = 0,744 tan
2. Lng BVS phan huy co trong 1 tan CTR hu c:
234
0,744 tan x 0,7 x 0,95 = 0,495 tan
3. Lng kh sinh hoc sinh ra do phan huy 1 tan CTR hu c:
0,5 m
3
/kg x 0,495. 10
3
= 247,5 m
3
4. Gia tr nang lng cu a kh sinh hoc sinh ra do phan huy 1 tan CTR hu c:
18.600 kJ/ m
3
x 247,5 = 460.350 kJ
7.4.6.2 Mot so phng phap e lam tinh khiet sa n pham biogas
Loai tr CO
2
CO
2
tan tng oi tot trong nc, do o dung thap ra nc la phng phap n gian
nhat e loai tr CO
2
t kh sinh hoc. Phng phap nay co nhc iem la can lng
nc rat ln. Gia s kh sinh hoc chiem 35% CO
2
va khoi lng rieng cu a CO
2
la 1.84
kg/m
3
ieu kien 1 atm, 20
o
C th lng nc can thiet la 429 lt e ra 1m
3
biogas.
CO
2
la kh axit, co the hap phu bang dung dch kiem. 3 loai hoa chat kiem dung e
hap phu la: NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, KOH.
2 phan ng lie n tuc nhau (consecutive) dung e loai tr CO
2
bang dung dch NaOH la:
NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O NaHCO
3
+
NaHCO
3
ket tua va co the tach khoi dung dch.
Ca(OH)
2
(sa voi) th phong phu hn va khong at tien, do o co the s dung e loai tr
CO
2
.
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
CaCO
3
ket tua va co the tach ra khoi dung dch. Da vao phng trnh tren, 1kg voi
trong 1m
3
nc co the loai tr 300 lt CO
2
hoac 860 lt biogas (gia s CO
2
chiem 35%)
Loai tr H
2
S
Na
2
CO
3
hnh thanh trong phng trnh tren co the dung e loai tr H
2
S t kh sinh
hoc, thi gian tiep xuc can u ln e cac phan ng xay ra.
H
2
S + Na
2
CO
3
NaHS + NaHCO
3
+
Phng phap n gian hn va kinh te la cho lp mac sat (iron filing) hoac oxyt sat
Fe
2
O
3
tron vi go bao (dam bao). Phng phap nay goi la ra kh tho. Phan ng
loai tr H
2
S la :
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
S Fe
2
S
3
+ 3H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
co the phuc hoi bang cach phi hoac lam nong Fe
2
S
3
trong khong kh (hoac
oxygen) theo phan ng sau ay:
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 3O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 3S
2
235
7.5 CONG NGHE HIE U KH
7.5.1 Tong quan
Qua trnh u hieu kh la qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc hieu kh va on nh cac chat hu
c trong CTR o th ( tr nha, cao su va da thuoc) nh hoa t o ng cu a vi sinh vat.
San pham cua qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc nay bao gom CO
2
, nc, nhiet, chat mun
on nh, khong mang mam benh va c s du ng lam phan bon cho cay trong. Qua
trnh u hieu kh co the ap dung oi vi:1) rac vn; 2) CTR o th a c phan loai;
3) hon hp CTR o th; 4) ket hp bun tha i t qua trnh x ly nc thai.
Hnh 7.7: S o chung cua qua trnh u hie u kh CTR o th
7.5.2 Cac phan ng hoa sinh cua qua trnh phan huy
Qua trnh phan huy CTR dien ra rat phc tap, theo nhieu giai oan va tao nhieu san
pham trung gian. V du, qua trnh phan huy protein: protein peptides amino axits
hp chat ammonium nguyen sinh chat cua vi khuan va N hoac NH
3
.
oi vi carbonhydrat, qua trnh phan huy xay ra: carbonhydrat ng n axit
hu c CO
2
va nguyen sinh chat cua vi khuan.
Nhng phan ng chuyen hoa sinh hoa dien ra trong qua trnh u hieu kh rat phc tap,
hien van cha c nghien cu chi tiet. Mot cach tong quat can c tren s bien thien
nhiet o co the chia qua trnh u hieu kh thanh ca c pha sau:
- Pha thch nghi: la giai oan can thiet e vi sinh vat thch nghi vi moi trng mi.
- Pha tang trng: ac trng bi s tang nhiet o do qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc.
- Pha a nhiet: la giai oan nhiet o tang cao nhat. ay la giai oan on nh chat
thai va tieu die t vi sinh vat gay benh hieu qua nhat. Phan ng hoa sinh xay ra trong u
hieu kh va phan huy k kh c ac trng bi 2 phng trnh:
VSV, dinh dng,
am, khong kh
Chat hu c khong
at yeu cau
Rac hu c
CTR
Loai
rac
Phan hu c
Phan huy hieu kh
(u thanh phan)
Sang phan
loai
Tai che, chon
lap
Phan
loai
236
COHNS + O
2
+ VSV hie u kh CO
2
+ NH
3
+ san pham khac + nang lng
COHNS + VSV k kh CO
2
+ H
2
S + NH
3
+ CH
4
+san pham khac + nang lng
- Pha trng thanh: la giai oan giam nhiet o en bang nhiet o moi trng. Trong
pha nay, qua trnh len men xay ra cham, thch hp cho s hnh thanh chat keo mun
(qua trnh chuyen hoa cac phc chat hu c thanh chat mun), cac chat khoang (sat,
canxi, nit) va cuoi cu ng thanh mun. Ngoai ra con xay ra cac phan ng nitrat hoa,
ammonia (san pham phu cua qua trnh on nh chat thai) b oxi hoa sinh hoc ta o
thanh nitrit (NO
2
-
) va cuoi cung thanh nitrat (NO
3
-
):
NH
4
+
+ 3/2 O
2
NO
2
-
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O
NO
2
-
+ O
2
NO
3
-
Ket hp hai phng trnh tren, qua trnh nitrat hoa dien ra nh sau:
NH
4
+
+ 2O
2
NO
3
-
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O
Mat khac, trong mo te bao, NH
4
+
cung c tong hp vi phan ng ac trng cho qua
trnh tong hp:
NH
4
+
+ 4CO
2
+ HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O C
5
H
7
NO
2
+ 5O
2
Phng trnh phan ng nitrat hoa tong cong xay ra nh sau:
22NH
4
+
+ 37O
2
+ 4CO
2
+ HCO
3
-
21 NO
3
-
+ C
5
H
7
NO
2
+ 20 H
2
O + 42H
+
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Thi gian
N
h
i
e
t
Pha thch nghi

Pha tang trng Pha a nhiet Pha trng thanh
Hnh 7.8 : Bien thien nhiet o trong qua trnh u hieu kh
Tom lai, qua trnh phan huy hieu kh CTR bao gom 3 giai oan chnh sau:
- Giai oan nhiet o trung bnh: keo dai trong mot vai ngay.
- Giai oan nhiet o cao: co the keo dai t mo t va i ngay en mot vai thang.
- Giai oan lam mat va o n nh: keo dai vai thang.
237
Trong qua trnh phan huy hieu kh, ng vi t ng giai oan u khac nhau cac loai vi
sinh vat u the cung khac nhau. Qua trnh phan huy ban au do cac vi sinh vat chu
nhiet trung bnh chiem u the, chung se phan huy nhanh chong cac hp chat de phan
huy sinh hoc. Nhiet o trong qua trnh nay se gia tang nhanh chong do nhiet ma cac
vi sinh vat tao ra. Khi nhiet o gia tang tren 40
o
C, cac vi sinh vat chu nhiet trung
bnh se b thay the bi cac vi sinh vat hieu nhiet. Khi nhiet o gia tang en 55
o
C va
tren na, cac vi sinh vat gay benh se b tieu diet. Khi nhiet o gia tang en 65
o
C se
co rat nhieu loai vi sinh vat b che t va nhiet o nay cung la gii han tren cua qua
trnh phan huy hieu kh.
Rieng trong giai oan hieu nhiet, nhiet o cao lam tang qua trnh phan huy protein,
chat beo va cac hydrocarbon phc hp nh xenlulo va hemixenlulo . Sau giai oan
nay, nhiet o cua qua trnh u se giam t t va ca c vi sinh vat chu nhiet trung bnh lai
chiem u the trong giai oan cuoi.
7.5.2.1 Cac nhom vi sinh vat co mat trong qua trnh u phan rac
- Vi khuan co dang hnh que, hnh cau hay hnh xoan, nhieu loai co kha nang t di
chuyen. Khi bat au cu a qua trnh u phan rac, cac vi khuan chu nhiet trung bnh
chiem u the. Khi nhiet o gia tang tren 40
o
C, cac vi khuan hieu nhie t se tiep quan.
Trong giai oan nay, khuan hnh que se chiem u the ve so lng. Khi qua trnh u
phan rac c lam mat, vi khuan chu nhiet trung bnh lai chiem u the.
- Xa khuan co vai tro quan trong trong viec phan huy cac chat hu c ph c tap nh
xenlulo , lignin, chitin va protein trong qua trnh u rac. Enzym cua chung cho phep xa
khuan phan huy hoa hoc cac manh vun nh than cay, vo cay hoac tap ch. Mot va i
loai xuat hien trong giai oan chu nhiet trung bnh, nhng loai khac ong vai tro
quan trong trong giai oan lam mat va on nh.
- Nam co vai tro quan trong trong viec phan huy cac manh vun, tao cho cac vi
khuan tiep tuc qua trnh phan huy het cac xenlulo con lai. Cac loai nam co so lng
ln trong ca 2 giai oan: nhiet o trung bnh va nhiet o cao. Hau het nam song lp
ben ngoai cua ong u khi nhiet o cao.
- ong vat nguyen sinh c tm thay trong nc r rac cua ong u nhng co vai
tro kha nho trong phan huy phan rac.
- Trung roi c tm thay trong nc r rac cua o ng u. Chung an cac hp chat hu
c, vi khuan va nam.
7.5.2.2 Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh phan huy hieu kh
Van toc phan huy chat hu c trong qua trnh u phan chu anh hng bi nhieu yeu to
nh nhiet o, pH, vi sinh vat, oxygen, chat hu c, o am, t le C/N va cau truc chat
thai.
Cau truc
o xop
Tr lc
Trao oi kh
o xo p
Dinh dng
C/N
pH
Khoi lng, The
tch
238
Hnh 7.8 Nhng yeu to anh hng en qua trnh u phan
a) Cac yeu to vat ly
Cac yeu to vat ly co anh hng en qua trnh u gom:
- Nhiet o
Nhiet trong khoi u la san pham phu cua s phan huy cac hp chat hu c bi vi sinh vat,
phu thuoc vao kch thc cua ong u, o am, khong kh va ty le C/N, mc o xao tron va
nhiet o moi trng xung quanh.
Nhiet o trong he thong u khong hoan toan ong nhat trong suot qua trnh u, phu
thuoc vao lng nhiet ta o ra bi cac vi sinh vat va thiet ke cua he thong.
Nhiet o la mot yeu to quan trong anh hng en hoat tnh cua vi sinh vat trong qua trnh
che bien phan hu c va cung la mot trong cac thong so giam sat va ieu khien qua trnh
u CTR. Trong luong u, nhiet o can duy tr la 55 65
0
C, v nhiet o nay, qua trnh che
bien phan van hieu qua va mam benh b tieu diet. Khi nhiet o tang tren ngng nay se
c che hoat ong cua vi sinh vat. nhiet o thap hn, phan hu c khong at tieu chuan
ve mam benh.
Nhiet o trong luong u co the ieu chnh bang nhieu cach khac nhau nh hieu chnh
toc o thoi kh va o am, co lap khoi u vi moi trng ben ngoai bang cach che phu
hp ly.
- o am
o am (nc) la mo t yeu to can thiet cho hoat ong cua vi sinh va t trong qua trnh
che bien phan hu c. V nc can thiet cho qua trnh hoa tan chat dinh dng vao
nguyen sinh chat cua te bao.
o am toi u cho qua trnh u phan CTR nam trong khoang 50 - 60%. Cac vi sinh vat
ong vai tro quyet nh trong qua trnh phan hu y CTR thng tap trung tai lp nc
mong tren be mat cua phan t CTR. Neu o a m qua nho (< 30%) se han che hoat
ong cua vi sinh vat, co n khi o am qua ln (> 65%) th qua trnh phan huy se cham
239
lai, se chuyen sang che o phan huy k kh v qua trnh thoi kh b can tr do hien
tng bt kn cac khe rong khong cho khong kh i qua, gay mui hoi, ro r chat dinh
dng va lan truyen vi sinh vat gay benh.
o am anh hng en s thay oi nhiet o trong qua trnh u v nc co nhiet dung
rieng cao hn tat ca cac vat lieu khac.
Trong trng hp o am cua khoi u thap, co the ieu chnh bang cach them nc vao.
Con khi o am cao khoi u cao co the ieu chnh bang cach tron vi vat lieu on co o
am thap hn nh: mat ca, rm ra
Thong thng o am cu a phan bac, bun va pha n ong vat thng cao hn gia tr toi
u, do o can bo sung cac chat phu gia e giam o am en gia tr can thiet. oi vi
he thong san xuat phan hu c lien tuc, o am co the khong che bang cach tuan hoan
san pham phan hu c nh s o:
Hnh 7.9: S o he thong san xuat phan hu c lien tuc
Trong o:
x
c
:Tong khoi lng t cua c chat lam phan hu c nap lieu trong 1 ngay
x
p
: Tong khoi lng t cua san pham phan hu c trong 1 ngay
x
r
: Tong khoi lng t cua san pham phan hu c tuan hoan trong 1 ngay
x
m
: Tong khoi lng t cua hon hp vat lieu lam phan hu c trong 1 ngay
S
c
: Ham lng chat ran cua c chat lam phan hu c, %
S
r
:Ham lng chat ran cua san pham phan hu c va phan tuan hoan, %
S
m
: Ham lng chat ran cua hon hp trc khi lam phan, %
R
w
: T le tuan hoan tnh theo khoi l ng t cua san pham tuan hoan va khoi
lng t cua c chat la m phan hu c
R
d
: T le tuan hoan tnh theo khoi lng kho cua san pham tuan hoan va khoi
lng kho cua chat lam phan hu c
Nh vay, tong khoi lng t cua hon hp:
C chat hu
c t, x
c
, S
c
QUA TRNH
U PHAN
San pham phan
hu c, x
p
, S
r
Kh thai
Khong kh
Hon hp
x
m
, S
m
Tuan hoan
x
r
, S
r
240
x
m
= x
c
+ x
r
(7.10)
Phan chat ran cua hon hp lam phan:
S
mxm
= S
cxc
+ S
rxr
(7.11)
Hay
S
m
(x
c
+ x
r
) = S
cxc
+ S
rxr
(7.12)
Ty le tuan hoan theo khoi lng t
R
w
=
c
r
x
x
(7.13)
T (7.12) va (7.13) co:
R
w
=
m r
c m
S S
S S
(7.14)
Ty le tuan hoan kho
R
d
=
c c
r r
x S
x S
(7.15)
Thay (7.12) vao (7.15) ta c:
R
d
=
r
m
c
m
S
S
S
S
1
1
(7.16)
V du 7.1:Tnh lng sa n pham phan h u c co o am 20% phai tua n hoan e hon hp
lam phan hu c at o am toi u la 60%. Biet rang nguyen lieu s du ng la bun va
trau co ham lng chat ran lan lt la 10% va 50%., c phoi tron theo t le khoi
lng kho la 1:5
Giai:
Ham lng chat ran cua c chat S
c
= 1 0,7 = 0,3
Ham lng chat ran trong hon hp lam phan: S
m
= 1 0,6 = 0,4
Ham lng chat ran trong san pham phan: S
r
= 1 0,2 = 0,8
T le tuan hoan tnh theo khoi lng t: R
w
= 25 , 0
4 , 0 8 , 0
3 , 0 4 , 0
=
m r
c m
S S
S S
Neu s dung 6kg c chat kho, khoi lng c chat t tng ng la 6/0,3 = 20kg
Khoi lng san pham phan hu c tuan hoan la: x
r
= 0,25x
c
= 0,25x 20 = 5kg.
- Kch thc hat
241
Kch thc hat anh h ng l n en toc o phan huy. Qua trnh phan huy hieu kh xay
ra tren be mat hat, hat co kch thc nho se co tong dien tch be mat ln nen se tang
s tiep xuc vi oxy, gia tang van toc phan huy. Tuy nhien, neu kch thc hat qua
nho va chat lam han che s lu thong kh trong ong u, ieu nay se lam giam oxy can
thiet cho cac vi sinh vat trong ong u va giam mc o hoat ong cua vi sinh vat.
Ngc lai, hat co kch thc qua ln se co o xop cao va tao ra cac ranh kh lam cho
s phan bo kh khong e u, khong co li cho qua trnh che bien phan hu c.
ng knh hat toi u cho qua trnh che bien khoang 350mm. Kch thc hat toi u
co the at c bang nhieu cach nh cat, nghie n va sang vat lieu tho ban au. CTR
o th va CTR cong nghiep phai c nghien en kch thc thch hp trc khi lam
phan. Phan bac, bun va phan ong vat thng co kch thc hat mn, thch hp cho
qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc.
- o rong (xop)
o rong cua khoi vat lieu u la mo t ye u to quan trong trong qua trnh che bien phan h u
c. o ro ng toi u se thay oi tuy theo loai vat lieu che bien phan. Thong thng, o
rong e qua trnh che bien dien ra tot khoang 35 60%, toi u la 32 36%.
o rong cua CTR anh hng trc tiep en qua trnh cung cap oxy can thiet cho s
trao oi chat, ho hap cu a cac vi sinh vat hieu kh va s oxy hoa cac phan t hu c
hien dien trong lp vat lieu u. o rong thap se han che s van chuyen oxy, nen han
che s giai phong nhiet va lam tang nhiet o trong khoi u. Ngc lai, o rong cao co
the dan ti nhie t o trong khoi u thap, mam benh khong b tieu die t.
o rong co the c ieu chnh bang cach s dung vat lieu tao cau truc vi t le tron hp ly.
- Kch thc va hnh dang cua he thong u phan rac
Kch thc va hnh dang cua cac ong u co anh hng en s kiem soat nhiet o va
o am cung nh kha nang cung cap oxy.
- Thoi kh
Khoi u c cung cap khong kh t moi tr ng xung quanh e vi sinh vat s dung cho
s phan hu y chat hu c, cung nh lam bay hi nc va giai phong nhiet. Ne u kh
khong c cung cap ay u th trong kho i u co the co nhng vu ng k kh, gay mu i ho i.
Lng khong kh cung cap cho khoi phan hu c co the thc hien bang cach:
ao tron.
S dung ong thong kh.
o chat thai t tang lu cha tren cao xuong tha p.
Thoi kh.
242
Qua trnh ao tron cung cap kh khong u theo can bang t lng. ieu kien hieu kh
ch thoa man oi vi lp tren cung, cac lp ben trong hoat ong trong moi trng tuy
tien hoac k kh. Do o, toc o phan huy giam va thi gian can thiet e qua trnh u
phan hoan tat b keo dai.
Cap kh bang phng phap thoi kh at hieu qua phan huy cao nhat. Tuy nhien, lu
lng kh phai c khong che thch hp. Neu cap qua nhieu kh se dan en chi ph
cao va gay mat nhiet cu a khoi phan, keo theo sa n pham khong am bao an toan v co
the cha vi sinh vat gay benh. Khi pH cua moi trng trong kho i phan ln hn 7,
cung vi qua trnh thoi kh se lam that thoat nit di dang NH
3
. Trai lai, neu thoi kh
qua t, moi trng ben trong khoi phan tr thanh k kh. Van toc thoi kh cho qua trnh
u phan thng trong khoang 5 10m
3
kh/tan nguyen lieu/h.
b) Cac yeu to hoa sinh
- Ty le C/N
Co rat nhieu nguyen to anh hng en qua trnh phan huy do vi sinh vat, trong o
cacbon va nit la can thiet nhat, t le C/N la thong so dinh dng quan trong nha t;
quan trong ke tiep la nguyen to photpho (P); lu huynh (S), canxi (Ca). Cac nguyen
to vi lng khac cung o ng vai tro quan trong trong trao oi chat cua te bao.
Khoang 20% - 40%C cu a chat thai hu c (trong chat tha i nap lieu) can thiet cho qua
trnh ong hoa thanh te bao mi, phan con lai chuyen hoa thanh CO
2
. Cacbon cung
cap nang lng va sinh khoi c ban e tao ra khoang 50% khoi lng te bao vi sinh
vat. Nit la thanh phan chu yeu cua protein, axit nucleic, axit amin, enzym, co-
enzym can thiet cho s phat trien va hoat ong cua te bao.
Ty le C/N toi u cho qua trnh u phan rac khoang 30:1. mc ty le thap hn, nit se
tha va sinh ra kh NH
3
, gay ra mu i khai. mc ty le cao hn, han che s phat trien
cua vi sinh vat do thie u N. Chung phai trai qua nhieu chu ky chuye n hoa, oxy hoa phan
carbon d cho en khi at ty le C/N thch hp. Do o, thi gian can thiet cho qua trnh
lam phan b ke o dai hn va san pham thu c cha t mu n hn. Theo nghien c u cho
thay, neu ty le C/N ban au la 20, thi gian can thie t cho qua trnh lam phan la 12
ngay, ne u ty le nay dao ong trong khoang 20 50, th i gian can thiet la 14 ngay va
neu ty le C/N = 78, th i gian can thiet se la 21 ngay. Mac du vay, ty le nay cung co the
c hieu chnh theo gia tr sinh ho c cua vat lieu u, trong o quan trong nhat la can
quan tam ti cac vat lie u u co ham lng lignin cao.
Tr phan nga va la khoai tay, ty le C/N cua tat ca cac chat thai khac nhau eu phai
c ieu chnh e at gia tr toi u trc khi tiet hanh lam phan. Ty le C/N cua cac
chat thai khac nhau c trnh bay trong bang sau.
243
Bang 7.11: Ty le C/N cu a chat thai( tnh theo chat kho)
STT Chat thai N (% khoi lng kho) Ty le C/N
1 Phan bac 5,5 6,5 6 10
2 Nc tieu 15 18 0,8
3 Mau 10 14 3,0
4 Phan ong vat - 4,1
5 Phan bo 1,7 18
6 Phan gia cam 6,3 15
7 Phan cu 3,75 22
8 Phan heo 3,75 20
9 Phan nga 2,3 25
10 Bun cong thai kho 4 7 11
11 Bun hoat tnh a phan
huy
1,88 15,7
12 Bun cong a phan huy 2,4 -
13 Bun hoat tnh tho 5,6 6,3
14 Co cat xen 3 6 12 15
15 Chat thai rau qua 2,5 4 11 12
16 Co hon hp 2,4 19
17 La khoai tay 1,5 25
18 Trau lua m 0,3 0,5 128 150
19 Trau yen mach 1,05 48
20 Go nghien 0,13 170
21 Mat ca 0,1 200 500
22 Go thong 0,07 723
23 Trai cay thai 1,52 34,8
24 Chat thai giet mo ho n
hp
7 - 10 2
25 Giay hon hp 0,25 173
26 Giay bao 0,05 983
27 Giay nau ( goi hang ) 0,01 4490
244
28 Tap ch 0,07 470
29 Tai lieu 0,17 223
30 Co xen 2,15 20,1
31 La cay ( ti ) 0,5 -1,0 40 - 80
32 Sinh khoi thc vat 1,96 20,9 - 24
Nguon: Chongrak, 1996 , Tchobanoglous va co ng s, 1993
Khi bat au qua trnh u phan rac, ty le C/N la 30:1 va giam dan con 15:1 cac san
pham cuoi cung do 2/3 cacbon c giai phong tao ra CO
2
, khi cac h p chat hu c
b phan huy bi cac vi sinh vat.
Trong thc the, viec tnh toan va hieu chnh chnh xac t le C/N toi u gap phai kho
khan v nhng ly do sau:
Mot phan cac c chat nh xenlulo va lignin kho b phan huy sinh hoc, ch
b phan huy sau mot khoang thi gian dai.
Mot so chat dinh dng can thiet cho vi sinh vat khong san co
Qua trnh co nh N co the xay ra di tac du ng cua nhom vi khuan
azotobacter, ac biet khi co u PO
4
3-
Phan tch ham lng C kho at ket qua chnh xac.
Ham lng cacbon co the xac nh theo phng trnh sau:
8 , 1
% 100
%
tro
C

= (7.17)
% tro trong phng trnh nay la lng va t lieu con lai sau khi nung nhiet o 550
0
C
trong 1 gi. Do o, mot so chat thai co thanh phan chu yeu la nha (thanh phan b
phan huy 550
0
C) se co gia tr %C cao, nhng a phan khong co kha na ng phan huy
sinh hoc
V du: La cay co ty le C/N = 50, c tron vi bun thai t nha may x ly nc thai,
co ty le C/N = 6,3. Xac nh ty le cua moi thanh phan e a t c ty le C/N cua hon
hp la 25. Biet:
a/ o am cua bun la 75%
b/ o am cua la cay la 50%
c/ Ham lng Nit cua bun la 5,6% tnh theo chat kho
245
d/ Ham lng Nit cua la cay la 0,7% tnh theo chat kho
Giai:
1. T le cac thanh phan trong la cay va bun
a) oi vi 1kg la cay:
Nc : 1 kg x 0,5 = 0,5 kg
Chat kho: 1kg x 0,5 = 0,5 kg
N
l
: 0,5 kg x 0,007 = 0,0035kg
C
l
: 0,0035 kg x 50 = 0,175 kg
b) oi vi 1kg bun:
Nc : 1 kg x 0,75 = 0,75 kg
Chat kho: 1kg x 0,25 = 0,25 kg
N
b
: 0,25 kg x 0,056 = 0,014kg
C
b
: 0,014 kg x 6,3 = 0,0882 kg
2.Tnh t le bun tren la cay e thu hon hp co C/N = 25
Theo ieu kien cua au bai, viet phng trnh tnh t le C/N:
C/N = 25 = (C
l
. X
1
+ C
b
. X
2
) / (N
l
. X
1
+ N
b
. X
2
)
Vi X
1
khoi lng la cay, X
2
khoi lng bun
Cho X
1
= 1 kg la cay , giai phng trnh ta co:
X
2
= ( C
l
25 N
l
)/ ( 25 N
b
C
b
) = 0,334 kg bun
Nh vay, t le phoi tron la : 0,334 kg bun/ 1kg la cay
3. o am cua hon hp ( 0,334 kg bun/ 1kg la cay) la:
( 0,334 . 0,75 + 1. 0,5 )/ ( 0,334 + 1) = 56,26 %
- Oxy
Oxy cung la mot trong nhng thanh phan can thiet cho qua trnh u pha n rac. Khi vi
sinh vat oxy hoa carbon tao nang lng, oxy se c s dung va kh CO
2
c sinh
ra. Khi khong co u oxy th se tr thanh qua trnh yem kh va tao ra mui hoi nh mui
trng ga thoi cua kh H
2
S.
Cac vi sinh vat hieu kh co the song c nong o oxy bang 5%. Nong o oxy ln
hn 10% c coi la toi u cho qua trnh u phan rac hieu kh.
Tong lng kh can cung cap va do lu lng dong kh la cac thong so thiet ke quan
trong oi vi he thong u trong thung kn. Nhu cau oxi thay oi theo tie n trnh u gian
246
oan, do o can xac nh nhu cau oxi toi a e chon may thoi kh va thiet ke he
thong ong phan phoi kh phu hp.
V du:. Xac nh nang suat may thoi kh can cung cap cho qua trnh u Compost hieu
kh, biet rang phan cha t hu c em u co cong thc phan t la C
60
H
94
O
38
N. Cho cac
d lieu sau:
- o am cua CTR hu c : 25%
- Chat ran bay hi VS = 0,93 x TS
- Chat ran bay hi de phan huy sinh hoc, BVS = 0,6 x VS
- Hieu suat chuyen hoa cua BVS la 95%
- Thi gian u Compost la 5 ngay.
- Nhu cau oxy trong 5 ngay u lan lt la 20, 35, 25, 15, 5%
- Amoni sinh ra trong suot qua trnh phan huy hieu kh cua chat thai b mat vao kh
quyen.
- Khong kh cha 23% oxy (theo khoi lng) va khoi lng rieng cua khong kh bang
1,2 kg/m
3
- Hieu suat s dung oxi: 50%
Giai:
1.Khoi lng BVS co trong 1 tan CTR hu c: 1 tan x 0,75 x 0,93 x 0,6 = 0,4185 tan
2. Lng BVS phan huy co trong 1 tan CTR hu c: 0,4185 tan x 0,95 = 0,3976 tan
3.Phn g trnh phan ng phan huy hieu kh:
C
60
H
94
O
38
N + 63,75 O
2
= 60 CO
2
+ 45,5 H
2
O + NH
3
1436 2040 2640 819 17
4. Lng oxi can thiet e phan huy 1 tan CTR hu c la:
2040 x 0,3976 . 10
3
/ 1436 = 564,84 kg oxi
5. Lng khong kh can thiet e phan huy 1 tan CTR hu c la:
564,84 / 1,2 / 0,23 = 2046,5 m
3
khong kh
6. Nang suat may thoi kh (m
3
/phut) can chon la :
2046,5 x 0,35 x 2 /(24 x 60 ) = 0,995 m
3
/phut = 1m
3
/phut
- Dinh dng
Ngoai mot so nguyen to a lng, qua trnh chuyen hoa cac chat h u c nh hoat
ong cua vi sinh vat cu ng can mot so nguyen to vi lng khac nh P, K, Ca, Fe, Bo,
Cu Thong thng, cac chat dinh dng nay khong co gii han bi chu ng hien dien
nhieu trong cac vat lieu lam nguyen lieu cho qua trnh u phan rac.
247
- pH
Gia tr pH trong khoang 5,5 8,5 la toi u cho cac vi sinh vat trong qua trnh u phan
rac. Cac vi sinh vat, na m, tieu thu cac hp cha t hu c va tha i ra cac axit hu c.
Trong giai oan au cu a qua trnh u phan rac, cac axit nay b tch tu va ket qua lam
giam pH, km ham s phat trien cua nam va vi sinh vat, km ham s phan huy lignin
va xenlulo . Cac axit h u c se tiep tuc b phan huy trong qua trnh u phan rac. Neu
he thong tr nen yem kh, viec tch tu cac axit co the lam pH giam xuo ng en 4,5 va
gay anh hng nghiem trong en hoat ong cua vi sinh vat.
- Vi sinh vat
Che bien phan hu c la mot qua trnh phc ta p bao gom nhieu loai vi sinh vat khac
nhau. V sinh vat trong qua trnh che bien phan hu c bao gom: actinomycetes va vi
khuan. Nhng loai vi sinh vat nay co san trong chat hu c, co the bo sung them vi
sinh vat t cac nguon khac e giup qua trnh pha n huy xay ra nhanh va hieu qua hn.
- Chat hu c
Van toc phan huy dao ong tuy theo thanh phan, kch thc, tnh chat cua chat hu
c. Chat hu c hoa tan th de phan huy hn chat hu c khong hoa tan. Lignin va
ligno cellulosics la nhng chat phan huy rat cham
Bang 7.12: Cac thong so quan trong trong qua trnh lam phan hu c hieu kh
Thong so Gia tr
1. Kch thc
Qua trnh u at hieu qua toi u khi kch thc CTR khoang 25
75mm
2. T le C/N
T le C:N toi u dao ong trong khoang 25 - 50
- t le thap hn, d NH
3
, hoat tnh sinh hoc giam
- t le cao hn, chat dinh dng b han che.
3. Pha tron Thi gian u ngan hn
4. o am
Nen kiem soat trong pham vi 50 60% trong suot qua trnh u. Toi u
la 55%
5. ao tron
Nham ngan nga hien tng kho, ong banh va s tao thanh cac
ranh kh, trong qua trnh lam phan hu c, CTR phai c xao
tron nh ky. Tan suat ao tron phu thuoc vao qua trnh thc hien
6. Nhiet o
Nhiet o phai c duy tr trong khoang 50 55
0
C oi vi mo t vai
ngay au va 55 60
0
C trong nhng ngay sau o. Tren 66
0
C, hoat
tnh vi sinh vat giam ang ke.
248
7. Kiem soat
mam benh
Nhiet o 60 70
0
C, cac mam benh eu b tieu diet
8. Nhu cau ve
khong kh
Lng oxy can thiet c tnh toan da tren can bang ty lng.
Khong kh cha oxy ca n thiet phai c tiep xuc eu vi ta t ca
cac phan cua CTR lam phan
9. pH
Toi u: 7 7,5. e han che s bay hi Nit di dang NH
3
, pH
khong c vt qua 8,5
10. Mc o
phan huy
anh gia qua s giam nhiet o vao thi gian cuoi
11. Dien tch
at yeu cau
Cong suat 50 tan /ngay can khoang 0,6 0,8 hecta at
(Nguon: Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1993)
7.5.2.3 Chat lng phan hu c
Chat lng phan hu c c anh gia da tren 4 yeu to sau:
Mc o lan tap chat (thuy tinh, plastic, a, kim loai nang, chat thai hoa hoc,
thuoc tr sau)
Nong o cac chat dinh dng (dinh dng a l ng N, P, K; dinh dng trung
lng Ca, Mg, S; dinh dng vi lng Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co, Bo)
Mat o vi sinh vat gay benh (thap en mc khong anh hng co hai en cay trong)
o on nh (o chn) va ham lng chat hu c (o on nh lien quan ti nhiet
o, o am va nong o oxy trong qua trnh che bien phan hu c; o o n nh
thng ty le nghch vi ham lng chat hu c, khi thi gian u phan keo dai,
o on nh cua phan se tang, tc la ham lng h u c trong phan giam)
Bang 7.13: Tieu chuan nganh 10 TCVN 562 2002 cho phan hu c vi sinh vat che
bien t chat tha i ran sinh hoat do Bo Nong Nghiep va Phat Trien Nong Thon ban hanh
Ten ch tieu n v tnh Mc
Hieu qua oi vi cay tro ng Tot
o chn can thiet Tot
ng knh hat khong ln hn mm 4 5
o am khong ln hn % 35
pH 6,0 8,0
Mat o vi sinh vat hu hieu (a c tuyen chon) CFU/g mau 106
249
khong nho hn
Ham lng cacbon tong so khong nho hn % 13
Ham lng nit tong so khong nho hn % 2,5
Ham lng lan hu hieu khong nho hn % 2,5
Ha m lng kali hu hie u khong nho hn % 1,5
Mat o samonella trong 25 g mau CFU 0
Ham lng ch (khoi l ng kho) khong ln hn mg/kg 250
Ham lng cadimi (khoi lng kho) khong ln hn mg/kg 2,5
Ham lng crom (khoi lng kho) khong ln hn mg/kg 200
Ham lng ong (khoi lng kho) khong ln hn mg/kg 200
Ham lng niken (khoi lng kho) khong ln hn mg/kg 100
Ham lng kem (khoi lng kho) khong ln hn mg/kg 750
Ham lng thuy ngan (khoi l ng kho) khong l n hn mg/kg 2
Thi gian bao quan kho ng t hn Thang 6
(Nguon: Bo Nong Nghie p va Phat Trien Nong Thon, 2002)
7.5.3 Muc ch, li ch va han che cua qua trnh che bien phan hu c
Muc ch va li ch cua qua trnh lam phan hu c
On nh chat thai : Cac phan ng sinh hoc xay ra trong qua trnh lam phan
hu c se chuyen hoa chat hu c de thoi ra sang dang on nh, chu yeu la
cac chat vo c t gay o nhiem moi trng khi tha i ra at va nc.
Lam mat hoat tnh cu a vi sinh vat gay benh: Nhiet o cua chat thai sinh ra t
qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc co the at khoang 60
0
C, u e lam mat hoat
tnh cua vi sinh vat gay benh, virut va trng giun san ne u nh nhiet o nay
c duy tr t nhat 1 ngay. Do o, cac san pham cua qua trnh lam phan hu
c co the thai bo an toa n tren at hoac s dung lam chat bo sung dinh dng
cho at.
Thu hoi dinh dng va cai tao at: Cac chat dinh dng (N, P, K) co trong chat
thai thng dang hu c phc tap, cay trong kho hap thu. Sau qua trnh lam
phan hu c, cac chat nay c chuye n hoa thanh cac chat vo c nh NO
3
-
,
PO
4
3-
thch h p cho cay trong. S dung san pham cua qua trnh che bien phan
t chat thai ran hu c bo sung dinh dng cho at, co kha nang lam giam s
that thoat dinh d ng do ro r v cac chat dinh dng vo c ton tai chu yeu
di dang khong tan. Them vao o, lp at trong cung c cai tien ne n giup
re cay phat trien tot hn.
250
Lam kho bun: Phan ngi, phan ong vat va bun cha khoang 80 95%
nc, do o chi ph thu gom, van chuyen va thai bo cao. Lam kho bun trong
qua trnh u phan la phng phap li dung nhiet cua chat thai sinh ra t qua
trnh phan huy sinh hoc lam bay hi nc cha trong bun.
Tang kha nang kha ng be nh cho cay tro ng: V i ha m lng dinh dng cao, de
hap thu va chung loai vi sinh vat a dang, phan hu c khong nhng lam
tang nang suat cay trong ma con giam thieu benh tren cay trong. o vi cac
loai phan hoa hoc khac cay trong ch hap thu c mot phan chat dinh
dng nhng oi vi phan hu c cay trong co kha nang hap thu hau het cac
chat dinh dng, ong thi cay trong phat trien tot va co kha nang khang
benh cao. ng dung phan hu c trong cay sau rieng do Trung Tam Nghien
Cu Cay A n Qua Mie n ong Nam Bo thc hien cho thay ch so benh
Phytophthora tren cay Sau Rieng giam ang ke sau 2 3 nam bon phan hu
c la mot v du ien hnh.
Nhng han che cua qua trnh lam phan hu c
Ham lng chat dinh d ng trong phan hu c khong thoa man yeu cau
Do ac tnh cua chat hu c co the thay oi rat nhieu theo thi gian, kh hau
va phng phap thc hien, nen tnh chat cua san pham cung khac nhau. Ban
chat vat lieu lam phan thng lam cho s phan bo nhiet o trong ong phan
khong ong eu. Do o, kha nang lam mat hoat tnh cua vi sinh vat gay
benh trong phan cung khong hoan toan.
Qua trnh lam phan hu c thng tao mui hoi, gay mat my quan.
Hau het cac nha nong van thch s dung phan hoa hoc v khong qua at tien,
de s dung va tang nang suat cay trong mot cach ro rang.
7.5.4 Cac phng phap che bien phan
7.5.4.1 Phng phap u phan theo luong dai (anh luong ca p kh t nhien)
Dang anh luong cap kh t nhien la qua trnh u phan trong o CTR c sap xep
theo cac luong dai, hep va c ao tron theo mot chu ky nha t nh nha m cap kh cho
luong u.
Cac luong u co chieu cao thay oi t 1m (oi vi nguyen lieu co mat o day nh
phan) en 3,5m (oi vi nguyen lieu nhe nh la cay). Chieu rong luong u thay oi t
1,5 6m.
Khong kh (oxy) c cung cap ti he thong bang cac con ng t nhien nh:
khuech tan, gio, oi lu nhiet Cac luong phan thng xuyen c xao tron theo nh
ky nham tron eu CTR trong luong phan, tron eu o am va ho tr cho thoi kh thu
251
ong. Viec xao tron c thc hien bang xe xuc hoac bang xe xao tron chuyen dung.
Cac thiet b s dung c xac nh theo hnh dang thc te cua luong u.
Toc o lam thoang kh phu thuoc o xop cua ong u. Luong u vi cac nguyen lieu
nhe nh la cay co toc o thoang kh ln hn toc o thoang kh cua luong u vi nguyen
lieu phan. Neu luong u qua ln, cac vung k kh co the xuat hien khu vc trung
tam, ieu nay se tao ra mui khi luong u c ao tron. Ngc lai, cac luong u nho se
ma t nhiet qua nhanh va khong the at c nhiet o u ln e diet vi sinh vat gay
benh va bay hi am.
ao tron se lam cho nguyen lieu u c tron eu, tao lai o xop cua ong u, loai tr
cac khoang trong tao ra bi s phan huy va sa la ng. ao tron se lam xao tron cac vat
lieu ben trong va ben ngoai ong u. ieu nay se lam cho tat ca cac vat lieu c tiep
xuc vi khong kh pha ben ngoai va nhiet o cao pha ben trong cua ong u. Bang
cach nay, tat ca cac vat lieu se c phan huy vi toc o nh nhau va cac vi sinh vat
gay benh, au trung cua con trung co canh se b diet. Them vao o, ao tron se xe nho
cac phan t rac e gia ta ng die n tch be mat va cac vat lieu c tron lan nhau.
u iem
Do xao tron thng xuyen nen chat lng phan hu c ong eu.
Von au t va chi ph van hanh thap v khong can he thong cung cap oxy
cng bc.
Ky thuat n gian.
Nhc iem
Can nhieu nhan cong.
Thi gian u dai (3 6) thang.
Do s dung thoi kh thu ong nen kho quan ly, ac biet la kho kiem soat
nhiet o va mam benh.
Xao tron luong u thng gay that thoat nit va gay mui.
Qua trnh u b phu thuoc vao thi tiet, v du nh ma co the gay anh h ng
bat li cho qua trnh u.
Phng phap thoi kh thu ong can mot lng ln vat lieu tao cau truc va
loai vat lieu tao cau tru c phu hp vi phng phap nay th kho tm hn so
vi cac phng phap khac.
Dien tch at can thiet ln
7.5.4.2 Phng phap u phan theo luong dai hoac ong vi thoi kh cng b c
Trong phng phap nay, vat lieu u c sap xe p thanh ong hoac luong dai. Khong
kh c cung cap cho he thong bang quat thoi kh hoac bm nen kh qua he thong
252
phan phoi kh nh ong phan phoi kh hoac san phan phoi kh. Chieu cao luong hay
ong u khoang 2 2,5m.
e kiem soat qua trnh phan huy hieu kh ben trong khoi u, mo i khoi u thng c
trang b mot may tho i kh. Lng khong kh cung cap phai am bao u nhu cau oxy
cho qua trnh chuyen o i sinh hoc va nham kiem soat nhiet o trong kho i u.
Thi gian can thiet cho qua trnh u khoang 35 tuan. Phan mun sau khi u c em i
sang tinh nham thu c san pham phan chat lng cao.
Trong mot vai trng h p, nhng vat lieu co kch thc ln, o am thap nh mat ca,
go vun c them vao e kiem soat o am cua khoi u mc toi u.
u iem
De kiem soat khi van hanh he thong, ac biet la kiem soat nhiet o va
nong o oxy trong luong u.
Giam mui hoi va mam benh.
Thi gian u ngan (3 6 tuan).
V s dung thoi kh cng bc nen luong phan co the cao va rong hn so
vi thoi kh thu ong, do o nhu cau s dung at thap hn, co the van hanh
ngoai tri hoac co che phu.
Nhc iem
He thong phan phoi kh de b tat nghen, can phai bao tr thng xuyen.
Chi ph bao tr he thong va chi ph nang lng cho thoi kh lam tang tong
chi ph, nen chi ph cho he thong nay cao hn he thong thoi kh thu ong.
7.5.4.3 Phng phap u trong container
Phng phap u trong container la phng pha p u ma vat lieu u c cha trong
container hoac thung kn, tui ng hay trong nha. Thoi kh cng bc thng c s
dung cho phng phap u nay. Co nhieu phng phap u trong container nh u trong be
di chuyen theo phng ngang, u trong container thoi kh va u trong thung quay.
Trong be di chuyen theo phng ngang, CTR c u trong mot hoac nhieu ngan phan
ng dai va hep, thoi kh cng bc va xao tron nh ky. Vat lieu u c di chuyen
lien tuc doc theo chieu dai cua ngan phan ng trong suot qua trnh u.
Trong container thoi kh, vat lieu c cha trong cac loai container khac nhau nh
thung cha chat thai ran hay tui polyethylenevv. Thoi kh cng bc c s dung
cho phng phap u dang me, khong co s rung hay xao tron trong container. Tuy
nhien, gia qua trnh u, vat lieu u co the c lay ra va xao tron ben ngoai, sau o
cho vao container lai.
253
Con oi vi loai thung quay, vat lieu c u trong mot thung xoay cham theo phng
ngang kem theo thoi kh cng bc.
u iem
t nhay cam vi ieu kie n thi tiet.
Kha nang kiem soat qua trnh u va kiem soat mu i tot hn.
Thi gian u ngan hn phng phap u ngoai tri.
Nhu cau dien tch nho hn so vi cac phng phap khac.
Chat lng phan tot hn.
Nhc iem
Von au t cao.
Chi ph van hanh va bao tr he thong cao.
Thiet ke phc tap va oi hoi trnh o cao.
Cong nhan van hanh oi hoi trnh o cao.
7.5.5 Mot so cong nghe che bien phan hu c ien hnh
7.5.5.1 He thong Composting Lemna
He thong lam phan hu c Lemna la mot cong nghe ky thuat kn c cap bang sang
che o c quyen. Cong nghe Lemna s dung cac tui ln co ham lng polyethene thap
e cha va bao ve CTR hu c, nham muc ch ay nhanh qua trnh phan huy sinh
hoc t nhien, e san xuat ra phan bon hu c chat lng cao, kh se c thoi vao
trong cac bao cha lien tuc. Vi he thong Lemna, cac khau t x ly nguyen lieu au
vao cho en giai oan thanh pham phan hu c va cac san pham phu kha c co the ban
c luon co s kiem soat chat che, am bao o tin cay t giai oan thiet ke quy trnh
en chat lng thiet b.
