ELSLEY ZEITLYN LECTURE ON CHINESE ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURE

The Prehistory of
Chinese Music Theory
ROBERT BAGLEY
Princeton University
The division of the octave into twelve semitones and the transposition of scales
have also been discovered by this intelligent and skillful nation. But the
melodies transcribed by travellers mostly belong to the scale of ve notes.
Helmholtz, On the Sensations of Tone (1863)
1
THE EARLIEST TEXTS ABOUT MUSIC THEORY presently known from China are
inscriptions on musical instruments found in the tomb of Marquis Yi of
Zeng, the ruler of a small state in the middle Yangzi region, who died in
433 BC. Excavated in 1978, the tomb was an underground palace of sorts,
a timber structure furnished with an astonishing array of lordly posses-
sions (Fig. 1).
2
In two of its four chambers the instruments of two distinct
musical ensembles were found. Beside the marquiss cofn in the east
chamber was a small ensemble for informal entertainments, music for the
royal bedchamber perhaps, consisting of two mouth organs, seven zithers,
and a small drum. In the central chamber, shown under excavation in
Figure 2, a much larger ensemble for banquets and rituals was found.
Composed of winds, strings, drums, a set of chime stones, and a set of
bells, it required more than twenty performers. The inscriptions about
music theory appear on the chime stones and the bells. They concern
Read at the Academy on 26 October 2004.
1
Quoted from Alexander Elliss 1885 translation (p. 258) of the fourth German edition (1877).
2
The excavation report, in Chinese, is Zeng Hou Yi mu (1989). Tan Weisi (1992), Shu Zhimei
(1994), and Zhongguo yinyue wenwu daxi, Hubei juan (1996) contain good illustrations of the nds.
So (2000) briey introduces the tomb and discusses the musical instruments in detail; chap. 2
(Bagley 2000) describes the bells and chime stones that are the focus of the present essay. The
musical inscriptions are transcribed in the excavation report.
Proceedings of the British Academy, 131, 4190. The British Academy 2005.
Copyright British Academy 2005 all rights reserved