Crystal Structures

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INTRODUCTION
Matter is classified into three kinds, they are
solids, liquids and gases. In solids, all the atoms
or molecules are arranged in a fixed manner.
Solids have definite shape and size, where as in
liquid and gasses atoms or molecules are not
fixed and cannot form any shape and size.
On basis of arrangement of atoms or molecules,
solids are classified into two categories, they are
crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
Lecture-5
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
1. In crystalline solids, the
atoms or molecules are
arranged in a regular and
orderly manner in 3-D
pattern, called lattice.
2. These solids passed
internal spatial symmetry
of atomic or molecular
orientation.
3. If a crystal breaks, the
broken pieces also have
regular shape.
Eg: M.C : Au, Ag,Al,
N.M.C: Si, Nacl, Dia.
1. In amorphous solids, the
atoms or molecules are
arranged in an irregular
manner, otherwise there
is no lattice structure.
2. These solids do not
posses any internal
spatial symmetry.
3. If an amorphous solid
breaks, the broken pieces
are irregular in shape.
Eg : Glass, Plastic, Rubber.
LATTICE POINTS :
Lattice points denote the position of atoms or
molecules in the crystals.
SPACE LATTICE :
The angular arrangement of the space positions of
the atoms or molecules in a crystals is called space
lattice or lattice array.
2D-SPACE LATTICE :
It is defined as an infinite array of points in 2-
D space in which every point has the same
environment w.r.t. all other points.
The dots represent the lattice points in which
atoms can be accommodated. Taking O as an
arbitrary origin in XY plane constructed.
The two translations vectors and are taken
along X-axis and Y-axis respectively. The
resultant vector T can be represented as
T=n
1
+n
2
Where n
1
, n
2
are arbitrary integers.
OP b
b
3D- Space Lattice
It is defined as an infinite array of points in
3D-Space in which every point has the same
environment w.r.t. all other points.
In this case the resultant vector can be
expressed as T=n
1
+n
2
+n
3
. Where n
1
, n
2
,
n
3
are arbitrary integers and, , & are
translational vector along X,Y,Z-axis
respectively
b
c
c b,
BASIS :
Certain atoms or molecules are attached
to each lattice point in the crystal structure.
These atoms or molecules attached to any
lattice point form the basis of a crystal
lattice. Hence, crystal structure = Lattice
+ Basis.
In order to convert the geometrical array
of points molecules are located on the
lattice points.
The repeating unit assembly atom,
molecule, ion or radical that is located at
each lattice point is called the BASIS.
The basis is an assembly of atoms
identical in composition, arrangement and
orientation. Thus, Again we say that the
crystal structure is formed by logical
relation
Space lattice + Basis = CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE.
Unit Cell :
Unit cell of a crystal is the smallest volume of a
crystalline solid or geometric figure from which
the entire crystal is built up by translational
repetition in three dimensions.
Since the unit cell which reflects the structure of
the crystal structure of the crystal lattice has all
the structural properties of the given crystal
lattice, it is enough to study the shape and
properties of the unit cell to get the idea about
the whole crystal
LATTICE PARAMETERS OF AN UNIT CELL
The lines drawn parallel to the lines of
intersection of any three faces of the unit cell
which do not lie in the same plane are called
crystallographic axes.
An arbitrary arrangement of
crystallographic axes marked X,Y,&Z. The
angles between the three crystallographic
axes are known as interfacial angles or
interaxial angles.
Lecture-6
The angle between the axes Y and Z =
The angle between the axes Z and X =
The angle between the axes X and Y =
The intercepts a,b&c define the dimensions of
an unit cell and are known as its primitive or
characteristic intercepts on the axes. The three
quantities a,b&c are also called the fundamental
translational vectors.
BRAVAIS LATTICES
A 3dimensional lattice is generated by
repeated translation of three non-coplanar
vectors a,b &c.
There are only 14 distinguishable ways of
arranging points in 3d space.
These 14 space lattices are known as
Bravais lattices.
SIMPLE CUBIC
BODY CENTRED CUBIC
FACE CENTRED CUBIC
TETRAGONAL
BODY CENTRED TETRAGONAL
ORTHORHOMBIC
BODY CENTRED
ORTHORHOMBIC
BASE CENTRED
ORTHORHOMBIC
FACE CEN TRED
ORTHORHOMBIC
MONOCLINIC
BASE CENTRED MONOCLINIC
TRICLINIC
RHOMBOHEDRAL
HEXAGONAL
Lecture-7
Atomic packing factor is the ratio of
volume occupied by the atoms in an unit
cell to the total volume of the unit cell. It
is also called packing fraction.
The arrangement of atoms in different
layers and the way of stacking of
different layers result in different crystal
manner.
Metallic crystals have closest packing in
two forms (i) hexagonal close packed and
(ii) face- centred cubic with packing
factor 74%.
The packing factor of simple cubic
structure is 52%.
The packing factor of body centred cubic
structure is 68%.
MILLER INDICES
In a crystal orientation of planes or faces can
be described interms of their intercepts on the
three crystallographic axes.
Miller suggested a method of indicating the
orientation of a plane by reducing the
reciprocal of the intercepts into smallest whole
numbers.
o These indices are called Miller indeces
generally represented by (h k l).
Lecture-8
All equally spaced parallel planes have the
same miller indices.
. If a normal is drawn to a plane (h k l), the
direction of the normal is
[h k l].
Separation between adjacent lattice planes in a
cubic crystal is given by d= u/ ---h
2
+k
2
+l
2.
where a is the lattice constant and (h k l) are
the Miller indices.
Important features in miller
indices
1. When a plane is parallel to any axis, the intercept of
the plane on that axis is infinity. Hence its Miller
index for that axis is zero.
2. When the intercept of a plane on any axis is
negative a bar is put on the corresponding Miller
index.
3. All equally spaced parallel planes have the same
index number (h k l).
Lecture-9
4. If a plane passes thought origin, it is defined
in terms of a parallel plane having non-zero
intercept.
5. If a normal is drawn to plane (h k l), the
direction of the normal is (h k l).
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IIT-JEE/AIEEE preparation resources
Coaching Center packages
Engineering Major and Minor projects
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