Quy trnh cong nghe Lemna:
254
Hnh 7.10 Quy trnh cong nghe he thong compost Lemna
- San tiep nhan va phan loai s bo: San tiep nhan ong vai tro nh mot tram
kiem tra tat ca cac xe ch rac vao nha may. Sau khi xem xe t s qua ve thanh phan
CTR, ngi quan ly se quyet nh cho xe c phep vao va i ti bai cha rac. Tat ca
cac xe ch rac c phep vao se c can va ghi lai so lieu cua tng chuyen. Khi ra
khoi khu vc ba i, moi xe c can lai e bie t trong lng rong cua tng chuyen rac
a o.
- Tram phan loai chi tiet: gom co mot be c na ng cao ho tr cho bang tai nhat
rac nam v tr trung ta m. moi ben bang tai co at cac tram nha t rac e cong nhan
loai ra cac nguyen lieu tren bang tai. Ta i moi tram, mot mang m chay thong xuong
san be e cha nguyen lieu pha di. Mot vai cong nhan au tien se m va o bao
ra. Nhng cong nhan tie p theo trong cung day chuyen se chon ra cac nguyen lieu co
kha nang ta i che. Tai mot tram khac, cac nguye n lieu b loai se c chuyen en bai
chon lap. Tram nay cung c trang b he thong thong kh va kiem soat mui hoi e
am bao moi trng la m viec trong lanh cho cong nhan. Cac mui hoi phat sinh se i
qua cac bo loc hu c e x ly .
- Nghien rac: e am bao at hieu qua cho qua trnh san xuat ca ve thi gian va
san pham, can phai cat nho cac nguyen lieu en kch thc yeu cau cua qua trnh
SANG
Kch thc l n
ong goi
C s tai che
Cai tao at
Phan bon nong nghiep
Tron on
nh
Tnh, bo
sung C va
cac nhan to Chat khong
sx, tai che
Xe tai xuc va nen
rac
CO
2
& H
2
O
San tiep nhan va
phan loai s bo
Phan loai
chi tiet
May
nghien
Tiep nhan CT
BCL
BAO U RA C
Thoi kh
Lam vn
255
phan huy. Nguyen lieu cang nho, dien tch be mat cang ln, vi khuan cang de tan
cong vao va do vay, qua trnh hnh thanh phan hu c cua nguyen lieu nhanh hn,
hieu qua hn. Sau khi qua san phan loai, tat ca nguyen lieu con la i tren bang tai nhat
rac se i thong qua lp vach m va c chuyen en ban may e cat. May cat a
cac nguyen lieu a c cat nho xuong san be to ng e lu vao kho trc khi tron.
Hnh 7.11 Thiet b va khu vc phan loai rac
- Tron: nham am bao o ong nhat trong khoi vat lieu u, sau khi ra khoi khu
vc phan loai, nguyen lieu c mot bang chuyen ln chuyen en may nghien tron.
Ngoai ra, tai ay, cac ch thong so ly - hoa - sinh can thie t cho qua trnh san xuat
trong dong nguyen lieu cung c tnh toan va theo doi e ieu chnh kp thi khi can
thiet. Trong mo t so tr ng hp can ieu chnh mot vai thong so ve o am, t le C/N,
cac loai mun ca, tro, se c tnh toan e bo sung. Nguyen lieu sau khi ra khoi
may nghie n tron c cha trong cac thung ch a ln e chuan b a vao bao.
- a nguyen lieu vao bao: vi s ho tr cua cac xe tai hay xe xu c rac, nguyen lie u
a c chuan b san c a vao mot ban a vat lieu, bang chuyen hay vao mot cai
pheu. T ay, nguye n lieu c a vao bo phan nen tre n may vo bao. Ap lc nen co
the c kie m soat bi v ap l c can thiet phu thuoc vao nguyen lieu va thiet b. Sau
khi qua may nen, nguyen lieu ke t lai thanh mo t khoi day ac hn va chac chan hn,
nhng am bao u khong gian cho kho ng kh xam nhap vao tat ca cac phan cua bao.
256
Hnh 7.12 Thiet b nen va vao bao u compost
- Lap at he tho ng tho ng kh: Trong suot qua trnh a nguyen lieu vao bao, ong
c uc lo va lap a t cung vi nguyen lieu cha y doc theo toan bo chieu dai cua bao.
ng knh cua ong va viec uc lo c thie t ke cung vi quat gio e cung cap
khong kh can thiet cho nguyen lieu trong suot qua trnh u phan.
- Lap at bo phan kiem soat: Bo phan kiem soat c thiet lap theo chu ky quat
gio , hoat ong va ngng hoat ong tng t suot thi gian trong nga y, e nguyen
lieu trong bao nha n c lng khong kh can thiet. Khi nguyen lieu c at vao
257
bao lan au tien, mc oxy c cap u e xuc tien qua trnh phat trien vi khuan hieu
kh trong mot thi gian ngan. Khi lng cung cap oxy ban au c s du ng het, quat
gio se hoat ong e a mot lng oxy mi vao nguyen lieu. Trong he thong
Composting Lemna, s phat trien vi khuan va nhiet o c kiem soat bang cach han
che lng oxy cung cap. Do o, neu nhiet o bat au tang qua nhanh, ngi van hanh
se chuyen sang la chon chng trnh t thi gian thong kh hn. Muc tieu la nham
gi nhiet o mc 32,2
0
60
0
C. Nhiet o ben ngoai ngng gii han nay co the xay
ra nhng khong gay ra tac hai g. Viec tron va phan phoi khong kh khong eu co the
lam cho nhiet o thay oi t phan nay sang phan khac cua bao. Khi ie u nay xay ra,
mot phan nguyen lieu co the at en o chn nhanh hn so vi cac phan khac.
Lng khong kh, cacbon dioxyt va hi am d tha c thoat ra thong qua cac lo m
doc theo chieu dai cua bao. ay la dong kh kho ng oc hai co the thai vao kh quyen
ma khong gay ra bat ky nguy hai hay cac anh hng nao en sc khoe cua cong
nhan, dan c lan can va he ong thc vat lan ca n. Tat ca vi khuan trong phan hu c
xuat hien t nhien va trong qua trnh phan huy thanh phan hu c, chung s dung kh
oxy c cung cap. Khong co tac nhan gay benh hay vi khuan b thai va o khong kh.
Cac tac nhan gay benh b phan huy trong qua trnh lam phan va cac vi khuan co ch
van con lai trong nguye n lieu va dan dan chuye n hoa nguyen lieu thanh phan hu c.
Neu can thoat kh ra the m, cac lo m bo sung co the c tao them bang dao. Khi lo
m khong con can thiet na, no co the c nie m phong bang bang keo.
Hnh 7.13 Cac mc nhie t o cua qua trnh compost Lemna
Khi phan hu c a t e n o chn nh mong muon, o am co the c kiem tra, hoac
bang may lay mau trung tam hoac bang cach che tao mot lo m kiem tra u rong e
258
co the i sau vao moi ni trong khoi nguyen lie u. Thong thng, o am khoang 35%
la ly tng e sang loc. Neu phan qua am, bo phan kiem soat quat gio se hoat ong
e thoi lng khong kh cang nhieu cang tot nham at en o kho rao nh mong
muon. Viec nay co the mat vai tuan, phu thuoc vao cong suat quat gio va o am cua
phan sau u . Khi phan c lam kho en mc can thiet, quat gio se c tat i va
mang i cho khac.
Thiet lap che o hoat o ng cho quat gio va h ng dan ve thong kh: Che o hoat ong
cua quat gio va ba ng thong kh sau ay ch nen s dung nh mot tham khao. Che o
hoat ong cu a quat gio tren thc te phu thuoc vao dien bien nhiet o . Cac mc nhiet
o tho ng thng co the c duy tr bang cach gia tang thi gian hoat ong cua quat
gio. Khi nhiet o tiep tu c giam, nguyen lieu ang tien ti giai oan hoa n tat va qua
trnh lam kho co the c bat au e chuan b sang loc. Mot so nguyen lieu co lng
cacbon cao se duy tr to t nhiet o cao. Trong trng hp nay, che o hoat ong quat
gio khong nen ieu chnh cho en khi nhiet o giam xuong. Do nhie t o cua Viet
Nam cao hn nen theo d oan, chu trnh lam phan hu c se c rut ngan xuong con
t 6 en 8 tuan ch khong phai t 10 en 12 tuan. Nhiet o cua pha n se c kiem tra
can than va theo o cac thong so cua quat gio c ieu chnh cho phu h p.
Bang 7.14: Hng dan thiet lap che o hoat ong cho quat gio
Phng cach duy tr nhiet o Phng cach lam kho
Tuan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
*
12
**
M may thoi kh (so phut) 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 M M
Tat may thoi kh (so phut) 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
V tr cao 12 12 12 12 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
V tr thap 4 4 4 4 4
- o chn phan hu c: o chn hay o on nh noi ve s oxy hoa nguyen lieu
hu c hay s chuyen oi cua chung thanh dang on nh hn. S on nh hoan chnh
se mang lai mot san pham co gia tr nh mot chat ieu hoa a t trong. Qua nhieu
nguyen lieu hu c con lai cha phan huy co the gay ra van e ve tieu thu oxi va mui
hoi khi c lu tr hay khi s dung. Do o, phan hu c a chn va san sang cho s
dung la khi no a on nh hoan toan. Thong thng, khi nhiet o gia m tren khoi
lng ln phan la mo t dau hieu tot ve o chn, vi ieu kien a cung cap ay u cac
chat quan tro ng (oxy, o am va dinh dng) cho hoat ong cua vi khuan.
Mot cach anh gia o chn phan hu c khac la da vao VS cua chat hu c con lai hay
nguyen lieu se tr thanh phan hu c khi c u u thi gian v i cac ieu kie n thuan
li. Cach thc nay co the hu ch trong viec xac nh o chn phan hu c cua nguyen
259
lieu a vao tng t nhau nhng co the cho ket qua khong chnh xac khi c s dung
e so sanh cac nguyen lieu kho ng giong nhau.
Co rat nhieu ch th c s dung e xac nh o chn cua phan hu c, chang han
nh t le oxy c s du ng cho hoat ong cua vi khuan, ham lng cacbon, t le C/N
nhng trong hau het tr ng hp, kinh nghiem va n hanh van la s phan oan tot nhat.
Phan hu c se c e trong bao cho en khi no a chn va san sang e x ly them.
o am co the kiem tra bang viec lay mau vi mot dung cu lay mau hoac bang cach
m bao ra va kiem tra nguyen lieu. Thong thng lp ben ngoai gan bao am hn
nguyen lieu gan ong thoi kh, phan nguyen lieu ay bao thng am hn phan
nguyen lieu con lai.
- a phan thanh pham ra khoi bao: Viec a pha n hu c thanh pham ra khoi bao
thng c thc hien bang xe may ui sau khi bao c m doc theo phan di cua
moi ben va c cuon lui ve pha sau.
Nguyen lieu c lay ra t gia va tren cac ong thoi kh cho en khi cac ong het sach
phan va c keo vao khu vc s dung ke tiep. Bao co the c cat thanh cac phan
nho hn, c cuon hay gap lai e lu tr cho en khi c x ly vi cac chat deo
mong khac.
- Sang loc: Bat c nguyen lieu nao khong the lam phan hu c c eu phai
c loai bo ra bang cach sang loc. Cac nguye n lieu nay bao gom cac manh plastic
mong hay cng, thuy tinh Trong a so trng hp, phan hu c nen at c o am
t 35 40% trc khi c sang loc. Cac vat qua c khong the lam pha n hu c c
se em i chon lap. Phng thc cat nho rac bang thoi kh e tinh loc the m san pham
cuoi cung co the c a p dung neu can.
Hnh 7.14: Cong nghe Compost Lemna vi bao ng tren 210 tan va
may ieu hanh nhiet o , oxygen
Moi bao cha 210 tan
260
Neu phan hu c thanh pham can c d tr hoac sau khi lay ra khoi bao u hoac sau
khi sang, th phan hu c can c ay kn e tranh ong cuc do qua am t v nc tham
t ben ngoai. Phan hu c rat nhay cam vi o am nen tr nen kho x ly neu qua tha o
am tham vao phan.
Hnh 7.15 Lay phan ra khoi bao va sang loc phan
- Nang cao chat lng phan hu c: Viec phan tch thanh phan phan hu c thanh
pham se cho biet can bo sung them cac phu gia nao e tao ra phan phu hp cho tng vu
mua cu the va vi cac ieu kien at ai ac thu rieng.
Hnh 7.16 May nghien va phoi tron chat phu gia
261
- ong goi: Sau khi c nang cao chat lng, ay la loai phan hu c chuyen
dung c che bien ac biet e phat trien tng vu mua cu the trong t ng ieu kien
at ai cu the, phan hu c se c ong goi trong cac bao plastic trong lng
2025kg, san sang e phan phoi tren th trng
He thong Composting Lemna co nhieu u iem hn cac ky thua t san xuat phan hu
c khac. Nhng u iem nay bao gom:
Khong co mui hoi va ruoi muoi.
Ngan chan bui va nc ro r.
Giam 1/5 nhu cau ve die n tch at so vi cac cong nghe khac
ay nhanh qua trnh phan huy chat hu c.
Qua trnh van hanh n gian va chi ph bao dng thap.
Khong co nguy hiem ve hoa hoan.
262
Tat ca nhng ac iem tren giup he thong Composting Lemna co von au t, chi ph
van hanh va bao dng thap nhat so vi bat ky he thong nao khac hien co.
7.5.5.2 Cong nghe san xua t pha n DANO - an Mach
Quy trnh cong nghe
Hnh 7.19 Quy trnh cong nghe cua DANO
TAP TRUNG THU GOM RAC THAI SINH
HOAT VE NHA MAY
TRAM CAN
PHAN LOAI RAC
BAI PHE LIEU
Rac phe pha m
BANG TAI CAO
BANG TAI T
ONG ON NH SINH HOA
SAN PHAN LOAI
SAN RUNG
BUA NGHIEN
BAI U PHAN
ONG BAO
THANH PHAM
BAI PHE LIEU
BAI PHE LIEU
Cap kh
BANG TAI NGANG
Be cha
nc r rac
Ham x l kh thai
Rac kim loai
Rac phe pha m
Rac phe pha m
BANG TAI NGANG
Cap am
263
Mo ta quy trnh cong nghe
Rac c van chuyen en cac nha may x l bang xe chuyen dung
au tien, xe ch rac qua tram can ien t e xac nh khoi lng. Sau o, rac t xe
c o thang vao ho thu, t o rac c a le n bang tai cao va bang tai xch. Bang
tai cao ngoai nhiem vu a rac len bang tai t , con co nhiem vu lam ti va dan mong
rac. Tren bang tai cao co cac thanh cao trai, cao phai va thanh cao gia c gan
chat tren cac tam xch bang bulong. Bang tai cao co kch thc 10750mm x 2810mm.
Rac c bang tai cao a vao bang tai t. Bang tai t co nhiemvu a rac vao "thiet
b on nh on nh sinh hoa" (biostabilizer goi tat la BS), ong thi tach kim loai con
lan trong rac. Rac kim loai se c tach ra dan vao mot pheu khac va c a ra bai
phe lieu. Ngoai ra, trong giai oan nay, mot so rac thai khac cung c cong nhan
ng hai ben nhat thu hoi lam phe lieu co the tai che (nh bao nilon, chai lo nha,
giay, cao su, chai lo thuy tinh, thiet, nhom )
Giai oan u trong thie t b on nh sinh hoa:
- Thiet b nay la thie t b hnh tru, ng knh 3660mm, dai 26.920m, c che
tao bang thep day 20mm. Ben trong ong c bo tr 48 bo hng rac sap xep theo
hnh xoan oc chay doc ong. Bo hng rac va co chc nang dan rac ve cuoi ong va
co chc nang lam ti rac, ao tron rac nh vay qua trnh len men xay ra nhanh hn.
Tren thanh ong c gan 4 au do nhiet o co nhiem vu giam sat nhiet o, e khi
nhiet o qua cao co the cap am kp thi;
- Nhiem vu cua thiet b nay la tao ieu kien mo i trng toi u nhat ( nhiet o ,
o am va oxy) giup cho vi sinh vat co ch phat trien e ay nhanh qua trnh phan huy
rac, ong thi, tieu diet mot so vi sinh vat gay benh trong rac nh vi khuan ng
ruot, trng gian san va cac loai nam moc;
- Nc c cung cap e tao o am t 40 - 50% va mot may hut kh co nhiem
vu hut kh sinh ra do qua trnh phan huy rac tha i ben trong ong va a ve ho loc kh
e x ly. au con lai la ong on nh sinh hoa se co he thong thoi kh e ieu chnh
nhiet o trong ong luon on nh va cung cap nguond oxy cho vi sinh vat;
- Thi gian rac c x ly trong thiet b la16 gi. ay la giai oan quan trong
nhat trong qua trnh x ly rac.
Sau khi c u trong thiet b on nh sinh hoa, rac se thoat ra ngoai qua he thong san
tho. San tho co chieu dai 2.500mm, ng knh 3.660mm. ay la loai san ong, tren
than ong co uc lo C100mm. Tai ay nhng thac phe pham se c san loc ra them
mot lan na va theo bang tai ngang a ve bang tai phe lieu, nhng ra c thanh pham
sau khi lot qua san loc phe lieu theo bang tai len san rung. San rung co lo C20 - 60
mm, dai 0,8 m, rong 2,5 m, co nhiem vu loc va rung lam v nhng hat ln lot qua
mac san se theo ng bang tai d i san va bang tai le n vao pheu xuong may nghien
bua, Ben trong may nghien bua co 2 gian qua bua, moi qua bua dang hnh hop ch
nhat co kch thc 20 x200x250mm co khhoan lo hai au. Khi hoat ong 2 gian bua
hoat ong ngc chieu nhau va dap nat rac thai.
264
Sau o, lng rac thanh pham nay theo ng dan ong dan vao xe tai van chuyen o
vao bai u phan theo tng luong.
anh luong u, ket hp ao tron: Nguyen lieu ra c hu c thu c sau khi sang tho va
nghien c phun them nguyen lieu u, kh mui trc khi chuyen en khu vc u phan.
Tai ay, nguyen lieu c anh thanh nhng luong nam lien ke nhau theo 2 loai kch
thc 0 40mm va 40 80mm va ghi lai thi gian bat au u va thi gian ao ong.
Kch thc ong u (chie u cao, chieu rong ay va chieu dai) phu thuoc vao so lng
nguyen lieu va mat ba ng cho phep, nhng khong ln hn kch thc lam viec cho
phep cua may ao ong. Thi gian u phan khoa ng 40 ngay, trong giai oan nay cac
vi sinh vat hieu kh hoat ong rat manh, chung can nhieu oxy cho qua trnh phan huy,
v vay cac ong nguyen lieu c ao tron nhieu lan nh xe ao ong. Qua trnh ao
ong se a o nguyen lie u t trong ra ngoa i va ngc lai, lam nho, ti nguyen lieu,
tang kha nang tiep xuc va phan bo eu cac vi sinh vat hieu kh trong ong u. Khi ao
ong, tuy theo o am cua nguyen lieu trong bieu o thi gian u e phoi tron them
nc phu gia. Th i gian chu ky ao ong phu thuoc vao chat lng, kch thc, nhiet
o, o am, pH cua ong u nguyen lieu (khoang 2 3ngay)
Trong qua trnh u, nhiet o ong u se tang cao, v vay hang ngay phai theo doi eu
an e khong che nhiet o, o am thch hp cho qua trnh u hieu qua nhat. Nhiet o
thch hp to i a khoang 50 65
0
C. Vi nhiet o nay, hau he t cac vi sinh vat co hai
nh vi khuan ng ruot, trng giun san va nam moc se b tieu diet.
Khi ket thuc qua trnh phan huy, phan (compost) c a qua khau che bien bang xe
xuc manitou. Phan compost sau khi kiem tra a t chat lng, tuy theo yeu cau co the
phoi tron theo cac thanh phan dinh dng a lng va vi lng thong qua he thong
can nh lng t ong e tao cac san pham phan hu c vi sinh theo nhu cau th
trng. Sau khi c che bien, san pham chuye n sang ong bao va a i tieu thu vi
nhan hieu a c ang ky.
Sang tinh, phan loai pha n hu c chnh: Sau th i gian u, kiem tra chat l ng phan hu
c, neu at o chn mong muon th chuyen phan hu c sang cong oan sang tinh
(mac sang 15 mm) phan loai. Phan hu c chn c xe xuc a ve khu vc che bien
phan e sang. Phan hu c lot sang c chuye n en thiet b phan loai trong lc e
phan loai. Cac chat tr khong lot sang a ve khu tap trung x ly em i chon lap.
Tach t lan cuoi: Sau khi sang, phan phan hu c chat lng cao a c tach ra, va
i vao may tach t e loai bo cac kim loai nho con sot lai.
Nghien: Phan hu c chn co o hat ln se c a vao may nghien e co kch thc
khong ln hn 2mm e tan thu phan mun hu c dung cho viec cai tao at trong trot.
Phan tch t trong: Phan hu c chn, c a vao may phan tch t trong e loai bo
lan cuoi cac tap chat nho (ni long, thuy tinh, soi) van con lan sau khi sang, va phan ra
loai phan hu c chat lng cao va phan hu c tan thu (mun hu c).
- Kiem tra chat lng pha n hu c:
Cac bo kiem nh cua nha may se theo chu trnh quy nh lay cac ma u phan
ien hnh hang ngay e phan tch anh gia chat lng.
265
Cac ch tieu can anh gia: o chn, o am, gia tr pH, ham lng mu n, ham
lng dinh dng, tac o ng sinh trng oi vi ca y trong.
- Phoi tron N, P, K : Phan hu c sau khi kiem tra at chat lng, tuy theo yeu cau
co the c phoi tron them cac thanh phan dinh dng a lng va vi lng
thong qua he thong can nh lng t ong e tao ra san pham phan hu c vi
sinh theo nhu cau cua th trng.
- ong bao thanh pham: Trc khi c a ra lu hanh tren th trng, cac san
pham c ong bao (2kg, 5kg, 10kg, 50kg) v i nhan hieu c ang k bao ho
thng hieu cua nha may. Tat ca thanh phan cac chat thai tr thu gom c t
cac cong oan x lyse c a ve khu tap trung. oi vi cac chat thai tai s
dung c co the ban ngay cho cac c s san xuat e ho x ly va tai s dung, cac
chat thai khac c em i chon lap hp ve sinh.
u iem
Mc o t ong hoa va c gii hoa tng oi cao.
Chi ph au t ban au hp ly.
Giam c rat nhieu co ng viec lao ong thu co ng cho cong nhan trong moi
trng oc hai.
Rac trc khi em u c sang phan loai, bam vi kch thc va phai,
c ao tron eu nen phan huy tot va ong eu.
Phan hu c co chat l ng cao do c loai hau het cac tap chat.
Khoi lng phe thai em chon lap thap.
Nhc iem:
Chi ph au t xay dng nha xng tng oi ln.
Chi ph van hanh, bao dng tng oi cao.
Yeu cau cong nhan van hanh phai c ao tao ky thuat can than.
266
7.5.5.3 Cong nghe compost Steinmueller - c
Quy trnh cong nghe Steinmueller do cong ty Steinmueller trien khai tai tnh t tr
Bolzano, bang South Tirol - Italia. La mot he thong x ly chat thai ra n o th hoan
chnh vi quy trnh x ly sinh hoc t nhien trong ieu kien can thiet e bien oi cac
thanh phan hu c t rac thanh phan vi sinh.
Cong nghe san xuat compost Steinmueller da tren qua trnh phan huy hieu kh cac
chat hu c di tac dung cua vi sinh vat. Nguyen lieu au vao cua qua trnh che
bien compost la CTRT cha c phan loai. Quy trnh cong nghe nh sau:
Chat thai ran o th sau khi thu gom se a qua can ien t bang he thong bang tai va
chuyen en khoang ch a rac , ch phan loai. Ta i san phan loai, CTR co kch th c l n
nh canh cay, vo xe, c tach ra, sau o CTR c chuye n qua cong oan xe bao e
tao ie u kien thuan li cho qua trnh phan loai ke tie p. Tai ni tiep nhan chat thai va
267
khau xe bao che pham sinh hoc (che pham EM) c du ng e kh mui va han che cac
loai con tru ng nh ruoi, muoi, kie n va gian,
Cong oan phan loai la mot trong nhng cong oan quan trong trong qua trnh san
xuat compost, ay cung la mot trong nhng yeu to quyet nh chat lng compost tao
thanh. Vi he thong bang chuyen thu cong va may loc nam cham t, cac CTR co the
tai che se c tach rieng chuyen cho cac nha may tai che, phan CTR h u c a phan
loai se c a qua may cat e giam kch thc en khoang thch hp cho qua trnh
u compost (5 cm). Phan chat thai con lai kho ng s dung c chuyen en cac bai
chon lap.
Sau khi qua may nghien truc vt, CTR hu c se c van chuyen en cac thap phan
huy chnh co bo tr may nghien tru c vt ay thap e tro n eu cac nguyen lieu tho, qua
trnh u c tien hanh. Trong qua u hieu kh cng bc can duy tr o am toi u (40 -
60%) cho cac qua trnh chuyen hoa sinh ho c. Qua trnh u c th c hien lie n tuc. S
phan huy chat hu c se tao ra nc r rac, nc r rac nay se c thu gom qua ranh
thoat n c va tuan hoan e duy tr o am toi u cho qua trnh u compost. Nhiet o
trong luong u c duy tr trong khoang 40
0
C en 70
0
C, e thuc ay nhanh qua trnh
phan huy va co the tie u diet cac mam be nh mot cach hieu qua. Die n bien nhiet o
trong cac thap u theo thi gian c mo ta tre n hnh. Trong qua trnh u , ngoai lng
nc r rac co n co kh thai, l ng kh nay mang theo mot nhie t l ng ln nen mot phan
c dan ve cac thap e duy tr nhiet o trong u va phan con lai c thu gom va dan
vao cac be hap thu sinh hoc e x ly .
Sau khi phan hu y hieu kh trong thap kn 21 ngay, compost c van chuyen sang khu
vc thap phan hu y ke tiep trong vo ng 28 ngay e compost hoan toan on nh, am bao
hoan toan ve mat sinh hoc. Trong qua trnh nay khong bo sung nc va khong xao tro n.
268
Sau khi a on nh hoan toan, compost t luong u se c a en may sang co kch
thc lo la 5mm, tai a y cac phan compost tre n sang se c phan loa i thu cong e
tach cac chat vo c con sot lai, phan chat hu c con lai c a ve khu vc u hieu
kh e thc hien u lai. Compost sau khi sang se qua cong oan nghie n va tiep tuc
c sang e at kch thc khoang 2mm theo tieu chuan, compost thu c dang
tho, co the phoi tron v i cac chat dinh dng khac e at tieu chuan phan hu c phu
hp vi tng muc ch s dung. Cuoi cung, compost c ong bao, van chuyen en
nha lu tr trc khi a ra th trng tieu thu.
Phng an nay s dung cac thap e thoi kh nen se thu ho i c mot phan nhiet, duy
tr nhie t o trong qua trnh thoi kh. Hn na l ng kh thai trong qua trnh phan huy
c thu hoi va x ly ba ng he thong hap thu sinh hoc. Nc r rac phat sinh c thu
gom, tuan hoan nen cac chat thai phat sinh trong qua trnh u compost giam ca ve lu
lng lan nong o chat o nhiem.
Mat khac, do thoi kh lien tuc trong thiet b kn nen bao am cap kh a y u va phan
huy nhanh hn so vi ca c phng phap u khac va diet c VSV gay be nh. ong th i
toan bo qua trnh u compost khong b anh hng bi thi tiet.
Nhc iem cua phng an nay la chi ph au t cho cac thiet b ban au rat ln, chi
ph ln nhat trong san xuat compost la chi ph van hanh he thong thoi kh trong cac
thap, tuy nhien, cong nghe ap dung ket hp u thu ong 28 ngay cuoi nen giam ang
ke chi ph thoi kh. Ben canh o, neu au t he thong phan mem quan ly t ong e
toi u hoa lng kh cap th se giam en mc tha p nhat nhu cau ien nang.
269
Hnh 7.20 Quy trnh cong nghe compost Steinmueller
CTRSH
Tram can
Sang phan loai Tap chat kch thc ln
Xe bao
Pha n loai
Tuyen t
Nghien (truc vt) va sang
Cat
U thoi kh cng bc
U on nh
Sang (<5mm)
Nghien
Tai s dung
hoac chon lap
Kim loai
Nylon, giay, thuy tinh,
Sang (<2mm)
Compost
ong bao
Nc r rac
Nc
Tho i kh
Phe thai
Thanh pham
270
Di ay la mot so hnh anh minh hoa cua thiet b va cong nghe Steinmueller
271
Hnh 7.21 Nha may san xua t compost Steinmueller
7.6 SO SANH QUA TRNH CHE BIEN COMPOST HIEU KH VA PHAN HUY
K KH
Nh a trnh bay trong chng nay, co hai phng phap phan huy sinh hoc cua chat
thai hu c la che bie n compost hieu kh va phan huy k kh. Trong che bien
compost, chat hu c c phan huy bi cac vi sinh vat trong ieu kie n co oxy, san
pham tao thanh la CO
2
, nc, nhiet va compost, co the c s dung lam phan bon
cho nong nghiep. Trong khi o, s phan huy k kh xay ra v i qua trnh phan huy
sinh hoc cua chat hu c c thc hien bi cac vi sinh vat trong ieu kien khong co
oxy. San pham qua trnh phan huy k kh la CH
4
, co the c s dung lam nguon
cung cap nang lng; CO
2
va mot so san pham trung gian nh: axit hu c, alcohol;
mun.
- Qua trnh che bien compost la qua trnh n gian vi von au t va phai va
san pham cua qua trnh la compost co the lam phan bon, do o co the thu hoi mot
phan von cua qua trnh. Ben canh o, nhiet o cao trong he thong compost co the cho
phep loai bo c cac mam benh, do o qua trnh lam compost c anh gia la t
anh hng en moi tr ng hn so vi phng phap phan huy k kh. Tuy nhien, qua
trnh che bien compost co mot so bat li nh: can nang lng cho qua trnh van hanh
va can phai duy tr s on nh cua he thong, cu ng nh kha nang lan truyen o nhiem
do phat thai NH
3
trong khong kh neu nh thiet ke va van hanh khong phu hp. Trai
ngc vi qua trnh che bien compost, phan huy k kh la qua trnh phc tap, oi hoi
nhng ky thuat ac biet va von au t cao. Tuy nhien, gia thanh van hanh thap va
san pham kh sinh hoc co gia tr nang lng. Ngoai ra, san pham phu cua qua trnh
phan huy k kh la bun t, can phai qua x ly bac hai trc khi loai bo. pH va kha
nang em cung rat quan trong trong qua trnh phan huy k kh v vi khua n sinh metan
rat nhay cam vi pH. Khi pH giam di 6, kha nang hoat ong cua vi khuan b c
272
che. Ca hai phng phap che bien compost va phan huy k kh san xuat biogas eu co
u va nhc iem rieng, o o da tren nhng ieu kien san co va nh ng ieu kien
khach quan, phng phap thch hp co the c chon cho tng hoan canh cu the.
CAU HOI
1. Tnh lng khong kh can thiet e oxy hoa hoan toan bun co cong thc phan t
C
10
H
19
O
3
N. Biet rang khong kh cha 21% tt oxy va 25
0
C, 1atm, kho i lng rieng
cua khong kh la 1,20 kg/m
3
.
2. c tnh tong lng kh tren mot kho i lng CTR theo ly thuyet co the sinh ra di
ieu kien phan huy k kh tai BCL hp ve sinh. Biet rang cong thc hoa hoc cua
phan chat hu c de phan huy sinh hoc la C
60
H
100
O
40
N.
6. Mot thanh pho d nh xay dng mo t nha ma y ap dung qua trnh Compost ket hp
k /hieu kh. Lng chat thai hang ngay la 100 tan/ngay (ch tnh 5 ngay trong 1
tuan). Thanh phan chat hu c cua CTR o th nay c cho nh sau:
Ket qua phan tch Chat thai hu c % am
C H O N S Tro
Giay van phong
Giay bao
Cacton
Thc pham tha
Rac vn
11
6
12
11
20
43,41
49,14
44,90
44,99
43,33
5,82
6,10
6,08
6,43
6,04
44,32
43,03
47,84
28,76
41,68
0,25
0,05
0,01
3,30
2,15
0,20
0,16
0,11
0,52
0,05
6,00
1,52
1,07
16,00
6,75
Yeu cau xac nh:
a/ Cong thc thc nghie m cua phan chat hu c khong tnh tro.
b/ Thanh phan kh sinh hoc theo ly thuyet va to ng the tch kh metan sinh ra.
c/ Tong the tch va kho i lng san pham sau u.
7. Gia s rang qua trnh u compost hieu kh c ap dung e chuyen hoa cac chat hu
c nh trong cau 5, xac nh;
a/ Lng compost thu c neu 60% CTR b phan huy?
b/Tong lng khong kh can cung cap?
c/ Tong dien tch at ca n thiet?
8. S dung so lieu cho trong bai 7 hay tnh:
273
a/ Neu toan bo giay eu c tai s dung th t le C/N va lng kh sinh ra t phan
con lai la bao nhieu ?
b/ Gia s phan giay tai che c cho lan lt la 5,10,20,30, 40,50,60,70,90 % . Hay
tnh t le C/N va tong lng kh sinh ra, cho cac so lieu vao bang tnh.
274
Chng 8: X LY CTR BANG PHNG PHAP NHIET
X ly CTR ba ng phng phap nhie t nham muc ch giam the tch CTR va thu ho i
nang lng nhie t, la mo t trong nhng phng a n quan trong trong he thong quan ly
tong hp CTR
8.1 Khai niem
X ly CTR bang phng phap nhiet la qua trnh s dung nhiet e chuyen hoa chat
thai t dang ran sang dang kh, long va tro... ong thi giai phong nang lng di
dang nhiet.
Cac he thong x ly CTR bang nhiet c phan loai da theo yeu cau s dung khong
kh bao gom:
Qua trnh ot c thc hien vi mot lng oxy (khong kh) can thiet v a
u e ot chay hoan toan CTR goi la qua trnh ot hoa hoc (stoichiometric
combustion). Qua trnh ot c thc hien v i d lng khong kh can thiet c goi
la qua trnh ot d kh.
Qua trnh ot khong hoan toan CTR di ieu kien thieu khong kh
(substoichiometric condition) va tao ra cac kh chay nh cacbon monooxide (CO),
hydrogen (H
2
) va cac kh hydrocacbon goi la qua trnh kh hoa.
Qua trnh x ly CTR ba ng nhiet trong ieu kie n hoan toan khong co oxy
goi la qua trnh nhiet phan.
V du: Phng phap nhiet c ap dung e x ly cac loai chat thai o c hai ve mat
sinh hoc, rac thai khong phan huy sinh hoc, chat thai cha cac kim loai nang, cac
halogen, cac loai dau m thai, cao su, tng ng cho cac qua trnh : nhiet phan phe
lieu nha, go, cao su, ca n cua che bien dau mo; qua trnh nong chay cac loai x luyen
kim, phe lieu kim loa i; qua trnh nung u x luye n kim mau, quang pirit thieu ket , mot
so x cha sat va bui; qua trnh ot chay nhieu CTR co thanh phan chat hu c.
275
X ly CTR va CTRNH (chat thai y te, thuoc bao ve thc vat, chat thai nhiem dau) bang
phng phap ot la mot phng phap hieu qua va hien nay c s dung kha pho bien.
Phng pha p nhiet so v i cac phng phap khac nh chon lap co cac u iem nh:
The tch va khoi lng CTR giam ti mc nho nhat so vi ban au, CTR c
x ly kha triet e (gia m 80 - 90% kl phan h u c trong CTR, CTR chuyen
thanh dang kh trong thi gian ngan trong khi cac phng phap khac oi hoi
thi gian x ly lau hn).
Thu hoi nang lng: nhiet cua qua trnh co the tan dung cho nhieu muc ch
khac nh phat ien, san xuat hi nc nong.
La mot thanh phan quan trong trong chng trnh quan ly tong hp CTR.
CTR co the c x ly tai cho ma khong can phai van chuyen i xa, tranh
c cac rui ro va giam chi ph van chuyen.
Phng phap nay ch can mot dien tch at tng oi nho trong khi phng
phap chon lap can phai co mot dien tch ra t ln.
Hieu qua x ly cao oi vi cac loai chat tha i h u c cha vi trung lay nhiem
(chat thai y te ), cung nh cac loai chat thai nguy hai khac (thuoc bao ve thc
vat, dung moi hu c, chat thai nhiem dau....).
Ky thuat nay phu hp oi vi chat thai tr ve mat hoa hoc, kho phan huy sinh
hoc. Cac chat o nhiem trong kh thai sinh ra t qua trnh ot co the c x ly
ti mc can thiet e han che toi a cac tac ong tieu cc en moi trng.
Tro, can con lai chu yeu la vo c, tr ve mat hoa hoc.
Tuy nhien, phng pha p nhiet khong phai a giai quyet c tat ca ca c van e phat
sinh t CTR, phng phap nay van con mot so bat li sau ay:
Khong phai tat ca cac CTR eu co the ot c, v du nh chat thai co ham
lng am qua cao hay cac thanh phan khong chay cao (chat thai vo c).
Qua trnh ot (u va d kh)
ot hon hp
ot thu hoi
ot tang soi
Kh hoa (thieu kh)
Lo ng
Lo ngang
ot tang soi
Nhiet phan (khong co khong kh) ot tang soi
Hnh 8.1. Cac he tho ng x ly CTR bang phng phap nhiet
276
Von au t ban au cao hn so vi cac phng phap x ly khac bao go m chi
ph au t xay dng lo, chi ph van hanh va x ly kh thai ln.
Viec thiet ke, van hanh lo ot phc tap, oi hoi nang lc ky thuat va tay nghe
cao, che o tap huan tot.
Yeu cau nhien lieu ot bo sung nham duy tr nhiet o trong buong ot.
Nhng tiem nang tac o ng en con ngi va moi trng co the xay ra, ne u cac
bien phap kiem soat qua trnh o t, x ly kh thai khong am bao. Viec kiem
soat cac van e o nhiem do kim loai nang t qua trnh ot co the gap kho khan
oi vi chat thai co cha kim loai nang nh Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, Ni, As....
Lo sau mot thi gian hoat ong phai ngng e bao dng, lam gian oa n qua
trnh x ly.
X ly CTR bang phng phap nhiet khong con mi vi the gii nhng chat
thai c ot co thanh phan, tnh chat khac nhau, oi hoi phai ap dung nhng
cong nghe thch hp, quy trnh van hanh hp ly mi at c hieu qua ot
cung nh hieu qua kinh te trong van hanh.
Tro va bun sinh ra t he thong x ly kh thai phai c x ly theo cong nghe
ong ran hoac chon lap an toan.
8.2 QUA TRNH OT CHAT THAI RAN
Qua trnh ot CTR la qua trnh oxy hoa kh CTR bang oxy khong kh nhiet o cao.
Lng oxy s dung theo ly thuyet c xac nh theo phng trnh chay:
Chat thai ran + O
2
Sa n pham chay + Q (nhiet)
San pham cuoi cung cua qua trnh ot bao gom: bui, NO
x
, CO, CO
2
, SO
x
, THC, HCl,
HF, Dioxin / Furan, hi nc va tro.
8.2.1 Cac nguyen tac c ban cua qua trnh chay
e at c hieu qua cao, qua trnh chay phai tuan thu theo nguyen tac 3 T: nhie t
o (Temperature) o xao tron (Turbulence) - thi gian lu chay (Time)
- Nhiet o (Temperature): phai am bao u cao e phan ng xay ra nhanh va
hoan toan, khong tao dioxin, at hieu qua x ly toi a (nhie t o ot o i vi CTNH la
tren 1.100
0
C, CTR sinh hoat > 900
0
C). Neu nhiet o qua cao, lu lng kh sinh ra
qua ln, anh hung en thi gian lu kh trong buong th cap co ngha la lam giam s
tiep xuc gia khong kh va kh gas, khoi thai en, nong o cac chat o nhiem nh CO,
THC trong kh thai cao. Neu nhiet o khong u cao, phan ng se xay ra khong hoan
toan va san pham kh thai cung co khoi en. V vay, neu nhiet o qua cao cung nh
qua thap th se lam giam hieu qua chay. oi vi lo ot chat thai theo nguyen ly nhiet
277
phan th yeu to nhie t o co y ngha rat quan trong, la c s cho qua trnh van hanh
cung nh qua trnh kiem soat lo ot.
- o xao tron (Turbulence): e tang cng hieu qua tiep xuc gia CTR can
ot va chat oxy hoa, co the at cac tam chan trong buong ot hoac tao goc nghieng
thch hp gia dong kh vi bec phun e tang kha nang xao tron.
o xao tron co the anh gia thong qua yeu to xa o tron:
F = 100%*[lng khong kh thc te]/[lng khong kh ly thuyet] (8.1)
Trong o: F la yeu to xa o tron. F cang ln, hieu qua x ly cang cao.
- Thi gian (time): thi gian lu chay u lau e phan ng chay xay ra hoan
toan. o i v i cac lo hoat ong theo nguyen ly nhiet phan, am bao th i gian lu chay
phu hp se kiem soat c che o nhiet phan tai buong s cap e cap kh gas len buo ng
th cap, quye t nh hie u qua x ly cua lo ot. Thi gian lu can thiet bao am ot chay
hoa n toan cu a mo i chat phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat b o t va nhiet o ot.
Bang 8.1: Quan he gia nhiet o va th i gian khi hieu qua phan huy a t 99,99%
Chat hu c Nhiet o phan huy (
0
C)
0,5 giay 1,0 giay 2,0 giay
Acetic anhydride 429 411 392
Aniline 782 761 741
Benzene 883 837 794
Butene 931 901 871
Carbon tetrachloride 1086 994 915
Chloroform 683 658 634
Dichlorobenzene 909 837 818
Ethane 872 845 819
Hexachlorobenzene 983 932 886
Hexachloroethane 781 731 685
Metan 994 950 908
Monochlorobenzene 1109 1003 913
Nitrobenzene 735 713 693
Pentachlorobiphenyl 762 742 722
Tetrachlorobenzene 1035 961 894
Toluene 748 1128 723 1218 700 1180
Trichlorobenzene 901 853 808
Vinyl chloride 768 745 724
278
Khi ot CTNH, e han che qua trnh sinh ra Dioxin / Furan, th nhiet o buong ot
th cap can cao tren 1100
0
C va thi gian lu chay toi thieu la 2 giay
Cac nguyen tac tren lien he khang kht vi nhau, khi nhiet o phan ng cao, xao tron
tot th th i gian phan ng giam van am bao hie u qua chay cao. V du nh x ly
nhng chat thai co tha nh phan xenlulo cao nh giay khi ot ch can duy tr nhiet
o 760
0
C, thi gian chay toi thieu la 0,5 giay.
8.2.2 Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh chay
Khi nghien cu cac yeu to anh hng ti qua trnh chay, can c tren phng trnh
chay phan huy:
Cac phan ng tiep theo e ot chay hoan toan san pham chay la:
C + O
2
CO
2
+ nhiet
CH
4
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + nhiet.
CO + O
2
CO
2
+ nhiet.
H
2
+ O
2
H
2
O + nhiet.
Mot cach tong quat, pha n ng ot chay CTR dien ra nh sau:
T phng trnh phan ng cho thay neu phan ng ot chay chat hu c xay ra hoan
toan th san pham cuoi cung la CO
2
va H
2
O. Ngoai ra, s co mat cua cac tap chat nh
N, S se phat sinh ra cac kh axt nh NO
x
, SO
x
.
Ngoai cac yeu to nhiet o, thi gian lu chay, o xao tron quyet nh hieu qua chay,
cac yeu to khac co anh hng ti qua trnh chay cung c xem xet di ay:
8.2.2.1 Thanh phan va tnh cha t cu a chat thai
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua mot so chat thai c cho trong bang sau:
Bang 8.2: Thanh phan hoa hoc trung bnh cua mot so chat thai
Thanh phan hoa hoc (%kl)
Thanh phan
Cacbon Hydro Oxy Nit Lu huynh Khac
Benh pham 50,8 9,35 39,85 Vet -
Giay 45,4 6,1 44,0 0,3 0,12 -
Cacton 44,0 5,9 44,6 0,3 0,2 5,0
C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
S
u
+
2
4
2 8 4 2 2 2 4
O
z m u t b a y x + + +
mCH
4
+ aCO + bH
2
+ (x-a-m)CO
2
+ ( ) m b
y
2
2
H
2
O + tNO + uSO
2
C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
S
u
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + NO + SO
2
+ nhiet
279
Nha 59,8 8,3 19,0 1,0 0,3 6,0
Vai 55,0 6,6 31,2 4,6 0,15 -
Cao su 78,0 10,0 - 2,0 - 10,0
Thc pham 41,7 5,8 27,6 2,8 0,25
Rac vn 49,2 6,5 36,1 2,9 0,35 -
Chu thch: Benh pham kho, khong tnh tro
Thanh phan c ban cua chat thai la C + H + O + N + S + A + W = 100% (8.2)
Trong o C, H, O, N, S, A, W la phan tram theo trong lng cua cac nguyen to
cacbon, hydro, oxy, nit, lu huynh , tro va o a m trong chat thai.
Thanh phan hoa hoc cu a chat thai co anh hng ti qua trnh nhiet phan va ot chay.
Da vao thanh phan hoa hoc cua chat thai e tnh c nhiet tr cua chat thai va tnh
toan lng oxy can thiet e ot chay hoan toan chat thai cung nh lng kh thai hnh
thanh (hoac lu lng kh tha i), yeu to nay lien quan ti viec tnh toan thi gian lu
chay hoac the tch lo khi ot chat thai)
Cacbon (C) la thanh phan chay chu yeu trong chat thai. Nhiet tr cua
cacbon la 8000 kcal/kg. Nhien lieu ran cha nhieu cacbon hn nhien lieu long va kh,
nhng thanh phan chat tr chay t hn, chat tr chay trong thien nhien ca ng thap cang
kho chay. Chat thai co thanh phan cacbon cang cao th san pham chay CO
2
cang
nhieu.
Hydro (H) la thanh phan th hai cua chat thai. Nhiet tr thap cua Hydro ln
gap bon lan than. Ham lng hydro cang nhieu chat thai cang de bat la. Chat thai
dang long va kh co nhie u hydro hn CTR.
Lu huynh (S) cung la thanh phan chay nhng toa nhiet t. San pham chay
cua lu huynh tao thanh kh SO
x
, gap hi n c co kha nang tao thanh axt gay an
mon cac thiet b. Kh SO
x
la dang kh oc, lu huynh la nguyen to khong mong muon
trong qua trnh ot.
Oxy va nit la chat vo ch. No lam giam thanh phan chay cua chat thai.
o tro (A) la yeu to tie u cc oi vi qua trnh ot. o tro cang cao, thanh
phan chat chay cang gia m, gay ong ket trung tam buong ot va ay lo . Tro de phu
len be mat tiep nhiet cu a buong ot lam giam hieu qua ot.
o am (W) the hien m c o cha nc trong chat thai. o am ln, thanh
phan chat chay giam, lam nhiet tr cua chat thai giam. Khi ot, nhiet lng b hao ph
mot phan e lam bay hi nc. Mo t chat tha i co o am tren 95% hoac mot loai bun
thai co t hn 15% thanh phan ran se c xem la khong co kha nang ot.
Muoi vo c: Trong mo t he thong ot thong thng, neu chat thai gia u
muoi vo c, muo i kiem se gay kho khan cho qua trnh o t. T ng lng nho muoi se
280
Chay khong
hoan toan
Thieu kh D kh
thang hoa, sau o tap trung tren be mat lo tao nen mot lp x hoac ong banh lam
giam kha nang ot cua lo.
8.2.2.2 Anh hng cua he so ca p kh
He so cap kh (o ) la t so gia lng khong kh thc te va lng khong kh ly thuyet,
hay con goi la he so khong kh d, anh hng en hieu qua chay. He so khong kh
d la mot thong so quan trong trong qua trnh ot chat thai, ac biet la trong cong
nghe nhiet phan, ay la yeu to quan trong e kiem soat che o phan huy chat thai
ran. He so cap kh c bieu hien bang cong th c sau:
lt
tt
V
V
= o (8.3)
Trong o: V
tt
la lng khong kh (oxy) c cap vao buong ot.
V
lt
la lng khong kh ly thuyet (oxy) e oxy hoa hoan toan chat thai.
Anh hng cua khong kh d ti nhiet o cua buong ot c bieu die n tren o th
sau:
Hnh 8.2 Bieu o quan he gia he so cap kh va nhiet o buong o t
Nhiet o
o
Chay tot Chay yeu
1
281
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% kh d
N
h
i
e
t
(
F
)
Hnh 8.3 Anh hng cu a khong kh d t i nhiet o buong o t
Gia tr o tang hay giam co lien quan ti s tang hay giam nhiet o cua lo ot. Khi he so
cap kh tang (trong vungo <1, thieu kh), s co mat cua oxy a gay ra phan ng chay,
toa nhiet va lam tang nhiet o. e am bao ot triet e CTR th can cap d kh, v oxy
cap vao cho s chay la oxy khong kh, trong o co lan thanh phan nit, khi nhiet o cao
se xay ra phan ng gia oxy va nit. Do o, thng tien hanh ot che o cap d kh,
nhng neu a khong kh lanh vao trong lo nhieu se lam nguoi lo, nhiet o giam, gay ton
that nhiet. Cac lo ot hien nay thng cap d kh trong khoang 1,05 1,1.
T bieu o cho thay, khi ot thieu kh, nhiet o ot cao nhng qua trnh chay dien ra
khong hoan toan, con khi ot d kh th qua trnh ot dien ra hoan toan nhng nhiet
o buong ot thap. Da vao ac tnh nay nen cong nghe ot nhiet pha n ap dung ot
thieu kh cho buong s cap va ot d kh cho buo ng th cap.
Moi loai chat thai em ot co nhiet tr khac nhau va lng khong kh ly thuyet cung
cap cho qua trnh chay cung khac nhau. He so d khong kh cho phep tnh the tch
san pham chay va the tch buong o t.
Trong qua trnh ot, khong phai luc nao cung co the tnh toan c l ng khong kh can
cung cap cho qua trnh chay v thanh phan cua chat thai au vao luo n bie n ong, do o
can phai kiem soat qua trnh ot tho ng qua mot so tho ng so khac e qua trnh van hanh
de dang hn nh: nhie t o, he so d kho ng kh, nong o CO, CO
2,
Oxi, bu i
Bang 8.3: Nhu ca u cap kh cu a mot so cha t tha i
Chat thai Lng khong kh ly thuyet (m
3
khong kh / kg cha t thai)
Polyetylen 12,3
PET 4,2
Photoresist 5,7
Polystyren 10,0
282
Polyuretan 3,9
PVC 6,2
Giay 3,1
Benh pham 3,1
Cacton 2,3
Nha 5,9
Vai 4,1
Cao su 9,2
Thc pham 3,6
Rac vn 3,3
(Nguon: Standard Handbook of Hazadous Waste Treatment and Disposal, Mc Graw-Hill)
Trong tng trng hp cu the , co the tnh toan lng khong kh can thiet cho qua
trnh ot nh sau.
a) ot va u kh
Lng khong kh can thiet cho qua trnh ot CTR c tnh toan da theo cac phng
trnh phan ng gia thanh phan cacbon, hydro va lu huynh trong phan hu c cua
CTR o th vi oxy khong kh nh sau:
Neu gia s rang khong kh kho cha 23,15% kl khong kh, th lng khong kh can
thiet e oxy hoa 1 kg cacbon la 11,52 kg = [(32:12)/0,2315].
Tng t, lng khong kh can thiet e oxy hoa 1 kg hydro la:
34,56kg =[32/4/0,2315 ]
Va 1kg lu huynh la: 4,32kg=[32/32/02315]
Lng hydro trong CTR tham gia qua trnh cha y = lng hydro co trong CTR - 1/8
khoi lng oxi cua no.
V du 8.1:
C + O
2
CO
2
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
S + O
2
SO
2
12 32
4 32
32 32
283
Xac nh lng khong kh can thiet e ot chay hoan toan 1 tan CTR hu c C
5
H
12
.
Khoi lng rieng cua khong kh la 1,2 kg/m
3
.
Giai:
Phng trnh ot vi oxy
Phng trnh ot trong khong kh:
Gia s khong kh kho cha 21% oxy va 79% kh N
2
theo the tch, 23,15% kl oxy .
Lng khong kh can thiet cho qua trnh ot 1 ta n CTR la:
556 3 1
72
256
. = (tan)
36 15
2315 0
556 3
,
.
.
= (tan)
Hay lng khong kh ca n thiet co the c tnh da tren ham lng C, H ... co trong
CTR
6 9 1 52 11
72
60
, . = (tan)
76 5 56 34 1
72
12
, , = (tan)
Tong lng khong kh can thiet = 9,6 + 5,76 = 15,36 (tan)
b) ot d kh:
V tnh chat khong ong nhat cua CTR nen kho ot hoan toan CTR vi mot lng va
u khong kh tnh theo ly thuyet. Trong mot so he thong ot CTR, che o cap d kh
c s dung nham a m bao s xao tron tot va moi thanh phan trong CTR tiep xuc
tot vi khong kh. Lng d khong kh cho qua trnh ot anh hng e n nhiet o va
thanh phan cua kh ot sinh ra. Khi phan tram d lng khong kh tang, oxy trong kh
lo tang, nhiet o lo gia m. Do o, ieu chnh lng khong kh d cung cap la mot
phng phap e kiem soat nhiet o lo ot. Nhiet o co anh hng en s xuat hien
cua cac kh gay mui trong thanh phan cua khoi lo . Khi nhie t o lo nho hn 787
0
C, cac
kh gay mui co trong thanh phan cua khoi lo, nhng khi nhiet o ln hn 982
0
C
(1800
0
F ) th s phat sinh cac kh gay mui nh dioxin, furan, cac chat hu c bay hi
(VOC) va cac chat oc tiem tang khac la thap nhat.
V du 8.2: Xac nh anh hng cua lng kho ng kh d ti nhiet o va thanh phan
cua khoi lo khi ot CTR. Gia thiet rang:
C
5
H
2
+ 8O
2
72 256
5CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Lng oxy can thiet =
Lng khong kh can thiet =
Lng khong kh can thiet tnh cho cacbon =
Lng khong kh can thiet tnh cho hydrogen =
C
5
H
2
+ 8O
2
+ 30,1N
2
5CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 30,1N
2
284
- CTR co cac thanh phan theo % khoi lng nh sau: 27,4% cacbon; 3,6%
Hydro; 23,0% oxy; 0,5% Nit; 0,1% lu huynh; 21,4% nc; 24% tro.
- Toan bo lng cacbon trong CTR eu b ot chay thanh CO
2
- Nhiet lng cua CTR la 11.780 kJ/kg
- Khong kh co cac thanh phan theo % the tch nh sau: CO
2
- 0,03%; N
2

78,02%; O
2
20,69%; H
2
O 1,26%.
- Khoi lng phan t cua khong kh la 29kg/kmol.
a) Lap bang tnh toan so phan t oxy va lng khong kh can thiet khi ot chay hoan
toan 100 kg CTR tren trong ieu kien va u kh.
Thanh
phan
kg /100kg
CTR
Nguyen t
lng
So lng
nguyen t
Phng trnh
phan ng chay
So mol oxy
can thiet,
kmol
Cacbon 27,4 12 2,283 C + O
2
= CO
2
2,283
Hydrogen 3,6 1 3,600 2H
2
+ O
2
=
2H
2
O
0,900
Oxygen 23,0 16 1,483 - 0,719
Nitrogen 0,5 14 0,036
Lu huynh 0,1 32 0,003 S + O
2
= SO
2
0,003
Nc 21,4 18 1,189
Tro 24,0
Tong 100,0 2,467
So mol khong kh can thiet khi ot chay 100 kg CTR,
kmol ( oxi chiem 20,69% tt khong kh)
= 2,467 / 0,2069 = 11,92
Lng khong kh can thiet khi ot chay 1 kg CTR, kg = 11,92 *29/100 = 3,46
b) Lap bang tnh toan so phan t khoi lo sinh ra khi ot chay 100 kg CTR trong ieu
kien va u kh.
So mol kh lo, kmol
San pham
chay
T lo ot T khong kh
Tong
cong
Phan
tram
CO
2
2,283 11,92 * 0,0003 = 0,004 2,287 15,5
H
2
O 1,8 + 1,189 11,92 * 0,0126 = 0,15 3,139 21,3
O
2
- - - -
285
N
2
0,018 11,92 * 0,7802 = 9,3 9,318 63,2
SO
2
0,003 - 0,003 <0,1
Tong cong 14,747 100
So mol khong kh can e tao ra 1 mol kho i lo 11,92 / 14,747 = 0,8
c) Lap bang tnh toan s thay oi thanh phan kh lo theo lng khong kh d (gia s
khoi lo tao thanh khi ot u kh la 100 mol).
Thanh phan kh, % % d
kh
So mol kh
d
Tong so
mol kh
CO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O SO
2
0 0,0 100 15,5 0,0 63,2 21,3 < 0,1
50 40,0 140 11,1 5,9 67,4 15,6 <0,1
100 80,0 180 8,6 9,2 69,8 12,4 < 0,1
Trong o:
So mol kh d = Phan tram kh d x (so mol khong kh / so mol kh lo )
Khi s dung lng kh d 50% th:
So mol kh d = 50% . 0,8 . 100 = 40 mol
Phan tram CO
2
= {[15,5 + 40. 0,0003]/140}.100 = 11,1%
Phan tram O
2
= {[40.0,2069]/140}.100 = 5,9 %
Phan tram nc = {[21,3 + 40.0,0126}/140}.100 = 15,6%
Phan tram N
2
= {[63,2 + 40.0,7802}/140}.100 = 67,4%
d) Xac nh entalpi cua kh lo trong hai trng hp s dung lng d kh tren (50%
va 100%) tai 4 iem nhiet o: 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500
0
F. Entalpi cua tng thanh phan
kh cho trong bang sau:
Entalpi , kJ/kg (Btu/lb) ieu kien 1 atm, 25
0
C
Nhiet o,
0
C (
0
F) CO
2
O
2
N
2
H
2
O
538 (1000) 23.372
(10 048)
16.222
(6 974)
15.631
(6 720)
62.628
(26 925)
815 (1500) 37.714
(16 214)
25.605
(11 008)
24.553
(10 556)
73.834
(31 743)
1092 (2000) 52.844
(22 719)
35.334
(15 191)
33.774
(14 520)
85.836
(36 903)
1370 (2500) 68.708 45.397 43.285 98.634
286
(29 539) (19 517) (18 609) (42 405)
1. Cong thc tnh entalpi
(so mol cua tng thanh phan kh) (kJ/so mol cua tng thanh phan kh)
2. Tnh gia tr entalpi cu a khoi lo 1000
0
F va s dung 50% kh d
Nhiet lng cua khoi lo /kg CTR = [0,14747. (140/100)]x [0,111(23.372) +
0,059(16.222) + 0,674(15.631) + 0,156(62.628)] = 4.925 (kJ/kg CTR)
Tng t tnh cho 3 ie m nhiet o con lai va trng hp s dung 100% lng kh
d, ta co bang gia tr tnh nh sau:
Nhiet lng khoi lo/khoi lng CTR (kJ/kg)
Nhiet o,
0
C (
0
F)
Khong kh d 50% Khong kh d 100%
537 (1000) 4.925 5887
815 (1500) 6971 8.466
1092 (2000) 9.106 11.152
1370 (2500) 11.328 13.939
e. Xac nh nhiet tr cua khoi lo khi s dung 50%, 100% lng khong kh d
1.Nhiet tr cua CTR la 11.780 kJ/kg va gia s rang 15% nang lng b that thoat, do
o nang lng con lai cu a kh lo khi ot CTR la 10.013 kJ/kg.
2.Bang phep noi suy t bang tnh toan nhiet tr khoi lo tren, nhie t o cua kh lo
khoang 1206
0
C (2205
0
F ) khi s dung kh d 50% va khoang 975
0
C (1788
0
F) khi s
dung kh d 100%.
Nhan xet:
Ky thuat tnh toan tren co the ap du ng e d oan mc anh h ng cua s that thoat
nhiet va s thay o i lng kho ng kh d len nhiet o cua lo o t. Tuy nhien, ke t qua
khong the chnh xac hoan toan v lng kh cung cap trong lo o t chat thai ran o th
khong ong nhat. Trong mot so trng hp, khong kh cung cap vao c ieu chnh e
van hanh mo t vai bo phan cua he thong lo ot trong ie u kien ot thieu kh hay d kh.
Kcal cua kh lo
kg CTR (
)
=
So mol khoi lo
kg cua CTR
Tong so mol kh
So mol kh lo
(
)
kJ cua kh lo
kg CTR (
)
=
So mol khoi lo
kg cua CTR
Tong so mol kh
So mol khoi lo
(
287
8.2.2.3 Nhiet tr
Nhiet tr cu a CTR la lng nhiet sinh ra khi o t hoan toan mot n v khoi l ng CTR
(kcal/kg). Nhie t tr cu a CTR can c quan tam khi ng dung cong nghe o t chat thai
nham tan dung nang lng hoac o t ke m v i nhien lieu trong cac cong nghe khac nh
ot noi hi, nung x Nhiet tr co lien quan en qua trnh sinh nhie t khi chay.
Nhiet tr thap cua nhien lieu ran, long tnh theo cong thc cua Mendeleep:
Q (kcal/kg) = 81C + 300H 26 (O - S) 6(9A + W) (8.4)
(V thanh phan cua clo, flo va nit thap nen c bo qua trong tnh toan nhiet tr)
Trong o : C, H, O, S, A, A, W la phan tram tro ng lng cua cac nguye n to cacbon,
hydro, oxy, lu huynh, tro, am trong chat thai.
Neu CTR co nhiet tr khong ang ke th o t kho ng phai la giai phap x ly thch hp.
Noi chung, neu CTR co nhiet tr thap hn 556 kcal/kg th khong co kha nang ot. Tuy
nhien, co nhng ngoai le, mot chat thai ve c ban la mot chat tr nhng co mot lng
nho (hoac c bao phu bi) thanh phan chay th phng phap ot van c la chon
ngay ca khi nhiet tr tha p. V du nhng thung phuy rong co lp bao phu vat lieu hu
c tren be mat ben trong, nhiet tr tnh tren khoi lng chat thai khong ti 278 kcal/kg
nhng ngi ta van la chon phng phap ot e lam sach cac thung phuy nay.
Nhiet tr mo t so thanh phan cua CTR c cho trong bang sau:
Bang 8.4 Nhie t tr mot so thanh phan cua CTR
Thanh phan Nhiet tri trung bnh (kcal/kg)
- Thc pham 1112
- Rac lam vn 1558
- CTR sinh hoat 2501
- Go 4448
- Giay 4004
- Cacton 3894
- Nha 7788
- Cao su 5563
- Vai 4194
- Da 4194
(Nguon: Standard Handbook of Hazadous Waste Treatment and Disposal, Mc Graw-Hill)
Vi cong nghe ot nhiet phan, th nhiet tr cua CTR khong phai la yeu to quan trong
ma nhiet hoa hoc co vai tro quan trong hn. Khi nhiet phan chat thai sinh ra kh gas,
kh gas chay sinh ra nhiet.
288
8.2.2.4 Nang lng
Nang lng sinh ra t qua trnh ot di 2 da ng bao gom nhie t nang cua kh lo va
mot dang nhiet nang khac c chuyen hoa thanh nhiet cua thanh lo, nhien lieu them
vao, tro nh qua trnh oi lu, nhie t, bc xa... Neu thanh phan cua CTR c biet,
nhiet tr cua CTR co the tnh toan thong qua cong thc Dulong. Thong thng, nhiet
tr cua CTR da tren gia tr nhiet nang cua t ng thanh phan trong CTR. Viec tnh
toan e d oan nhiet nang cua qua trnh ot la rat can thiet. V nhiet lng sinh ra
trong qua trnh ot co the c thu hoi nh qua trnh trao oi nhiet t kh sinh ra co
nhiet o cao. Nhiet lng thu hoi nay co the tan dung cho cac thiet b tieu thu nhiet:
lo hi, lo luyen kim, lo nung, lo thuy tinh, may phat ien...
V du 8.4: Can bang vat chat va can bang nang lng cho qua trnh ot CTR. Xac nh
nhiet co trong khoi lo sinh ra khi ot 250 tan CTR/ngay. CTR co nhng ac tnh nh sau:
Thanh phan khoi lng:
Thanh phan Phan tram kg/ngay
Chat de chay 54,6 136 500
Chat kho chay 24,0 60 000
Nc 21,4 53 500
Thanh phan nguyen to:
Cac nguyen to Phan tram
Cacbon 27,4
Hydrogen 3,6
Oxygen 23,0
Nitrogen 0,5
Lu huynh 0,1
Nc 21,4
Tro 24,0
Gia thiet ra ng:
1. Nhiet tr cua chat CTR la 2810 kcal/kg
2. Tro ay lo cha 5% Cacbon khong chay.
3. Nhiet o: Kh vao = 25
0
C, tro = 745
0
C.
4. Nhiet dung rieng cua tro = 0,14 kcal/kg.
0
C
5. An nhiet hoa hi cua nc = 580 kcal/kg.
289
6. That thoat nhie t do bc xa = 0,5% tong lng nhiet au vao
7. Nhu cau khong kh ly thuyet c xac nh theo phng trnh ot chay, theo
o lng khong kh can thiet e o t chay 1 kg cacbon la 11,52 kg/kg, tng t
hidro la 34,56 kg/kg, lu huynh la 4,31 kg/kg.
8. Nhiet tr cua Cacbon la 8000 kcal/kg
9. o am cua khong kh la 1%
Bai giai
1. Lap bang tnh khoi lng tng thanh phan nguyen to cua 250 tan CTR
Nguyen to kg/ngay
Cacbon = 0,274 (250 000) = 68 500
Hydrogen = 0,036 (250 000) = 9 000
Oxygen = 0,230 (250 000) = 57 500
Nitrogen = 0,005 (250 000) = 1 250
Lu huynh = 0,001 (250 000) = 250
Nc = 0,214 (250 000) = 53 500
Chat tr (tro) = 0,240 (250 000) = 60 000
Tong cong 250 000
2. Tnh lng con lai sau khi ot
Tro = 60 000 kg/ngay
Tong lng con lai sau khi ot = 60 000/0,95 = 63 158 kg/ngay
Cacbon trong tro= 63158 60 000 = 3158 kg/ngay
3. Xac nh lng hi nc hnh thanh do hydro lien ket vi oxi:
9000 x 18/2 = 81.000 kg H
2
O
Lng hydro trong CTR, % = ( 3,6%-23%/8)= 0,725% =1812 kg/ngay
Lng Hydro lien ket v i oxi, co trong CTR = 3,6% - 0,725%=2,875%=7188 kg/ngay
4. Lap bang tnh nhu ca u khong kh:
Nguyen to Nhu cau khong kh, kg/ngay
Cacbon= (68.500 3.158)x 11,52 752.740
Hydro=(1.812) x34,56 62.623
290
Lu huynh=250 x 4,31 1.078
Tong khong kh kho ly thuyet 816.441
Tong khong kh kho neu khong kh d
100%= 816.441 x 2
1.632.882
o am=1.632.882 x 0.01 16.329
Tong lng khong kh 1.649.211
5. Can bang nhiet cho qua trnh chay
Danh muc Gia tr, 10
6
kcal/ngay
Tong nhiet au vao
250.000 kg/ngay x 2.810 kcal/kg 702,5
Nhiet mat do phan cacbon khong chay
3.158 kg/ngay x 8.000 kcal/kg - 25,2
That thoat nhie t do bc xa
0,005 x 702,5.10
6
kcal/ngay -3,5
Nhiet mat cho nc hoa hi
(53.500 + 81.000)kg/nga y x 580 kcal/kg - 78,0
Nhiet mat theo tro ay lo
63.158 kg/ngay x 0.14 (kcal/kg.
o
C) x (745 -25)
0
C - 6,38
Nhiet lng cua khoi lo 589,42
Hieu suat nhiet cua qua trnh chay
702,5/589,42 x 100% 83,9%
(Ghi chu: neu he so s dung nhiet cua lo hi la 85% th hieu qua s du ng nhiet t lo
ot CTR la 71,3%)
8.2.3 He thong ot CTR
8.2.3.1 ac thu cua cong nghe ot cha t tha i
Neu c tien hanh u ng qui cach, qua trnh ot co kha nang pha huy toan bo cac
oc chat hu c trong CTR nguy hai bang cach pha huy cac moi lien ke t hoa hoc cua
chung va a chung tr lai dang cac nguyen to hp thanh ban au, qua o giam thieu
hoac loai bo hoan toan cac oc tnh cua chung.
Han che the tch cu a CTR nguy hai can phai thai bo vao moi tr ng at bang cach bie n
oi cac chat ran va long thanh dang tro. So vi viec thai bo chat thai nguy hai khong
qua x ly, vie c thai bo tro vao moi trng at an toan va hie u qua gap nhieu lan.
291
Cong nghe ot la mot qua trnh x ly kha phc tap. Trong qua trnh chay, cac chat
hu c dang ran hoac long se b chuyen o i sang pha kh. Cac kh nay qua cac li
ot se tiep tuc b lam nong len, en mot nhiet o nao o cac hp chat hu c cua
chung se b phan huy thanh cac nguyen t thanh phan. Cac nguyen t na y ket hp vi
oxy va tao nen cac kh ben vng, cac kh nay sau khi qua cac thiet b kiem soat o
nhiem se c thai vao kh quyen.
Cac thanh phan kh ben vng sinh ra t viec ot cac hp chat hu c chu yeu la CO
2
va hi nc. Tuy nhien, tuy thuoc vao thanh phan cua CTR, mot lng nho CO, NO
x
,
HCl, va cac kh khac co the c hnh thanh. Cac chat kh nay la nguyen nhan tiem
an gay nguy hai sc khoe con ngi va moi tr ng.
Viec quan ly va thai bo cac kim loai, tan tro va cac san pham phu cua qua trnh ot
cung co the gay nhng tac hai nh a e cap. Tan to de lang, tr vi thanh phan chu
yeu la carbon, cac muoi va cac kim loai. Trong qua trnh ot, hau het ta n tro se tap
trung ay cua buong ot (tro ay). Khi lp tro nay c lay ra khoi buong ot no co
the xem nh la chat tha i nguy hai do b i cac qui tac chuyen hoa hoac do no co mot
ac tnh nguy hai nao o. Tuy nhien cac hat tro kch thc nho (va t chat dang hat ma
co the co cac kim loai kem theo) cung co the b cuon theo cac chat kh len cao (con
goi la tro bay). Cac hat tro nay cung cac kim loai co lien quan cung phai c xem
xet bi cac qui nh ap dung cho cong nghe ot v chung co the mang cac hp phan
nguy hai ra khoi he tho ng ot vao kh quyen. Do viec ot khong pha huy c cac
hp chat vo c co trong chat thai nguy hai (cac kim loai chang han), cac hp chat nay
co the cung se tch tu trong tro ay lo va tro bay vi nong o gay hai kho kiem soat.
Mot cach ien hnh, co ng nghe ot chat tha i ket hp thu hoi nang l ng c mo ta
nh quy trnh sau:
292
Hnh 8.4 He thong lo ot chat thai ran
8.2.3.2 Cac he thong lo ot
Cac he thong lo ot co the c thiet ke e van hanh vi 2 loai CTR: CTR cha phan
loai (mass fired) va CTR a phan loai (phan con lai sau khi a tach phan co kha
nang tai sinh c em i ot).
- He thong lo o t CTR a phan loai tai nguon:
La cai tien cua he thong lo ot cha phan loai ta i nguon.
- He thong lo o t CTR cha phan loai:
Trong he thong nay, CTR phai c x ly s bo tr c khi a vao pheu lo ot. Tr c
khi chuye n CTR vao pheu lo ot, ngi ieu khien can tru c phai loai bo -bang phng
phap thu cong - nhng vat kho ng thch hp v i lo ot. Tuy nhien, gia nh rang toan bo
CTR eu co the cho vao he thong bao go m chat khong chay co kch thc ln (nh tu
lanh...) va tham ch la nhng chat nguy hai tie m tang. Do o, he tho ng lo ot phai c
thiet ke sao cho co the van hanh vi nh ng chat thai nh the ma kho ng lam hong thie t
b hay lam b thng ngi van hanh. Gia tr nhiet tr sinh ra b i CTR cha phan loai
nay thay oi rat ln, phu thuoc nhie u vao thi tiet, mua trong nam, va nguon goc phat
sinh. Ma c du con nhieu iem han che, he tho ng nay van c u tien s dung va pho
bien.
Mot trong nhng thanh phan quan trong nhat cu a he thong lo ot nay la he thong ghi
lo. No gom nhieu chc nang: van chuyen CTR trong lo, tron eu CTR, phan phoi
Ho cha
Tro a i
chon lap
Noi hi
Ra kh Loc tay ao Quat
Ong khoi
Tram can
Can truc
Nha may ien
Buong ot
293
khong kh vao lo. Co nhieu loai ghi lo khac nhau phu thuoc vao kieu chuyen ong,
kieu rung va quay.
He thong lo ot CTR a phan loai (RDF)
Hnh 8.5 He thong lo ot a phan loai
Trong lo ot, RDF c ot tren mot ghi lo di ong. Ghi lo la mot cai be ma tren o
CTR chay va cung cap khong kh s bo nham xa o tron va ot chay ong bo. He thong
lo ot phai c thiet ke ac biet cho RDF, o i khi lo hi s dung than a cung co
trang b them bo phan ot RDF hay phoi tron than a va RDF, hieu qua cao.
He thong lo ot RDF co hieu qua cao ve nang lng, o am va tro. RDF co the
dang si nho, vien tron hay hnh khoi. Densified RDF chi ph cao nhng thuan li
trong viec van chuyen va lu tr. Cac dang RDF eu co the ot chay rieng hay tron
vi than a.
So vi CTR cha phan loai tai nguon, RDF co nhiet tr cao, he thong lo ot RDF nho
gon va hieu qua hn nhieu lan do bi tnh o ng nhat cua RDF nen he thong c
kiem soat tot hn va thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh cung hoat ong hieu qua
hn. Ben canh o, he thong ngoai vi c thiet ke thch hp nen co the x ly tot kim
loai, nha va nhng tha nh phan tao kh nguy hai khac.
a) ot h thu cong
ay la ky thua t ot chat thai a co t rat lau. CTR c o hoac vun thanh ong tren
mat at ro i ot, khong co thiet b ho tr. V i phng phap nay, qua trnh ot khong
triet e, khong co he thong kiem soat kh thai ne n gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh
294
va v chay h nen de ga y s co nguy hiem. Phng phap ot h thu cong tien l i e
ot cac chat no nh thuoc no TNT, Dynamite. e ot cac loai chat tha i co kha nang
chay no cao ngi ta o t trong cac lo h, nhng lo c xay hoac ao sau xuong at,
hoac lo co them cac thie t b phu tr e qua trnh ot c an toan.
b) ot bang cac thiet b chuyen dung
Vi cac tac hai nghiem trong ve mat moi trng khi ot h thu cong, cac he thong ot
CTR a ra i vi rat nhieu mau thiet ke khac nhau va ngay cang c cai tien nham
lam tang tnh hieu qua cho qua trnh ot.
Cau tao cua cac thiet b ot chuyen dung ot chat thai th ng co nh ng thanh phan sau:
- Bo phan nhan chat thai va bao quan chat thai.
- Bo phan nghien va phoi tron chat thai.
- Bo phan cap chat thai
- Buong ot s cap.
- Buong ot th cap.
- Thiet b lam nguoi kh hay noi hi chay bang nhiet d e giam nhiet o.
- He thong ra kh.
- Quat hut e hut khong kh vao lo khi duy tr ap suat am.
- Ong khoi
Tuy nhien, mot trong nhng thanh phan quan trong nhat cua he thong lo ot la he
thong ghi lo, co nhieu chc nang: van chuyen CTR trong lo, tron e u CTR, bm
khong kh vao lo. Co nhieu loai ghi lo khac nhau phu thuoc vao kieu chuyen ong,
kieu rung va quay.
Trong lo o t chat thai ra n a c phan loai (RDF), RDF c ot tren mot ghi lo di
ong. Ghi lo la mot cai buc ma tren o CTR chay va cung cap khong kh chay s bo
nham xao tron ot chay ong bo.
Nhng lo ot khac nhau th chu yeu khac nhau ve buong ot s cap.
Di ay la mot so he thong ot CTR v i cac u nhc iem rieng thch hp cho tng
loai chat thai cung nh thanh phan chat thai va ieu kien kinh te cua n v au t.
Lo ot mot cap
La mot trong nhng ky thuat ot ra i sm, s dung trc nhng nam 1960, cha at
tieu chuan qui nh o i vi kh thai sinh ra do ot. Cau tao cua lo tng oi n gian,
chu yeu gom buong ot e ot hon hp CTR va vat lieu chay. Buong ot c chia
lam 2 ngan nh ghi lo : ngan tren cha CTR ca n thieu huy, ngan di e ot vat lieu
nham cung cap nhiet va duy tr nhiet o ot. Trong buong ot, CTR c ot tren ghi
295
lo (khong co bec ot hoac co bo phan ot ho tr vi bec ot). Vat lieu lo thng la
gach at nung nen tuo i tho khong cao. Nguon nguyen lieu cung cap nhiet cho lo chu
yeu la cui go, mun ca...
Mac du lo mot cap cung la mot thiet b ot chuyen dung nhng neu xet toan bo qua
trnh th cung co the xem ay la quy trnh thu cong h, bi nhiet o, bui, kh thai
khong c kiem soat ma a trc tiep vao khong kh. Cac cong viec nh a CTR
vao lo, cung cap nguyen lieu chay, ieu khien qua trnh chay, thu hoi tro thai eu do
cong nhan lo ot thc hien theo phng thc thu cong.
Cau tao cua lo mot cap c the hien nh sau:
Hnh 8.6 Lo ot mot ca p
Nhc iem cua lo ot mot cap la khong giai quyet van e o nhiem moi trng do
kh thai, nang suat thap, phu thuoc nhieu vao thi tiet, can nhieu cong nhan cho mot
ca lam viec, ieu kien lam viec cua cong nhan rat nang nhoc, oc hai, de b cac
benh nghe nghiep. Lo van hanh khong lien tuc, thi gian ngh gia hai me ot ln.
Hieu qua ot cua lo tha p. Tuy vay, thie t ke va xay dng lo kha n gia n, chi ph xay
dng lo thap. S dung lo ot thu cong e x ly CTR khong can dien tch at va thi
gian nhieu nh cac phng phap phan huy CTR nh chon lap.
e khac phuc nhc iem chnh cua lo khi ong vai tro la mot thiet b x ly chat thai,
mot so nha thiet ke a cai tien mo hnh lo ot nay bang cach ket noi v i cac thiet b
x ly kh thai, nham at yeu cau cua cac tieu chuan xa thai. Quy trnh chung cua mo
hnh lo cai tien c trnh bay nh mo hnh sau:
296
Hnh 8.7 Quy trnh va cau tao lo o t mot cap co thiet b x ly kh thai
Lo ot nhieu cap
La loai lo ot chat thai dang bun ac t cac nha may x ly nc thai, co the ot triet
e chat thai, kh thai ra moi trng at tieu chuan quy nh. Cau tao cua lo ot nhieu
cap c the hien nh sau:
Hnh 8.7 Lo ot chat thai ran nhieu cap
297
Lo ot nhieu cap c thiet ke gom nhng n nguyen lie n tiep xung quanh, thng
co t 5 9 n nguyen cho mot kieu lo ien hnh. Co mot truc thang ng trung
tam cua he thong, moi n nguyen co mot canh khuay c gan vao truc trung tam,
tao ra cac khoang rong hnh vanh khuyen ben trong lo ot. CTR sau khi a vao lo
se c lu tr tai cac khoang rong nay.
Rang cua cac canh khuay se cao bun vao trong cac khoang va hng ve pha tam cua
buong lo, ni bun se ri xuong cac canh cua l p chu nhiet va i xuong n nguyen
tiep theo.
He tho ng cap kh c thiet ke pha d i cua he tho ng. Nhiet o toi thieu cua lo
760
0
C va th i gian lu t nhat la 0,5s e co the phan huy phan l n cac hp chat h u c.
Lo ot cha t long
Lo o t chat long gom mot thung sat chu nhiet hnh tru, mot lp vat lieu nen nh cat
sillic, a voi va cac vat lieu gom, mot a dang li sat va mot mieng cap kh.
Lp vat lieu nen se c lo ng hoa nh kh nen ap suat cao. CTR o th, than,
c a vao lo o t v tr tren ma t hoac di ay lp vat lieu nen a c long hoa
nhiet o cao. Chat thai nguy hai long c ot trc tiep trong lo ot ba ng cach phun
vao vung ngon la hay vung chay cua lo phu thuoc vao nhiet tr cua CTR. Chat long
soi trong lo co nhiem vu xao tron eu va truyen nhiet cho CTR, co the bo sung them
gas hoac dau nham tang nhiet o cua chat long trong lo. Lo c duy tr nhiet o
khoang 1000
0
C. Thi gian lu cua chat thai long trong lo t vai phan giay en 2,5
giay. Sau khi nhiet o a tang en nhiet o yeu cau th khong can bo sung them
gas/dau v lp chat long co kha nang duy tr nhie t o en 24 gi.
Dong chat long c phun vi ap lc cao, van toc ln va se chuyen thanh nhng phan
t phun nho. Hi se cap nhiet va co khuynh hng lam giam o nht cua chat long.
Khi o nht giam th hieu qua ot se tang len. o nht la mot trong nhng ch tieu
quan trong trong lo ot chat long. o ot chat tha i cang cao th cang kho ot.
ieu kien cap kh: Tai buong s cap th khong kh c cap e ot hi chat long hu
c. Tai buong th cap, khong khi c cap d va luon gi ngon la hng ve pha
tng lo va phai giam nhiet o chung cho toa n he thong khi can thie t. Nhng phai
han che s va cham gia ngon l a vao tng lo v se tao nguy c an mon va that
thoat nang lng. Do o , khi thiet ke lo phai lu y e tranh s pha ap. S cap kh s
cap khong ch la cap kh chay ma con s xao tron ben trong lo, cung cap dong kh
tng oi thap len be mat chu nhiet cua lo, gi cho nhiet o tai be mat chu nhiet
luon thap hn tai tam lo ot. Yeu cau cap kh kh d t 5 - 30% (tong hai buong lo)
Loai, hnh dang, kch c cua lo ot chat long phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua CTR, thiet
ke bec phun, tng lo va ieu kien cap kh.
Cau tao cua lo ot chat long nh sau:
298
Lo ot chat long c ng dung e x ly nhieu loai chat thai khac nhau nh: CTR o
th, bun, than va nhieu loai hoa chat khac, ke ca hoa chat nguy hai. Khi s dung a
voi (CaCO
3
) lam lp va t lieu nen th no se pha n ng vi O
2
va kh SO
2
(sinh ra do
qua trnh ot CTR co cha lu huynh), tao can CaSO
4
. Can nay se c lay ra cung
vi tro lo. Do o, khi s dung lo ot chat long vi vat lieu nen la a voi cho phep x
ly CTR co ham lng lu huynh cao vi s phat sinh kh SO
2
la t nhat.
u iem
ot c chat thai long nguy hai.
Khong yeu cau lay tro thng xuyen.
Thay oi nhiet o nhanh chong theo toc o nhap lieu.
Chi ph bao tr thap.
Nhc iem
Ch ap dung c oi v i cac chat long co the nguyen t hoa.
Can cung cap kh, nhie n lieu phu nh gas/dau e qua trnh chay triet e hn,
tranh ngon la tac ong len gach chu la.
De b nghet bec phun khi chat thai long co can.
Lo ot thung quay
ay la loai lo ot chat thai co nhieu u iem b i qua trnh xao tron CTR tot, at hieu
qua cao va hien nay, c s dung kha pho bien cac nc tien tien. Lo ot thung
quay c s dung e x ly cac loai chat thai nguy hai dang ran, bun, can va ca dang
long. My, lo ot thung quay chiem ti 75% so lo ot chat thai nguy hai, lo ot tang
soi chiem 10%, con lai 15% la cac loai lo khac.
Hnh 8.8 Lo ot thung quay
299
Thung quay hoat ong nhiet o khoang 1100
o
C, s dung chat thai nguy hai lam
nguyen lieu. ay la phng phap tieu huy cha t thai bang cach ot cu ng vi nhien
lieu thong thng khac e tan dung nhiet cho cac thiet b tieu thu nhie t nh: noi hi,
lo nung, lo luyen kim, lo nau thuy tinh, lo nung xi mang... Lng chat thai bo sung
vao lo ot co the chiem 12 25% tong lng nhien lieu.
Lo ot thung quay la lo ot hai cap gom: buong s cap va buong th cap
- Lo s ca p:
Lo s cap la mot trong quay hnh tru chu nhiet, quay vi toc o ieu chnh c (0,5
1 vong/phut), co nhie m vu ao tron CTR trong qua trnh chay. Lo ot c at hi
doc vi o nghieng 1 5 %, nham tang th i gian chay cua chat thai va van chuyen t
ong tro ra khoi lo ot. CTR c nap vao t pha tren cua lo di dang nen hay thuy
lc tuy thuoc vao tnh chat ly hoc cua chat thai. Khi ot CTR, lo s cap quay giup cho
cho qua trnh x ly c triet e. Thi gian lu cua CTR trong lo la 0,5 1,5 gi,
lng chat thai nap vao chiem 20% the tch lo.
Phan au cua lo ot co lap mot bec phun dau hoac gas kem quat cung cap cho qua
trnh ot nhien lieu nha m ot nong he thong lo ot. Toc o phun gas vao lo khoang
3,1 m/s nham han che toi a s that thoa t. Khi nhiet o lo at 800
0
C th CTR mi
c a vao e ot. Trong buong ot s cap, nhiet o lo quay c khong che t
800 900
0
C, neu chat thai chay tao u nang lng gi c nhiet o nay th bo ot
phun dau/gas t ong ngat. Khi nhiet o ha thap hn 800
0
C th bo ot t ong lam
viec tr lai.
San pham kh sinh ra trong qua trnh o t lo s cap c ot tiep tuc buong th cap.
- Buong ot th cap (buo ng ot phu)
ay la buong ot tnh, nham e ot cac san pham bay hi, cha chay het bay len t
buong s cap. Nhiet o ay thng t 9501100
0
C. Thi gian lu cu a kh chay
buong th cap t 1,52 giay. Ham l ng oxy d toi thieu cho qua trnh chay la 6%.
Buong th cap co cac tam hng dong e kh thai va c thoi qua vung la chay
cua bo phan ot dau phun va c xao tron manh liet e chay triet e . Kh thai sau
o c lam nguoi va qua he thong x ly trc khi qua ong khoi thai ra moi trng.
Kch thc c ban: ng knh: 1,53,6m, chieu dai: 39m, sao cho: ng
knh/chieu dai = 4/1
u iem
Ap dung cho ca chat thai ran va long
Co the ot rieng chat lo ng va chat ran hoac ot ket hp.
Khong b nghet gi lo (v lo) do qua trnh nau chay.
Co the nap chat thai dang thung hoac khoi.
Linh ong trong c cau nap lieu.
300
Cung cap kha nang xao tron chat thai va khong kh cao.
Lay tro lien tuc ma khong anh hng en qua trnh chay.
Kiem soat c thi gian lu cua chat thai long trong thiet b.
Co the nap chat thai trc tiep ma khong can phai x ly s bo gia nhiet chat thai.
Co the van hanh nhiet o tren 1400
0
C.
Nhc iem
Loi cuon cac hat, phan t vao trong dong kh gas, thanh phan tro trong kh
thai cao.
Gia cong lo kho.
Chi ph au t cao.
Van hanh phc tap.
Yeu cau lng kh d l n do that thoat qua cac khp noi.
Ton that nhie t ang ke trong tro thai.
Chat thai vo c co the ket x gay kho khan cho cong tac bao tr, bao d ng
thung quay.
Lo ot tang soi
Hnh 8.9 Quy trnh he thong ot tang soi
Thuoc loai lo ot tnh, co lot mo t lp gach chu la ben trong e lam vie c vi nhiet o
cao. ac iem cua lo la luon cha mot lp cat day 40 50 cm vi vai tro nhan nhiet
va gi nhiet cho lo ot, bo sung nhiet cho CTR t. Lp cat c gio thoi xao ong
lam CTR b ti ra, xao tron theo nen chay de da ng. Chat thai long khi bm vao lo se
bam dnh len be ma t cac hat cat nong ang xao ong, nh vay se b ot chay con
thanh phan nc se bay hi hoan toan.
Gio thoi manh vao di lp v co lo nen gio se phan bo eu di ay lo lam lp
em cat cung cac phe lieu ran, nhao eu c thoi ti, tao ieu kien chay trie t e.
Khoang pha di lo (tren lp v phan bo gio), la khu vc chay s cap co nhiet o
301
buong ot t 850 920
0
C, con khoang pha tren phnh to hn la khu vc chay th cap
co nhiet o chay cao hn (990 1100
0
C) e ot chay hoan toan CTR. Trong lo ot
tang soi can duy tr mot lng cat nhat nh nham tao mot lp em gi nhiet on nh
va ho tr cho qua trnh soi cua lp chat thai a vao lo ot. Kh thai sau o c lam
nguoi va qua he thong x ly trc khi qua ong khoi thai ra moi trng.
Khong kh cap vao lo v i lng d 25 150% so vi ly thuyet.
u iem
Co the x ly ca ba dang chat thai ran, long va kh.
Thiet ke n gian va hie u qua nhiet cao.
Nhiet o kh thai thap va lng kh d yeu cau nho.
Hieu qua ot cao do be mat tiep xuc ln.
Lng nhap lieu khong can co nh.
Nhc iem
Kho tach phan khong chay c.
Lp dch chuyen phai c tu sa va bao tr.
Lp em co kha nang b pha v.
Can khong che nhiet o ot v neu cao hn 8500C co kha nang pha v lp
em.
Cha c s dung nhieu trong x ly chat tha i nguy hai.
He thong s dung v lo ot ong lan va o t CTR bang dong ien mot chieu
Cau tao cua lo ot gom: v ot ong lan, lo ot, he thong kh thoi.
V ot ong lan la ky thuat ot CTR hien ai ang c s dung tai hn 200 nha
may ot CTR tren the gii. e bao am s van chuyen CTR trong lo, he thong c
bo tr theo o doc 20
0
. CTR nam ong gia cac ong lan se c nhao tron, do o cac
qua trnh say kho, boc chay va ot CTR xay ra mot cach triet e. CTR b ot dan dan
trong khi nhao tron va van chuyen tren v lo ot ong lan. e lo o t co nhiet o cao,
lng kh phun vao e ot CTR phai va u, khong d. Tuy theo tnh trang chay
trong lo, lng kh nong nay luon c t ong ieu chnh. He thong t ong ieu
chnh lam viec tren c s lien tuc o ham lng kh thai ra khoi lo.
Nhiet o cao pha tren v lo ot o i hoi thanh lo va v ot ong lan pha i co kha nang
chu nhiet rat cao. e giai quyet yeu cau nay, vo ong lan c tao tha nh do nhieu
mieng lap ghep lai. Khi ong lan quay, pha tren ong lan b o t nong, trong khi o pha
di lai c lam nguoi nh luong kh thoi t pha di phun vao. Tat ca nhng ac
iem ket cau va van hanh nay lam cho ong lan ben nhiet va n gian lap rap, thay
the.
302
Ngoai ra, con s dung chat thai nguy hai lam nhien lieu, ay la phng phap tieu huy
chat thai bang cach ot cung vi nhien lieu thong thng khac e tan du ng nhiet cho
cac thiet b thu hoi nhiet: noi hi, lo nung, lo luyen kim, lo nau thuy tinh. Lng chat
thai bo sung vao lo ot co the chiem 12 25% to ng nhien lieu
8.3 HE THONG NHIET PHAN
Nhiet phan la qua trnh phan huy hay bien oi hoa hoc CTR nhiet o cao trong ieu
kien khong co oxy. Pha n ng quan trong nhat trong qua trnh nhiet phan la be gay
mach lien ket C C, khong co xuc tac, chung tao thanh nhng goc t do va co ac
tnh chuoi, nhiet o cang tang th s cat mach cang sau. San pham cua qua trnh nhiet
phan CTR thu c go m cac chat dang kh, long va ran. nhiet o cao, cac san
pham dang long mot mat b hoa hi va mat khac tiep tuc b nhiet phan cat mach tao
thanh cac san pham n gian hn. Chat ran (can cacbon) hay san pham coc hoa thu
c la do s phan hoa hydrocacbon en cacbon t do.
Nhiet phan l qu trnh kt hp: phn ng cracking v trng ngng, to thnh:
- kh chy ( H
2
, CH
4
, CO
2
, CO v cc kh khc, ph thuc CTR hu c
ban u)., co nhit tr: 26562 kJ/m
3
- Nhin liu lng: axit acetic, axeton, metanol, t hp cc hidrocacbon. C
th dng tng hp du nhin liu.Nhit tr cua nhien lieu long nay la
:20.934 kJ/k
- Tro: cacbon v cht tr
Phan ng nhiet phan oi xenlulo nh sau:
3C
6
H
10
O
5
---- 8H
2
O + C
6
H
8
O + 2CO+ 2CO
2
+ CH
4
+ H
2
+ 7C
Can bang vat chat va so lieu ve san pham cua qua trnh nhie t phan phu thuoc nhiet
o trnh bay trong bang sau:
Nhit
,
0
F
Khi
lng
CTR, kg
Kh , kg Axit v
nha
ng,
kg
Tro, kg
Tng, kg
900 100 12,33 61,08 24,71 98,12
1200 100 18,64 59,18 21,80 99,62
1500 100 23,69 59,67 17,24 100,59
1700 100 24,36 58,70 17,67 100,73
Thanh phan trung bnh cua kh phu thuoc nhiet o cua qua trnh nhiet phan nh sau:
303
Gas
900
0
F 1200
0
F 1500
0
F 1700
0
F
H
2
5,56 16,58 28,55 32,48
CH
4
12,43 15,91 13,73 10,45
CO 33,50 30,49 34,12 35,25
CO
2
C
2
H
4
C
2
H
6
44,77
0,45
3,03
31,78
2,18
3,06
20,95
2,24
0,77
18,31
2,43
1,07
Tong cong 99,74 100,00 100,00 99,99
Qua trnh nhiet phan la qua trnh thu nhie t, toc o nhiet phan phu thuoc vao nhiet o,
thanh phan, cau truc chat thai va che o cap kh.
Vi cong nghe ot nhiet phan, nhiet tr cua CTR khong phai la yeu to quan trong ma
nhiet hoa hoc co vai tro quan trong hn. Khi nhiet phan, chat thai sinh ra kh gas ma
kh gas nay se chay sinh ra nhiet.
Phan ng nhiet phan cha t thai ran c mo ta mo t cach tong quat nh sau:
Trong o: Kh gas bao gom C
x
H
y
, H
2
, CO
x
, NO
x
, SO
x
va hi nc.
Can ran: cacbon co nh va tro.
Qua trnh nhiet phan thuan tuy (hoan toan khong co oxy) oi hoi phai co s cap nhiet
cho he phan ng t ben ngoai.
Nhiet o bat au qua trnh nhiet phan cua mot so chat: than non t 300 400
0
C, go t
225 325
0
C, lignin t 300 500
0
C. nhiet o bat au chay kh gas t 400 600
0
C.
Nhie t phan ba ng ho quang plasma: thc hie n qua trnh nhie t o cao (co
the en 10.000
o
C) e tieu huy chat tha i co tnh o c c c ma nh. Sa n pham la kh
H
2
va CO, kh axit va tro.
8.4 ot nhiet phan
Chat thai ran
Cac chat bay hi hay kh gas + can ran.
304
8.4.1 Nguyen ly ot nhiet phan
Nguyen ly cua qua trnh ot nhie t phan gom 2 giai oan: giai oan 1 la qua trnh kh
hoa, CTR c gia nhie t e tach cac thanh phan de bay hi nh kh chay, hi nc...ra
khoi thanh phan chay khong hoa hi va tro. Giai oan 2 la qua trnh ot cac thanh phan
bay hi ieu kie n phu hp e tieu huy het cac cau t nguy hai.
Hnh 8. 10 Lo o t nhiet phan
8.4.2.1 Tai buong s cap
ot thieu oxy (lng kh cap khoang 7080% so vi nhu ca u ly thuyet), cac qua trnh
xay ra gom:
Say kho (boc hi nc) chat thai: chat tha i c a vao buong ot, thu
nhiet t khong kh nong cua buong ot, nhiet o cua chat thai at tre n 100
0
C, qua
trnh thoa t hi am xay ra manh liet, khi nhiet o tiep tuc tang se xay ra qua trnh
nhiet phan chat thai va tao ra kh gas.
Qua trnh phan huy nhiet tao kh gas va can cacbon: Chat thai b phan huy
nhiet sinh ra kh gas, t c la t cac hp chat h u c phc tap tao thanh cac chat n
gian nh: CH
4
, CO, H
2
Thc te, vi s co mat cua oxy va kh gas trong buong nhiet
phan nhiet o cao a xay ra qua trnh chay, nhiet sinh ra lai tiep tuc cap cho qua
trnh nhiet phan, nh vay a sinh ra qua trnh t nhiet phan va t ot sinh nang
lng ma khong oi hoi phai bo sung nang lng t ben ngoai vao (khong can tien
hanh cap nhiet qua bec ot), va do vay a tiet kiem c nang lng. Thong qua qua
trnh kiem soat che o cap kh va dien bien nhiet o buong ot s cap se anh gia
c giai oan: say, kh hoa va ot can trong buong nhiet phan.
305
Qua trnh nhiet phan cua CTR thng bat au t 250
0
C650
0
C. Thc te, e nhiet
phan chat thai ngi ta thng tien hanh nhiet o t 425
0
C760
0
C. Khi qua trnh
nhiet phan ket thuc, se hnh thanh tro va can cacbon, do vay ngi ta goi giai oan
nay la cacbon hoa.
8.4.2.2 Tai buong th cap
Qua trnh ot c cap d kh oxy (lng kh ca p khoang 110 - 200% so vi nhu cau
ly thuyet e am bao chay hoan toan, nhiet o khoang tren 1000
0
C), kh gas sinh ra
t buong s cap, c a len buong th cap e ot triet e . Toc o chay phu thuoc
vao nhiet o va nong o chat chay trong hon h p kh gas. Khi a chay het 80 90%
kh gas th toc o phan ng giam dan.
8.4.2.3 Qua trnh tao tro x
Giai oan cuoi me ot, nhiet o buong ot nang ti 950
0
C e o t chay can cacbon,
phan ran khong chay se tao thanh tro x. Cac giai oan cua qua trnh chay thc te
khong phai tien hanh tuan t, tach biet ma tien hanh goi au va xen ke nhau.
Lo nhiet phan c xem nh hai buong phan ng noi tiep nhau vi hai nhiem vu:
buong s cap lam nhiem vu san xuat kh gas, cung cap cho buong th cap e ot triet
e cac chat hu c. Chat lng kh gas tao thanh phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat thai
c nhiet phan cung nh ieu kien nhie t phan buong s cap. Kiem soat c moi
quan he gia buong s cap va buong th cap o ng ngha vi viec kiem soat c che
o van hanh lo ot at hieu qua nh mong muon.
8.4.3 Kiem soat qua trnh ot trong lo nhiet phan
Qua trnh ot nhie t pha n chat thai phu thuoc va o: nhiet o va che o ca p kh. Khong
kh cap cho qua trnh nhiet phan va nhiet o buong s cap co moi quan he khang kht
vi nhau. Ngi ta li dung quy luat nay e kiem soat qua trnh. Khi chon c ieu
kien nhiet phan thch hp th ch can cap nhie t ban au cho buong nhiet phan ti
nhiet o thch hp, sau o nh kiem soat che o cap kh ung se tao ra nang lng bo
sung cho qua trnh nhiet phan, do phan ng chay.
306
Hnh 8.11 Cac qua trnh trong lo ot nhie t pha n
o Khi V (lng khong kh cap tc th i) < V
0
(l ng khong kh u) vung
thieu kh, th nhiet o ta ng khi lu lng khong kh tang
o Khi V > V
0
(vung d kh) th nhiet o se giam khi lu lng khong kh cap
vao lo tang
Kiem soat qua trnh ot tai buong s cap
giai oan au cua qua trnh nhiet phan, dien ra qua trnh say, phan huy chat (tao
kh gas), va chay mot phan kh nhiet phan, do o tang khong kh ngha la tang oxy
cho qua trnh chay, nhie t phan ng toa ra dan e n lam tang nhiet o.
o Khi nhiet o tang, phai giam lu lng cap khong kh.
o Khi nhiet o giam, phai tang lu lng cap khong kh.
Nh vay, ay la qua trnh ot thieu kh co kiem soat. Nhiet o buong s cap c kiem
soat thong thng t 300 650
0
C. Lng kh cap thng la tang dan theo thi gian nhiet
pha n, e tang nhiet o giai oan ot cuoi len ti 1000
0
C (giai oan ot can cacbon).
Kiem soat qua trnh ot tai buong th cap
V buong ot th cap co nhiem vu o t chay hoa n toan kh gas t buong s cap, nhiet
o can duy tr tren 1100
0
C khi ot chat thai nguy hai.
Ngi ta phai dung detector - au do nhiet t o ng c kiem soat cung vi quat cap
kh e kiem soat qua trnh ot.
Nh vay, cac loai chat thai hu c dang ran, long, kh eu co the ap du ng bien phap
x ly chat thai bang lo nhiet phan. Tuy nhien, CTR phai c nap t buong s cap.
Chat long va kh c ot thang buong th ca p, luc nay buong ot co cai tien, lap
them bo ot chat long.
307
Rieng nhng chat thai co phan ng thu nhiet se khong c ot trong lo nhiet phan.
Qua trnh xao tron chat thai phai han che to i a. V vay, mot so chat dang bot, bot
giay cung han che ot bang lo nhiet phan.
8.4.4 u iem va nhc iem cua he thong ot nhiet phan
Ngay nay tren the gii a ap dung rong rai qua trnh nhiet phan e x ly chat thai,
nhat la cac CTNH nh nhng u iem noi bac sau:
u iem
Qua trnh nhiet phan xa y ra nhiet o thap (so vi cac cong nghe ot khac).
Do vay, lam tang tuoi tho cua vat lieu chu la, giam chi ph bao tr
Kiem soat c che o nhiet phan se tiet kie m c nhien lieu v buong
nhiet phan chnh la nguo n cung cap kh gas cho buong th cap.
Qua trnh nhiet phan khong oi hoi s xao tron nen se giam c lng bui
phat sinh. Thong thng, bui trong kh tha i < 200 mg/m
3
, trong nhie u trng hp
khong can trang b thiet b x ly bui.
Qua trnh nhiet phan co the kiem soat c nh ban chat thu nhiet cua no
Chat thai ran hoac long b ong the hoa chuyen vao dong kh co nhiet lng
cao nh qua trnh nhiet phan co kiem soat
Cac cau t co the thu hoi c tap trung trong ba ran hoac nha e thu ho i
The tch chat thai giam ang ke
Cac chat bay hi co gia tr kinh te co the c ngng tu e thu hoi
Phan hi khong ngng tu, chay c coi nh nguon cung cap nang lng
Van hanh va bao tr phu hp vi ieu kien Viet Nam
Cac chat hu c va cac chat o c hai nh ioxin, furans, PCBs chay hoan toan.
Nhc iem
Mot so thanh phan trong chat thai luc nap lieu e ot co the b gi la i b i ba
thai ( nha ng, than coc), tro cung can c chon lap an toan.
Chat thai co phan ng thu nhiet khong nen ot trong lo nhiet phan. Ban chat
cua qua trnh ot thieu kh la ra t t xao tron chat thai (ke ca khi nap lieu). V vay,
nhng loai vat lieu yeu cau co s xao tron khi ot e co hieu qua nh cacbon dang
bot, hoac bun nhao khong the ap dung cong nghe ot thieu kh.
Thi gian ot lau hn so vi cong nghe ot lo quay
8.5 HE THONG KH HOA
8.5.2 Qua trnh kh hoa
308
Qua trnh kh hoa la qua trnh ot cac loai vat lieu trong ieu kien thieu oxy. Mac du
phng phap nay a c phat hien vao the ky 19 nhng viec ap dung e x ly CTR
ch c thc hien trong thi gian gan ay.
Kh hoa la mot ky thuat ot co hieu qua ve mat nang lng, c ap dung vi muc
ch giam the tch chat thai va thu hoi nang lng. Qua trnh kh hoa la qua trnh ot
CTR cha ham lng cacbon cao nham tao ra nhien lieu o t giau cacbon monoxide,
hydrogen, va mot vai hydrocacbon no (chu yeu la CH
4
). Nhien lieu ot nay co the s
dung cho ong c ot trong, tua bin chay bang kh, noi hi
Qua trnh kh hoa gom 5 phan ng c ban sau:
C + O
2
= CO
2
(toa nhiet)
C + H
2
O = CO + H
2
(thu nhiet)
C + CO
2
= 2CO (thu nhiet)
C + 2H
2
= CH
4
(toa nhiet)
CO + H
2
O = CO
2
+ H
2
(toa nhiet)
Nhiet e duy tr qua trnh lay t cac phan ng toa nhiet, trong khi cac thanh phan de
chay c tao ra bi pha n ng thu nhiet.
Khi he thong c van hanh ap suat kh quye n vi khong kh c dung lam chat
oxy hoa, th san pham cuoi cung cua he thong kh hoa la hon hp kh chay co nhiet tr
thap bao gom H
2
, CH
4
, CO
2
, CO va kh hidrocacbon, trong o: 10% CO
2
, 20% CO,
15% H
2
, 2% CH
4
theo the tch, con lai la kh N
2
. Cacbon co nh va tro co trong
CTR, mot lng ln chat long c xem nh da u pyrolytic. Kh gas nhien lieu sinh ra
co nhiet tr thap (khoang 5.600 kJ/m
3
) do anh hng nit co trong khong kh i vao.
He thong kh hoa dung kh lam tac nhan oxy hoa van hanh n gian, lng kh gas
sinh ra on nh. Khi oxy nguyen chat c dung lam chat oxy hoa thay cho khong kh
th kh gas sinh ra co nhiet tr cao hn (khoang 11.200 kJ/m
3
)
8.5.3 He thong kh hoa
Tren c s nguyen l hoat ong cua qua trnh kh hoa, rat nhieu he tho ng kh hoa a
c thiet ke nham em lai hieu qua toi u cho cong tac x ly CTR. Tuy nhien, can
c tren cau tao cua bo phan ot, co the chia he thong nay thanh 5 loai c ban la: lo
ng, lo ngang, lo tang soi, lo o t nhieu buong va lo ot thung quay. oi vi 3 loai lo
tang soi, lo thung quay va lo nhieu buong cua he thong nay hoan toan tng t nh
cong nghe ot, v vay, trong phan nay chung toi ch trnh bay 2 he thong con la i.
8.5.3.1 Lo ng
He thong lo ng co nhieu u ie m so vi cac he thong hoa hi khac cho chi ph thap.
Tuy nhie n, he thong nay yeu cau chat thai ran phai mang tnh ong nhat. Dong nhie n
lieu i vao vu ng phan ng cua he thong nh l c trong lc o ng thi vi nhien lieu va
309
khong kh . San pham cuoi cung la hon h p kh chay co nhie t tr thap va tro. He tho ng
nay cung co the c van hanh vi dong kho ng kh va nhie n lieu i t di len.
He thong lo ng s du ng RDF ong nhat van hanh nhiet o thap 649 816
o
C
(1200 - 1500
0
F), san pham sinh ra la hon hp kh chay co nhiet tr thap, mot lng
nho nc ngng tu, va tro, char kho dang hat. Char co kha na ng hap phu nh than
hoat tnh va co the s dung e s ly nc thai. He thong nay co u ie m la dong kh
thai ra t, thiet b kiem soat kh thai n gian va khong gay o nhiem moi trng. He
thong nay cung co the s dung kh oxy tinh khie t lam tac nhan oxy hoa, san pham kh
gas sinh ra co nhiet tr trung bnh 10.060 11.900 kJ/m
3
(270 320 Btu/ ft
3
). Thanh
phan kh sinh ra gom 50% CO, 30% H
2
, 14%CO
2
, 4% CH
4
, 1% kh hydrocacbon va
1% la N
2
.
8.4.2.2 Lo ngang
He thong gom buong ot s cap va buong ot th cap. Trong buong s cap, chat thai
ran chay c c kh hoa trong ieu kien d oxy. San pham kh sinh ra co nhiet tr
thap c tiep tuc a len buong ot thc cap. Buong ot th cap c van hanh
nhiet o 649 871
o
C (1200 1600
0
F), san pham tao thanh la kh CO
2
, N
2
va nc.
San pham sinh ra t buong ot th cap co the tan dung e thu hoi nhiet lng cung
cap cho lo hi,
8.6 HE THONG THU HOI NANG LNG
Hau het cac he thong lo ot CTR hien nay luon i kem vi he tho ng thu hoi nang lng
nhiet nham giam chi ph van hanh va chi ph au t x ly kh thai. Nhie t nang c thu
hoi t kh lo ot sinh ra nhiet o cao bang hai phng phap: (waterwall combustion
chambers) tng n c va lo hi (waste heat boilers). Nc no ng hoac hi nong c
tao thanh. N c no ng c s dung cho nganh cong nghiep ca n nhie t thap hay cac thiet
310
b si am gia nh. Hi nong c s dung ro ng rai hn v no co the s dung cho muc
ch cap nhiet va co the c chuyen hoa e tao ra nang lng ien. Li ch cua viec
thu ho i nang lng t lo ot co the giam bt chi ph van hanh cua he thong.
Nang lng nhiet thu ho i gop phan lam giam chi ph au t ban au, chi ph van hanh
he thong kiem soat kh thai t lo ot. Trong thc te, khi s dung lo ot CTR o th
khong co he thong thu hoi nang lng nhiet th lng kh s dung d can t 100
200% nham am bao yeu cau ot va kha nang xao tron cung nh kie m soat van e
tro x hay cac vat lieu tch tu lai tren thanh cua he thong lo ot. Va ket qua la kh lo
sinh ra ln, chi ph kie m soat o nhiem khong kh tang cao. Ngc lai, khi lo ot co
trang b he thong thu hoi nang lng nhiet th l ng kh d ch can t 50100%, do o
giam c kch thc thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh, giam gia tha nh x ly. Kh
lo ot sinh ra lien tuc c lam lanh trong he thong thu hoi nang lng nhiet cung
gop phan lam giam the tch kh thai phat sinh.
Tng nc: Tng thanh cua buong ot c no i vi cac ong cua noi hi. Cac
ong nay c at thang ng va han lai vi nhau. Nc lu thong trong ong se hap
thu nang lng nhiet sinh ra t lo hi, t o tao ra hi nong. Thong thng, vung
tng lo gan ke v lo c noi vi gach chu la (co kha nang chu nhiet cao) e bao
ve ong tranh vung qua nhiet hay s mai mon c kh.
Lo hi: buong ot cua lo ot c lam t gach chu la nham han che that
thoat nhiet qua tng lo . Kh lo tha i ra co nhiet o cao se c hng vao cac waste
heat boiler rieng le lap at ben ngoai buong ot. Phng phap thu ho i nang lng
dang nay thng c s dung oi vi cac he thong lo o t tieu chuan.
He thong thu hoi nang lng la mot he thong trao oi nhiet trong o nhiet
nang cua CTR em ot c chuyen thanh nhie t cua nc do s chenh lech nhiet o
gia nc va kh lo thai ra.
S o he thong tan dung nhiet. Thanh phan nguyen tac cua he thong thu hoi nang
lng la lo hi e s/x hi nc; tuabin hi hoa c tuabin kh hoac ong c piton tao
nang lng c ; va may phat ien e chuyen na ng lng c thanh ien nang. Tuabin
hi c s dung trong cac he thong ln ( 10 -50 MW) con tuabin kh va ong c
pitton s dunh trong cac he thong nho hn.
Hnh 13.25 & 13.26
He thong tuabin hi. Trong he thong nay, hi nc c tao ra t lo hi ot bang
CTR o th hoac nhien lieu thu hoi ( san pham kh hoac nhien lieu long do chuyen
hoa chat tahi cung co the c s dung ). Hi nc naygiup cho tuabin hi chay, con
nc ngng tu quay tr lai cap cho lo hi.Tuabin hi lam cho may phat hoat ong, tao
ra cong suat ien au ra.
311
He thong may phat tuabin kh. Tuabin kh can nhien lieu kh hoac lo ng. Cac nhien
lieu nay co the cap bi qua sinh hoc, nh kh bai rac hoac do phan hu y k kh CTR
o th hoac do nhiet phan hay kh hoa.Tuabin kh tng t nh ong c phan lc, gom
co ngan nen lam tang mat o hon hp khong kh gas, buong ot va ngan tuabin,
nham chuyen hoa nhiet nang thanh c nang. Con may phat ien c noi trc tiep
vi truc cua tuabin kh. Tuabin kh co hieu suat cao, gon nen c ng dung nhieu
trong he thong x ly kh bai rac.
He thong ong c ot trong. ong c ot trong s dung pitton hay tay quay, co the
chon kh hoac nhien lieu long thu c t qua trnh phan huy nhiet hoac sinh hoc
CTR. ong c ot trong la may au tien c s dung e thu hoi nang lng t kh
bai rac. ong c o t trong c cai tien t ong c ot kh t nhien hoa c propan. Tuy
nhien, kh t nhie n co nhiet tr en khoang 37259 kJ/m
3
, so vi kh bai rac ch khoang
15.000 18.600 kJ/m
3
va 5.600 11.200 kJ/m
3
oi vi kh nhiet tr thap, nen may
nay phai cai tien bo hoa kh va ng ong thu kh e ieu khien kh chat lng thap.
T le nhiet. La lng nhiet tieu hao e tao ra 1kWh ien nang:
T le nhiet = nhiet cung cap t nhien lieu/ ien nang tao thanh ( kJ/kWh )
T le nhie t cua he thong thu ho i nang lng t CTR nam trong khoa ng 15.800
31.600 kJ/kWh. Tng ng hieu suat thu hoi nhie t cua toan bo he thong khoang 20%.
T le nhiet cua mot so nha may ien
Loai nha may T le nhie t, kJ/kWh Hieu suat
Cac nha may ien hi nc on nh 25.125 0,14
Nha may ien hi nc trung tam 12.132 0,30
Nha may ien hi nc trung tam tot 8.967 0,40
Nha may ien cong nghiep nho hi nc
khong thu nc ngng
36.925 0,10
Nha may ien cong nghiep nho hi nc
thu nc ngng
21.100 0,17
Nha may hi nc cong suat ln 4.750 -5.275 0,70 -0,75
Nha may ien diezen 12.132 0,30
Nha may ien kh t nhien ong c 14.770 0,24
Nha may ien xang ong c 16.880 0,21
Nha may ien kh nhie t tr thap ong
c
18.990 0,19
312
Hieu suat thu hoi nhiet. Hieu suat thu ho i nhie t la phan ien nang thu c t nhiet
nang cua CTR hoac nhien lieu.
Hieu suat = 3600 (kJ/kWh)/ t le nhiet ( kJ/kWh) x 100% ( %)
Hieu suat thu hoi nhiet cua he thong c xac nh theo hieu suat cu a tng thanh
phan. Hieu suat trung bnh cua tng thanh phan nh lo hi, lo kh hoa, tuabin kh, to
hp tuabin hi may phat ien, may phat ien va ien nang s dung cua nha may
ien va cac that thoat khac trnh bay trong bang sau:
Thanh phan Hieu suat, %
Lo ot lo hi (40-68) 63
Lo hi
- Nhien lieu ran
- Nhien lieu ran
- Kh nhiet tr thap
- Nhien lieu dau
(65 -72) 70
(60-75) 72
(60-80) 75
(65-85) 80
Lo nhiet phan
- co ien
-purox
(65 -75) 70
(70-80) 75
Lo kh hoa
- Kh nong
- Kh nguoi, kh qua loc
(70-80) 75
(60-70) 65
Qua trnh metan hoa (80-90) 85
Tuabin
Kh chay
-Chu ky n
-Lo tai sinh
Kh dan n
He thong tuabin may
phat:
- nho hn 12,5 MW
- ln hn 25 MW
May phat ien:
(8-12) 10
(20-26) 24
(30-50) 40
24 -30) 29
(28-32) 31,6
313
- nho hn 10 MW
- ln hn 10 MW (88 -92) 90
(94-98) 96
ien nang phuc vu Nha may va that thoat, % tnh theo cong suat phat ien
- Nha may tuabin may phat
- Qua trnh purox
- Metan hoa
That thoat
(4-8) 6
18-24) 21
(18-22) 20
(2-8) 5
V du: c tnh nang lng sinh ra t he thong chuyen oi nang lng CTR vi cong
suat 50 tan/ngay. He thong gom to hp lo kh hoa tang soi ong c ot trong -
may phat ien. ong thi tnh t le nhiet va hieu suat chung cua qua trnh. Biet rang
nang lng cua CTR la 11.782 kJ/kg
Giai:
Cac ai lng c tnh nh sau:
1. Tong nang lng thu c do ot CTR
50 tan/ngay x10
3
kg/tan x 11.782 kJ/kg / 24h = 24,546 . 10
6
kJ/h
2.Nhiet lng hoa hoc co the thu c t lo kh hoa ( hieu suat 70%)
24,546 . 10
6
kJ/h x 0,7 = 17,182. 10
6
kJ/h
3. Nang lng c hoc co the dung c t ong c ot trong( hieu suat 25%)
17,182. 10
6
kJ/h x 0,25 = 4,296 . 10
6
kJ/h
4. Nang lng ien thu c t may phat( hieu suat 90%)
4,296 . 10
6
kJ/h x 0,9 / 3600 kJ/kWh = 1074 kWh/h
5. T le s dung nhie t la:
24,546 . 10
6
kJ/h/1074 kWh/h = 22.855/kW
6. Hieu suat s dung nhiet chung:
0,7 x 0,25 x0,9 x 100%= 15,75%
V du: c tnh nang lng thu c t CTR qua he thong chuyen oi nang lng
cong suat 100 tan/ngay. He thong gom to hp lo ot CTR o th lo hi tuabin hi
may phat ien. Cho nhiet tr cua CTR = 11.782 kJ/kg
Giai:
Cac ai lng c tnh nh sau:
a) Tong nang lng thu c t CTR o th:
314
100 tan/ngayx 1000 kg/tan x 11.782 kJ/kg/24 h = 49,1. 10
6
kJ/h
b)Nang lng hi nc dung c t lo hi:
49,1 . 10
6
kJ/h x 0,7 = 34,37.10
6
kJ/h
c) Nang lng c hoc dung c t tuabin hi(30%)
34,37.10
6
kJ/h x 0,3 = 10,31.10
6
kJ/h
d) Tong nang lng ien cua may phat (hieu suat 96%)
10,31.10
6
kJ/h x 0,96 /3600 kJ/kWh = 2.749,6 kW
e) Nang lng phuc vu he thong thu hoi nang l ng 6%
2749,6 kW x 0,06 = 165,0 kW
f) That thoat nhiet khac 5%:
2749,6 kW x 0,05 = 137,5 kW
g) Cong suat ien:
2.749,6 - 165,0 -137,5 = 2.447,1 kW
h) Hieu suat chung cua he thong htu hoi nang lng t CTR o th:
2.447,1 kW x 3600 kJ/kWh / 49,1.10
6
kJ/h x 100%= 17,94%
8.7 CAC HE THONG KIE M SOAT O NHIEM MOI TRNG CHO CA C QUA
TRNH NHIET
Ky thuat x ly CTR ap dung cac qua trnh nhiet phat sinh mot so tac ong e n mo i
tr ng xung quanh bao gom: kh, bui, chat thai ran, va chat thai long neu thiet ke lo sai
hoac kiem soat, van hanh lo ot khong am bao. Do o, khi ap du ng phng phap nhie t
e x ly CTR, cac lo ot phai c trang b he thong kie m soat s phat thai.
8.7.2 Kiem soat o nhiem khong kh
Cac chat o nhiem khong kh c tao ra co lie n quan trc tiep en thanh phan chat
thai c ot. Cac chat o nhiem can kiem soa t la: NO
x
, SO
2
, CO, O
3
, ch va bui
(PM10).
8.7.2.1 Kh NO
x
NO
x
co 2 dang la: NO va NO
2
; NO
x
hnh thanh t 2 nguon o la: Nguon th
nhat hnh thanh do phan ng gia nit va oxy khong kh di tac du ng cua nhiet;
nguon th hai hnh thanh do phan ng oxy va nit hu c co trong thanh phan cac loai
nhien lieu s dung. NO
x
la tac nhan dan en viec hnh thanh chat PAN (Peroxyl
Acetal Nitrat ) gay nen hien tng sng mu. Pha n ng oxi hoa quang hoa:
NO
x
O
3
+ PAN
NO
x
con chuyen thanh dang sol kh (giot long) co the tao ma axit.
315
Ky thuat khong che NO
x
:
- ot thieu kh co tuan hoan buong s cap co the lam giam c 35% lng NO
x
,
- X ly NO
x
trong kh thai bang xuc tac hoac amoniac co the lam giam c ti
60% lng NO
x
.
- Neu s dung hon hp than hoat tnh tron natrihydrocacbonate ty le 35:65
trong lng, co the gia m 65% NO
x
, ben canh o co the x ly them kh thai
(kh dioxin/furan, THC, hi axt).
8.7.2.2 Kh SO
x
va kh axt (HCl, HF)
SO
x
va kh axt (HCl, HF) hnh thanh do qua trnh o t nhien lie u co cha lu
huynh, clorua, flourua. Flor ch co trong mot so t CTR co n clor thng gap hn, v du
co trong nha PVC Lu huynh trong cac hp chat c ot co the chuyen thanh SO
2
t 1419%, m c o chuyen hoa SO
2
thanh SO
3
phu thuo c vao nhiet o va lng oxy d
trong buo ng ot. Qua trnh chuye n clorua, florua thanh HCl, HF vao khoang 4648%.
SO
2
kch thch he ho hap, lam cay mat, chay mui, gay ne n cac benh nh viem mui,
mat, vie m hong. nong o cao, SO
2
la tac nhan gay benh tat hoac gay t vong oi v i
nhng ngi a mac cac chng be nh lien quan en pho i nh vie m phe quan hay cuo n
phoi. SO
2
gay ma axit va sng mu, huy diet ao ho, so ng rach va rng.
Ham lng lu huynh va Clo trong CTR o th
Thanh phan % kl S tnh theo chat kho % kl Clo tnh theo
chat kho
Cacton 0,05 0,05
Giay bao 0,03 0,05
Rac vn 0,07 0,34
Cao su, go, vai 0,18 0,14
Nha 0,27 6,48
Giay ho n h p 0,04 0,12
Chat h u c ho n hp 1,15 1,80
Cac bien phap kiem soat o nhiem chu yeu la s dung thiet b x ly kh thai
bang cac chat hap phu, hap thu.
8.7.2.3 Kh CO va THC
CO va THC c hnh thanh do qua trnh ot CTR co cha carbon trong ieu kien
thieu, cac hp chat h u c chay khong hoan toan. CO phan ng v i hemoglobin
trong mau tao thanh carboxylhemoglobyl (HbCO), gay c che phan ng gia
hemoglobin va oxy. C the con ngi ch thch ng vi oxyhemoglobin (HbO
2
), S
316
thieu hut oxy se gay ne n hien tng nhc au, chong mat. Hieu qua cua qua trnh
chay co the anh gia thong qua nong o cua CO va THC. Thc te, viec o nong o
THC rat phc tap. V the thng anh gia hieu qua chay thong qua ch tieu CO
2
, CO.
Neu hieu qua at tren 99,9% hoac nong o CO trong khoi thai nho hn 10ppm th
nong o THC trong kh thai khong ang ke.
8.7.2.4 Bui
Bui hnh thanh do qua trnh ot khong hoan toa n cac thanh phan vo c va hu c co
trong chat thai c ot. Kch thc hat bui t 0,31 m chiem ch le t 8090% theo
khoi lng. Theo ly thuyet, khi qua trnh ot c thc hien nhiet o cao, ieu kien
oxy hoa tot th cac chat hu c b oxy hoa trie t e nhng thc te th khong at c
ket qua nh mong muon nen bui tao thanh se co mot phan la thanh phan hu c b
Kch thc ht bi do t
CTR th:
20 -40 % < 10 (micron)
7 10 % < 2 . ( micron)
Xc nh Tc ng n sc
khe con ngi v chn pp
x l
m
cuon theo kh
thai. Thanh phan, tnh chat cung nh ta i lng cua bui co lien quan e n thanh phan
chat thai c ot, loai lo ot va qua trnh van hanh.
Bui lam giam th giac va anh hng en sc khoe. Bui co kch thc nho hn 10 m
goi la bui ho hap b i v no co the i sau vao trong phoi.
Hien nay bien phap kiem soat bui trong qua trnh ot la thong qua kie m soat che o
ot ang to ra ngay cang co u the. Ngoai ra co the x ly bu i thong qua cac thiet b
x ly nh: thie t b loc bu i tnh ien, thiet b ventury, thiet b loc tay ao, xyclon....
8.7.2.5 Cac kim loa i nang
CTR la hon hp d the co the cha bang mach ien t, pin cha cac nguyen to kim
loai khi chay kim loai ( Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb ) se tao thanh bui hoac hi (v du Hg hoa
hi nhiet o thap 357
o
C hay 675
o
F ). Cac kim loai chnh trong thanh phan kh thai
317
gom: Sb, As, Hg, Cd, Be, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, V, Zn, ton tai cac dang
hp chat nh oxt, muoi, kch thc cac hat bui thng nho hn 2 . m
8.7.2.6 Cac hp chat halogen hu c
La hp chat nguy hie m bao gom PAH (hydrocacbon a vong), Polychlorinated
dibenzo (PCB), Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated
dibenzofuran (PCDF).... PCDD co 75 ong phan con PCDF co 135 ong phan phu
thuoc vao so nguyen t C lien ket vi H hay Cl.
Tac hai: co kha nang ga y ot bien gen cho thu va con ngi.
318
Nguyen nhan hnh thanh trong lo ot CTR:
Dioxin va Furan co san trong CTR o th: Thuo c BVTV, giay, go
Hp chat vong thm cha clor: clorophenol co trong CTR chuyen thanh
dioxin va furan
Tng tac gia hidrocacbon vong thm va clor: phan ng gia lignin (co
trong go, giay, rac vn ) va clor phan huy t PVC hoac muoi ( NaCl..)
Khoi lng cac chat o nhiem trong kh tha i co lien quan trc tiep en thanh phan, tnh
chat cua chat thai c ot cung nh cong nghe ot. oi vi cac hp chat dioxins va
furans th toc o sinh ra nhanh khi nhiet o buong ot trong khoang 300 400
0
C. Cac
bien phap kiem soat cac hp chat halogen hu c noi chung la kiem soat che o ot
thch hp trong o can quan tam en nhie t o buong ot, nhiet o buong ot can duy
tr tren 1100
0
C vi thi gian lu t 1 2 giay.
Thiet b kiem soat o nhiem khong kh:
319
Kh va bui phat sinh trong qua trnh ot chat thai ran co the c x ly bang cac thiet
b kiem soat va phan loa i thanh 4 dang sau ay:
- Kiem soat bui: phan loai tai nguon, kiem soat qua trnh ot, x ly bui bang loc tnh
ien hoac loc vai.
- Kiem soat NO
x
: phan loai tai nguon, kiem soat qua trnh ot, x ly kh
- Kiem soat SO
2
va hi axit: phan loai nguon , x ly bang thap ra kh hoac loc kho
- Kiem soat CO va THC: kiem soat qua trnh o t.
o Thiet b x l bui: Bui PM10 c x ly hieu qua bang 3 cong nghe: (1) Lc tnh
ien (EPS), (2) loc vai, lc lp si, (3)To hp EPS va loc vai
EPS co hieu qua x
ly
bui rat cao:
+ oi vi PM2 -93%
+ oi vi PM10 - 99,8%
Hieu the 20.000 100.000 V, cac yeu to anh hng: nhiet o va o am.
- Loc vai: hieu qua cao oi vi bui PM0,1. Cac thong so thiet ke gom: dien tch va i
loc, vat lieu loc ( si thu y tinh hoac teflon). Van toc loc: 0,01 grain/dsct.
320
o X l NO
x
: Phan loai ti ngun, kiem soat qua trnh chay, x ly kh chay
Phan loi ti ngun: tach CHC cha Nit: v d thc phm tha va rac vn
nham lam gim NOx sinh ra
Kiem soat qua trnh cha y: a) tun hoan kh chay, b) Phan oa n qua trnh chay
va van hanh qua trnh chay trong ieu kien thieu oxy.
X ly kh thai
321
o X l SO
2
va cac kh axit: phan loi ti ngun, thap ra kh hoac hp ph, xuc tac.
o Kiem soat CO va THC bng cach kiem soat qua trnh ot .
o Kim soat cac cht o nhim khac: Phan loi ti ngun, kim soat qua trnh t,
kim soat bi
8.7.3 H thng kim soat dioxin/furan
Kiem soat s phat sinh dioxin / furan t quatrnh ot CTR:
Kiem soat qua trnh chay: a) Nhiet o buong ot khoang 1800
0
F, thi gian
chay > 1s. Nong o CO cang thp th lng dioxin sinh ra cang nh, do o
kiem soat lng dioxin sinh ra thong qua kiem soat nong o CO co tnh kha
thi cao.
322
Kiem soat bui: Kim loai nang va ioxin phn ln nam trong bui thu hoi t
thiet b loc vai va thiet b x ly SO
2
kho va t nhiet o 140
0
C.
8.7.4 H thng kim soat CTR con li
Quan ly CTR con lai la mot phan tat yeu trong quy trnh o t CTR. Cac chat can kie m
soat bao gom
Tro ay lo: kim loai, thuy tinh
Tro bay: thu hoi 99% trong thiet b ESP hoac loc vi
Can t thiet b ra kh kho
Do tnh cht de phan tan nen tro can c thu gom trong bang tai kn va van chuyn
trong cac thung kn en ni thai bo, tro bay th ng c tao am va tron vi tro ay lo
trc khi chon lp
Ch so tro ay lo:
ABI = [ 1- (a-b)/a]. 10 (8.6)
Trong o: a kl mu tro ban au
b kl mu sau khi ot trong lo nung kn
/v CTR o th: ABI = 95-99%
c s dung lam vat lieu lot ng: hon hp tro bay + tro ay lo + sa voi+ xi mng
poolan -gach xay dng, san xuat a nhan tao xay dng ngoai khi.
8.7.5 Tieu chuan quy nh kh thai cho lo ot
Nham quan ly cac lo ot chat thai han che toi thieu cac nguon o nhiem cho moi
trng ac biet la moi trng khong kh, ngoai cac giai phap ky thuat viec xay dng
cac the che phap ly la ieu can phai co. V va y, bo tieu chuan quy nh ham lng
cac chat o nhiem trong kh thai cua cac lo ot chat thai a c thiet la p. Sau ay la
tieu chuan kh thai cua lo ot cua Viet Nam va mot so nc tren the gi i.
Bang 8.6: Tieu chuan kh thai cho lo ot chat thai cua Viet Nam
Chat o nhiem n v TCVN 6560 - 1999
Bui mg/m
3
100
HF mg/m
3
2
HCl mg/m
3
100
CO mg/m
3
100
NO
x
mg/m
3
350
SO
x
mg/m
3
300
323
Cd mg/m
3
1
Hg mg/m
3
0,5
Tong KL nang (As, Sb, Ni,
Co, Cr, Pb, Cu, V, Sn, Mn)
mg/m
3
2
Tong Dioxin / Furan q g/m
3
1
Kh kho 12% CO
2
Bang 8.7: Tieu chuan kh thai cho lo ot chat thai cu a mot so nc
Chat o
nhiem
n v My Tay c Thu S
Thu
ien
Nhat
Bui mg/m
3
25 75 50 50 35
HF mg/m
3
- 5 5 5
HCl mg/m
3
45 30 100 30 200 80
CO mg/m
3
470 100
NO
x
mg/m
3
270 - 380 300 500
SO
x
mg/m
3
75 - 200 300 500
Cd mg/m
3
0,2 0,2
Hg mg/m
3
0,2 0,1
THC mg/m
3
45 20 20 150
Zn mg/m
3
5
Pb mg/m
3
5
Sb, Cu,
Mn, V,
mg/m
3
5 5
As, Cr,
Co, Ni,
Se, Te
1
Kh kho 11% CO
2
11% CO
2
10% CO
2
8.8 CAC YEU CAU KHI OT CHAT THAI NGUY HAI
8.8.2 Hieu qua phan huy DRE (Destruction and removal efficiency)
Hieu qua phan huy la kha nang phan huy cua mot chat hu c nguy hai kho phan huy
nhat trong mot hon hp chat thai. Hieu qua phan huy thng c ap dung khi ot
chat thai co thanh phan nguy hai va c tnh theo cong thc:
DRE = [(W
vao
W
ra
) / W
vao
] x 100 (8.8)
324
Trong o:
W
vao
la tai lng chat o nhiem au vao (kg/gi ).
W
ra
- la tai lng chat o nhiem au ra (kg/gi).
Theo quy nh cua My th hieu qua phan huy DRE cua cac hp chat dioxins / furans phai
at 99,9999%. Vi hp chat hu c nguy hai khong cha thanh phan clo hu c, thi gian
lu chay can at 2 giay, nhiet o buong ot toi thieu la 1000
0
C. Neu ot cac hp chat co
cha clo hu c th thi gian lu chay can at tren 2 giay, nhiet o buong ot toi thieu la
1200
0
C, bat buoc he thong lo ot phai c trang b he thong x ly kh thai.
Trong cong nghe ot CTNH, chat kho phan huy nhat thng c chon lam c s tnh
toan. Toluene, tetrachlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride la nhng chat rat kho phan
huy, phai can nhiet o cao mi ot c. nhiet o cang cao, s cat mach cang sau
nen hau het cac chat hu c eu b phan huy e n khi ch con lai mot so t mach vong.
Thong thng, oi vi lo ot hoa t ong theo nguyen tac nhie t phan th CH
4
sinh ra t
qua trnh nhiet phan c s dung e anh gia hieu qua phan huy cua chat thai, va
cung la thong so e nhan biet khi nao qua trnh ot c xem la thc hien xong
(thong qua kiem tra nong o au vao va au ra cua buong th cap) do viec o ch so
CH
4
c tien hanh de dang, co thie t b o trc tiep va gia thanh re hn khi so sanh
vi cac chat kho phan huy khac.
8.8.3 Ch so chay I (Incinerability Index)
Trong hon hp chat hu c em ot, can xac nh chat kho b chay nhat e anh gia
tnh kha thi cu a hon h p khi ap dung phng phap ot tho ng qua ch so chay I nh sau:
I = C + (a/H) (8.9)
Trong o:
a hang so, a = 100 kcal/g;
I Ch so chay, khong th nguyen;
C Ham lng, phan tram;
H Nhiet tr, kcal/g.
Gia tr I cua mot chat ca ng cao co ngha la chat o cang kho b chay. V du, dong cha t
thai nguy hai gom cac chat nh sau:
Hp chat C H I
Dichlorometan 1,7 1,70 60,5
Chlodane 0,5 2,71 37,4
Hexachlorobenzene 1,1 1,79 57,0
Tribrometan 0,1 0,13 769,3
325
DDT 2,0 4,51 24,2
Theo o, Tribrometan co nhiet tr thap nhat va ch so I la ln nhat. Mac du nong o
trong dong thai la thap nhat, nhng Tribrometan la mot trong nhng yeu to quyet
nh e xac nh hieu qua phan huy chat thai trong qua trnh ot.
8.8.4 Hieu qua ot CE (Combustion Efficiency)
Mot trong hai chat c s dung e anh gia hieu qua cua qua trnh chay la CO va
tong hydrocacbon (THC). Tuy nhien, viec o nong o THC phc tap hn nhieu so vi
CO nen hieu qua chay thng c anh gia thong qua CO va CO
2
. Hieu qua ot
c tnh theo cong thc sau:
CE = [(CO
2
CO) / CO
2
]x 100 (8.10)
Trong o , CO va CO
2
la nong o phan tram theo the tch trong kh thai kho ieu kie n
chuan 7% hoac 9% O
2
. oi vi lo ot CTNH, hieu qua ot CE phai at tren 99,99%
8.8.5 Hieu chnh nong o cac chat trong kh thai
Nong o cac chat o nhiem trong kh thai thng c a ve cung mot ieu kien
chuan theo 3%, 7%, 11% O
2
hoac 12% CO
2
kh kho (% the tch kh kho)
Nong o chuan theo oxy
P
n
= P
m
x (21 n) / (21 Y) (8.11)
Trong o:
P
n
Nong o chat o nhiem a hieu chuan theo n% O2 (n = 3, 7, 11)
P
m
Nong o chat o nhiem o c.
Y Nong o oxy o c trong kh thai.
Nong o chuan theo 12% CO
2
P
12
= P
m
x 12 / [CO
2
]
m
(8.12)
Trong o
P
12
Nong o chat o nhiem 12% CO
2
.
P
m
Nong o chat o nhiem o c trong ieu kien lay mau.
[CO
2
]
m
Nong o CO
2
o c trong kh thai ieu kien thu mau.
8.9 CAC TNH CHAT CU A CHAT THAI CAN QUAN TAM KHI OT
- Thanh phan hoa hoc cua chat thai, o tro, o am.
- Kha nang an mon.
- o nht, chat thai em ot co the dang ran hoa c long.
- Hoat tnh (kha nang pha n ng)
- Kha nang polyme hoa.
326
- Nhiet nong chay cua tro.
oi vi cong nghe ot chat thai co tan dung nang lng hoac ot kem vi nhien lieu
trong cac cong nghe nh ot noi hi, nung x co mot so yeu cau rieng. Lng chat
thai bo sung vao lo ot chiem 25% tong lng nhien lieu. Ngoai nhng tnh chat
thong thng tren ngi ta cung phai quan tam en nhiet tr cua chat thai.
ng dung: Phng phap ot thng c ap dung e x ly cac loai chat thai sau:
- Rac oc hai ve mat sinh hoc.
- Rac khong phan huy sinh hoc.
- Chat thai co the boc hi va do o de phan tan.
- Chat thai co the chay nhiet o di 40
0
C.
- Chat thai cha halogen, ch, thuy ngan, cadimimum, zinc, nit, photpho, sulfur.
- Chat thai dung moi.
- Dau thai, nhu tng dau va hon hp dau.
- Nha, cao su va mu cao su.
- Rac dc pham.
- Nha ng axit va at set a s dung.
- Chat thai phenol.
- M, sap.
- Chat thai ran b nhiem khuan vi cac hoa chat oc hai.
Neu cac hoa chat oc hai la chat hu c (v du chat co cha cacbon, hydro hoac oxy)
th co the x ly bang phng phap ot.
8.10 VAN E LA CHON CONG NGHE X LY CHAT THAI BANG PHNG
PHAP NHIET.
Nh ta a biet, hien nay x ly CTR bang phng phap nhiet ang ra t c a chuong,
nhat la x ly CTNH. Tuy nhien, vi rat nhieu cong nghe hien hanh khac nhau nh
hien nay, viec la chon mot cong nghe x ly hie u qua oi hoi pha i co s xem xet, can
nhac e quyet nh mot cach chnh xac. Di ay la mot so van e can phai can nhac
trc khi la chon cong nghe.
So lng rac tha i: Lieu co u lng rac thai e lo ot hoat ong lien tuc hay
khong? V neu khong co u lng rac e duy tr hoat ong lien tuc cua lo ot th chi ph
e bao tr lo ot se rat cao, ma doanh thu t viec san xuat nang lng lai thap.
Thanh phan, tnh chat chat thai
o Thanh phan hoa hoc, o tro, o am cua chat thai
327
o Tnh chat hoa hoc cua chat thai bao gom: kha nang an mon, kha nang
phan ng, kha nang polyme hoa
o Tnh chat vat ly cua chat thai: o nht, nhiet o nong chay ac biet la
nang suat toa nhiet cua rac thai. Lieu chat thai ran o th se tao ra nhieu
ien hn so lng ien can s dung trong mot lo ot hay khong? Can
phai pha n tch tnh hieu qua cua he thong tai che hien tai cung nh tiem
nang lau dai cho cac nguyen lieu co nang suat toa nhiet cao nh giay va
chat deo.
Cac tieu chuan moi trng: Viec ot rac se thai ra mot lng kh thai va o
moi trng, do o can xem xet e ngan chan o nhiem moi trng hay cac van e sc
khoe cong ong. Nhng tieu chuan kh thai nao ma lo ot can phai at c? Lieu co
u kinh ph cho cac thie t b loc kh hoat ong hieu qua e ap ng nhng tieu chuan
nay khong?
La chon v tr: Cac phng tien ot chat tha i ran hien ai co the chap
nhan ve mat moi trng, nhng viec anh gia chi tiet cac tac ong e n moi trng
phai c tien hanh thng xuyen. Viec la chon khu vc la thiet yeu e am bao
kha nang c chap nha n ve mat sc khoe cong ong do nhng tac ong cua kh thai
ra t lo ot. Theo kinh nghiem cua nhieu nc, khoang cach toi thieu t nha gan nhat
ti ni at lo o t la 200m c s dung lam tieu chuan nh hng chung (khoang
cach nay co the tranh c nhng tr ngai t he thong giao thong ng sa e i vao
nha may va nhng anh hng cua cot ong khoi co o cao 150 m)
Nen s dung cong nghe ot rac na o? chat thai c ot co thanh phan, tnh
chat khac nhau, oi hoi phai ap dung nhng cong nghe thch hp, quy trnh van hanh
hp ly mi at c hie u qua ot chat thai cung nh hieu qua kinh te trong van hanh
Cac chi ph von: Phng tien e ot chat tha i ran rat at.
Doanh thu t viec ban nang l ng: Tnh kinh te cua viec ot chat tha i ra n
phu thuoc vao doanh thu t ban nhie t va ien c san sinh ra. Nhng tnh toan nay
la da tren nang suat toa nhiet (nhiet tr) cua chat thai ran va tnh hieu qua cua qua
trnh san xuat, s dung nang lng.
Co kha nang thanh toa n: chi ph au t hang na m pha u e thanh toan ca
lai lan ph thu hoi von va sinh ra khoan li nhua n.
- oi ngu van hanh: phai co trnh o chuyen mo n cao,co kha nang van hanh he
thong an toan, hieu qua, x ly tot cac tnh huong khi co s co xa y ra
CAU HOI
1. Xac nh nhiet lng cua kh thoat ra t qua trnh ot 100 tan CTR/ngay. ac tnh
cua CTR nh sau:
Thanh phan % kg/ngay
328
Co the chay
Khong the chay
Nc
54,6
24,0
21,4
61.915,3
27.215,5
24.267,2
Cac nguye n to %kl
C
H
O
N
S
Nc
Cac chat tr
27,4
3,6
23,0
0,5
0,1
21,4
24,0
Cac ieu kien:
- Nhiet tr cua CTR la 11.782 kJ/kg (5.065 Btu/lb)
- Tro ay lo cha 5% cacbon khong chay
- Nhiet o: kh vao : 26
o
C
Tro ay lo : 426
o
C
- Nhiet dung rieng cua tro ay lo = 0,582 kJ/(kg.
o
C)
- An nhiet hoa hi cua nc = 2.420 kJ/kg
- Ton that do bc xa = 0,5% nhiet lng au va o
- Nhu cau oxi ly thuyet tnh theo phng trnh chay:
C : (C + O
2
= CO
2
) = 11,52 kg/kg
H : (2H
2
+ O
2
= 2H
2
O) = 34,56 kg/kg
S : (S + O
2
= SO
2
) = 4,31 kg/kg
- Nhiet tr cua C la: 32.564 kJ/kg
- o am cua khong kh la 1%.
2. Mot loai CTR o th co thanh phan nh sau:
Thanh phan % khoi lng
329
Thc pham tha 95,6
Giay 1,30
Cacton 0,30
Nha 1,50
Thuy tinh 0,60
Sat 0,1
Vo o hop 0,6
Hay tnh :
a) o am, nhiet tr, cong thc phan t cua CTR nay
b) Tnh toan can bang vat chat va nang lng do ot 100 tan CTR/ ngay
- Cac ieu kien khac lay t cau 1.
3. So sanh 2 he thong nhiet phan va kh hoa trong he thong ot thu hoi nang lng
ien. Trong ieu kien nao th he thong nhiet pha n hay kh hoa se c s dung?
4. Cho mot loai CTR o th co thanh phan nh sau:
Thanh phan Khoi lng, kg
Thc pham tha 8,0
Giay 35,8
Cacton 6,4
Nha 6,9
Vai 1,8
Cao su 0,4
Da 0,4
Rac vn 17,3
Go 1,8
Hay xac nh lng khong kh ly thuyet e ot 1 tan CTR nay.
5. Hay tnh cong suat ien cua he thong thu hoi na ng lng t CTR o th cong suat
1000 tan/ ngay. He thong bao gom to hp: lo kh hoa tang soi tuabin kh may
phat. Cho:
- Nhiet tr cua CTR: 11.782 kJ/kg
330
- Hieu suat nhiet lo kh hoa la 70%
-Hieu suat nhiet tuabin kh la 24%
- Hieu suat nhiet may phat la 96%
- ien nang phuc vu nha may phat ien chiem 21% cong suat may phat tong cong.
331
Chng 9: BAI CHON LAP CTR HP VE SINH
Chon lap (landfilling): la hanh ong o chat tha i vao khu at a c chuan b trc.
Qua trnh chon lap bao gom ca cong tac giam sat chat thai chuyen en, thai bo, nen
ep chat thai va lap at cac thiet b giam sat chat lng moi trng xung quanh.
Chon lap la phng pha p thai bo chat thai ran kinh te nhat va chap nhan c ve mat
moi trng. Ngay ca khi ap dung cac bien phap giam thieu lng chat thai, hay tai
sinh, tai s dung va ca ky thuat chuyen hoa chat thai, viec tha i bo phan chat thai con
lai ra bai chon lap van la mot khau quan trong trong chien lc qua n ly tong hp
CTR. Cong tac quan ly bai chon lap ket hp chat che vi quy hoach, thiet ke, van
hanh, ong ca va kiem soat sau khi ong ca hoan toan bai chon lap.
u nhc iem cua phng phap chon lap:
u iem:
Phu hp vi nhng ni co dien tch at rong.
X l c tat ca cac loai CTR, ke ca cac CTR ma nhng phng phap
khac khong the x ly triet e hoac khong x ly c.
BCL sau khi ong ca co the s dung cho nhieu muc ch khac nhau nh:
bai o xe, san chi, cong vien
Thu hoi nang lng t kh gas.
Khong the thieu du ap dung bat k phng phap x ly chat thai nao.
Linh hoat trong qua trnh s dung (khi khoi lng CTR gia tang co the
tang cng them cong nhan va thiet b c gii), trong khi cac phng phap
khac phai c m rong qui mo cong nghe e tang cong suat.
au t ban au va chi ph hoat ong cua BCL thap hn so vi nh ng
phng phap khac.
Nhc iem:
Ton nhieu dien tch at chon lap, nhat la nhng ni tai nguyen at co n
khan hiem.
Lay lan cac dch benh do s hoat ong cua ruoi, nhang va cac loai con
trung.
Gay o nhiem moi trng nc, at, kh xung quanh BCL
Co nguy c xay ra s co chay no, gay nguy hiem do s phat sinh kh CH
4
va H
2
S
Cong tac quan trac chat lng moi trng BCL va xung quanh van phai
c tien hanh sau khi ong ca.
332
Anh hng canh quan.
e ap ng yeu cau ve moi trng, khac phuc cac nhc iem cua chon lap, viec quy
hoach, thiet ke va van hanh cua mot bai chon lap CTR hien ai oi hoi ap dung
nhieu nguyen tac c ba n ve khoa hoc, ky thua t va kinh te. Cac van e chnh lien
quan en viec thiet ke BCL hp ve sinh bao gom :
(1) Van e moi trng va cac quy nh rang buoc
(2) Loai hnh va phng phap chon lap
(3) V tr bai chon lap
(4) Quan ly kh sinh ra trong qua trnh chon lap
(5) Kiem soat nc ro r cua bai rac
(6) Kiem soat nc be mat va nc ma
(7) Cau truc BCL va s sut lun
(8) Quan trac chat lng moi trng
(9) Bo tr ma t bang tong the va thiet ke s bo BCL
(10) Xay dng quy trnh van hanh BCL
(11) ong ca hoan toa n BCL va nhng van e can quan tam
(12) Tnh toan va thiet ke chi tiet BCL
9.1 KHAI NIE M BCL CHAT THAI RAN
Bai chon la p CTR (landfills): La mot dien tch hoac mot khu at c quy hoach, la
chon, thiet ke, xay dng e thai bo chat thai ran.
Bai chon la p hp ve sinh (sanitary landfill): Trc ay, nhng bai chon lap co che
phu chat thai vao cuoi moi ngay van hanh c xem la bai chon lap hp ve sinh.
Hien nay, bai chon lap hp ve sinh c nh ngha la bai chon lap chat thai ran c
thiet ke va van hanh sao cho cac tac ong en sc khoe cong ong va moi trng
c giam en mc thap nhat.
Bai chon lap an toan (secure landfill): la bai chon lap dung e chon lap chat thai nguy hai.
BCL bao gom cac o chon lap chat tha i, vung em va cac cong trnh phu tr khac
nhau nh tram x ly n c, kh thai, cung cap ien, nc va van phong ieu hanh
Cac thuat ng c dung cho bai chon lap bao gom:
- O chon lap chat thai (cell): la the tch cha vat lieu bao gom CTR va vat lieu
che phu c o vao BCL trong mot n v thi gian van hanh, thng la 1 ngay.
- Lp che phu hang ngay (daily cover): la lp at hay vat lieu khac day 0,15
0,35m c phu len be mat lam viec cua bai chon lap vao cuoi moi ngay van hanh. Lp
che phu nay c s dung e tranh hie n tng bay rac do gio, tranh chuot bo, ruo i
333
nhang va nhng sinh vat gay be nh xam nhap vao bai chon lap hay lan truye n mam
benh ra khu v c ben ngoai bai chon lap, cung nh han che n c ma tham vao bai
chon lap trong qua trnh van hanh.
- Lp (lift): la mo t lp hoan chnh bao phu ta t ca cac n nguyen tren toan bo
be mat lam viec cua bai chon lap. Thong thng, bai chon lap gom nhieu lp. Lp
cuoi cung (final lift): bao gom ca lp che phu.
- Bac thang (bench hay terrace): c s dung khi bai chon lap cao hn 15,24
22,86m nham duy tr o doc cua bai chon lap, am bao u dien tch la p at mng
thoat nc va ng ong thu hoi kh bai rac.
- Lp che phu cuoi cung (final cover layer): la lp phu tren cung cua bai chon
lap khi ke t thuc hoa t o ng chon lap tai bai chon lap. Lp nay bao gom nhieu lp at
va mang a chat, c thiet ke e tang cng kha nang thoat nc be mat, ngan
chan nc tham vao bai va la lp cap dng cho cay trong.
- Nc r rac (leachate): La n c c thu gom ay bai chon lap. oi vi nhng
bai cho n lap sau, n c r rac thng c thu tai nhng iem trung gian. Mot cach to ng
quat, nc ro r sinh ra do nc ma, nc be mat chay tran va nc ti tieu tham vao
bai cho n lap. N c r rac cung bao gom ca n c co san trong rac cu ng nh nc ngam
ngam vao bai chon lap. Nc r rac cha nhieu hp chat hoa hoc sinh ra do s hoa tan
cua cac thanh phan trong rac va cac san pham cua nhng phan ng hoa hoc va sinh hoa
xa y ra trong bai cho n lap.
- Kh t o chon lap CTR (landfill gas): la hon hp kh sinh ra t cac o chon lap
chat thai do qua trnh phan huy t nhien CTR. Phan ln kh bai rac go m: kh metan
(CH
4
), kh cacbonic (CO
2
), la san pham chnh cu a qua trnh phan huy k kh phan hu
c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua chat thai ran o th trong bai cho n lap. Nhng
thanh phan kh khac gom co nit (N
2
) va oxy khong kh, amonia (NH
3
) va cac hp
chat hu c vi lng.
- Lp lot ay (landfill liner): la cac vat lieu (bao gom t nhien va nhan tao)
c trai tren toan dien tch ay va thanh, bao quanh o chon lap. Lp lo t ay thng
la lp at set nen va lp mang a chat c thiet ke nham ngan nga, giam thieu s
ngam, tham thau cua nc r rac va kh bai rac vao tang nc ngam.
- Cac phng tien kiem soat bai chon lap (landfill control facilities) bao gom lp
lot ay, he thong thu gom va thoat nc r rac, he thong thu va thoa t kh bai rac, cac
lp che phu hang ngay va lp phu cuoi cung.
- Vung em (Surrounding area): la dai at bao quanh BCL nham muc ch ngan
cach, giam thieu tac ong xau cua BCL en mo i trng va khu dan c la n can.
- Hang rao bao ve (fence): la he thong tng, rao chan, vanh ai cay xanh hoac
vat can co chieu cao nhat nh bao quanh BCL, nham han che tac ong t cac hoa t
ong chon lap CTR en moi trng xung quanh.
334
- Quan trac moi tr ng (environmental monitoring): la cac hoat ong gan lien
vi viec lay mau va phan tch cac mau nc, khong kh, nham kiem soat s lan
truyen kh bai rac va nc ro r ta i khu vc bai cho n lap.
- ong c a BCL (landfill closure): la viec ng ng hoan toan hoat o ng chon lap
CTR tai BCL. ay la bc can thiet e bao am an toan cho bai chon lap khi a lap
ay hoan toan.
- Kiem soat sau khi ong ca (Postclosure care): la nhng hoat o ng lien quan
en viec giam sat va bao dng lau dai cac bai chon lap a ong c a hoan toan (t 30
50 nam).
- Thi gian hoat ong cua BCL: la toan bo th i gian t khi bat au chon lap
CTR en khi ong ca BCL.
- He thong thu gom kh tha i: la he thong cac cong trnh, thiet b thu gom kh thai
sinh ra t BCL nham ngan nga, giam thieu o nhiem khong kh va nguy c gay chay, no.
- He thong thu gom nc rac: la he thong cac co ng trnh bao gom tang thu gom,
ng ong dan, mng dan e thu gom nc rac ve ho tap trung hoac t i tram x ly.
- He thong thoat nc mat va nc ma: la he thong thu gom nc mat va nc
ma dan ve ni quy nh nham ngan nga nc mat t ben ngoai xam nhap vao cac o
chon lap.
9.2 PHAN LOAI BCL CHAT THAI RAN
Tnh en thi iem hien tai, co rat nhieu he thong va quan iem phan loai BCL chat
thai ran khac nhau, c trnh bay nh sau:
9.2.1 Phan loai theo hnh thc chon lap
Can c tren hnh thc chon lap, cho en hien nay a ton tai 3 loai hnh chon lap CTR,
o la: bai h (open dumps); chon di bien (submarine disposal); BCL hp ve sinh
(Sanitary landfill)
9.2.1.1 Bai h
ay la bai chon lap theo phng phap co ien, a c ap dung t rat lau. Ngay ca
trong thi ky Hy Lap va La Ma co ai cach ay khoang 500 nam trc cong nguyen,
con ngi a biet o rac ben ngoai cac thanh luy - lau ai cuoi hng gio. Cho en
nay, phng phap nay van con ap dung nhieu ni tren the gii.
Phng phap nay co nhieu nhc iem nh:
Lam mat ve tham my cua canh quan.
La moi trng thuan li cho cac ong vat gam nham, cac loai con trung, vector
gay benh sinh soi, nay n, gay nguy hiem cho sc khoe con ngi.
Nc r rac sinh ra t cac bai rac h se lam bai rac tr nen lay loi, am t. Nc
r rac nay do khong co bie n phap kiem soat, khong co he thong thu gom, se tham vao cac
335
tang at ben di gay o nhiem nguon nc ngam, hoac tao thanh dong chay tran gay o
nhiem nguon nc mat.
Bai rac h se gay o nhiem khong kh do qua trnh phan huy rac tao thanh cac
kh co mui hoi thoi; Mat khac cac bai rac h con co hien tng "chay ngam" hay co the
chay thanh ngon la, va tat ca cac qua trnh tren se dan en van e o nhiem khong kh.
ay la phng phap x ly CTR re tien nhat, ch ton chi ph cho cong viec thu gom va
van chuyen rac t ni phat sinh en ba i rac. Tuy nhien phng phap na y lai o i hoi
mot dien tch bai rac l n. Do vay cac thanh pho ong dan c va at ai khan hiem
th phng phap nay tr nen at tien cung vi nhieu nhc iem nh a neu tren.
9.2.1.2 Chon di bien
Nhieu nghien cu cho thay viec chon rac di bien cung co nhieu ieu li. V du,
thanh pho New York, trc ay CTR c ch en ben cang bang nhng oan xe la
rieng, sau o chung c cac xa lan ch em chon di bien o sau toi thieu
30,5m, nham tranh tnh trang li ca b vng mac. Ngoai ra, San Francisco, New
York va mot so thanh pho ven bien khac cua Hoa Ky, ngi ta con xay dng nhng
bai rac ngam nhan tao tren c s s dung cac khoi gach, be tong pha v t cac khu
xay dng hoac tham ch cac o to thai bo. ieu nay va giai quyet c van e chat
thai, ong thi tao ra ni tru an cho cac loai sinh vat bien,
Tuy nhien, v i nhng nghien cu gan ay, viec thai bo qua mc CTR xuong bien a
gay tac ong ln en l p vi sinh vat cung nh lp thc vat ay, anh hng en chuoi
thc an cua he sinh vat bien. V vay, chon rac di bien khong con c anh gia la
hieu qua.
9.2.1.3 BCL hp ve sinh
ay la phng phap c nhieu o th tren the gii ap dung cho qua trnh x ly rac
thai. V du Hoa Ky co tren 80% lng rac thai o th c x ly bang phnng phap
nay; hoac cac nc Anh, Nhat Ban,
Bai chon lap hp ve sinh c thiet ke e o bo CTR sao cho mc o gay oc hai
en moi trng la nho nhat. Tai ay CTR c o bo vao cac o chon lap cua BCL,
sau o c nen va bao phu mot lp at day khoang 1,5cm (hay vat lie u bao phu)
cuoi moi ngay. Khi bai chon lap hp ve sinh a s dung het cong suat thiet ke cua no,
mot lp a t (hay va t lieu bao phu) sau cung day khoang 60cm c phu len tren.
BCL hp ve sinh co he thong thu va x ly nc ro r, kh thai t bai chon lap.
Bai chon lap h p ve sinh co nhng u iem sau:
nhng ni co a t trong, BCL hp ve sinh thng la phng phap kinh te
nhat cho viec o bo chat thai ran.
336
au t ban au va chi ph hoat ong cua BCL hp ve sinh thap so vi cac
phng phap khac (ot, u phan).
BCL hp ve sinh co the nhan tat ca cac loai CTR ma khong can thiet phai
thu gom rieng le hay phan loai.
BCL hp ve sinh rat linh hoat trong khi s dung. V du, khi khoi lng CTR
gia tang co the tang cng them cong nhan va thiet b c gii, trong khi o cac
phng phap khac phai m rong nha may e tang cong suat.
Do b nen chat va phu at len tren nen cac con trung, chuot bo, ruoi muoi
khong sinh soi nay n c.
Cac hien tng chay ngam hay chay bung kho co the xay ra, ngoai ra giam
thieu c cac mui hoi thoi gay o nhiem khong kh.
Gop phan lam giam nan o nhiem nc ngam va nc mat.
Cac BCL hp ve sinh sau khi ong ca co the xay dng thanh cac co ng
vien, cac san chi, san van ong, cong vien giao duc, san golf, hay cac cong trnh
phuc vu ngh ngi giai tr (recreational facilities). V du, Hoa Ky co cac san van
ong Denver, Colorado, Mout Transhmore co nguon goc la cac bai chon lap.
Tuy nhien, cac BCL hp ve sinh cung co mot so nhc iem sau:
Cac bai chon lap hp ve sinh oi hoi dien tch at ln. Mot thanh pho ong
dan c, co so lng rac thai cang nhieu th dien tch bai thai cang ln. Ngi ta c
tnh mot thanh pho co quy mo 10.000 dan th lng rac thai moi nam co the lap ay
dien tch 1 hecta vi chieu sau 3m.
Cac lp at phu cac BCL hp ve sinh thng hay b gio thoi va phat tan
i xa.
Cac BCL hp ve sinh thng sinh ra cac kh CH
4
hoac kh H
2
S oc hai co
kha nang gay chay no hay gay ngat. Tuy nhien kh CH
4
co the c thu hoi e lam
kh ot.
Neu khong xay dng va quan ly tot co the gay ra o nhhiem nc ngam va o
nhiem khong kh.
9.2.2 Phan loai theo chc nang
Co rat nhieu he thong phan loai BCL khac nhau. ien hnh nh he thong bang
California a ra nam 1964, ay la mot trong so nhng he thong c a nh gia la hp
ly. Theo he thong nay, BCL c chia thanh 3 loai theo chc nang cua bai.
Bang 9.1: Phan loai ba i rac ve sinh
337
Trong o , chat thai theo quy nh la chat thai khong nguy hai, co the giai phong
nhng thanh phan co nong o vt qua tieu chuan chat lng nc hoac la nhng
chat thai a c DOHS (State Department of Health Service) cho phep. Lu y rang
he thong phan loai nay chu trong en bao ve nguon nc mat, nc ngam hn la van
e phat tan kh bai rac va chat lng moi trng khong kh.
9.2.2.1 Bai chon lap CTR sinh hoat hon hp
Ngoai lng CTR sinh hoat can chon lap theo yeu cau, mot lng nhat nh cac chat
thai ran cong nghiep khong nguy hai va bun t tram x ly nc thai cu ng c phep
o nhieu bai chon lap thuoc nhom nay. Tuy nhien, bun t tram x ly nc thai ch
c phep o ra bai cho n lap neu a tach nc at nong o chat ran t 51% tr len.
V du, California, bun o bai chon lap CTRSH phai at ty le khoi lng chat thai
ran : bun la 5:1.
Vat lieu che phu trung gian va che phu cuoi cung cua BCL co the la at hay nhng
vat lieu khac nh phan compost t rac vun va rac sinh hoat, hun cong ranh, xa ban
e tang them sc cha cua BCL, nhng BCL a ong ca mot so ni co the tai s
dung bang cach ao phan chat thai a phan huy e thu hoi kim loai va s dung phan
con lai lam vat lieu che phu hang ngay cho chat thai mi. Trong mot so trng hp,
chat thai a phan huy c ao len, d tr va lap at lp lot ay trc khi s dung lai
BCL.
9.2.2.2 Bai chon lap cha t tha i a nghien
Vi u iem lam tang khoi lng rieng cua rac thai len en 35% so vi chat thai ban
au, CTR se c nghien trc khi chon lap va khong can che phu ha ng ngay. Vi
loai bai nay, cac van e ve mui, ruoi nhang, chuot, bo va gio thoi bay rac khong con
quan trong na v rac nghien co the nen tot hn va co be mat ong nhat hn, lng
chat thai che phu giam va mot so loai vat lieu che phu khac co the khong che c
nc ngam vao bai chon lap trong qua trnh van hanh.
Nhng iem bat li chnh cua phng phap nay la can co thiet b nen rac va cung can
danh rieng khu vc e chon lap chat tha i khong nen c. Phng phap nay co the ap
dung c nhng ni co chi ph chon lap cao, vat lieu che phu kho ng san co va
lng ma thap hoac tap trung theo mua. CTR a nghien cung co the san xuat phan
hu c hoac dung lam l p che phu trung gian.
9.2.2.3 Bai chon lap nhng tha nh phan chat thai rieng biet (quy nh)
LOAI BAI CTR LOAI CHAT THAI
I
CTR nguy hai
II CTR quy nh
III CTR sinh hoat
338
BCL nhng thanh phan chat thai rieng biet go i la bai chon lap n (monofill). Tro,
amiang va nhng chat thai tng t, thng nh ngha la chat thai theo quy nh,
c chon nhng bai chon lap rieng e tach biet chung vi cac thanh phan khac cua
CTR sinh hoat. V tro co cha mot phan nho cac chat hu c khong chay, nen mui
sinh ra do qua trnh kh Sunfat tr thanh van e can quan tam oi vi bai chon lap
tro. e khac phuc mui t cac bai chon lap tro na y, can lap at he thong thu hoi kh.
9.2.2.4 Cac loai ba i chon la p khac
Ben canh nhng BCL co ien a mo ta, mot so phng phap chon lap ac biet a
c thiet ke tuy theo muc ch quan ly bai chon lap nh 1) BCL c thiet ke nham
tang toc o sinh kh, 2) BCL van hanh nh nhng n v x ly CTR hp nhat.
- Bai chon lap c thie t ke e ta ng toc o sinh kh: Neu lng kh tha i phat
sinh va thu ho i t qua trnh phan huy k kh CTR c khong che a t cc ai, khi o
can thiet ke bai chon la p CTR ac biet. Chang han, e tan dung o sau CTR c o
nhng n nguyen rieng biet khong can lp che phu trung gian va nc ro r c
tuan hoan tr lai e tang hieu qua qua trnh pha n huy sinh hoc. iem bat li cua loai
BCL nay la lng nc ro r d can phai x ly.
- Bai chon lap ong vai tro nh nhng n v x ly CTR hp nhat: Cac thanh
phan hu c c tach rieng va o vao bai chon lap rieng e co the tang toc o phan
huy sinh hoc bang cach tang o am cua rac, nh s dung nc ro r tuan hoan, bo
sung bun t tram x ly nc thai hoac phan o ng vat. CTR a b phan huy dung lam
vat lieu che phu cho nhng khu vc chon lap mi va n nguyen nay lai c dung
cho loai rac mi.
9.2.3 Phan loai theo a hnh
Can c theo a hnh cua v tr xay dng BCL, co the tien hanh chon lap theo cac
phng phap chu yeu: ao ranh/ho; chon lap tre n khu vc at bang va chon lap theo
hem nui.
9.2.3.1 Phng phap ao ho/ra nh
Phng phap ao ranh chon CTR la phng phap ly tng cho nhng khu vc co o
sau thch hp, vat lieu che phu san co va mc nc ngam khong gan be mat, thch
hp s dung cho nhng at ai bang phang hay nghieng eu va ac biet la nhng ni
co chieu sau lp at ao tai bai o u e bao phu lp rac nen.
Trong phng phap nay, au tien phai ao ho/ra nh, lap at he thong lp lot, he thong
thu nc ro r va he thong thoat kh. at ao c dung lam vat lieu che phu hang
ngay ( cuo i moi ngay hoat ong, phu len tre n rac a nen mot lp vat lieu bao phu
(at) day t 0,15 - 0,3 m e tranh phat sinh va lan truyen mu i ho i, tra nh ruoi muoi
sinh song, tranh nc ma ngam vao rac phat sinh nc ro r, tranh rac bay,) hoac
lp che phu cuoi cung. Lp lot co the la lp ma ng a chat tong hp, l p at set co o
tham thau thap hoac ket hp ca hai loa i nay e han che s lan truyen cua nc ro r
va kh thai phat sinh t BCL. Ho chon lap thng co dang hnh vuong vi kch thc
339
moi canh co the len e n 305m va o doc mat tren dao ong trong khoang 1,5:1 en
2:1. Mng co chieu da i thay oi trong khoang 61 305m, chieu sau t 0,9 3,0m
va chieu rong t 4,6 15,2m. Sau o CTR c o vao ho / ranh vi chieu day t
0,45 - 0,60 m. Xe ui se trai eu rac tren be ma t ho/ranh ao va rac c nen bang xe
lu hay xe am chan cu.
Hoat ong c tiep tuc dien ra en khi a t chieu cao thiet ke lap ay moi ngay. Chieu
dai s dung moi ngay phu thuoc vao chieu cao la p ay va kho i lng CTR. Chieu dai
cung phai u e tranh gay s cham tre cho cac xe thu gom rac ch i o rac. Chieu
rong cua ranh t nhat cung bang 2 lan chieu ro ng cua thiet b nen ep e cac lop xe
hay e xe nen tat ca cac vat lieu tren dien tch lam viec. at bao phu moi ngay c
lay bang cach ao cac ranh ke ben hay tiep tuc ao ranh ang c lap ay.
Trong mo t so trng h p, BCL c phep xay dng di mc nc ngam neu cau
truc bai chon am bao ngan nc ngam tham t ben ngoai vao cung nh nc ro r va
nc thai phat tan ra moi trng xung quanh. BCL dang nay thng c thao nc,
ao va lot ay theo quy nh. Cac thie t b thao nc phai hoat ong lie n tuc cho en
khi o CTR vao bai chon e tranh hien tng ta o ap suat nang co the lam lp ay b
nhac len va rach.
9.2.3.2 Phng phap chon la p tren khu vc a t bang phang
Phng phap nay c s dung khi a hnh khong cho phep ao ho hoac mng. Khu
vc bai chon lap c lot ay va lap at he thong thu nc ro r. Vat lieu che phu phai
c ch en bang xe tai hoac xe xuc at t nhng khu vc lan can. nhng khu vc
khong co san vat lieu che phu, phan compost lam t rac vn va rac sinh hoat c dung
thay the, cung co the dung cac loai vat lieu che phu tam thi di ong c nh at va
mang a chat. at va mang a chat phu tren be mat n nguyen a o rac co the thao
ra khi can o lp tiep theo.
Trong phng phap nay, au tien phai xay dng mot con e at (e chat thai khi no
c o va trai thanh lp mong), lap at he thong lp lot, he thong thu nc ro r va he
thong thoat kh cho khu vc o rac. CTR c o tren mat at, sau o s dung xe ui trai
rac ra thanh nhng day dai va hep, moi lp co chieu sau thay oi t 0,40,75 m. Moi lp
c nen bang xe lu hay am chan cu, sau khi lp di c nen xong th tiep tuc o,
trai eu va nen them mot lp mi tren. Hoat ong c tiep dien nh the trong suot thi
gian lam viec cua ngay, en khi chieu day cua chat thai at en o cao t 1,8 3 m.
cuoi moi ngay hoat ong, mot lp at (vat lieu bao phu) day t 0,15 - 0,3 m c phu len
tren rac a nen.
Chieu rong cua khu v c o rac thng t 2,5 6,0 m, chieu dai BCL thay oi phu
thuoc vao khoi lng ra c, ieu kien bai o va trang thiet b. Khi mot ta ng rac chon,
nen va phu at c hoan thanh th tang ke tie p c at len tren tang ben di cho
ti khi at en o cao thiet ke.
9.2.3.3 Phng phap hem nui/loi lom
340
Cac hem nui, khe nui, ho ao, ni khai thac mo co the c s dung lam bai chon
lap. Ky thua t o va nen chat thai trong cac khe nui, mom nui, mo a phu thuoc vao
a hnh, a chat va thuy van cua bai o, ac iem cua vat lieu bao phu, thiet b
kiem soat nc ro r, kh bai rac va ng vao khu vc bai chon lap.
Thoat nc be mat la mot yeu to quan trong trong phng phap lom nui. Phng
phap chon lap nhieu l p trong trng hp nay tng t nh BCL dang bang phang.
Neu ay tng oi bang phang, trc khi chon lap, co the ap dung phng phap ao
ho/ranh nh trnh bay tren e thu c at ao phu.
u iem cua phng phap nay la vat lieu che phu san co cho tng lp rieng biet sau
khi lap ay cung nh cho toan bo bai chon lap khi a at o cao thiet ke . Vat lieu che
phu lay t vach hoac ay nui trc khi at lp lo t ay.
oi vi ho chon va khu vc mo khai thac neu khong u vat lieu che phu trung gian co
the ch t ni khac en hoac dung phan compost lam t rac vn va rac sinh hoat e
che phu.
9.2.4 Theo loai CTR tiep nhan
BCL CTR kho: la bai chon lap cac chat thai thong thng (rac sinh hoat, rac
ng pho va rac cong nghiep).
BCL CTR t: la bai chon lap dung e chon lap chat thai di dang bun
nhao.
BCL CTR hon hp: la ni dung e chon lap chat thai thong thng va ca bun
nhao. oi vi cac o da nh e chon lap t va hon hp bat buoc phai ta ng kha nang
hap thu nc rac cua he thong thu nc rac, khong e cho rac tham en nc ngam.
9.2.5 Theo ket cau
Bai chon lap no i: la ba i chon lap xay noi tren mat at nhng ni co a
hnh bang phang, hoac khong doc lam (vung o i go). Chat tha i c chat thanh ong
cao en 15m. Trong trng hp nay xung quanh bai chon lap phai co cac e khong
tham e ngan chan nc rac xam nhap vao nc mat xung quanh cung nh nc mat
xung quanh xam nhap vao bai chon lap.
Hnh 9.1: Bai chon la p noi
Bai chon la p chm: la loai bai chm di ma t at hoac tan dung cac ho t nhien,
mo khai thac cu, hao, mng, ranh.
Cac o chon lap CTR
Ranh thoat nc
ma, nc mat
Lp bao phu tren cung
Mat
at
341
Bai chon lap ket h p: la loai ba i xay dng na chm, na no i. Chat thai khong ch
c chon lap ay ho ma sau o tiep tuc c chat ong len tren.
Hnh 9.2: Bai chon la p ket h p chm noi
Bai chon lap khe nu i: la loai bai c hnh thanh bang cach tan dung khe nui
cac vung nui, oi cao.
Hnh 9.3: Bai chon la p khe nui
9.2.6 Phan loai theo qui mo
Quy mo BCL CTR o th phu thuoc vao quy mo cua o th nh dan so , lng CTR
phat sinh , ac iem CTR... Theo Thong t lien tch so 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-
BXD: Hng dan cac quy nh ve bao ve mo i trng oi vi viec la chon a iem,
xay dng va van hanh BCL CTR; Quy mo cua BCL co the c pha n ra thanh cac
loai nho, va, ln va ra t ln theo bang sau:
Bang 9.2: Phan loai qui mo BCL chat thai ran
STT Loai bai Dan so o th hien tai Lng rac (tan/nam) Dien tch bai (ha)
1 Nho s 100.000 20.000 s 10
2 Va 100.000 - 300.000 65.000 10 - 30
Lp bao phu tren cung
(doc)
Ranh thoat
nc
nh bai chon
lap
Mat at ban
au
Cac o chon lap CTR
Mat at
Ranh thoat
nc
Lp bao phu tren cung (doc)
342
3 Ln 300.000 - 1.000.000 200.000 30 - 50
4 Rat ln > 1.000.000 > 200.000 > 50
Thi gian hoat ong o i vi BCL chat thai t nhat la 5 nam. Hieu qua nhat t 25 nam
tr len.
9.3 LA CHON V TR BCL CTR
Nguyen tac chung
Cong tac chuan b au t, thc hien au t, xay dng bai chon lap phai tuan theo
Ngh nh so 16/2005/N-CP, ngay 07/02/2005 cua Chnh phu ve viec ban hanh quy
che quan l au t xay dng. Ngh nh 209/2005/N-CP ngay 16/02/2004 cua Chnh
phu ve viec quan ly chat lng cong trnh xay d ng va theo cac quy nh tai Thong t
lien tch so 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngay 18/01/2001 cua Bo Khoa hoc,
Cong nghe va Moi trng va Bo Xay dng ve viec h ng dan cac quy nh ve bao ve
moi trng o i vi viec la chon a iem, xay dng va van hanh BCL CTR.
Khi la chon a iem xay dng BCL, can phai can c vao quy hoach tong the cua
tng vung, tnh hoac thanh pho a c c quan Nha nc co tham quye n phe duyet,
phai am bao s phat trien ben vng va phai xem xet toan dien cac yeu to sau: 1) cac
yeu to t nhien, 2) cac yeu to kinh te xa hoi, 3) cac yeu to ve c s ha tang, 4)
khoang cach thch hp khi la chon BCL.
9.3.1 Cac yeu to t nhien - ky thuat
a hnh
Khu vc c chon phai co kha nang lam tieu thoat nc, ngan nga ong trong
khu vc BCL va xung quanh. ieu nay rat quan trong v giam c l ng nc tham
vao BCL.
Kh hau
Kh hau co anh hng en viec la chon v tr bai chon lap. Kh hau am t, th bat
buoc phai la chon khu vc chon lap tach biet. Kh hau bang gia th vat lieu bao phu
phai c d tr san trong kho phong khi viec ao at khong the thc hien. Gio manh
th can can than tranh bay rac va xay dng hang rao chan gio.
Thuy va n
La yeu to quan trong trong viec thiet lap he thong thoat nc ma va nc chay tran.
Nhng o ac e a ra phng phap chuyen hng dong chay tran khoi BCL la can
thiet. D lieu ve nhng dong chay lien tuc va do ng chay gian oan, ac tnh cua dong
phan phoi phai c thu thap ay u.
a chat thuy van.
Lp at phu len CTR trong o chon lap sau mot ngay hoat ong hay lp at bao phu
cuoi cung sau khi hoat ong chon lap tai bai cho n lap ket thuc la can thiet v vat lieu
bao phu phu hp th thi gian hoat ong cua bai chon lap tang. Do o, can phai co u
343
thong tin ve lng va ac iem cua at trong khu vc. Neu lp a t a o len e xay
dng BCL c dung lam lp bao phu, th phai thu thap so lieu ve a chat va a
chat thuy van trong khu vc.
Cong tac trac a can c quan tam v no anh hng en loai BCL s dung, cach
van hanh, yeu cau thiet b va nhan cong.
a chat cong trnh.
Cac BCL mi khong c xay dng tren vung at mem tr khi:
o Nhng rui ro mo i trng la toi thieu.
o Khong vi pham luat.
o Khong gay sut lun at nghiem trong.
o Co giai phap khac phuc khi s co xay ra.
o BCL khong c xay dng gan khe at nt trong pham vi 70 m
o Phai thu thap u thong so ve ac iem a chat.
Yeu to tai nguyen, khoa ng san: khu vc xay d ng BCL khong nam trong hoac
gay tac ong en khu vc co nguon tai nguyen khoang san phong phu va co tr lng
ln. ac biet vi cac he tai nguyen sinh thai ong thc vat nhay cam, na m trong danh
muc cac tai nguyen quy hiem can c bao ton can phai co khoang cach ly an toan
toi thieu la 1000m.
Canh quan sinh thai.
Can phai xem xet nhieu yeu to tac ong cua BCL en moi tr ng xung quanh. Mot
BCL se tao ra bu i do x ly va vu i lap CTR. o ng thi chat thai ti b phan hu y se lan
toa ra mui hoi, gay cam giac kho chu. Gio co the cuo n theo rac ra ngoai khu v c BCL
va rac cung co the b ri vai khi van chuyen e n ni chon lap. ieu quan trong e chap
nhan mo t BCL la bo tr BCL ra kho i tam nhn va khu v c giai tr. a iem nen khuat
gio va h ng gio xa han khu dan c, cung nen tranh bo tr BCL gan cac nga t ng
hay truc lo giao thong chnh. Sau cung la gn gi khu vc BCL sach se gop phan giam
c phan ng cu a dan c quanh vu ng.
9.3.2 Cac yeu to kinh te xa hoi
S phan bo dan c cua khu vc:
Mac du BCL CTR co the c xay dng gan khu dan c hay khu cong nghiep, nhng
no phai c van hanh sao cho khong anh hng en giao thong khu v c, khong gay
on, mui, bui, anh hng en sc khoe ngi da n, khong gay mat canh quan. Nham
han che nhng anh hng cua hoat ong BCL, BCL can c xay dng nhng vung
xa khu dan c, khu cong nghiep ni ma dien tch at con rong.
344
Hien trang kinh te va kha nang tang trng kinh te cua khu vc cung la mot
yeu to can c lu y. Viec xay dng BCL phai khong c hoac anh hng t nhat
en kinh te khu vc. o i vi cac khu vc dan c nam trong vung cach ly an toan cua
d an, phai di di nhat thiet phai co cac chnh sach on nh va ho tr kinh te cho
ngi dan mot cach hp ly.
He thong quan ly hanh chnh a phng la mo t trong so nhng yeu to thuc
ay tien o cua d an. S hp tac va ung ho cua cac n v hanh chnh ai phng co
lien quan se la cau noi quan trong giai quye t cac mau thuan gia c quan au t va
c dan khu vc, am bao on nh an ninh trat t khu vc.
Trong xu hng phat trien chung cua xa hoi, cac di tch lch s a va ang b
e doa. V vay, can lu y cac khoang cach an toan cung nh anh gia cac kha nang
tac ong tiem an cua hoat ong BCL en cac khu di tch lch s.
An ninh va quoc phong can c am bao trong khu vc.
9.3.3 Cac yeu to ve c s ha tang
Giao thong va cac dch vu khac.
Hien trang s dung at.
Can am bao rang dien tch tai khu vc la chon BCL phai u cho viec xay dng
BCL hoat ong trong thi gian t nhat la 5 nam va cac cong trnh phu tr. Nhng anh
gia s bo ve v tr xay dng bai chon lap phai d kien c pham vi bien oi cua CTR
va anh hng cua s bien oi en khoi lng va tnh trang cua CTR phai chon lap.
Phan bo cac c s san xuat cong nghiep, khai khoang hien tai va tng lai.
He thong cap thoat nc va mang li ien.
9.3.4 Khoang cach thch hp khi la chon bai chon lap
Khoang cach van chuye n en BCL anh hng ang ke en toan bo thiet ke va van
hanh BCL.V tr BCL c la chon tren c s khoang cach van chuyen t ni thu
gom, tram trung chuyen en bai chon lap la nho nhat. Tuy nhien, khi la chon v tr
BCL da tren khoang cach van chuyen th nhng yeu to sau ay can phai c quan
tam:
Khoang cach t BCL en cac o th.
Khoang cach t BCL en cac cum dan c.
Khoang cach t BCL en cac san bay.
Khoang cach t BCL en cac cong trnh van hoa, khu du lch.
Khoang cach t BCL en cac cong trnh khai tha c nc ngam.
Khoang cach t ra BCL en ng giao thong chnh.
345
Bang 9.4: Quy nh khoang ca ch thch hp la chon v tr xay dng BCL
Khoang cach toi thieu t vanh ai cong trnh
en BCL (m)
Cac cong trnh ac iem va
quy mo cong
trnh
BCL nho&
va
BCL ln BCL rat ln
o th Cac thanh pho,
th tran, th xa,
th t,
3.000 5.000 5.000 15.000 15.00030.000
San bay, cac
khu cong
nghiep, hai cang
T quy mo nho
en ln
1 000 2 000 2 000 3 000 3 000 5 000
Cum dan c
ong bang va
trung du
> 15 ho
Cuoi hng gio
chnh
Cac hng khac
> 1 000
> 300
> 1 000
> 300
> 1 000
> 300
Cum dan c
mien nui
Theo khe nui
Khong vung khe
nui
3000 5000
Khong quy
nh
> 5 000
Khong quy
nh
> 5 000
Khong quy
nh
Cac cong trnh
khai thac nc
ngam
Cong suat < 100
m
3
/ngay
Cong suat <
10.000 m
3
/ngay
Cong suat >
10.000m
3
/ngay
50 100
> 100
> 500
> 100
> 500
> 1 000
> 500
> 1 000
> 5 000
Nguon: Thong t lien tch so 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD cua Bo Khoa hoc Cong
nghe Moi trng Bo Xay dng
Can ac biet chu y:
BCL chat thai hp ve sinh khong c at tai ca c khu vc ngap lut.
Khong c at cac BCL chat thai hp ve sinh nhng ni co nguon nc ngam
doi dao.
BCL chat thai hp ve sinh phai co mot vung e m rong t nhat 50m cach biet
vi ben ngoai. Bao boc ben ngoai vung em la hang rao bai.
BCL chat thai hp ve sinh phai hai hoa vi ca nh quan moi trng tong the
trong vong ban knh 1.000m. e at c mu c ch nay co the s cac bien
346
phap nh tao vanh ai ca y xanh, cac mo at hoac cac hnh thc khac e ben
ngoai bai khong nhn thay c.
9.3.5 S dung bai chon lap a ong ca
Mot trong nhhg tien ch cua BCL la sau khi ong ca, no co the phuc vu nhieu muc
ch hu ch khac nhau. Muc ch s dung bai chon lap sau khi ong ca co anh
hng rat ln en thiet ke va van hanh cung nh viec ong ca BCL va kiem soat
sau khi ong ca. Do o, muc ch nay phai c xac nh trc khi bo tr mat bang
va thiet ke BCL.
9.4 QUY NH VE MO I TRNG TRONG VIEC IEU TRA CHI TIET E
LA CHON BAI CHO N LAP
9.4.1 Quy trnh la chon bai chon lap
Co the chia lam 4 bc nh sau:
- Thu thap cac tai lieu lien quan en yeu cau cua BCL; khoi lng chat thai
can phai chon lap va d kien trong tng lai.
- Xac nh cac a iem co kha nang xay dng BCL chat thai. Cac v tr nay
co the xem xet va e xuat tren c s nghien cu phan tch cac ban o a hnh, a
chat, a chat thuy van, ban o hien trang s du ng at a co, hien trang phan bo dan
c,... To chc cac chuyen khao sat thc a.
- Xem xet tong quan, oi sanh cac tieu chuan cua BCL chat thai hp ve sinh
va loai bo bt mot so a iem d nh.
- La chon hnh thc, trong bc nay so sanh anh gia chi tiet cac a iem
con lai tren c s phan tch anh gia da theo cac ch tieu: ky thuat, kinh te va xa hoi,
la chon toi u, ap dung cac phng phap chap ban o, tnh iem cac ch tieu... Trong
bc nay, can phai tranh thu y kien cua cong ong nham giam bt cac kho khan khi
xay dng va van hanh BCL.
e thc hien c 4 bc can phai co ay u cac tai lieu ieu tra hien trang moi
trng, ac iem t nhien, kinh te xa hoi cua tat ca cac a iem d nh. T o,
cho iem tng yeu to o i vi tng a iem va l a chon a iem thch h p nhat.
9.4.2 Quy nh ve cac tai lieu ie u tra (mc o ieu tra)
ieu tra ve a hnh
oi vi tat ca BCL cha t thai phai tien hanh o at a hnh vi ty le 1 : 5.000; 1 :
2.000, ngoai ra con phai co ban o a hnh khu vc, ty le > 1 : 25.000 o i vi ong
bang va > 1 : 50.000 oi vi trung du va mien nui. Tat ca cac iem o a vat ly,
khoan a chat thuy van, khoan a chat cong trnh pahi c xac nh toa o, o cao
va a len ban o a hnh.
ieu tra ve thi tie t kh hau
347
Phai thu thap tai lieu kh hau cac tram kh t ng gan nhat, cac yeu to can thu thap
bao gom:
- Lng ma trung bnh cac thang trong nam, lng ma ngay ln nhat, ngay
nho nhat.
- o boc hi trung bnh va ln nhat trong thang.
- Hng gio va toc o gio trong nam.
- Nhiet o trung bnh, ln nhat va nho nhat trong thang.
ieu tra ve thuy van
Ngoai viec thu thap cac tai lieu ve thuy van khu vc (mang song suoi, gia tr mc
nc trung bnh, ln nhat, nho nhat, lu lng trung bnh, ln nha t, nho nhat cac
tram thuy van gan nhat; tai lieu ve che o thuy trieu oi vi cac vung anh hng
trieu), con phai tien hanh eu tra khao sat thc a va phai lam sang to cac van e c
ban sau:
- Mang l i song suoi cua khu v c va ac biet la cac dong chay qua khu vc BCL
(th ng xuyen oi v i dong chay lie n tu c va tam thi oi vi dong chay theo mua).
- Quy mo cua cac dong chay: o rong, o sau, hng chay...
- Lu vc cac dong chay: dien tch, o doc, kha na ng tap trung nc.
- Lu lng dong chay, ac biet chu y lu lng lu.
- Mc nc cao nhat, nho nhat cua cac dong chay.
- Chat lng nc.
- Hien trang s dung nc.
- Cac ao ho, kch thc va hien trang s dung.
- Bien ong mc nc cac ho.
- Khoang cach t BCL en cac ho, cac dong chay.
- Ket qua phan tch mot so mau nc.
Viec cap nhat cac so lieu tren vi chuo i thi gian cang nhieu cang co gia tr. Toi
thieu khong nho hn 5 10 nam.
ieu tra ve a chat, a chat thuy van va a cha t cong trnh
Mc o ieu tra phai tra li c cac van e c ban sau:
- Dien phan bo cua cac lp at a trong khu vc BCL, dien tch, be day, chieu
sau phan bo.
- Thanh phan thach loc cu a cac lp.
- He so tham nc cua cac lp.
348
- Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc, tnh chat c ly cu a cac lp at, thanh phan hat.
- Mc nc cua cac lp.
- Vung xay dng bai co cac t gay chay qua khong? Quy mo, tnh chat cua t gay.
- Mc o ong at
- Kha nang tr va chat l ng at phuc vu viec phu va ong ca BCL.
o sau nghien cu oi vi vung trung du phai t i chieu sau a goc, o ng bang phai
het o sau tang cha nc tren cung va mot so vung phai en o sau cua tang nc
chay chu yeu ang khai thac.
e thc hien cac yeu cau tren can phai:
- Tien hanh o a vat ly e xac nh t gay.
- Khoan va th nghiem t nhat mot lo khoan a chat thuy van. o sau lo khoan
a chat thuy van pha i vao tang cha nc co y ngha cap nc. V tr lo khoan co
the bo tr ngoai dien tch BCL en 50m (sau na y neu can co the s dung lam lo
khoan cap nc cho BCL hoac e lam tram Monitoring cua nc ngam).
- Hien trang khai thac s dung nc ngam cua khu vc.
- a chat cong trnh: Mang li khoan cac lo a chat cong trnh co the 30 m x
30 m en 50 m x 50 m tuy theo bai ln hay nho.
o Chieu sau cac lo khoan a chat cong trnh m 15 s
o So mau lay trong mo i l p t nhat la mot mau.
o Ch tie u phan tch: he so tham, thanh phan hat, tnh chat c ly cua at a.
o Tat ca cac lo khoan phai o mc nc.
o Sau khi ket thuc cong ta c khao sat, cac lo khoan can c lap am bao
ung yeu cau ky thuat, tuyet oi khong e nc tham r xuong di va
ch e lai cac lo khoan dung e quan trac (o mc nc, lay mau phan
tch...)
o Phan tch hoa hoc mot so mau at (moi lp toi thieu mot mau).
ieu tra he sinh thai khu vc
- He thc vat, ong vat chu yeu va y ngha kinh te cua no.
- He thuy sinh.
- Cac loai ong vat va thc vat quy hiem co trong sach o cua khu vc BCL va
vung phu can.
ieu tra ve tnh hnh, kinh te xa hoi
- Hien trang s dung at, ac biet d kien khu d kien chon BCL; nang suat san
xuat, gia tr kinh te hien tai.
349
- C s ha tang quanh BCL (giao thong, ien nc...)
- C s san xuat, kinh doanh, dch vu...
- Cac khudancgannhat (so dan, ty le sinhsan, benhtat hientai..., phongtuc tapquan).
- Cac khu du lch, di tch lch s van hoa, danh lam thang canh va cac yeu to khac.
- Y kien cua dan, chnh quyen a phng oi vi d kien chon BCL.
9.5 CAC QUA TRNH PHAN HUY CTR TRONG BAI CHON LAP
9.5.1 Cac qua trnh xay ra trong bai chon lap
e lap ke hoach va thie t ke BCL mot cach hieu qua, ngi thiet ke phai biet va hieu
ro nhng g xay ra ben trong BCL khi hoat ong chon lap c thc hie n. CTR c
o BCL hp ve sinh chu ong thi cung mot luc nhng bien oi sinh hoc, ly hoc,
hoa hoc bao gom:
Phan ra sinh hoc cua chat hu c co the phan huy hieu kh hoac k kh, san
sinh ra cac san pham kh va long.
S oxy hoa hoa hoc cac vat lie u.
S thoat kh t BCL va s khuech tan ngang cua kh xuyen qua BCL.
S di chuyen cua chat lo ng gay ra bi s khac nhau ve cot ap.
S hoa tan, s ro r cac chat hu c va vo c vao nc, nc ro r di chuyen
xuyen qua BCL.
S di chuyen cua chat hoa tan bi gradient nong o va hien tng tham thau.
S sut lun khong eu ga y ra do qua trnh on nh vat lieu vao cac cho rong.
S phan huy va on nh BCL phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh: s phan huy chat
thai, mc o nen chat, o am hien tai, s co mat cua cac chat c che, toc o di
chuyen cua nc va nhiet o. Bi v nhng mo i anh hng qua lai gi a cac yeu to
nen kho co the xac nh c tnh trang cua bat ky BCL nao bat ky thi iem nao.
Thong thng, toc o cua cac phan ng hoa hoc va sinh hoc BCL h p ve sinh gia
tang cung vi s gia ta ng nhiet o va o am cho en khi at en mot gii han tren
nao o. S phan huy, s hnh thanh kh gas va nc ro r, s sut lun va ac tnh cau
truc cua BCL se c e cap ky.
9.5.2 Ly thuyet ve s phat sinh kh metan trong BCL hp ve sinh
Hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat lien quan en s hnh thanh metan trong BCL hp ve
sinh xay ra qua 5 giai oan. Tuy nhien, cach phan chia nay ch mang tnh tng oi
bi v trong qua trnh phan huy khong bao gi xay ra theo tng giai oan mot, ma
nhng san pham sinh ra t giai oan trc se c s dung lam nguyen lieu cho giai
oan tiep theo cho en khi tao thanh san pham cuoi cung cua qua trnh phan huy.
Giai oan I: Giai oan thch nghi
350
Giai oan nay co the ke o dai t mot vai ngay cho en vai thang, phu thuoc vao toc o
phan huy CTR trong BCL, Trong giai oan na y, cac thanh phan hu c de phan huy
se b phan huy sinh hoc trc. S phan huy sinh hoc xay ra di ieu kien hieu kh
bi v mot lng khong kh b gi lai trong BCL. Nguon vi sinh vat (ca k kh lan
hieu kh) chu yeu chu trach nhiem phan huy chat thai co trong at dung lam vat lieu
bao phu moi ngay hoac lp at phu cuoi cung khi ong ca BCL. Ben canh o, bun t
tram x ly nc tha i c o bo cung vi CTR sinh hoat, nc ro r tuan hoan cung la
nguon vi sinh vat can thiet cho s phan huy.
Giai oan II: Giai oan chuyen pha
Trong giai oan II, ham lng oxy trong BCL giam dan va ieu kien k kh bat au
hnh thanh. Khi moi trng trong BCL tr nen k kh hoan toan, nitrat va Sunfat
cac chat ong vai tro la chat nhan ien t trong cac phan ng chuyen hoa sinh hoc
thng b kh thanh N
2
va H
2
S.
(9-1)
(9-2)
(9-3)
S gia tang mc o k kh trong moi trng ben trong BCL co the kiem soat c
bang cach o ien the oxy hoa kh cua chat tha i. Qua trnh kh nitrat va Sunfat xay
ra ieu kien oxy hoa kh trong khoang t 50 en 100mV. Kh CH
4
c tao
thanh khi ien the oxy hoa kh dao ong trong khoang t 150 en 300mV. Khi
ien the oxy hoa kh tie p tuc giam, tap hp vi sinh vat chuyen hoa cac chat hu c co
trong CTR thanh CH
4
va CO
2
bat au chuyen sang giai oan III bc au chuyen hoa
cac chat hu c phc tap thanh cac axit hu c va cac san pham trung gian. giai
oan nay, pH cua nc ro r ba t au giam do s co mat cua axit hu c va anh hng
cua kh CO
2
sinh ra trong BCL.
Giai oan III: Len men axit
Vi s tham gia cua tap hp vi sinh vat hnh thanh giai oan II, toc o tao thanh cac
axit hu c tang nhanh.
Bc au tien giai oan nay lien quan en qua trnh thuy phan cac hp chat cao
phan t (lipid, polysacchrides, proteins, nucleic axits) nh cac enzym trung gian
thanh cac hp chat n gian hn thch hp cho cac vi sinh vat s dung lam nguon
cung cap nang lng va carbon cho te bao cua chung.
2CH
3
CHOHCOOH + SO
4
2-
Lactate Sulfate
2CH
3
COOH + S
2-
+ H
2
O + CO
2
.
Acetate Sulfide
4H
2
+ SO
4
2-
S
2-
+ H
2
O
S
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
S
351
Bc th 2 la qua trnh len men axit, xay ra s bien o i cac hp chat a hnh thanh
bc tren thanh cac chat trung gian phan t l ng thap hn ma ac trng la axit acetic,
mot phan nho axit fulvic va mot so axit hu c khac. Kh CO
2
la kh chu yeu hnh thanh
trong giai oan III, mot lng nho H
2
S cung c hnh thanh. Vi sinh vat hoat o ng
trong giai oan chu ye u la tuy tie n va ye m kh nghiem ngat. pH cua nc ro r lu c nay
giam xuong en gia tr < 5 do s co mat cu a axit h u c va CO
2
trong BCL. BOD
5
,
COD va o dan ien tang len ang ke trong giai oan nay do s ho a tan cac axit hu c
vao trong nc ro r. Do pH cua nc ro r thap nen mot so thanh phan vo c, chu ye u
la kim loai nang se b hoa tan trong giai oan nay. Nhieu thanh phan dinh d ng c
ban cung c loai ra BCL do b hoa tan vao nc ro r. Neu khong tuan hoan n c ro
r th cac thanh phan dinh dng se b ra tro i khoi BCL.
Giai oan IV: Len men metan
Trong giai oan nay, nhom vi sinh vat th hai se chuye n hoa axit acetic va H
2
hnh
thanh t giai oan tr c thanh CH
4
va CO
2
. Chung la nhom vi sinh vat k kh nghiem
ngat c go i la vi khuan metan , chiem u the trong giai oan nay. S hnh thanh
metan va axit dien ra ong thi, mac du s hnh thanh axit giam ang ke. Do cac axit
va hydrogen b chuyen hoa thanh CH
4
va CO
2
nen pH cua nc ro r tang len at gia tr
trung tnh t 6.8 e n 8. Gia tr BOD
5
, COD, no ng o kim loai nang va o dan ie n n c
ro r giam xuong. Tuy nhien, trong nc ro r van con ch a mot so ion kim loai.
Giai oan V: Giai oan on nh (maturation phase)
Giai oan on nh xay ra sau khi cac chat hu c de phan huy sinh hoc c chuyen
hoa thanh CH
4
va CO
2
trong giai oan IV. Khi lng am tiep tuc tham vao phan chat
thai mi them vao, qua trnh chuyen hoa lai tie p tuc xay ra.Toc o sinh kh se giam
xuong ang ke trong giai oan nay v hau het cac chat dinh dng san co a b ra
troi theo nc ro r trong cac giai oan trc o va cac chat con lai hau het la cac
chat co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cham. Kh sinh ra chu yeu trong giai oan nay la
CH
4
va CO
2
. Trong suot giai oan on nh, nc ro r thng cha axit humic va axit
fulvic rat kho cho qua trnh sinh hoc dien ra tiep.
Tom lai, kh sinh ra t BCL bao gom ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, hydrogen Sunfit, metan , nitrogen va oxygen. Khoi lng phan t va ty
khoi cua cac kh nay c cho bang 6.3. Carbon dioxide va metan la cac kh chu
ye u sinh ra t s phan huy k kh cac thanh phan chat thai. Ty le phan tram ban au
cua kh cacbonoxyt cao la ket qua cua qua trnh phan huy hieu kh. S phan huy hieu
kh tiep tuc xay ra cho en khi oxy trong khong kh hien hu ban au ca n kiet. Sau o
s phan huy se i en s phan huy k kh. Neu BCL khong co lo thoa t hi th ty le
phan tram cua metan se tang len sau mot thi gian dai, bi v carbon dioxide se
khuech tan vao trong ta ng a t a ben di BCL.
Bang 9.6: Khoi lng phan t va khoi lng rieng cua cac kh
ieu kien 25
o
C va 1 atm
352
Loai kh Cong thc Khoi lng phan t
Khoi lng rieng
(kg/m
3
)
Khong kh 1.2928
Ammonia NH
3
17.03 0.7708
Carbon dioxide CO
2
44.00 1.9768
Carbon monoxide CO 28.00 1.2501
Hydrogen H
2
2.016 0.0898
Hydrogen Sunfit H
2
S 34.08 1.5392
Metan CH
4
16.03 0.7167
Nitrogen N
2
28.02 1.2507
Oxygen O
2
32.00 1.4289
Thi gian cua tng giai oan trong qua trnh sinh kh thay oi tuy thuoc vao ty le
thanh phan cua cac chat hu c, thanh phan cha t dinh dng, va o am cua CTR, o
am cua khu vc chon lap va o nen CTR trong BCL. V du: s hnh thanh kh se b
cham lai neu o am trong bai rac khong phu hp. Khi gia tang mat o CTR trong
BCL se lam giam kha nang phan bo o am trong BCL va nh vay se la m giam kha
nang bien oi sinh hoc va lng kh sinh ra.
Mot cach tong quat, phan ng hoa hoc phan huy yem kh trong BCL co the tom tat
nh sau:
CHC + H
2
O CHC a b phan huy sinh hoc + CH
4
+ CO
2
+ kh khac (9.4)
Chu y rang, phan ng oi hoi s co mat cua nc. Nhieu BCL thieu am c tm thay
trong ieu kien kho heo vi nhng t giay bao van con oc c. Do o, tong
lng kh c tao tha nh t CTR co the xac nh theo phng trnh can bang ty
lng, nhng ieu kien thuy van cua a phng co anh hng ang ke en toc o va
khoang thi gian e qua trnh hnh thanh kh xay ra.
The tch kh sinh ra t qua trnh phan huy yem kh co the c tnh theo nhieu cach
khac nhau. V du, neu thanh phan CTR hu c tm thay trong CTR o th (ngoai tr
plastic) co cong thc to ng quat dang C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
, th tong the tch lng kh sinh ra co
the tnh theo cong thc (8-5), gia s rang qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc bien oi hoan
toan cac chat hu c thanh kh CO
2
va CH
4
.
C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
+ (4a - b - 2c + 3d)/4 H
2
O (4a + b - 2c - 3d)/8 CH
4
+
+ (4a - b + 2c + 3d)/8 CO
2
+ dNH
3
Thong thng, chat hu c co trong CTR c phan lam hai loa i: 1) chat co kha nang
phan huy sinh hoc nhanh (3 thang en 5 nam) va 2) chat hu c co kha nang phan
Vi khuan
353
huy sinh hoc cham (5 e n 50 nam). Ty le chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc
tuy thuoc rat nhieu vao ham lng lignin cua chat thai. Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc
cua cac chat hu c khac nhau la khac nhau da tren c s ham lng lignin.
Bang 9.7: Thanh phan cac kh sinh ra trong mot bai ra c ve sinh suot 48 thang au
sau khi mot o chon lap rac hoan chnh
Phan tram trung bnh theo the tch, %
Khoang thi gian tnh t khi o chon
lap hoan chnh (thang)
N
2
CO
2
CH
4
0 3 5.2 88 5
3 6 3.8 76 21
6 12 0.4 65 29
12 18 1.1 52 40
18 24 0.4 53 47
24 30 0.2 52 48
30 36 1.3 46 51
36 42 0.9 50 47
42 48 0.4 51 48
Bang 9.8: Kha nang phan huy cua cac thanh phan chat hu c trong CTR
Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc
Thanh phan chat hu
c
Nhanh Cham
Rac thc pham
Giay bao
Giay van phong
Cacton
Nha Khong phan huy sinh hoc
Vai
Cao su
Da
Ra c vn
354
Go
Cac chat hu c khac
(Nguon: Tchobanoglous va cong s, 1983).
V du 9.1 Cho mot loa i CTR o th co thanh phan nh sau:
Thanh phan n v, kg Khoi lng, kg % khoi lng
Thanh phan de phan huy sinh hoc 65,1 84
Thc an tha 9
Giay 34
Giay ba 6
Rac vn (phan huy nhanh) 16,1
Thanh phan kho phan huy sinh hoc 12,4 16
Vai 2
Cao su 0,5
Da 0,5
Rac vn (phan huy cham) 7,4
Go 2,0
Tong cong 77.5 100
Hay xac nh thanh phan kh sinh ra do phan huy hoan toan loai CTR nay
Bai giai:
1. Ket qua tnh cong thc phan t
a. oi vi chat hu c pha n huy nhanh: C
68,5
H
110,5
O
50,1
N (C
68
H
110
O
50
N)
b. oi vi chat hu c pha n huy cham: C
19,5
H
29
O
9,2
N (C
20
H
2
O
9
N)
2. Phng trnh phan ng phan huy (len men metan)
a. C
68
H
111
O
50
N + 16 H
2
O 35 CH
4
+ 33 CO
2
+ NH
3
1741 288 560 1452 17
b. C
20
H
29
O
9
N + 9 H
2
O 11 CH
4
+ 9 CO
2
+ NH
3
427 162 176 396 17
3. Tnh lng metan va CO
2
phat sinh
a. g m x CH k / 449 , 0
7167 , 0
1
1741
560
3
4
= =
355
kg / 422 , 0
9768 , 1
1
1741
1452
3
2
m x CO = =
b. g m x CH k / 575 , 0
7167 , 0
1
427
176
3
4
= =
g m x CO k / 469 , 0
9768 , 1
1
427
396
3
2
= =
Phan tram the tch:
53
469 , 0 575 , 0 422 , 0 449 , 0
575 , 0 449 , 0
%
4
=
+ + +
+
= CH %
47
469 , 0 575 , 0 422 , 0 449 , 0
469 , 0 422 , 0
%
2
=
+ + +
+
= CO %
Toc o phat sinh kh BCL phu thuoc vao mot so yeu to sau:
- S tham thau cua lng cacbon trong thc vat, cung axit va ru hnh thanh
trong qua trnh chon lap phe thai lam giam kha nang tao kh.
- Qua nhieu nc ben ngoai tui kh se lam giam hieu qua hoat ong cua vi
khuan trong qua trnh ta o kh.
- Neu o kiem tang se la m o pH giam do san sinh axit trong phe tha i cung
lam giam lng kh.
- Khi nhiet o trong phe thai tang se lam giam l ng kh.
- Phe thai ong banh thanh khoi qua day ac hoac qua nhieu manh vun va
bot cung lam giam qua trnh san sinh kh.
- Neu trong phe thai co hoa chat oc hai se ngan can cac vi khuan tao kh
metan do thieu hut dinh dng.
9.5.3 S thay oi lng kh theo thi gian
Di ieu kien bnh thng, toc o phan huy cu a CTR trong BCL hp ve sinh at en
gia tr cc ai trong 2 nam au tien, sau o giam dan va co the keo dai trong khoang
thi gian 25 nam hoac hn the na. Toc o phan huy cua CTR trong BCL hp ve sinh
thng c bieu dien bang san lng kh sinh ra trong mot khoang thi gian.
Toc o phan huy hang nam cua cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh va cham c bieu dien
bang mo hnh san lng kh hnh tam giac, trong o gia tr san lng kh cc ai se at
c sau 1 nam oi vi chat hu c phan huy nhanh va sau 5 nam oi vi chat hu c phan
huy cham. Va gia s rang kh bat au phat sinh cuoi nam th nhat, tnh t thi iem bat
356
au chon lap chat thai. Tong lng kh sinh ra t chat thai chon lap cua nam th nhat c
tnh theo cong thc:
V(m
3
/kg) = 1/2 x h(m
3
/kg.nam) x T(nam) (9.5)
Trong o:
h: gia tr san lng kh cc ai, m
3
/(kg.nam)
T: thi gian e phan huy hoan toan cua phan chat thai ran hu c, nam
Mo hnh tam giac c tnh lng kh sinh ra theo thi gian xem hnh 9.5
9.5.3.1 Xac nh toc o sinh kh cc ai
a) oi vi chat hu c phan huy nhanh
Theo phng phap o th tam gia c, lng kh se sinh ra t chat hu c phan huy
nhanh trong vong 5 nam va lng kh sinh ra cc ai vao cuoi nam th nhat.
Tong lng kh sinh ra cua rac phan huy nhanh, m
3
/kg:
= 1/2 x Thi gian phan huy (nam) x Toc o sinh kh cc ai (m
3
/kg.nam) (9.6)
Toc o sinh kh cc ai cua rac phan huy nhanh:
= 2 x Tong lng kh sinh ra (m
3
/kg) /Thi gian phan huy (nam) (9.7)
b) oi vi chat hu c phan huy cham
Theo phng phap o th tam giac, lng kh se sinh ra t chat hu c phan huy cham
trong vong 15 nam va lng kh sinh ra cc ai vao cuoi nam th 5.
Tong lng kh sinh ra cua rac phan huy cham, (m
3
/kg):
= 1/2 x tong thi gian phan huy (nam) x Toc o sinh kh cc ai (m
3
/kg.nam) (9.8)
Toc o sinh kh cc ai cua rac phan huy cham
Thi gian phan huy (na m)
Hnh 9.5: o th tam gia c bieu dien toc o pha t sinh kh t rac co kha nang pha n huy nhanh
T
o
c
s
i
n
h
k
h
0 1 2 3 4 5
x 3/4x 2/4x 1/4x
357
= 2 x Tong lng kh sinh ra (m
3
/kg) / tong thi gian phan huy (nam) (9.9)
V du 9.2: Tnh toan l ng kh sinh ra moi nam cho bai rac co thi gian hoat ong la 5
nam. Biet rang:
1. Kh bat au sinh ra cuoi nam th 1 ke t khi van hanh BCL.
2. Thi gian phan huy toan bo chat hu c phan huy nhanh la 5 nam.
3. Thi gian phan huy toan bo chat hu c phan huy cham la 15 nam.
4. Toc o phan huy cua cac chat hu c phan hu y nhanh va cham tuan theo
mo hnh tam giac. San lng kh cao nhat xay ra vao cuoi nam th 1 oi vi
cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh va vao nam th 5 oi v i cac chat hu c
phan huy cham.
5. Tong lng kh sinh ra t cac chat hu c phan huy nhanh la 14m
3
/kg khoi
lng kho cua CTR.
6. Tong lng kh sinh ra t cac chat hu c phan huy cham la 16m
3
/kg khoi
lng kho cua CTR.
7. CTR o th tai BCL cha 79,5 chat hu c va 20,5 chat vo c.
8. Trong 79,5% chat hu c co: nha (7%, xem nh la chat tr), chat hu c
phan huy sinh hoc nhanh (60,1%), chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham
(12,4%),. Ngha la theo khoi lng kho, chat h u c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh
chiem 44,8 % va chat hu c phan huy sinh ho c cham chiem 7,3% tong chat
thai ran tai BCL.
Hnh 9.6: o th tam giac bieu dien toc o phat sinh kh t rac co kha nang phan huy cham
Toc o sinh kh
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1/5x 2/5x 3/5x 4/5x 5/5x 9/10x 8/10x 7/10x 6/10x 5/10x 4/10x 3/10x 2/10x 1/10x
358
9. Trong chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh, ch co 75% la co kha na ng
phan huy sinh hoc (v co nhng co nhng chat h u c cha trong tui nha hoac
qua kho nen khong phan huy sinh hoc)
10. Trong chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham, 50% co kha nang phan hu y
sinh hoc (phan con lai khong co kha nang phan huy v nhng ly do nh oi vi
chat hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham).
Bai giai:
1. Xac nh sa n lng kh sinh ra moi nam lan lt oi vi 1 kg chat hu c phan huy
nhanh va 1 kg chat hu c phan huy cham:
Chat hu c phan huy nhanh:
S dung mo hnh tam giac:
Tong lng kh sinh ra = 1/2 x tong thi gian pha n huy x toc o phat sinh kh cc ai
Suy ra:
Toc o phat sinh kh cc ai (toc o pha t sinh kh vao cuoi nam th nhat)
T
o
c
s
i
n
h
k
h
m
3
/
k
g
.
n
a
m
0 1 2 3 4 5
x 3/4x 2/4x 1/4x
toc o phat sinh kh cc ai
(m
3
/kg.nam)
tong lng kh sinh ra
(m
3
/kg)
tong thi gian phan huy
(nam)
= 2
359
= 6 , 5
5
14
2 = (m
3
/kg.nam)
Tong lng kh phat sinh trong nam th nhat:
V
n1
= 1/2 x 1 x 5,6 = 2,8 (m
3
/kg)
Toc o phat sinh kh vao nam th hai cua qua trnh phan huy:
= 3/4 x 5,6 = 4,2 (m
3
/kg.nam)
Tong lng kh phat sinh trong nam th 2:
V
n2
= [5,6 + 4.2) x 1] x 1/2 = 4,9 (m
3
/kg)
Tng t, tnh toc o phat sinh kh va tong lng kh sinh ra vao nam th 3, 4 , 5 c
trnh bay nh bang ket qua sau:
Cuoi nam
Toc o phat sinh kh
(m
3
/kg.nam)
Tong lng kh sinh ra
(m
3
/kg)
1 5,6 2,8
2 4,2 4,9
3 2,8 3,5
4 1,4 2,1
5 0,0 0,7
Tong 14
Chat hu c phan huy cham
S dung mo hnh tam giac:
Thi gian phan huy
(nam)
Toc o sinh kh (m
3
/kg.nam)
1/5x 2/5x 3/5x 4/5x 5/5x 9/10x 8/10x 7/10x 6/10x 5/10x 4/10x 3/10x 2/10x 1/10x
360
Toc o phat sinh kh cc ai (vao cuoi nam th 5)
= = 2,133 (m
3
/kg. nam)
Toc o phat sinh kh vao cuoi nam th nhat:
= 1/5 x 2,133 = 0,427 (m
3
/kg.nam)
Tong lng kh sinh ra trong nam th nhat:
= 1/2 x 0,427 x 1 = 0,213 (m
3
/kg)
Tong lng kh sinh ra trong nam th 2:
= [(0,472 + 2,133 x 2/5) x 1] x 1/2 = 0,64 (m
3
/kg)
Tnh tng t cho nhng nam con lai vi ket qua tnh nh bang sau:
Cuoi
nam
Toc o phat sinh
kh (m
3
/kg.nam)
Tong lng
kh (m
3
/kg)
Cuoi
nam
Toc o phat sinh
kh (m
3
/kg.na m)
Tong lng
kh (m
3
/kg)
1 0,427 0,213 9 1,280 1,387
2 0,853 0,64 10 1,066 1,173
3 1,280 1,067 11 0,853 0,960
4 1,706 1,493 12 0,640 0,747
5 2,133 1,920 13 0,427 0,534
6 1,920 2,027 14 0,213 0,320
7 1,706 1,813 15 0,000 0,107
8 1,493 1,600
Tong: 16,001
2. Xac nh toc o phat sinh va lng kh sinh ra moi nam t 1 kg CTR trong bai chon
lap (bao gom cac chat phan huy nhanh va phan huy cham)
toc o phat sinh kh cc ai
(m
3
/kg.nam)
tong lng kh sinh ra
(m
3
/kg)
tong thi gian phan huy
(nam)
= 2
16
15
2
361
Xac nh lng kh sinh ra t chat hu c phan huy nhanh va phan huy
cham cho 1 n v khoi lng CTR trong BCL:
o Khoi lng chat thai hu c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh trong 1 kg CTR t BCL:
= 0,448 x 0,75 = 0,336 kg /kg CTR
o Khoi lng chat thai hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham trong 1kg CTR t BCL:
= 0,073 x 0,5 = 0,0365 kg/kg CTR
o Tong the tch kh sinh ra do thanh phan h u c phan huy sinh hoc nhanh co
trong 1 kg CTR t BCL:
= 0,336 x 14 = 4,7 (m
3
/kg CTR)
o Tong the tch kh sinh ra do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh hoc cham co
trong 1 kg CTR t BCL:
= 0,0365 x 16 = 0,584 (m
3
/kg CTR)
Xac nh toc o phat sinh kh va lng kh phat sinh moi nam do s phan
huy 1 kg CTR t BCL:
o Toc o phat sinh kh va o nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh
hoc nhanh co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :
= 0,336 x 5,6 = 1,882 (m
3
/ kg CTR. nam)
o Tong lng kh sinh ra vao nam th nha t do tha nh phan hu c phan hu y sinh
hoc nhanh co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :
= 0,336 x 2,8 = 0,941 (m
3
/kg CTR)
Tng t tnh cho nhng nam con lai.
o Toc o phat sinh kh va o nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c phan huy sinh
hoc cham co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :
= 0,0365 x 0,427 = 0,0116 (m
3
/ kg CTR. nam)
o Tong lng kh sinh ra vao nam th nhat do thanh phan hu c de phan huy
sinh hoc co trong 1 kg CTR t BCL :
= 0,0365 x 0,213 = 0,008 (m
3
/kg CTR)
Tng t tnh cho nhng nam con lai.
Bang ke t qua:
Cuoi
nam
CHC
phan huy sinh hoc
nhanh
CHC
phan huy sinh hoc
cham
CTR
(nhanh + cha m)
362
Toc o phat
sinh
(kg/m
3
.nam)
Tong
lng
kh
(m
3
/
kg)
Toc o phat
sinh
(kg/m
3
.nam)
Tong
lng
kh
(m
3
/
kg)
Toc o phat
sinh
(kg/m
3
.nam)
Tong
lng
kh
(m
3
/
kg)
1 1,882 0,941 0,016 0,008 1,898 0,949
2 1,411 1,646 0,031 0,023 1,442 1,669
3 0,941 1,176 0,047 0,039 0,988 1,215
4 0,470 0,706 0,062 0,055 0,532 0,761
5 0,000 0,235 0,078 0,070 0,078 0,305
6 0,070 0,074 0,070 0,074
7 0,062 0,066 0,062 0,066
8 0,055 0,058 0,055 0,058
9 0,047 0,051 0,047 0,051
10 0,039 0,043 0,039 0,043
11 0,031 0,035 0,031 0,035
12 0,023 0,027 0,023 0,027
13 0,016 0,019 0,016 0,019
14 0,008 0,012 0,008 0,012
15 0,000 0,004 0,000 0,004
Tong 4,704 0,584 5,288
3. S du ng so lieu tnh toa n bc hai, tnh toa n lng kh phat sinh tai BCL qua
cac nam. Gia s rang lng rac thai vao BCL moi nam la nh nhau.
Lng kh phat sinh t BCL trong thi gian 5 nam van hanh
Toc o phat sinh kh (m
3
/kg. nam)
Cuoi
nam
Nam 1 Nam 2 Nam 3 Nam 4 Nam 5 Tong
Lng
kh (m
3
)
Tch luy
(m
3
)
1 1,898 0,000 0,000 1,898 0,949 0,949
2 1,442 1,898 0,000 0,000 3,340 2,618 3,567
3 0,988 1,442 1,898 0,000 0,000 4,328 3,633 7,400
4 0,532 0,988 1,442 1,898 0,000 4,861 4,593 11,993
5 0,078 0,532 0,988 1,442 1,898 4,939 4,899 16,892
363
6 0,070 0,078 0,532 0,988 1,442 3,112 4,024 20,916
7 0,062 0,070 0,078 0,532 0,988 1,731 2,420 23,336
8 0,055 0,062 0,070 0,078 0,532 0,798 1,264 24,600
9 0,047 0,055 0,062 0,070 0,078 0,312 0,544 25,154
10 0,039 0,047 0,055 0,062 0,070 0,274 0,292 25,446
11 0,031 0,039 0,047 0,055 0,062 0,235 0,253 25,699
12 0,023 0,031 0,039 0,047 0,055 0,196 0,214 25,913
13 0,016 0,023 0,031 0,039 0,047 0,157 0,175 26,088
14 0,008 0,016 0,023 0,031 0,039 0,118 0,136 26,224
15 0,000 0,008 0,016 0,023 0,031 0,079 0,097 26,321
16 0,000 0,008 0,016 0,023 0,048 0,062 26,383
17 0,000 0,008 0,016 0,024 0,035 26,418
18 0,000 0,008 0,009 0,016 26,434
19 0,000 0,000 0,004 26,438
9.5.4. S di chuyen cua kh sinh ra trong BCL
Ap suat ben trong BCL luon luon ln hn ap suat kh quyen, kh sinh ra trong BCL
hp ve sinh se thoat va o kh quyen di s chi phoi cua qua trnh khue ch tan va qua
trnh oi lu. Cac yeu to khac co the anh hng en s di chuyen cua kh trong BCL
la s hap thu cua kh va o trong nc ro r va vat lieu ran, s phat sinh va tieu thu cac
thanh phan kh do cac hoat ong sinh hoc va cac phan ng hoa hoc.
Mac du, hau het kh metan thoat vao kh quyen, ca kh metan va kh CO
2
eu ton tai
vi nong o 40% khoa ng cach 120 m t mep cua BCL khong co lp lot ay. oi vi
nhng BCL khong co he thong thu kh, khoang cach nay thay oi tuy theo ac tnh
cua vat lieu che phu va cau truc at cua khu vc xung quanh. Neu khong c thong
thoang mot cach hp ly, kh metan co the tch tu ben di cac toa nha hoac nhng
khoang khong khac gan o. Tra i lai, kh CO
2
co khoi lng rieng ln hn khoi
lng rieng cua khong kh 1,5 lan va ln hn khoi lng rieng cua metan 2,8 lan, do
o kh CO
2
co khuynh hng chuyen ong ve pha ay cua BCL. o la nguyen nhan
khien cho nong o kh CO
2
nhng phan thap hn cua BCL ngay cang gia tang theo
thi gian.
Kh chuyen ong t di len
364
Kh CH
4
va CO
2
co the thoat qua lp che phu i vao khong kh do qua trnh o i lu
va khuech tan. Gia thiet rang at kho, lng kh i qua mot n v dien tch be mat
BCL trong mot n v thi gian c xac nh nh sau:
L
C C D
N
afill Atm
A
) (
3 / 4
=
o
(9.10)
Trong o:
N
A
: Thong lng cua kh A, g/cm
2
.s
D : He so khuech tan, cm
2
/s.
o - o rong cua at kho, cm
3
/cm
3
C
atm
: Nong o cua kh Atai be mat lp phu BCL, g/cm
3
.
C
afill
: Nong o cua khA a y cua lp phu BCL, g/cm
3
.
L : Be day cua lp phu, cm
He so khuech tan kh metan va kh CO
2
lan lt la D
CH4
= 0,2 cm
2
/s va D
CO2
= 0,13
cm
2
/s.
Kh chuyen ong t tren xuong.
Kh CO
2
, do khoi lng rieng ln, nen co the tch luy ay BCL. Ne u lp lot ay
BCL la lp at, kh CO
2
co the khuech tan qua lp nay va tiep tuc chuyen ong
xuong pha di cho e n khi tiep xuc vi mach nc ngam. Kh CO
2
de dang hoa tan
va phan ng vi nc ta o thanh axit cacbonic.
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
Phan ng nay la nguyen nhan lam giam pH va co the lam gia tang o c ng va lng
khoang chat trong nc ngam. Tng ng v i mot nong o kh CO
2
xac nh, phan
ng se tiep dien cho en khi at c trang thai can bang nh sau:
Nh vay, moi qua trnh lam gia tang CO
2
t do hoa tan eu la nguyen nhan lam cho
CaCO
3
phan huy nhieu hn va gia tang o cng trong nc rac. o hoa tan cua cac
kh trong nc tuan theo nh luat Henry:
P
k
= H . X
P
k
ap suat rieng phan cua kh, atm
H Hang so Henry
CO
2
+ H
2
O
CaCO
3
+ H
2
CO
3
Ca
2+
+ 2HCO
3
-
365
X nong o phan mol cua kh trong nc = so mol kh/ (so mol kh tan + so mol
nc)
Hang so Henry phu thuoc loai kh tan, nhiet o va ban chat cua chat long.
Hang so Henry ( H. 10
-4
, atm/mol )
T,
o
C Khong
kh
CO
2
CO H
2
H
2
S CH
4
N
2
O
2
0 4,32 0,0728 3,52 5,79 0,0268 2,24 5,29 2,55
10 5,49 0,104 4,42 6,36 0,0367 2,97 6,68 3,27
20 6,64 0,142 5,36 6,83 0,0483 3,76 8,04 4,01
30 7,71 0,186 6,20 7,29 0,0609 4,49 9,24 4,75
40 8,70 0,233 6,96 7,51 0,0745 5,20 10,40 5,35
50 9,46 0,238 7,61 7,65 0,0884 5,77 11,30 5,88
60 10,10 0.341 8,21 7,85 0,1030 6,26 12,00 6,29
V du: Tnh nong o CO
2
trong nc ngam tie p xuc vi kh ba i rac ap suat kh
quyen va nhiet o 50
o
C. Gia s thanh phan kh bai rac gom 50% CO
2
, 50% CH
4
va
hi nc bao hoa. Cho ap suat hi nc bao hoa 50
0
C la 12,33 kN/m
2
Giai:
1. Ap suat rieng phan cu a CO
2
la :
P
CO2
= 0,5 x ( 101,325 12,33)/ (101,325) = 0,44 atm
2. Nong o phan mol CO
2
trong nc:
X = P
co2
/ H = 0,44 / 0,283. 10
4
= 1,55. 10
-4
3. Nong o khoi l ng cua CO
2
trong nc mg/l:
Trong 1 lt nc cha 1000g/18g/mol = 55,6 mol nc,
so mol CO
2
co trong 1 lt nc la: 55,6 x 1,55. 10
-4
/ ( 1+1,55. 10
-4
) = 8,524. 10
-3
mol
C
CO2
= 8,524. 10
-3
x 44 x 1000 = 375 mg/l.
Chuyen ong cua cac kh vi lng:
oi vi cac kh vi lng, lng kh bay hi qua mot n v dien tch be mat BCL
trong mot n v thi gian (Flux) c xac nh nh sau:
L
W C C D
N
i is iatm
i
) . (
3 / 4
=
o
(9.11)
Trong o:
N
i
: Thong lng cua kh i, g/(cm
2
.s )
366
D : He so khuech tan, cm
2
/s.
C
iatm
: Nong o cua kh i tren be mat cua lp phu BCL, g/cm
3
.
C
is
: Nong o hi bao hoa cua kh i, g/cm
3
.
Wi : He so t le tnh en nong o chat i trong CTR
Cis.Wi: Nong o cua kh i ay lp phu, g/cm
2
L : Be day cua lp phu, cm
Mot cach n gian co the tnh:
L
W C D
N
i is
i
.
3 / 4
o
=
(9.12)
9.5.5 Thanh phan va tnh chat cua kh sinh ra t BCL
Kh BCL c tao thanh t nhng thanh phan kh hien dien vi lng ln (cac kh
chu yeu) va nhng thanh phan kh chiem lng rat nho (kh vi lng). Cac kh chu
yeu c hnh thanh trong qua trnh phan huy phan chat hu c co trong CTR o th.
Mot so kh vi lng, ma c du ton ta i vi lng nho co the mang tnh o c va nguy c
tac hai en sc khoe cong ong cao.
Thanh phan cac kh chu yeu:
Thanh phan cac kh chu yeu sinh ra t BCL bao gom NH
3
, CO, H
2
, H
2
S, CH
4
, N
2
va
O
2
. Kh metan va kh CO
2
la cac kh chnh sinh ra t qua trnh phan huy k kh cac
chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc trong CTR. Neu kh metan ton tai trong
khong kh nong o t 5 15% se phat no. Do nong o oxy ton tai trong BCL thap
nen khi nong o kh metan a t en ngng ti han van co t kha nang gay no BCL.
Tuy nhien, neu cac kh trong BCL thoat ra ben ngoai va tiep xuc vi khong kh, co
kha nang hnh thanh ho n hp kh metan gii han gay no. Cac kh nay cung ton tai
trong nc ro r vi nong o tuy thuoc vao nong o cua chung trong pha kh khi tiep
xuc vi nc ro r.
Bang 9.10: Ty le thanh phan cac kh chu yeu sinh ra t BCL
367
(Nguon: Tchobanoglous va co ng s, 1993).
Thanh phan kh vi lng
Mot so kh vi lng, mac du ton tai mot lng nho nhng co oc tnh va nguy c
gay hai en sc khoe cua cong ong dan c ra t cao. Cac nghien cu My va Anh
cho thay, co tong cong 116 hp chat co the tm thay trong kh BCL nh acetone,
benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, vinyl chloride, S co mat cua cac chat kh nay
trong nc ro r t BCL phu thuoc vao nong o cua chung trong kh BCL khi tiep xuc
vi nc ro r. Can lu y , nong o ang ke cua cac chat hu c bay hi trong kh BCL
thng xuat hien BCL cu a tiep nhan cac loai CTR cong nghiep va thng mai co
cha cac chat hu c bay hi. Trong cac BCL mi hn ma cac CTR nguy hai b cam
o vao, nong o cac chat hu c bay hi trong kh BCL cc ky thap.
9.5.6 Thu va x ly kh BCL
9.5.6.1. Thu kh
Kh metan BCL co the coi la mo t nguon gay nguy hiem, khong an toan neu khong
c phan tan hoac thu hoi e chuyen thanh nang lng khac, v no de gay chay no
va ngat th oi vi ngi hay ong thc vat BCL va cac khu vc xung quanh. V
vay, e am bao ve sinh moi trng va an toan cho tat ca nhng ngi ieu hanh
hoac lam viec tren BCL, nhat la khu vc phat tan kh gas va nhng khu vc co the
tch tu kh gas..., tat ca cac BCL phai co he tho ng thu hoi va x ly kh gas. Tuy theo
lng kh san sinh, kh ga thu hoi co the s dung vao muc ch dan sinh hoac kh ot,
khong c e kh thoa t t nhien ra moi trng xung quanh. Viec khong ngng tao
Thanh phan % Theo the tch kho
CH
4
45 - 60
CO
2
40 60
N
2
2 5
O
2
0,1 1,0
Mercaptans, hp chat cha lu huynh 0 1,0
NH
3
0,1 1,0
H
2
0 0,2
CO 0 0,2
Cac kh khac 0,01 0,6
Tnh chat Gia tr
Nhiet o (
0
F) 100 120
Ty trong 1,02 1,06
368
kh ga trong BCL co y ngha la s nguy hie m van ang tiep tuc va can phai co s
quan tam ac biet en he thong thong kh khi thiet ke.
Hai loai he thong c ban c thiet ke e kie m soat va thu hoi nang lng t kh
metan la: he thong thoat kh b ong va he thong thoat kh chu ong.
He thong thoat kh b o ng: oi vi nhng BCL quy mo nho va va, ngi ta thng
thiet ke he thong thoa t kh b ong. ay la mot he thong da tren qua trnh t nhien
e a kh vao kh quye n hoac ngan can khong cho no chuyen ong vao cac khu vc
khong mong muon. He thong nay c xay dng bang cac tng a t set khong tham
nc day t 0,7 1 m e ngan chan kh tham qua. Tng at set c ap t ay
khoang cha keo dai le n tan lp a t phu va luon c gi am sao cho no kho ng b
kho va nt, tao cac khe thoat kh. Pha trong tng co ao ranh thoat kh, c phu
ay bang mot lp soi, a ng knh t 20 -40 mm. T cac gieng khoan, kh c dan
ti ranh thoat kh e a vao khong kh hoac bang ranh nho hn hoac ong nha, ong
cao su....
Khu vc thoat kh b o ng phai tach biet han vi cac khu dan c, cac khu san xuat
cong nghiep. Thong thng khu vc nay c xay dng ngay canh BCL va c quy
nh la vung cam. Neu khu vc thoat kh xa BCL th phai thiet ke he thong may hut
kh e a kh theo he thong ong ra ni thoat kh. Nhng yeu cau can at c trong
he thong thoat kh b o ng bao gom:
- Tng at set phai luon c gi am, chong kho nt.
- He thong mng ranh thoat phai sach se va kho rao, khong c e rac ,
at lap vao long mng ranh.
- Lp soi, a va he thong ong dan thoat kh (neu co) phai luon c gi kho
e viec thoat kh c thc hien de dang.
- He thong thoat kh ga n gian la khoan gieng vao lp phe thai sau toi
thieu la 1 m, roi at ong thu, thoat kh. Chieu cao ong thoat khi phai cao hn
lp at toi thieu la 0,2m e kh thoat thang ngay tren BCL.
He thong thu kh chu o ng: co the c thiet ke nhng BCL phe thai ln, co nhieu
phe thai. Chung c xay dng nhng ni c xem la co kha nang nguy hiem neu
nh kh thoat vao nhng toa nha gan o hoac nhng ni ma s thu hoi kh ga
c xem la co hieu qua .
Khoang cach at gieng thu gom kh: Khoang cach at gieng thu hoi kh thong thng
t 70 -100 m. Gii han ban knh cua gieng thu ho i kh c xac nh theo cong thc:
q h
Q
R
. . . t
= (9.13)
Trong o
369
R ban knh thu kh, m
Q - san lng kh sinh ra, m
3
/h.
- khoi lng rieng cua CTR, tan/m
3
.
h - chieu sau chon lap CTR, m
q - Toc o tao kh = 8,9 x 10
-4
m
3
/(tan.h).
Thc te cho thay, neu chieu sau lp CTR chon lap h = 1,5m, ban knh thu hoi R = 25
- 30m th san lng kh thu c se la Q = 20 m
3
/h. Cong thc tren ch ap dung vi
nhng BCL a ay. Ne u u ieu kien tao kh cung nh am bao khoang cach cac
gieng thu kh t 70 -100 m th mot gieng thu kh co the at c san lng t 200
400 m
3
/h.
Phng phap at cac ong thu kh phun thang la khoan cac gieng vao CTR a c
chon lap sau toi thieu la 1m, co the khoan sau toi a ti ay lp lot. Neu CTR a
ong ket thanh khoi v ng chac, co the at trc tiep ong thu kh ga vao gieng bang
ong nha PVC ng knh toi thieu la 50mm. Xung quanh ong la cac ta ng a loc am
bao o rong e thu c toi a lng kh gas tao thanh, ngoai ra con tao u khong kh
can thiet e chong lai viec ro r kh. e kh i vao ong nha c de da ng, khoan lo
xung quanh ong nha khoang cach la 15 cm. Khi CTR ket thanh khoi khong vng
chac th phai ong cac ong thep c khoan lo xung quanh vao gieng khoan. Ong
thep phai co ng knh ln hn ong nha. oi vi tng loai BCL khac nhau, cac
phng phap at cac ong thu kh cung khac nhau.
Gieng thu hoi kh ng gom mot ong thu kh co ng knh 100 150 mm (thng
dung ong PVC hoac ong PE) a t trong mot lo khoan co kch thc 460 920 mm.
Mot phan ba en mo t phan hai ben di cua ong thu kh c uc lo va c at
trong at hay CTR. Chieu dai con lai cua ong thu hoi kh khong c uc lo va at
Hnh 9.10: S o cau ta o gieng thu kh gas ng
370
trong at hay CTR. Khoang cach gia cac gieng c xac nh da vao ban knh thu
hoi kh. Khong giong nh gieng nc, ban knh thu hoi cua cac gieng ng co dang
hnh cau. V ly do nay, cac ong thu hoi kh nen at can than e tranh s chong len
nhau cua ban knh thu hoi kh trong he thong. Ty le thu hoi kh qua d co the lam cho
khong kh xam nhap vao khoi CTR t lp at ben canh. e ngan can s xam nhap
cua khong kh, toc o thu hoi kh cua moi gieng phai c kiem soat mot cach can
than, do o cac gieng thu hoi kh c gan vi cac lo thong hi va cac van kiem soat
dong kh. Khoang cach gia cac gieng thu kh gas theo quy nh cua Thong t Lien
tch so 01/2001/TTLT BKHCNMT BXD la t 70 100 m.
Ngoai he thong thu hoi kh ga thang ng, nhng BCL ap cao theo kieu cau vong
co the ap dung phng phap at he thong thu hoi kh nam ngang. Kch thc ong va
v tr at ong tng t nh phng phap phun thang. He thong thu kh nam ngang t
c ap dung.
e am bao viec thu ho i kh ga c tot hn, co the thiet ke he thong phun nc vao
BCL nham am bao o thuy phan cua CTR, gi khong cho oxy lot vao cac tui kh tao
ra cac vi sinh va t a kh va keo theo vi sinh vat k kh ra ngoa i, lam cham lai qua
trnh san sinh kh metan thoat vao khong kh. Ngc lai neu o am qua cao se anh
hng trc tiep en o am cua kh thu hoi. e khac phuc tnh trang nay, ngi ta
thiet ke he thong hut nc thai t BCL (nc tro). He thong thu ho i nc tro c
at pha ngoai va thap hn BCL. Nhieu he thong rut nc tro qua x ly lai c bm
phun tr lai cho phe tha i.
He thong rut kh noi vi cac bm chan khong hay quat gio bang mot he thong ong
dan en ni x ly thng co hien tng ngng tu nc thanh ong v vay can co
nhng v tr thai nc thch hp tren he thong thu hoi kh. iem can chu y trong viec
thiet ke he thong thu hoi kh la ch nen thiet ke he thong rut c khoang t 20
70% the tch kh tao ra t BCL v thc te cho tha y neu ru t qua 70% the tch kh tao ra,
se co hien tng khong kh lot vao he thong thu kh. Sc ep cua ap suat nc ben tren
kh phun ra khoang 60 cm nc la hoan toan phu hp cho viec tao kh pha di.
e thiet ke he thong thu hoi kh ga co hieu qua, can co cach nhn tong quat ve kha
nang rut c kh ga BCL bang phng phap dung sc ep cua ap suat khong kh
cao e xac nh v tr ta p trung cua kh ga va kiem tra mc o phun tha ng len c
cua kh ga.
Neu xay dng BCL mi gan vi BCL a ay va a co he thong thu hoi kh ga th viec
thiet ke he thong thu hoi kh ga cho BCL mi phai h p nhat ca hai he thong thanh
mot.
Xay dng mot he thong thu hoi kh gas cho BCL can phai s dung so tien von kha
ln, v vay kiem tra xa c nh chac chan kha nang thu hoi kh ga BCL la rat can
thiet va phai c chng minh cu the.
9.5.6.2 X ly kh
371
e x ly kh BCL co the ap dung cac bien phap sau
- ot Thu hoi san xuat ien
- Oxy hoa kh metan
- Kh mui
a) ot Thu hoi san xuat ien
Kh sinh ra t cac o cho n lap c thu gom qua he thong ong thu kh c bo tr dang
thang ng hoac nam ngang. Cac gieng thu kh c bo tr sao cho co the thu c
kh sinh ra tren toan bo dien tch o chon lap. Moi gieng thu kh gom co ong thu kh
at trong ong long, gia hai ong nay co lp soi, lam lp ngan cach gia rac va ong
thu kh, nham han che s bt tat cac lo thu kh. Chieu cao ong thu kh ng se c
noi dai dan theo chieu day lp rac c chon la p. Sau khi phu nh, toa n bo kh thu
c t cac ong thu kh hoac se ot bang flare hoac se tai s dung e chay may phat
ien neu u cong suat.
b) Oxy hoa kh metan
Vi mot khoi lng kho ng lo cua kh nha knh c tao ra hang ngay, oxy hoa sinh
hoc gian tiep bi vi khuan metanotrophic la mot qua trnh quan tro ng trong viec
giam thieu dong metan oi vi kh quyen. Trong moi trng bai chon lap, kh CH
4
c tao thanh khi ien the oxy hoa kh dao ong trong khoang t 150 e n
300mV. Khi ien the oxy hoa kh tiep tuc giam, tap hp vi sinh vat chuyen hoa cac
chat hu c co trong ra c thanh CH
4
va CO
2
bat au qua trnh chuyen hoa cac chat
hu c phc tap thanh cac axit hu c va cac san pham trung gian khac. Mot khoi
lng ln kh CH
4
hien dien trong thanh phan cua kh bai chon lap vi t le the tch
la 55% trong lp at phu be mat. CH
4
co kha nang gay hieu ng nha knh gap 30 lan
so vi CO
2
. Neu lng kh thai ra t BCL khong c thu gom va tai s dung chung
se gop phan anh hng en s nong len cua kh hau toan cau.
Xap x mot na CH
4
ta o ra co the b oxy hoa bi tap hp vi sinh vat metan hoa.
Nghien cu cho thay, qua trnh oxy hoa sinh hoc cua metan rat kho xay ra oi vi
dong metan phat sinh t cac am lay, trong khi oi vi nguon CH
4
phat sinh t BCL
c anh gia la giam t 10 70%.
Toc o oxy hoa CH
4
phu thuoc vao o am cua at. Vi khuan metanotrophic oxy hoa
CH
4
hieu qua nhat khi chung trong mot tap h p nhieu vi khuan.
c) Kh mui
Cac phng phap co the ap dung e x ly mui t bai chon lap CTR o th bao gom:
- Dung chat kh mui: Thc te s dung che pham EM e giam mui hoi tai cac
BCL lam giam ang ke mui ho i trong qua trnh van hanh ba i chon la p. Mot cong
nghe mi ang c nghien cu ap dung e kh mui la s dung mot so tinh dau thc
vat ac biet phun vao khong kh tai cac khu vc can x ly vi nong o thch hp. Cac
372
hat tinh dau nay se tac dung vi cac phan t gay mui tao thanh cac chat mi khong co
mui va khong oc hai.
- Che phu: Che phu hang ngay, che phu trung gian va che phu khi ong BCL
la mot giai phap khac co the han che s phat tan mui hoi ra moi trng xung quanh.
Vat lieu che phu hang ngay co the la tam nilon, giay loai sau khi nghien nho tron vi
nc e tao tha nh dang bot nhao, at co ham l ng Ca thap
- Thu kh: Mui phat sinh t BCL la do thanh phan kh tao thanh do qua trnh
phan huy chat hu c trong CTR chon lap. Do o , thu kh e x ly, han che s phat tan
kh BCL vao mo i tr ng la mo t trong nh ng giai phap cong nghe x ly mu i hu hieu.
9.6 NC RO R T BCL
S hien dien cua nc trong BCL co ca mat tch cc lan mat tieu cc cho hoat ong
cua BCL. Nc rat can cho mot so qua trnh hoa hoc va sinh hoc xay ra trong BCL e
phan huy CTR. Ma t kha c, nc co the tao ra s xoi mon tren tang at nen va nhng
van e lang ong trong long nc mat chay qua. Nc ro r co the chay vao cac tang
nc ngam va cac dong nc sach, t o gay o nhiem en nguon nc uong. V vay,
van e can quan tam khi thiet ke, xay dng cho hoat ong cua mot BCL la kiem soat
nc ro r.
9.6.1 S hnh thanh nc ro r
Viec hnh thanh nc ro r trong BCL chu yeu do cac qua trnh :
am nen : lng nc t do cha trong CTR c tach ra trong qua trnh nay.
Phan huy sinh hoc : mo t trong nhng san pham cua qua trnh phan hu y sinh
hoc (hieu kh va k kh) thanh phan hu c cua CTR la nc.
373
Nc ben ngoai : nc ben ngoai tham vao BCL.
Mc nc ngam co the dang len vao cac o chon rac.
Nc co the r vao qua cac canh (vach) cua o chon lap.
Nc t cac khu vc khac chay qua co the tham xuong o chon lap.
Nc ma ri xuong khu vc chon lap CTR trc khi c phu at
hoac trc khi o chon la p ong lai.
Nc ma ri xuong khu vc chon lap CTR sau khi cac o chon lap a
ay (o chon lap c o ng lai).
Nc co san trong CTR la nho nhat. Nc t nhng khu vc khac chay qua BCL can
phai thu gom bang he thong thoat nc. He thong thoat nc khong ch bao ve nhng
khu vc chon lap CTR khoi b xoi mon trong thi gian hoat ong ma con tieu thoat
lng nc tha ngam vao o chon lap va tao ra lng nc ro r. Nc ma th khong
co cach nao e ngan chan khong cho chay vao o chon lap. Co the han che c lng
nc ma ngam vao o chon lap bang cach trong lai tham thc vat sau khi ong bai.
oi vi BCL hp ve sinh hien a i, co lot ay va co phu nh sau khi ong bai bang
cac loai vat lieu chong tham, lng nc ro r sinh ra trong mua kho chu yeu la lng
nc t do cha trong CTR va lng nc tao thanh trong qua trnh phan huy thanh
phan chat hu c cua CTR, con trong mua ma lng nc ro r sinh ra chu yeu la do
nc ma tham qua be mat cua phan BCL ang hoat ong.
9.6.2 Thanh phan cua nc ro r trong BCL
Nc ro r sinh ra do nc ma, nc be mat chay tran, nc ti tie u, nc ngam
ngam vao BCL, hoac la nc co san trong CTR em chon lap va nc sinh ra t cac
phan ng hoa sinh phan huy ca c chat hu c. Nc ro r cha nhieu tap chat hoa hoc.
Bang 9.11 : Thanh phan nc ro r cua BCL mi va a hoat ong mot thi gian
Gia tr, mg/l Thanh phan
BCL hoat ong 2 nam BCL hoat
Hnh 9.11 Nc ro r gay che t rng tram
374
Khoang
Gia tr ien
hnh
ong hn 10
nam
BOD
5
TOC (total organic carbon)
COD
TSS (total suspended solids)
N hu c (organic nitrogen)
N amoniac (amonia nitrogen)
NO
3
-
(nitrat )
Phospho tong (total phosphorus)
Phospho ortho
o kiem
pH
o cng
Ca
Mg
K
Na
Cl
-
SO
4
2-
Fe tong
2.000 3.000
1.550 20.000
3.000 60.000
200 2.000
10 800
10 800
5 40
5 100
4 - 80
1.000 10.000
4.5 7.5
300 10.000
200 3.000
50 1.500
200 1.000
200 2.500
200 3.000
50 1.000
50 1.200
10.000
6.000
18.000
500
200
200
25
30
20
3.000
6
3.500
1.000
250
300
500
500
300
60
100 200
80 - 160
100 500
100 400
80 120
20 40
5 10
5 10
4 8
200 1.000
6,6 7.5
200 500
100 400
50 200
50 400
100 200
100 400
20 50
20 - 200
V du: Thanh phan nc ro r cua BCL ong Tha nh, Tp Ho Ch Minh
STT Ch tieu n v Nc ro r mi Nc ro r cu
01 pH - 6,6 7,3 7,9 8,2
02 TDS mg/l 15.000 15.900 9.100 11.150
03 o cng tong mg CaCO3/l 4.467 6.067 1.520 1.867
04 Ca
2+
mg/l 1.122 1.844 134 140
05 SS mg/l 1.280 3.270 169 243
06 COD mgO2/l 38.533 65.333 1.079 2.507
07 BOD
5
mgO2/l 33.571 56.250 235 735
08 Tetrachlorethylen mg/l KPH KPH
09 Trichlorrethylen mg/l KPH KPH
375
10 Phospho tong mg/l 14,9 21,5 4,7 9,6
11 Nit tong mg/l 1.918 2.695 594 2.207
12 N-NH
3
mg/l 1.445 2.044 515 1.977
13 SO
4
2-
mg/l 1.216 2.252 7 8
14 Fe
total
mg/l 180 303 64 132
15 Zn mg/l 0,4 5,2 4,4 4,8
16 Cr
total
mg/l 0,05 1,51 0,00 0,05
17 Cu mg/l 0, 46 7,60 1,40 1,80
18 Pb mg/l 0,13 0,40 0,16 0,20
19 Cd mg/l 0,00 0,22 0,00 0,02
20 Mn mg/l 7,54 11,00 0,56 0,70
21 Ni mg/l 0,50 4,00 0,66 1,08
22 Humic mg/l - 317 - 378
KPH: khong phat hien (Nguon: CENTEMA 2001 4/2002).
9.6.3 Dien bien thanh phan nc ro r
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc ro r thay oi ra t ln tuy thuoc vao tuoi cua BCL va
thi gian lay mau. V du , neu lay mau nc ro r ngay thi iem dien ra pha axit hoa
cua qua trnh phan huy th mau se co pH thap. Mat khac pH cua mau se cao (6.5
7.5) khi lay mau trong giai oan metan hoa, ong thi cac gia tr kha c nh BOD
5
,
TOC, COD, va nong o cac chat dinh dng trong giai oan nay thap. Tng t, nong
o cua cac kim loai nang se thap hn do kha nang hoa tan thap pH trung tnh. Gia
tr pH cua nc ro r khong nhng phu thuoc vao nong o cua cac axit ma con phu
thuoc vao nong o kh CO
2
khi tiep xuc vi nc ro r.
Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cua nc ro r bien oi theo thi gian. S thay oi kha
nang phan huy sinh ho c cua nc ro r co the quan trac bang cach kiem tra ty so
BOD
5
/COD. Luc au, ty so nay nam trong khoang 0,5 hoac ln hn. Thong thng,
ty so nay nam trong khoang 0,4 0,6 la dau hie u cho thay cac cha t hu c ang trong
qua trnh phan huy sinh hoc. Khi BCL a hoa t ong trong thi gian lau th ty so nay
se giam xuong khoang 0,05 0,2 b i v nc ro r cha nhng thanh phan kho hay
khong phan huy sinh hoc nh axit humic, axit fulvic.
Do ac tnh cua nc ro r bien oi rat ln theo thi gian phan huy nen viec thiet ke
he thong x ly nc ro r rat phc tap. V du, thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai cho
BCL mi va BCL a hoat ong lau th hoan toa n khac nhau.
Bang 9.12: Cac thong so phan tch oi vi n c ro r
376
ac tnh vat ly Thanh phan hu c Thanh phan vo c ac tnh sinh hoc
pH
o dan ien
o mau
o uc
Nhiet o
Mui
Hoa chat hu c
Phenols
COD
TOC
Axit bay hi
Tannins, lignins
N hu c
Dau m
Hp chat goc Cl
SS
Tong chat ran hoa tan TDS
Chat ran l l ng bay hi VSS
Cl
-
SO
4
2-
PO
4
3-
o axit va o kiem
N NO
2
N NO
3
-
N NH
3
Na
K
Ca
Mg
o cng
Kim loai nang (Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr,
Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ba, Ag)
Arsenic
Cyanide
Fluoride
Selenium
BOD
Vi khuan Coliform
(tong; fecal; fecal
streptococci)
9.6.4 Mo ta cac thanh phan can bang nc trong BCL hp ve sinh
Cac thanh phan tao ne n s can bang nc cho mot n nguyen the tch bao gom:
nc tham nhap vao BCL t pha tren (nc ma, nc ti,...), o am cua CTR, o
am cua at bao phu, nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng tao kh BCL. L ng nc ro r
can phai thu gom co the tnh c nh vao bai toan can bang nc trong BCL. Cac
thanh phan trong phng trnh can bang nc bao gom:
- Nc i va o t pha tren: chu yeu la nc ma tham xuyen qua lp vat lieu
bao phu. Mot iem quan trong nhat khi tien hanh thiet lap bai toan can bang nc la
phai xac nh c lng nc ma tham xuyen qua lp vat lieu che phu sau cung.
- o am cua chat thai: gom o am cua ban than CTR va o am hap phu t
kh quyen hay nc ma khi cha trong cac container. Vao mua kho, o am co the b
mat i tuy thuoc vao ieu kien lu tr. o am trong CTR o th va thng mai
377
khoang 20%. Tuy nhien, v o am cua CTR phu thuoc vao th i tiet nen can thiet phai
kiem tra o am theo thi tiet.
- o am trong at bao phu be mat: phu thuoc vao loai at bao phu va mua
trong nam. o am ln nhat cua at bao phu goi la o gi nc (field capacity FC)
la lng chat long gi lai trong cac lo rong cua at di tac dung cua trong lc. at
set co o gi nc t 6 12% va at mun set la 23 31%.
- Nc mat i t lp lot ay: nc mat i t lp lot ay o au tien cua BCL
hay cac o tren lien ke vi he thong thu nc trung gian trong BCL goi la nc ro r.
- Nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng ta o kh bai rac: nc tieu thu trong suot qua
trnh phan huy yem kh cac thanh phan hu c cua CTR. Lng nc tie u thu cho qua
trnh tao kh t s phan huy chat hu c co the tnh cho chat thai hu c co kha nang
phan huy sinh hoc nhanh.
C
68
H
11
O
50
N + 16H
2
O CH
4
+ 33CO
2
+ NH
3
- Nc mat i do qua trnh bay hi: cac kh hnh thanh trong BCL thng dang
kh bao hoa. Lng nc bay hi thoat ra khoi BCL co the tnh c t lng kh bao hoa
hi nc.
P
V
.V =nRT. (9.15)
Trong o
P
v
: Ap suat hi bao hoa cua nc nhiet o T, kg/m
2
V: The tch, m
3
n: so mol kh
R: hang so kh = 8,31 x 10
-3
kJ/(mol.
o
K)
T: nhiet o ,
0
K
Kha nang gi n c cu a bai rac (o gi nc)
378
La lng nc co the gi lai trong CTR di tac dung keo xuong cua tro ng lc. Nc
ro r la lng nc trong BCL vt qua kha na ng gi nc. Kha nang gi nc cua
BCL thay oi phu thuo c vao trong tai tac ong va co the tnh toan theo cong thc
sau:
FC = 0.6 0.55
|
.
|
\
|
+W
W
000 . 10
(9.16)
Trong o:
FC: kha nang gi nc cua bai rac.
W: trongtai tac dungtnhlai iemgia chieucaocua tangCTRtrongBCLhpve sinh
Phng trnh can bang nc:
AS
SW
= W
SW
+ W
TS
+ W
CM
+ W
A(R)
W
LG
W
WV
W
E
W
B(L)
(9.17)
Trong o:
AS
SW
: so gia lng nc cha trong rac BCL hp ve sinh, kg/m
3
.
W
SW
: o am trong rac a vao chon bai rac, kg/m
3
.
W
TS
: o am trong bun cong ranh, kg/m
3
.
W
CM
: o am trong vat lieu bao phu, kg/m
3
.
W
A(R)
: lng nc i vao t tren (oi vi cac lp tren, nc i vao t tren la
lng ma ri), kg/m
3
.
W
LG
: lng nc mat i e tao thanh kh bai rac, kg/m
3
.
379
W
WV
: lng nc mat i e tao thanh kh di dang hi nc bao hoa trong
bai rac, kg/m
3
.
W
E
: lng nc mat i do s bay hi be mat, kg/m
3
.
W
B(L)
: lng nc ra i t ay cua phan t (oi vi o chon lap at trc tiep tren
he thong thu gom nc ro r th nc ra i t ay tng ng vi nc ro
r), kg/m
3.
9.6.5 Tnh toan lng nc ro r
Tren c s cua phng trnh can bang nc, cac so lieu ve lng ma, o am cua rac
trc va sau nen, ta co the tnh s bo lng nc ro r theo mo hnh s di chuyen mot
chieu cua nc xuyen qua rac nen va at nh sau
C = M(W
2
W
1
) + P(1 R) - E`A (m
3
/ngay) (9.18)
= 35%M + (0.85P E) A
Trong o:
M: khoi lng rac sinh hoat trung bnh ngay tan/ngay (cuoi giai oan thiet ke).
W
1
:o am cua rac sau khi nen = 25%.
W
2
:o am cua rac trc khi nen = 60%.
P: lng ma ngay ln nhat cua thang , m/ngay.
R: he so thoat nc be mat, R = 0.15.
E: lng boc hi, m/nga y.
A: dien tch cong tac moi ngay lay cuoi giai oan thiet ke, m
2
/ngay.
V du 9.4 Tnh toan lu lng nc ro r ln nhat cho BCL c xay dng vi 4 o
chon lap trong o dien tch moi o la 47.480m
2
, biet:
Khoi lng rac thai can chon lap la: 2.465tan/ngay
Lng ma trung bnh thang cao nhat tai khu vc la 364,1mm/thang (thang 6)
o boc hi t nhien trung bnh trong khu vc la 3,8mm/ngay.
Theo can bang nc oi vi toan bo cac ho chon lap trong bai:
Q
w =
S
w
+ W
w
+ L
w
- P
w
- E
w
Trong o:
Q
w
: Lng nc ro r t bai rac
S
w
: Lng nc ngam vao t pha tren
W
w
: Lng nc do thay oi o am cua rac va va t lieu phu be mat
Co the tnh gan ung W
w
= AC
w
G/100p
380
: Khoi lng rieng cua nc (tan/m
3
). 25
0
C, p = 0,99708
AC
w
: Chenh lech o am gia rac a vao va rac trong ho (%)
G: Lng rac a vao chon lap
L
w
: Lng nc t at tham vao, co the coi:
P
w
: Lng nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng
E
w
: Lng nc boc hi
a) Lng nc tham vao t pha tren (S
w
)
Lng ma tnh toan la ( he so an toan la1,5):
1,5 x
30
1 , 364
= 18,204 mm/ngay
Lng ma tren be ma t ho chon lap:
47480m
2
x 18,204mm/ngay = 864,3 m
3
/ngay
Lng nc ma b ngam vao cac ho khac (a hoan thanh chon lap t trc)
bang khoang 20% lng nc ma tren be mat cua mot ho chon se la:
20% x 864,33 = 172,9 m
3
/ngay
Toan bo lng nc ma khac eu c thu gom va thoat ra ngoai th lng
nc ma ngam xuong t pha tren se la:
S
= 864,3 + 172,9 = 1037,2 m

3
/ngay
b) Lng nc do thay oi o am:
Theo cac ket qua thong ke ve rac cho thay o am trung bnh cua rac nam trong
khoang 60 65%, thanh phan chat hu c trung bnh trong rac thai sinh hoat nam
trong khoang 75 79%. Neu gia thiet o am trong cac thanh phan khac khong oi va
thanh phan trung bnh cua rac thai sinh hoat chiem 93,86% trong toan bo khoi lng
rac th lng nc tao thanh do thay oi o am khi b nen ep va chat hu c phan huy
90% se la:
(60-65%) x (75-79%) x 90% x 93,86% ~ 40,36%
Khoi lng rac thai c thu gom ln nhat la 2 465tan/ngay, lng nc sinh ra do
thay oi o am se la:
W
w
= (2465 x 40,36%)/0,99708 = 997,7 m
3
/ngay.
c) Lng nc tieu thu cho cac phan ng (P
w
):
Lng rac a vao hang ngay la 2.465tan/ngay, lng rac ha c trong o la:
2465 x (1 - 62,24%) x 78,5% x 93,86% = 685,8 tan/ngay
Lng nc tieu thu cho phan ng:
381
P
w
= 685,8 x 90% x 0,18/0,9978 = 111,43 m
3
/nga y
d) Lng nc boc hi
Boc hi nc t rac ch xay ra cac ho rac ang hoat ong. Do o lng boc hi t nhien
se la:
189.930m
2
x 3,8mm/ngay = 721,7 m
3
/ngay
Lng kh thai phat sinh t cac ho rac la:
685,8tan/ngay x 90% x 0,8m
3
/kg = 493.776 m
3
/ngay
Lng nc boc hi cung kh:
493.776 x 0,03524/997,08 = 17,4 m
3
/ngay
Lng nc bay hi la:
E
w
= 721,73 + 17,45 = 739,1 m
3
/ngay
e) Lu lng nc ro r ln nhat t cac ho rac la:
Q
w
= 1.037,2 + 997 - 111,4 - 739,1 = 1.184 m
3
/ngay
9.7 CAU TRUC CHNH CUA BCL HP VE SINH
9.7.1 Yeu cau thiet ke
Thiet ke BCL hp ve sinh khac vi cac loai thie t ke khac, tuy nhien no cu ng yeu cau
nhng ban ve chi tiet va nhng ch dan ky thuat nham hng dan ro cho ngi van
hanh BCL. Cac tai lieu ban au can thiet cho cong viec thiet ke bao go m:
Cac tai lieu quy hoach cua o th.
Cac ieu kien dan so, ieu kien kinh te xa hoi, hien trang va nh hng
phat trien trong tng lai.
Cac tai lieu ve a hnh, a chat cong trnh, thuy van, ieu kien kh hau cua
khu vc.
Cac tai lieu khac co lien quan.
Cac yeu cau oi vi thie t ke mat bang BCL:
Tong dien tch s dung hu ch phai ln.
Chi ph cho xay dng, van hanh va au t ban au cang thap cang tot.
Cac thao tac xay dng va van hanh phai thuan l i, de dang va ton t cong sc.
am bao ve sinh moi trng, tranh c to i a anh hng cua kh thai t BCL
va kh thai t he thong x ly nc thai ti khu vc ieu hanh, bao ve, ngh
ngi va cac khu vc da n c lan can; ac biet xem xet tranh tac o ng cua kh
thai do cac hng gio chu ao (gio Tay Nam vao mua ma va gio ong Bac
vao mua kho).
382
De theo doi, quan ly trong qua trnh xay dng va van hanh.
Hnh 9.5: Mo hnh BCL hp ve sinh
9.7.2 Cac cong trnh xay dng c ban, chu yeu trong cac BCL
- Tat ca cac cong trnh xay dng phai at trong pham v cua BCL.
- Tuy theo quy mo ba i va a hnh xay dng ma BCL co tat ca hay cho phep giam
mot so cong trnh (Bang 9.13)
Bang 9.13: Quy nh ca c cong trnh ba t buoc hoac khong bat buo c o i vi cac BCL
ong bang Trung du
STT Cong trnh
Nho,
va
Ln
Rat
ln
Nho,
va
Ln
Rat
ln
01 O rac x x x x x x
02 San phi bun, o cha bu n x x x x x x
03 He thong thu gom, x ly nc rac x x x x x x
04 Thu va x ly kh gas x x x x x x
05
He thong thoat va ngan dong
nc mat
x x x x x
06 He thong hang rao x x x x x x
07 Vanh ai cay xanh co tan x x x x x x
383
08 He thong bien bao x x x x x x
09 He thong quan trac moi trng x x x x x x
10 He thong ien, cap thoat nc x x x x
11 Tram can x x x x
12 Tram kiem tra CTR x x x x
13 Tram ve sinh xe may x x x x
14 He thong ieu hanh x x x x
15 Van phong lam viec x x x x
16 Khu vc cha chat phu x x x x x
17 Khu vc cha chat lieu thu hoi x x x x x x
18 Kho cha cac chat diet con trung x x x x
19 Tram sa cha, bao dng x x x x x
20 Lan e xe may x x x x
21 Phong th nghiem x x x
Nguon: Tho ng t 01 cua Bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe Moi trng Bo Xay d ng
9.7.2.1 O chon la p
Cac o chon lap bao gom mot so dang nh sau:
1. Cac o chon lap CTR thong thng:
Cac o chon lap la ni cha va chon chat tha i. oi vi cac o ln va rat ln,
co the chia thanh cac o chon lap CTR thong thng va mot so o chon lap chat thai
nguy hai khi c phep cua C quan Quan l Nha Nc ve Moi trng
(CQQLNNMT). Trong moi BCL, thiet ke so o chon lap phai phu hp vi cong suat
cua BCL va cac ieu kien thc te cua tng a phng.
Kch thc cac o chon la p nen thiet ke sao cho moi o van hanh khong qua 3
nam phai ong ca va chuyen sang o chon lap mi.
384
Cac o nen c ngan cach vi nhau bi cac con e va trong cay xanh e
han che o nhiem va tao canh quan moi trng.
Nen va vach cua o chon lap phai co he so tham nho va co kha nang chu tai
ln, co the la nen va va ch t nhien hoac nhan tao. Nen va vach t nhien ay o chon
lap phai am bao co cac lp at co he so tham cua at s 1 x 10-7 cm/s va be day tren
1m. Neu lp at set t nhien co he so tham nc > 1 x 10-7 cm/s va be day khong
nho hn 60 cm, nen va vach cua cac o trong BCL can phai lot ay bang lp mang
tong hp chong tham co chieu day t nhat 1,5 mm. nh cua vach ngan toi thieu phai
at bang mat at va ay cua no phai xuyen vao lp set ay bai, t nhat la 60 cm.
ay o chon lap phai co sc chu tai > 1 kg/cm2 e thuan tien cho viec thi
cong c gii. o doc ay o khong nho hn 2%. Tai cac iem gan ranh thu nc rac
th o doc khong nho hn 5%.
ay cac o chon lap phai co he thong thu gom nc rac.
Lp set chong tham (0,6m)
Lp soi + ng ong (0,2m)
Lp ay
chong tham

Lp chong tha m HDPE 1.5mm
Lp cat (0,2m)
Lp vai a chat 1
Lp at bao ve (0,3m)
Lp rac th 1 (2m/lp)
Lp phu trung gian (0,2m)
Lp rac th n (2m)
Lp at (0,6m)
Lp vai a chat
Lp chong tham HDPE
Lp cat thoat nc
Lp at trong co
Lp phu
be mat
Ong thu kh
Lp rac th n -1
Lp vai a chat 2
`
Lp rac
va at phu
Hnh 9.6: Cau tao o cho n lap
385
2. O chon lap chat thai dang bun
Yeu cau tng t nh o chon lap chat tha i thong thng. Tuy nhien o chon la p chat
thai dang bun can betong hoa va lang ximang ky hoac cau tao cac lp lot ay kep va
them mot lp mang tong hp chong tham HDPE (hoac cac vat lieu co tnh chat va
chat lng tng ng) day t nhat 1,5 mm e hoan toan khong tham va thuan tien
cho viec thi cong c gii. Khoang cach gia cac ranh va cac ho thu nc rac phai
am bao sao cho thu ho i hieu qua nc rac trong o. Bun trc khi o va o cac o chon
lap can c phi kho va nen ep.
3. O chon lap chat thai nguy hai
Viec chon lap chat tha i nguy hai phai c c quan Quan ly Nha nc ve moi trng
co tham quyen cho phe p. Cau truc o chan lap chat thai nguy hai phai am bao tuyet
oi khong cho nc ro r tham r ra ngoai va co cau tao kep nh o chon la p bun.
4. Khi tan dung mng, mo khai thac a, khai thac quang (a qua s dung) dung
lam o chon lap can phai tuan theo nh ng ieu kie n sau ay:
Trng hp mng hoac mo co cao trnh ay nam v tr cao hn so vi
mc nc ngam, neu lu lng nc tham bnh quan trong ngay (tnh trung bnh cua
mot nam quan trac lien tuc) nho hn 1,5 x 10
-3
m
3
nc/m
2
th khong can thc hien
cac bien phap chong tham cho ay va thanh o chon lap. Neu lu l ng nc bnh
quan tham vao ln hn 1,5 x 10
-3
m
3
nc/m
2
th phai thc hien cac bien phap chong
tham.
Trng hp mng hoa c mo co cao trnh ay nam v tr thap hn so vi
mc nc ngam th phai thc hien cac bien phap chong tham.
5. Chong tham cho cac o chon lap
Muc ch cua viec chong tham cho cac o chon lap chat thai la ngan can s o nhiem
at va nc ngam do nc r rac sinh ra t ca c o chon lap, v vay ye u cau cua lp
chong tham la phai ngan can s xam nhap cua nc r rac t cac o chon lap e khong
gay o nhiem cho at va nc ngam.Cau tao cua lp chong tham o chon lap c trnh
bay hnh sau:
386
Hnh 9.7 Cau tao l p chong tham
He thong thu gom nc ro r c s dung la he thong gom nhieu ong thu gom nc
r rac ay BCL, c bieu dien theo hnh sau
Hnh 9.8 He thong thu gom n c ro r
Dien tch ay c chia thanh mot day cac hnh ch nhat bang cac ng chan at set
at tai cac khoang cach thch hp. Khoang cach cua cac ng chan at set tng
ng vi chieu rong cua mot te bao o chon la p. Cac ong thu gom nc ro r th c
at theo chieu doc mot cach trc tiep tren lp mang a chat cua tang chong tham
ay o chon lap. C 100 mm ong thu gom nc ro r se c khoan lo e thoat nc,
cac lo khoan c khoan tren mot na chu vi pha tren cua cac ong thu gom, khoang
cach gia cac lo khoan la 6mm va kch thc cu a lo khoan la 0,0000254 mm phu hp
vi kch thc hat cat nho nhat- lp cat 30 cm phuc vu cho viec loc nc r rac trc
khi no c thu gom e x ly. e tang hieu qua thoat nc, ay c lam nghieng
2%. Cac ong thu gom nc ro r at cach nhau 6m, ng knh ong thu gom nc ro r
387
la 200mm. S dung he thong nhieu ong thu gom nc ro r se am bao loai bo nhanh
nc r rac t ay cua BCL.
9.7.3 He thong thu gom va x ly nc ro r, nc thai cua BCL
Tat ca cac BCL eu phai thu gom va x ly nc rac, nc thai (nc thai sinh
hoat, nc thai ve sinh cac phng tien van chuyen, th nghiem va cac loai nc thai
khac). Nc rac va n c thai sau khi x ly phai at Tieu chuan Vie t Nam ve moi
trng (TCVN).
He thong thu gom nc ro r, nc thai bao go m: cac ranh, ong da n va ho thu
nc rac va nc thai c bo tr hp ly am bao thu gom toan bo n c ro r, nc
thai ve tram x ly. He thong thu gom nay bao gom:
Tang thu gom nc ro r c at ay va thanh o chon lap, nam tren tang
chong tham cua ay o chon lap hoac tren mang tong hp chong tham tuy theo tng
trng hp. Tang thu gom nc ro r phai co chieu day t nha t 50cm vi nhng ac
tnh nh sau:
+ Co t nhat 5% khoi lng hat co kch th c s 0,075 mm.
+ Co he so tham toi thieu bang 1 x 10
-2
cm/s.
Mang li ong thu gom nc ro r c at ben trong tang thu gom nc ro r
(nh a mo ta tren) phu len toan bo ay o chon lap. Mang li ng ong thu
gom nc rac nay phai ap ng cac yeu cau sau:
+ Co thanh ben trong nha n va co ng knh toi thieu 150 mm.
+ Co o doc toi thieu 1%.
Lp loc bao quanh ng ong thu gom nc rac, nc thai bao gom: mot lp at
co o hat t nhat 5% khoi lng la ha t co ng knh 0,075 mm hoac mot mang loc
tong hp co hieu qua loc tng ng e ngan can s di chuyen cac hat qua mn
xuong he thong thu gom sao cho nc rac t chay xuong he thong thu gom.
He tho ng thu gom nc ro r, nc thai pha i c thiet ke va lap at sao cho han
che ti mc thap nhat kha nang tch tu nc ro r ay o chon lap. Vat lieu c la
chon e xay dng he thong thu gom nc ro r, nc tha i phai am bao u o ben ca
ve tnh chat hoa hoc va c hoc trong suot thi gian van hanh va s dung BCL.
He thong thu gom va x ly nc ro r, nc thai eu phai x ly chong tham ay
va ben thanh am bao khong cho nc ro r va nc thai tham vao nc ngam va
nc mat.
Phng phap va cong nghe x ly nc ro r, nc thai tuy thuoc vao ieu kien cu
the cua tng BCL ma ap dung cho phu hp yeu cau sau khi x ly phai at tieu chuan
Viet Nam ve moi trng (TCVN).
9.7.4 Thu gom va x ly kh thai
e am bao an toan va ve sinh moi trng, tat ca cac BCL phai co he thong thu
hoi va x ly kh gas. Tuy theo lng kh san sinh, kh gas co the s dung vao muc
388
ch sinh hoat hoac tieu huy bang phng phap ot, thu hoi nang lng khong e
kh thoat t nhien ra moi trng xung quanh.
Thu hoi kh gas thng bang he thong thoat kh b ong (oi vi BCL loai nho) hoac
he thong thu kh gas chu ong bang cac gieng khoan thang ng (oi vi cac loai BCL
va va ln).
V tr cac gieng khoan nen at nh cac u chat thai.
+ o sau lo khoan toi thieu phai khoan sau vao lp chat thai (di lp phu
BCL) 1m - 1,5m. Khoang cach cac lo khoan thu kh thng t 50m - 70m va
bo tr theo hnh tam giac eu.
+ Xung quanh lo khoan thu hoi kh gas phai c len ky bang set deo va
ximang.
Xung quanh khu vc thu gom va x ly kh thai phai co rao chan hoac bien bao
"Khong nhiem vu mien vao".
9.7.5 He thong thoat nc mat va nc ma
9.7.5.1 He thong thoat nc ma t
Loai bo hay giam thieu lng nc mat xam nhap vao BCL la mot ye u cau c ban
trong thie t ke BCL hp ve sinh, bi v nc mat la nguyen nhan chnh sinh ra nc r
rac. Do o, nc ma va cac nguon nc mat khac t cac vung xung quanh khong
c phep o vao BCL cung nh khong c phep tch tr tren be mat cua BCL.
Tai nhng v tr ma dong chay cua nhng cn ma ln co the o vao BCL th phai thie t
ke cac bo phan thoat nc thch hp rieng cho BCL. Cac bo phan thoat nc c thiet
ke e loai bo do ng chay t khu vc xung quanh hoac t n c be mat cua BCL.
Trong nhieu trng hp, can phai xay dng ca c lu vc lu tr nc ma e ngan
chan cac dong chay. Nc ma tren toan khu vc BCL phai c thu gom triet e t
cac phan a hoan thanh cua BCL cung nh cac khu vc cha chon lap.
Tuy theo a hnh BCL ma he thong thoat nc mat va nc ma co khac nhau:
oi vi cac BCLxay dng mien nui va trung du co the phai dung cac kenh / mng e
thu nc, ngan nc t cac sn doc o vao BCL. Kenh nay cung lam nhiem vu thoat nc
ma trong BCL.
Quy mo (kch thc kenh mng) c thiet ke tren c s lng nc t cac sn doc xung
quanh co kha nang i vao BCL. nhng v tr dong lu manh phai tien hanh ke a e tranh
nc pha b kenh o vao BCL.
ong bang, co the s dung he thong e (khong tham) bao quanh BCL nham
ngan cach BCL vi moi trng xung quanh. e phai co o cao ln hn mc nc lu 2
- 3m, ma t e rong 3 - 4m co rao va trong cay, co he thong thu gom nc ma rieng
va o ra cac kenh thoat nc ma cho khu vc.
Cau tao cua bo phan thoat nc mat c s dung cho BCL c mo ta hnh sau
389
9.7.5.2 Lp phu trung gian
Thong thng, at set sau khi nen chat day 60cm c s dung e lam lp phu trung
gian. Viec s dung at set lam lp phu trung gian can chu y en kha nang ngan chan
cac loai gam nham ao hang va s phat tan kh. Van e nay co the khac phuc bang
cach gi o am thch hp cho lp at phu nh ti mot lng nc va u tham vao
lp at set bao phu.
9.7.5.3 Lp phu cuo i cung
Cau tao cua lp bao phu cuoi cung c trnh bay hnh sau, c tao t nhieu lp,
moi lp co mo t vai tro rieng. Lp at nen c s dung e bao phu be mat BCL va lam
nen cho l p chan. Lp chan c s dung e ngan can s di chuyen cua cac l p chat
long vao BCL va s phat kh chon lap qua lp phu. L p thoat n c c s dung e van
chuyen nc ma tham qua vat lie u phu va lam giam ap lc nc le n lp chan. Lp bao
ve c s du ng e bao phu be mat cua BCL va e tro ng cac loai cay ma se c s
dung trong thi gian BCL ong ca.
Bang 9.14. Cac loai va t lieu cu a lp phu cuo i cu ng
Hp phan Loai vat lieu
Lp be mat
Lp bao ve
] at phu tai v tr
Lp thoat nc ] Cat, soi
Lp chan ] Mang a chat
Lp nen ] at t nhien c nen va lam doc
Mat cat lp phu cuoi cu ng cua bai :
Hnh 9.9 Mat ca t cu a l p phu cuoi cung o chon lap
390
Hnh 9.10 Mo hnh cac cong oan thc hien
Hnh 9.11 Mo hnh BCLHVS hoan chnh
9.7.6 Hang rao va vanh ai cay xanh
oi vi BCL, nhat thiet phai co hang rao quanh bai. Giai oan au nen s dung hang
rao kem gai co ket hp trong cay xanh loai moc nhanh, re chum (nen s du ng loai
cay oro) hoac xay tng.
- Nen la chon loai cay co tan rong, khong rung la, xanh quanh nam. Chieu cao
cua cay tnh toan toi thie u thng bang chieu cao cua BCL.
- Cay xanh can c trong nhng khoang trong khu vc nha kho va cong trnh
phu tr .
- Cay xanh con c tro ng doc hai ben ng dan t giao thong chnh va o BCL.
9.7.7 He thong giao thong
1. ng vao BCL
ng vao BCL c thiet ke xay dng tren c s tnh toan lu lng xe chay,
tai trong xe, toc o theo quy pham thiet ke ng bo cua Bo Giao thong van tai;
391
mat ng phai rong e hai lan xe chay vi toc o 60 80 km/h, mat ng phai
tot at cng o 5 7 kg/cm
2
, thoat nc tot.
Co vach phan cach cho xe, ngi i bo va xe tho s.
Co ranh thoat nc (neu mien nui va trung du).
Khong cho phep xay dng nha ca hai ben ng.
Trong cay hai ben ng.
2. ng trong BCL
Phai thuan tien, u rong e cac loai xe va may moc hoat ong thuan li.
oi vi cac BCL ln va rat ln, phai co cac ng vnh cu, ban vnh cu va
eu phai trai nha hoac betong.
Cac ng ban vnh cu, ng tam bo tr chu yeu xe chay mot chieu. Xe vao
o rac xong i ra ng khac, qua bai ve sinh ra xe va theo ca khac ra
ngoai BCL nham tranh un tac va giam bui.
ng tam ch lam cho xe vao o rac, cac ng tam phai co cho quay xe de
dang.
3. He thong cap nc
He thong cap nc co the oc lap, hoac au t he thong cap nc cua o th.
Trong trng hp cap nc oc lap, tot nhat nen s dung nc ngam t lo
khoan va phai co he tho ng x ly at tieu chuan cap nc cho sinh hoat.
Nc cho san xuat (ra xe, ti ng, ra san bai) c lay t kenh thoat nc
ma (hoac ho sinh hoc sau khi x ly at tieu chuan) khong dung nc cap cho
sinh hoat e lam ve sinh xe, bai.
9.7.8 Quy nh ve moi trng trong xay dng bai chon lap
Viec xay dng BCL phai c thc hien ung theo thiet ke va am bao yeu cau ky
thuat oi vi ta t ca cac hang muc cong trnh.
Trc khi xay dng phai tao hang rao bao ve va vanh ai cay xanh xung quanh BCL.
Viec to chc thi cong phai han che to i a s pha huy tham thc vat xung quanh va
cau truc t nhien nen a y cua BCL.
To chc thi cong phai o ng bo, ung quy trnh thiet ke. Mo i phng tien van chuyen,
trang thiet b van hanh trong BCL phai am bao an toan va ve sinh moi trng theo
ung noi quy, luat le ban hanh.
Cong tac kiem tra, giam sat viec xay dng BCL phai c tie n hanh thng xuyen va
chat che. Sau khi xay dng xong phai kiem tra xac nh lai o tham nc cua at ne n
ay va xung quanh BCL. Neu cha am bao ye u cau thiet ke th phai thi cong lai.
392
Khi xay dng cac he thong thu gom kh gas, phai tuyet oi an toan, e phong s co
(phut kh, chay, no.). Co ay u trang thiet b phong chong s co va bao am an
toan cho cac can bo nhan vien lam viec tai BCL.
9.7.9 Van hanh BCL CTR
1. Giai oan hoat ong
Chat thai c ch en BCL phai c kiem tra phan loa i (qua tram can) va
tien hanh chon lap ngay, khong e qua 24 gi. Chat thai phai c chon lap
vao ung cac o qui nh cho tng loai chat tha i tng ng. oi vi ca c BCL
tiep nhan tren 20.000 ta n chat thai/nam, nhat thiet phai trang b he thong can
ien t e kiem soat nh lng chat thai.
Ngi quan ly van hanh BCL phai xac nh ung cac loai chat thai c phep
chon lap khi tiep nhan vao BCL va lap so ang ky theo doi nh ky hang nam
theo cac e muc sau:
+ Ten ngi lai xe van tai CTR.
+ Tnh chat cua CTR, neu la bun set th phai ghi ro ham lng can.
+ Lng CTR.
+ Thi gian (ngay, thang, nam) van chuyen CTR.
+ Nguon phat sinh CTR, neu la CTR cong nghiep th phai ghi ro ten nha may, x
nghiep.
So sach ghi chep va cac tai lieu co lien quan phai c lu tr va bao quan tai Ban Quan
ly BCL trong thi gian van hanh va sau t nhat la 5 nam ke t ngay ong ca BCL.
Chat tha i phai c cho n lap thanh cac lp rieng re va ngan cach nhau bang cac
lp at phu
+ Chat thai c chap nhan chon lap, sau khi thai bo vao o chon lap phai c
san nen va am nen ky (bang may am nen 6 8 lan) tha nh nhng lp co
chieu day toi a 60 cm am bao ty trong chat thai toi thieu sau am nen
0,52 0,8 tan/m
3
.
+ Phai tien hanh phu lp at trung gian tren be mat rac khi rac a c am
chat (theo cac lp) co o cao toi a t 2,0 2,2 m. Chieu day lp at phu
phai at 20 cm. Ty le lp at phu chiem khoang 10 15% tong the tch
CTR va at phu.
+ at phu phai co thanh phan hat set > 30%, u a m e de am nen. Lp at
phu phai c trai eu khap va kn lp chat thai. Sau khi am nen ky, lp
at phu co be day khoang 15 20 cm.
Ngoai at phu, vat lieu u cac ieu kien sau ay cung c s dung lam vat lieu phu
trung gian gia cac lp chat thai:
393
+ Co he so tham s 1 x 10-4 cm/s va co t nhat 20% khoi lng co kch thc s
0,08 mm.
+ Co cac ac tnh.
+ Co kha nang ngan mui.
+ Khong gay chay, no.
+ Co kha nang ngan chan cac loai con trung, ong vat ao bi.
+ Co kha nang ngan chan s phat tan cac chat thai nhe.
CTRcua nha may nhiet ien phai c chon lap theo hng dan ky thuat chuyen nganh.
Cac o chon lap phai c phun thuoc diet con trung (khong c dang dung dch). So
lan phun thch hp se can c vao mc o phat trien cua cac loai con trung nham han che
toi a s phat trien cua no.
Cac phng tien van chuyen CTR sau khi o chat thai vao BCL can phai c ra ve
sinh sach trc khi ra khoi phamvi BCL nham tranh lan truyen mui hoi ra khu vc xung
quanh.
He thong thu gom va x ly nc thai phai thng xuyen hoat ong va c kiem tra, duy
tu, sa cha nh ky nham am bao cong suat thiet ke. Cac ho lang phai c nao vet
bun va a bun en khu x ly thch hp.
Nc thai khong c phep thai trc tiep ra moi trng neu ham lng cac chat o
nhiem vt qua cac tieu chuan quy nh (TCVN)
Cho phep tuan hoan nc r rac nguyen chat t he thong thu gom cua BCL,
hoac bun set sinh ra t he thong x ly nc r rac c a tr lai BCL e tang
cng qua trnh phan hu y chat thai trong nhng ieu kien sau:
+ Chieu day lp CTR ang chon lap phai ln hn 4 m.
+ Phai ap dung ky thuat ti eu tren be mat.
+ Khong ap dung cho nhng vung cua o chon lap khi a tien hanh phu lp cuoi
cung.
2. Giai oan ong ca BCL
Viec ong ca BCLc thc hien khi:
+ Lng chat thai chon lap trong BCL a at c dung tch ln nhat theo nh thiet
ke ky thuat.
+ Chu van hanh BCL khong co kha nang tiep tuc van hanh BCL.
+ V cac ly do khac.
Trong moi trng hp chu van hanh BCL pha i gi cong van ti CQQLNNMT e
thong bao thi gian ong BCL.
394
Trnh t ong BCL:
+ Lp at phu tren cung co ham lng set > 30%, am bao o am tieu chuan
va c am nen can than, chieu day ln hn hoac bang 60 cm. o doc t
chan en nh bai tang t 3 5%, luon am bao thoat nc tot va khong
trt l, sut lun, sau o can:
- Phu lp em bang a t co thanh phan pho bien la cat day khoang 50
60 cm.
- Phu lp at trong (lp at tho nhng) day khoa ng 20 30 cm.
- Trong co va cay xanh.
+ Trong cac BCL ln, can phai tien hanh song song viec van hanh BCL vi
viec xay dng cac o chon lap mi, ong cac o ay. V vay, cac cong viec
eu phai tuan thu cac quy nh cho tng cong oan neu tren.
+ Trong thi han 6 thang ke t ngay ong ca BCL, chu van hanh BCL phai bao
cao CQQLNNMT ve hien trang cua BCL. Bao cao nay phai do mot to chc
chuyen mon oc lap ve moi trng thc hie n, bao gom cac no i dung sau:
- Tnh tra ng hoat ong, hieu qua va kha nang va n hanh cua tat ca cac
cong trnh trong BCL nh: he thong chong tham cua BCL, he thong thu
gom va x ly nc ro r, he thong quan ly n c mat, nc ngam, he
thong thu gom kh thai cu ng nh toan bo he thong giam sat chat lng
nc ngam v.v
- Tnh hnh quan trac chat lng nc thai t BCL ra moi trng, ve chat
lng nc ngam cung nh ve phat thai kh thai.
- Viec tuan thu nhng quy nh hien hanh cua Thong t lien tch so
01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT BXD cung nh phuc hoi va cai thien
canh quan khu vc BCL. Bao cao phai ch ra cac trng hp khong
tuan thu cac quy nh cua Thong t nay va phai neu cac bien phap
khac phuc.
- Sau khi ong BCL, van khong c phep cho ngi va suc vat ra vao
t do. ac biet tren nh BCL la ni tap trung kh gas, phai co cac bien
bao, ch dan an toan trong khu vc BCL.
3. Quan trac moi trng
Quy nh chung
Viec quan trac chat lng moi trng la vo cung quan trong oi vi mo t BCL. Bat ky
mot BCL CTR nao, quy mo ln hay nho, ong bang hay mien nui eu phai quan
trac ve moi trng nha m theo doi nhng bien ong moi trng, nham am bao khong
co s lan truyen nao co the tac ong le n sc kho e cua cong ong va moi trng xung
quanh.
395
Nhng yeu cau quan trac moi trng tai BCL ca n c thc hien:
- Khoi lng va loai chat thai, neu co the th quan trac them ve tai che, tai s
dung.
- Khoi lng va thanh pha n nc r rac.
- Lng kh bai chon lap va anh gia s phat thai ben ngoai BCL.
- Chat lng nc mat va nc ngam.
- Tnh trang hoat ong cu a lp lot.
- o on.
- Mui hoi.
- Con trung va sinh vat.
- Tham thc vat.
- S on nh tren nh BCL va sat l.
- Bui va bun.
- Nhng than phien va khieu nai cua cong chung.
Tom lai, quan trac moi trng bao gom viec quan trac mo i trng khong kh, moi
tr ng nc, moi tr ng at va he sinh thai, mo i tr ng lao ong, sc khoe cong ong
khu vc phu can.
- V tr cac tram quan trac can at cac iem ac trng co the xac nh c
cac dien bien cua moi trng do anh hng cua bai chon lap tao nen.
- Cac BCL can phai bo tr cac tram quan trac t ong.
- Chng trnh quan trac phai cung cap chi tiet ve :
Nhng thong tin phai quan trac, bao gom ca tieu ch ngng.
V tr quan trac, tan suat va thi lng quan trac.
Bien ban quan trac va kiem soat chat lng.
Nhng bien phap can thc hien neu quan trac ch ra s khong tuan thu.
Bao cao no i bo, ket noi vi cac ke hoach hanh ong va thc te quan ly .
Cac quy trnh bao cao cho cap tham quyen.
Cac tram quan trac moi trng nc
a. Nc ngam:
- Quan trac chat lng nc ngam la can thiet e nhan ra s thay o i trong chat
lng nc co the gay ra bi nc ro r va cac kh t BCL.
- Viec gia m sat chat lng nc ngam xung quanh khu vc BCL la bat buoc nham
396
Giam sat va kiem tra xem he thong chong tha m ay hoat ong co hie u qua
hay khong.
Neu he thong chong tham ay hoat ong khong hieu qua th phai tm gia i
phap ngan chan tac ong cua chat o nhiem trong nc ro r en nguon nc
ngam va cac quan the sinh thai trong khu vc.
Nh vay, viec giam sat chat lng nc ngam cho phep xac nh nguon nc ngam
xung quanh khu vc BCL co b anh hng hay khong. Do o, v tr, so lng va
chieu sau cua gieng quan trac phai c tnh toa n rat can than.
- V tr va so lng gieng quan trac: tan suat giam sat phu thuoc vao kch thc, v
tr va ieu kien moi trng cua BCL. Tuy nhie n, vi bat ky mot BCL nao cung
phai co toi thieu 2 gieng quan trac nc ngam.
Mot gieng khoan bat buoc phai co pha di hng dong chay nc ngam
nham muc ch giam sat lng nc tham thau trc khi cac chat o nhiem
trong no co the lan truye n vao nc ngam.
Gieng quan trac th hai phai c khoan pha ha nguon, ni cac cha t o
nhiem co the tham nhap de dang nha t va nhanh nhat e giam sat chat lng
n c ngam. Gieng phai c khoan u sau e co the co nc ngam ac trng
cho khu vc
Tram quan trac nc ngam bo tr theo hng dong chay t pha thng lu
en pha ha lu cua BCL, can t nhat la 4 lo khoan quan trac (1 lo khoan
pha thng lu va 3 lo khoan pha ha lu). Quan trac ca trong i thong kh
va i bao hoa nc.
ng vi mo i iem dan c quanh BCL bo tr t nhat mot tram quan trac (gieng
khi hay lo khoan).
- Cac thong so va tan sua t quan trac: cac thong so va tan suat quan trac nc ngam
tai cac gieng khoan trong khu vc BCL Viet Nam c trnh bay trong bang
sau:
Bang 9.15 Cac thong so va tan suat quan trac nc ngam tai BCL Viet Nam
Tan suat
Thong so
1 lan / ngay 1 lan / tuan 1 lan / thang 1 lan / qu
PH x
EC x
Mau x
o uc x
SS x
Tong cng x
397
Cl
-
x
Phenol x
Dau m x
BOD x
COD x
N- NO
3
-
x
E.coli Ap1 x
Fe x
Mn x
Zn x
Cr x
Pb x
Cd x
Hg x
CN
-
x
Hnh 9.14: S o cau ta o gieng quan trac nc ngam
398
b. Nc mat
Trong mo i BCL phai bo tr t nhat hai tram quan trac nc mat do ng chay
nhan nc thai cua BCL.
+ Tram th nhat nam tr c iem tiep nhan nc thai cua BCL khoang 15 20 m.
+ Tram th hai nam sau iem tiep nhan nc thai cua BCL khoang 15 20 m.
Neu trong chu vi 1.000 m co cac ho cha nc phai bo tr them mot tram tai ho
cha nc.
Ch tieu giam sat chat lng nc mat c e xuat tng t nh nc ngam, co
them vao ch tieu oxy hoa tan.
c. Nc thai
V tr cac tram quan tra c c bo tr sao cho am bao quan trac toan dien chat lng
nc thai au vao va au ra khoi khu x ly. Cu the la:
Mot tram a t tai v tr trc khi vao he thong x ly.
Mot tram a t tai v tr sau x ly, trc khi thai ra moi trng xung quanh.
Neu trong chu vi cach bai 1000m co ho cha nc, phai bo tr them mot tram
quan trac tai ho cha nc.
Viec giam sat ac tnh nc ro r oi v i BCL la vo cung quan trong nha m ngan nga
kha nang gay o nhiem moi trng nc. Do ac thu cua chat lng nc ro r vi
nong o chat o nhiem cao, viec giam sat chat lng nc ro r phai c thc hien
oi vi ca nc ro r tho (cha qua x ly ) va sau x ly nham anh gia kha nang xa
vao moi trng. Cac tho ng so va tan suat giam sat nh sau:
Ba ng 9.16 Ca c tho ng so va ta n sua t gia m sa t n c ra c o i v i ca c BCL Vie t Nam
Tan suat
Thong so
1 lan / ngay 1 lan / tuan 1 lan / thang
The tch x
Nhiet o x
PH x
BOD x
COD x
SS x
N NH
4
+
x
Tong nit x
Tong photpho x
399
Cl
-
x
Tong coliforms x
Chu ky quan trac: oi vi cac tram t ong phai tien hanh quan trac va cap
nhat so lieu hang ngay. Khi cha co tram quan trac t ong th tuy thuo c vao
thi ky hoat ong hay ong bai ma thiet ke v tr va tan suat quan trac cho hp
ly, am bao theo doi c toan bo cac dien bien moi trng do hoat o ng cua
BCL, cu the nh sau:
- oi vi thi ky van hanh quan trac:
Lu lng (nc mat, nc thai): 2 thang/lan.
Thanh phan hoa hoc: 4 thang/lan.
- oi vi thi ky ong BCL:
Trong nam au: 3 thang/lan.
T cac nam sau: 2 3 lan/nam.
Chu y khi lay mau tai ca c lo khoan quan trac nc ngam, trc khi lay mau phai bm
cho nc lu thong t nhat 30 phut.
Ch tieu phan tch thanh phan hoa hoc: Theo tieu chuan Viet Nam ve moi
trng (TCVN).
Co the moi nam vao au mua ma lay va phan tch mau nc ma.
Cac tram quan trac moi trng kho ng kh
Trong qua trnh phan huy tai cac BCL, cac chat kh nh metan , cacbon ioxit,
ammonia c giai pho ng ra cung vi mot lng nho sulphua hydro, sulphua methyl,
methyl mercaptan. Quan trac chat lng khong kh tai BCL gom: 1) quan trac chat
lng moi trng khong kh xung quanh va tai BCL, 2) quan trac cac kh sinh ra t
BCL, va 3) quan trac cac kh sinh ra t cac bo phan x ly kh BCL.
Cac thong so giam sat: [theo Tieu chuan Nha nc Viet Nam ve moi trng
(TCVN)]
Bui ca c loai.
Thanh phan va nong o cac kh BCL nh Metan (CH
4
), Cacbon ioxit
(CO
2
), Ammonia (NH
3
), Sulphua hydro (H
2
S).
Tieng on
Nhiet o
V tr cac tram quan trac:
Cac tram quan trac moi trng khong kh c bo tr theo cac tuyen song song vi
hng gio thnh hanh:
400
Tuyen 1: Theo hng ong Nam Tay Bac.
Tuyen 2: Theo hng ong Bac Tay Nam.
Tren moi tuyen bo tr 7 tram o: 01 tram tai trung tam bai, 02 tram ra bai, 02
tram tai hai khu dan c theo hng gio, 02 tra m tai khoang cach gia khu dan c
en .
So iem thu mau phu thuoc vao kch thc, v tr va ieu kien moi trng cua BCL.
Thong thng t nha t phai co 5 iem, trong o :
1 iem trong khu vc BCL nham giam sat c kha nang xay ra s co do
ham lng cac kh de chay no tang len qua cao.
4 iem con la i at theo 4 hng cach 500 m tnh t ba BCL, nham gia m sat
s phat tan cac kh sinh ra t BCL vao moi trng gay anh hng en dan c
trong vung.
Che o quan trac (khi cha co tram quan trac t ong):
Tan suat giam sat phu thuoc vao luat va quy nh cua tng a phng. Nhng
luat va quy nh lai thng ban hanh da tren thc te ve kch thc, v tr va
ieu kien moi trng cu a bai chon lap.
Theo doi sc khoe cong nhan vien
Can bo cong nhan vien lam viec tai BCL va cum dan c gan khu vc chu anh hng
hoat ong cua BCL can phai c theo do i va kiem tra sc khoe nh ky , t nhat la 6
thang/lan.
Cac v tr o (cac tram): phai co nh, nen co mo c anh dau. oi vi tra m
quan trac nc ngam phai co thiet ke chi tiet.
Quan trac kiem tra o doc, o sut lun lp phu va tham thc vat: Khi cha
co tram quan trac t ong: 2 lan/nam, neu co van e th phai hieu chnh
ngay.
Che o bao cao: Hang nam n v quan ly BCL phai co bao cao ve hien
trang moi trng cua BCL cho cac CQQLNNMT.
Tai lieu bao cao: Ngoai tai lie u cac ke t qua o at, quan trac phai co ca c
bao cao ve a chat thuy van, a chat cong trnh, thuyet minh chi tiet
hoat ong cac he thong thu gom nc, rac, kh, o doc
Cac chi ph cho viec xay dng mang quan trac moi trng c tnh va o
gia thanh xay dng va van hanh BCL.
Thi gian hoat ong cu a mang quan trac c thc hien t khi BCL bat
au van hanh en khi ong ca BCL. Sau khi ong ca BCL th viec la y
mau phan tch phai tiep tuc trong vong 5 nam, neu chat lng mau phan
tch at di TCVN th se cham dt viec phan tch mau va ngng hoat
ong cua tram quan trac.
401
Thiet b o va phng phap o: pha i thong nhat, tuy theo s tien bo cua
khoa hoc ky thuat, cac tram o co the c trang b t ong hoa va noi
mang chung vi phong ieu hanh cua BCL.
9.7.10 Kiem tra chat lng cong trnh ve mat moi trng
Cong tac kiem tra moi trng trong xay dng, van hanh va ong BCL phai c
tien hanh thng xuyen.
Trong so cac hang muc phai kiem tra chat lng ve moi trng can ac biet chu
y kiem tra cac he thong chong tham, he thong thu gom va x ly nc rac, he
thong thu gom, anh gia va kh biogas cung nh he thong gieng quan trac nc
di at, cac tram quan trac nc mat. Cong tac kiem tra phai c tien hanh ca
hien trng va trong phong th nghiem, ung hang muc va phu hp v i tng thi
iem can thiet nham am bao rang nhng vat lieu va thiet b s dung trong BCL
ap ng cac tieu chuan Viet Nam ve moi trng (TCVN).
Tat ca cac vat lieu va thiet b s dung e chong tham hoac e lap at ca c he thong
thu gom nc va khtrong cac BCL can phai c can bo chuyen mo n kiem tra
khach quan nham ap ng cac yeu cau ve mat moi trng.
Cac can bo chuyen mon phu trach co ng tac kiem tra va giam sat chat lng moi
tr ng phai no p bao cao ket qua sau moi giai oan, hang muc au t xay dng
BCL cho CQQLNNMT nham kp th i phat hien nhng trng hp vi pham tieu
chuan mo i trng trong thiet ke , xay d ng, van hanh BCL va nhanh chong e ra
nhng bien phap khac phuc.
Cac trang thiet b s dung e kiem tra chat l ng moi trng phai am bao quy
chuan quoc gia va quoc te.
9.7.11 Tai s dung mat bang BCL
Ngay t khi quy hoach s dung va thiet ke BCL phai tnh en kha na ng tai s
dung mat bang chon lap sau khi BCL ong ca nh: gi nguyen trang thai BCL,
lam cong vien, khu vui chi giai tr, san the thao, bai au xe, hay trong cay
xanh.
Muon tai s dung BCL phai tien hanh khao sat, anh gia cac yeu to moi trng
co lien quan, neu am bao mi tien hanh tai s dung.
Trong suot thi gian ch s dung lai dien tch BCL, viec x ly nc ra c, kh gas
van phai tiep tuc hoat ong bnh thng.
Sau khi o ng BCL van phai tien hanh theo doi s bien ong cua moi trng tai
cac tram quan trac.
Sau khi ong BCL phai thanh lap lai ban o a hnh cua khu vc BCL.
Sau khi ong BCL phai bao cao ay u ve quy trnh hoat ong cua BCL, e xuat
cac bien phap tch cc kiem soat moi trng trong nhng nam tiep theo.
402
Lam thu tuc ban giao cho cac c quan va n v co tham quyen tiep tuc quan ly,
s dung lai mat bang cu a BCL.
Sau khi tai s dung phai tien hanh kiem tra chat che cac lo khoan thu hoi kh gas.
Khi ap suat cua cac lo khoan kh khong con che nh lech vi ap suat kh quyen va
nong o kh gas khong ln hn 5% mi c phep san ui lai.
9.8 BAI CHON LAP CHA T THAI NGUYHAI
Do ac tnh nguy hai cua mot so loai chat thai nguy hai nh tro cua qua trnh ot, bun
t cac qua trnh x l, phe thai nguy ha i khong ta i che khong the thc hien chon lap
hp ve sinh bi nhng tac hai tiem an rat ln cho moi trng va sc kho e cong ong,
v vay can phai tien ha nh chon lap theo mot giai phap co o an toan cao hn. Theo
Quyet nh so 60/2002/Q-BKHCNMT ngay 7/8/2002 cua Bo KHCNMT ve Hng
dan ky thuat chon lap cha t thai nguy hai a co quy nh cu the cac loai chat thai
khong c chon lap tr c tiep bai nay bao gom:
- Dung dch hoac vat lieu cha chat long
- Bao b rong, tr khi a c ep, cat nho hoac cac bien phap tng t
nha m giam the tch
- Chat co the gay no, chat ran de bat chay, cac chat co the phan ng vi
nc, cac chat oxy hoa va peroxit hu c
- Cac chat thai co thanh phan hu c nguy hai, ac biet la chat hu c
halogen hoa, ch c xem xet khi nong o toi a nam trong ngng cho
phep (tai phu luc phan loai chat thai nguy hai, danh muc A)
Tuy nhie n, cac loai chat thai nay ch c cho n lap khi a c a co cac bien phap x
l thch hp nham gia m mc o o c hai hay a c on nh hoa ran (ke ca tro cua qua
trnh o t)
Tng t nh chon lap hp ve sinh, chon lap an toan chat thai nguy hai cung co ba
mo hnh e chon la tuy theo v tr va tnh a hinh cua khu vc cung nh tnh hnh ta i
chnh cua nha au t.
Di ay la 3 mo hnh cua bai chon lap an toan
403
Hnh 9.13 Cac mo hnh chon lap CTNH
Ngoai quy nh ve chat thai c phep chon lap, phan quan trong cua Quyet nh so
60/2002/Q-BKHCNMT ngay 7/8/2002 cua Bo KHCNMT la Hng dan ky thuat
chon lap chat thai nguy hai. Hng dan nay bao gom cac khau: la chon a iem;
thiet ke va xay dng bai chon lap chat thai nguy hai; van hanh va quan trac bai chon
lap chat thai nguy hai; giai oan ong bai va sau ong ca bai cho n lap. Cu the
Quyet nh bao gom cac iem sau:
Cau tao o chon lap an toan
- Cau tao ay va thanh o chon lap
- Cau tao lp phu be mat
- He thong thu gom nc ro r
- He thong thoat kh
a) Cau tao ay va thanh o chon lap
V tnh nguy hai cu a chat thai cho n lap nen cac yeu cau cho nen ay bai va thanh bai
chon lap an toan c quy nh cu the theo tng a hnh xay dng, can c tren thong
404
so a chat cong trnh viec thiet ke cho nen ay bai co hai trng h p xay ra va c
tong hp nh bang sau:
Bang 9.17 Cau tao ay va thanh o chon lap
Trng hp a chat 1 Trng hp a chat 2
Co be day lp set ln hn 2m
He so tham K 10
-7
cm/s
Co be day lp set nho hn 2m
He so tham K >10
-7
cm/s
Cau tao lp lot n gom: Cau tao lp lot kep gom:
Lp o day Lp o day
Lp em e thu gom nc ro r 0,5m
Lp cat em th I e thu gom
nc ro r
0,5m
Lp chong tham HDPE 1,5mm Lp chong tham HDPE th nhat 1,5mm
Lp vai a ky thuat Lp vai a ky thuat
Lp cat em phat hien nc ro r 0,3cm
Lp cat em th hai phat hien
nc ro r
0,3cm
Lp chong tham th hai HDPE 1,5mm
Lp vai a ky thuat Lp vai a ky thuat
Lp set t nhien co he so tham
K 10
-7
cm/s
>2m
Lp set lot gia co c am nen
K 10
-7
cm/s
90cm
Hinh 9.14 He thong lo t kep ay bai cho mo hnh 1
405
Hinh 9.15 He thong lo t kep ay bai cho mo hnh 2
b) Cau tao lp phu be mat
Lp che phu be mat co tac du ng cach ly CTNH vi moi trng tren be mat, ngan
khong cho nc ma va nc ngam xuong cac o cha chat thai, kiem soat s thoat
kh t o chon lap va duy tr tham thc vat ben tre n, tao canh quan moi trng
Cau tao ay u cua lp che phu be mat tnh t di len bao gom cac lp:
- Lp cat chuyen tiep day 20 30cm
- Lp set nen, toi thieu da y 0,6m vi he so tham K 10
-7
cm/s
- Lp vai ai ky thua t day 1,0m
- Lp cat em day toi thie u 0,5m
- Lp tho nhng day t 30 50cm
- Lp phu thc vat
ac biet vi nen at ye u cua khu vc, viec gia co lp phu can ac biet chu y en o
lun cua be mat ben canh o con co s ket hp vi cac yeu kh hau, th i tiet, o doc
a hnh,
c) He thong thu gom nc ro r
He thong nay bao gom cac ranh, ong dan va ho thu c bo tr hp ly, am bao thu
gom toan bo nc ro r (chu yeu tren be ma t l p lot) ve tram x l
He thong thu gom nay bao gom:
- Tang thu gom nc ro r c at ay va thanh o chon lap tren
mang lot chong tham, day toi thieu 50cm
406
- Mang li thu gom nc ro r c at ben trong tang thu gom, phan
bo eu tren toan bo ay o chon lap
- Lp boc bao quanh ng ong thu gom nc ro r: la lp at cat, san
co o hat t nhat 5% kho i lng hoac mot mang loc tong hp co hieu qu tng
ng va chat lieu phu hp
V tnh chat oc hai cua lng rac chon lap nen nc ro r cua bai se c tap trung
ve tram x ly hoa l.
d) He thong thoat kh
Chat thai nguy hai c chon lap tai bai la cac loai chat thai cha ham lng hu c rat
t, nen l ng kh phat sinh khong ang ke . Tuy nhien khoi lng chat thai qua ln ne n
kh van co the sinh ra. V vay ye u cau van phai co he thong thu kh cho bai chon lap.
He thong thu kh ch can at ben d i lp lot khong tham hay trong cac ranh thu nc
trong tang thu gom n c ro r sau o s dung he thong o ng dan len be mat va cho phat
tan t nhien.
Qua trnh van hanh cua bai hoan toan tng t nh van hanh mot bai chon lap hp ve
sinh, rac se tien hanh chon lap lan lt theo tng o. Sau khi ay o nay, se tien hanh
chon o khac en khi het cong suat se tien hanh hoan tat cac thu tuc ong bai nh tao
tham phu thc vat, quan trac chat lng mo i tr ng khong kh, nc Ne u khong thay
co bat ky mot dau hieu anh hng en moi trng co the s dung e xay dng cac
cong trnh cong cong nhng van phai tien hanh cac hoat ong quan trac moi trng,
o phong xa
Hnh 9.16 Mo hnh BCL CTNH hoan chnh
407
CAU HOI
1. Hay tnh dien tch ca n thiet e chon rac cho mot khu dan c co 300.000 dan, vi
cac thong so sau:
- Lng CTR phat sinh 0,5 kg/(ngi.ngay).
- Khoi lng rieng cua rac sau khi nen trong bai rac 800 kg/m
3
.
- Chieu cao trung bnh cua bai rac 20 m.
2. Xac nh khoi lng rieng cua chat thai ran a c nen trong BCL vi thanh phan
chat thai nh sau:
Thanh phan Khoi lng, kg T so nen =V
c
/V
Chat hu c
Thc pham tha
Giay
Cacton
Nha
Vai
Cao su
Da
Rac vn
Go
90
340
60
70
20
5
5
185
20
0,33
0,15
0,18
0,10
0,15
0,30
0,30
0,20
0,30
Chat vo c
Thuy tinh
Vo o hop
Nhom
Kim loai khac
Tro
80
60
5
30
30
0,4
0,15
0,15
0,30
0,75
ong thi xac nh anh hng cua chng trnh thu hoi chat thai tai che en BCL,
biet rang 50% giay va 80% thuy tinh va chai lo c thu hoi.
3. Xac nh thanh phan hoa hoc va lng kh co the sinh ra t qua trnh phan huy sinh
hoc nhanh va cham cua cac chat hu c trong CTR o th, gia s 60% chat thai ran
thuoc loai phan huy sinh hoc nhanh. Thanh phan chat thai lay trong bai 2.
408
4. Xac nh ty le chat thai/vat lieu che phu (theo the tch). Biet rang khoi lng CTR
la 70 tan/ngay, c cho n thanh cac lp cao 3 m va o chon chieu rong la 5m. o oc
be mat la 2:1. Gia s khoi lng rieng cua CTR a c nen lan lt la 600 kg/m
3
,
700 kg/m
3
va 900 kg/m
3
. Be day lp phu hang ngay la 15 cm.
5. Xac nh lng hi nc ngng tu can loa i bo hang ngay t he thong thu hoi kh
thai tai BCL, biet rang:
- Tong lu lng kh: 70,8 x 10
3
m
3
/ngay (25
o
C, 1 atm)
- Nhiet o kh trong BCL : 55
o
C
- Nhiet o kh cac ong thu kh: 32
o
C
- Ap suat chan khong tai gieng thu : 250 mm n c
- Ap suat chan khong tai may thu kh : 1.900 mm nc
- Kh bai rac bao hoa hi nc ngay tai nguon.
6. Tnh lng nc ro t sinh ra hang nam t BCL van hanh trong th i gian 5 nam.
Cac phep tnh toan phai lien tuc cho en khi BCL at trang thai can bang, ngha la,
lng nc vao BCL phai bang lng nc ro r sinh ra hang nam t BCL. Ve ng
bieu dien lng nc ro r sinh ra hang nam t BCL. e n gian, xac nh lng
nc ro r sinh ra tren 1 n v dien tch be mat 1m
2
, sau o chuyen ket qua tnh toan
cho tong lng chat thai o BCL. Biet:
- Lng chat thai:
+ Lng chat thai o ha ng ngay: 2.000 tan/ngay
+ Thi gian hoat ong: 300 ngay
+ Lng chat thai o ha ng nam: 600.000 tan/na m
- Tnh chat chat thai:
+ Khoi lng rieng cua chat thai sau nen: 800 kg/m
3
+ o am ban au cua chat thai = 60 %kl
+ S phan bo chat hu c phan huy nhanh va cham trong chat thai tng t
nh trong v du 9.1.
+ Gia s khong co bun o cung chat thai
- ac tnh BCL
Tong quat:
+ Chieu cao 1 lp: 3m
+ Ty le gia chat thai va lp phu trung gian = 5:1 theo the tch
+ So lp = 5 lp (1 lp tng ng vi 1 nam)
409
Vat lieu che phu:
+ Khoi lng rieng cua at: 1800 kg/m
3
(ke ca a m)
+ o am cua at bang kha nang gi nc
S hnh thanh kh:
+ S hnh thanh kh: s dung so lieu kh sinh ra sau ay e tnh tong l ng kh
sinh ra tren 1 n v kho i lng tong cong cua chat thai o thanh 1 lp
S hnh thanh kh (m
3
/kg) Cuoi moi nam
Pha n huy nhanh Phan huy cham Tong
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Tong
0,000
0,060
0,103
0,073
0,044
0,015
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,295
0,000
0,0005
0,0014
0,0024
0,0034
0,0044
0,0046
0,0041
0,0036
0,0032
0,0027
0,0022
0,0017
0,0012
0,0008
0,0003
0,000
0,0365
0,000
0,0605
0,1044
0,0754
0,0474
0,0194
0,0046
0,0041
0,0036
0,0032
0,0027
0,0022
0,0017
0,0012
0,0008
0,0003
0,000
0,3315
+ Nc tieu thu trong qua trnh hnh thanh kh BCL = 0,16 kg/m
3
kh tao thanh
+ Nc dang hi trong kh bai rac = 0,016 kg/m
3
kh tao thanh
410
+ Khoi lng rieng cu a kh BCL = 1,34kg/m
3
- Kha nang gi nc:
Kha nang gi nc phu thuoc vat lieu c tnh nh sau:
FC = 0,6 0,55[W/(10.000 + W)]
Trong o: FC la phan nc trong chat thai tnh theo kho i lng kho
W la khoi lng tnh tai iem gia chieu cao cua mot lp (kg)
- Lng ma:
+ Lng ma tham qua lp che phu hang ngay trong 5 nam au = 0,1m/nam
+ Lng ma tham qua lp che phu cuoi cung trong 5 nam au = 0,025m/nam
7. Tnh cong suat tang them cua BCL cho cau 6, sau 5 nam do qua trnh nen ep va
sinh kh. Tnh chieu cao thc cua BCL vao cuoi nam 5 va qua trnh sut lun BCL sau
khi ong ca. Cac phep tnh toan phai lien tuc cho en khi BCL at trang thai can
bang.
S dung so lieu cho cau 6. Gia s rang khoi lng rieng cua chat thai a nen la 800
kg/m
3
va phng trnh co the s dung e tnh toan khoi lng rieng cua chat thai phu
thuoc ap suat nen. Gia s vat lieu phu khong b nen .
p . 00169 , 0 0,1546
p
800 SWp
+
+ =
Trong o: SW
p
la kho i lng rieng( kg/m
3
) cua chat thai a nen ap suat p ( kN/m
2
)
8. Tnh toc o sinh kh g/(m
2
.ngay) CO
2
va CH
4
tai be mat BCL da vao s khuech
tan . Biet:
- Nhiet o: 30
o
C
- Lp phu BCL lam bang hon hp at set tron vi rm
- o rong cua vat lieu phu: 0,23
- Chieu day lp phu: 0,6 m
- He so khuech tan cua CH
4
: 0,20 cm
2
/s
- He so khuech tan cua CO
2
: 0,13 cm
2
/s
- Chu y: (g/cm
2
.s) x 0,864 x 10
9
= (g/m
2
.ngay)
10. Ap dung nh luat Henry, hay tnh nong o toi a cua Metan va dioxit cacbon
trong nc ro r, a p suat kh quyen.
11. Neu nong o bicacbonat cua nc r rac la 1.000 mg/l va pH o c la 5,8. Hay
tnh ap suat rieng phan cua CO
2
trong BCL
411
12. Neu ap suat rieng phan cua CO
2
trong kh tiep xuc vi nc r rac la 1 at th pH
cua nc rac la bao nhie u. Gia s rang CO
2
la yeu to duy nhat anh hng en pH cua
nc rac.
13. Hay tnh thi gian tham cua nc rac qua lp lot ay day 1,2 m. Cho o rong cua
vat lieu lot ay la 0,2 , he so tham 10
-7
cm/s va chieu cao cot nc la 1,8 m.
14. Chieu day cua lp lot la bao nhieu e bao am thi gian tham nc rac toi thieu
la 20 nam. Cho he so tham la 5 x 10
-8
cm/s va o rong cua vat lieu lot la 0,17. Gia s
gradient thuy lc la 0,3m cao hn chieu day cua lp lot.
15. Cho thi gian tham la 12 nam, chieu day lp lot la 1m, hay tnh he so tham cua
lp lot. Biet rang o rong cua no la 0,2 va chieu cao cot nc la 1,5 m.
412
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen, Samuel Vigil, Intergrated Solid Waste
Management, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1993.
2. Khizghilov, I. Kh, Ba o quan pham chat xang dau trong qua trnh ton cha va van
chuyen, Tong cong ty xa ng dau, 1975.
3. Michael D. LaGrega, Phillip L. Buckingham, Jeffrey C. Evans & The
Environment Resources Management Group, Hazadous Waste Management,
McGraw-Hill Inc, 1994.
4. Standard Handbook of Hazadous Waste Treatment and Disposal, McGraw-Hill
Inc.
5. Tchobanoglous, G and F. L. Burton, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal
Resue, 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1991.
6. Tran Hieu Nhue, Quan ly chat thai ran, Tap 1: Chat thai ran o th, NXB Xay dng
Ha Noi, 2000.
7. UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, Principles of Municipal
Solid Waste Management, Osaka/Shiga, 1998.

QLvaXLCTR NguyenVanPhuoc

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

QLvaXLCTR NguyenVanPhuoc

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

downloaded from http://www.moitruongxanh.

- tong be mat hoa tan cua hat vat lieu, m

Pha thch nghi

= 864,3 + 172,9 = 1037,2 m

You might also like