5AHEAI B ?

F AN K >AHI
=E D=I JDA B H

) IAHEAI E JDA ?

F AN @

zn =
n=1 n=1

(xn + iyn )

  

MEJD xn = @ yn HA=

K >AHI 6DA IAHEAI    EI ?

LAHCA J EB = @

EB > JD IAHEAI MEJD HA= JAH I

n=1

xn = @
n=1

yn =HA ?

LAHCA J 6DA IAHEAI LAHCA J 1B = LAHIA

   EI I=E@ J >A =>I KJA O ? IAHEAI EI =>I KJA O ? EI J = M=OI JHKA ) IAHEAI B JDA B H

LAHCA J EB
n=1

|zn | EI ?

LAHCA J JDA EJ EI = I ?

LAHCA J 6DA ?

cn z n = c0 = c1 z + c2 z 2 + + cn z n + . . .
n=0

  

MDAHA cj C = @ z EI JDA ? JDA ? F AN @ =E

F AN L=HE=> A EI ?= A@ = F MAH IAHEAI E

) GKAIJE =HEIE C =JKH= O EI . H MDE?D L= KAI B JDA L=HE=> A z JDA ? HHAIF @E C IAHEAI B ? F AN K >AHI EI ? LAHCA J = @ B H MDE?D EJ EI @ELAHCA J

6DA HA

  )>A I 6DA HA  = 1B JDA F MAH IAHEAI    EI ?

LAHCA J B H I A L= KA B z AGK= J z0 JDA EJ EI =>I KJA O ? LAHCA J B H = L= KAI B z IK?D JD=J |z | < |z0 | > 1B JDA F MAH IAHEAI    EI @ELAHCA J B H I A L= KA B z AGK= J z1 JDA EJ EI @ELAHCA J B H = L= KAI B z IK?D JD=J |z | > |z1 |
+ IAGKA J O J ALAHO IAHEAI    JDAHA ? HHAIF @I = HA= K >AH r 0 r = + EI = I =@ EJJA@ IK?D JD=J    EI ? LAHCA J B H = z I=JEIBOE C |z | < r = @ @ELAHCA J B H = z I=JEIBOE C |z | > r 6DA K >AH r EI ?= A@ JDA H=@EKI B ? LAHCA ?A B JDA F MAH IAHEAI 1J ?= >A B K @

EB JDA E EJI ANEIJ KIE C

A B JDA B H K =I

r = lim

cn cn+1

H r = lim

1
n

|cn |

6DA @EI {z C | |z | < r} EI ?= A@ JDA @EI    M ? IE@AH JDA IAHEAI

B?

LAHCA ?A B JDA IAHEAI

a0 + a1 (z z0 ) + a2 (z z0 )2 + = s(z )
MDAHA z0 a0 a1 . . . =HA ? F AN K >AHI 1J ? LAHCAI =>I KJA O E EJI @EI B ? LAHCA ?A K = {z C | |z z0 | < r} 1 =@@EJE EJ ? LAHCAI K EB H O E ALAHO ? IA@ HACE ? J=E A@ E K 6DA IK s(z ) EI = D HFDE? BK ?JE E K 1JI @AHEL=JELAI ?= >A ?= ?K =JA@ >O @E AHA JE=JE C JDA CELA IAHEAI JAH >O JAH ) JDAIA IAHEAI D=LA JDA I= A H=@EKI B ? LAHCA ?A

5 LA@ FH > A I
  5JK@O JDA ? LAHCA ?A B JDA IAHEAI

E
n=1

ei2n n n

EE
n=1

ei n n

5 KJE

E 5E ?A ei2n = cos 2n + i sin 2n MA D=LA J IJK@O JDA ? LAH sin 2n cos 2n = @ 1J ?= >A CA ?A B JM IAHEAI MEJD HA= JAH I n n n n n=1 n=1 FH LA@ >O ? F=HEI MEJD = CA AH= E A@ D=H E? IAHEAI JD=J JDAO =HA > JD =>I KJA O ? LAHCA J + IAGKA J O JDA IAHEAI B ? F AN K >AHI EI =>I KJA O ? LAHCA J = @ EI = I ? LAHCA J cos sin n n EE 9A D=LA J IJK@O JDA IAHEAI MEJD HA= JAH I = @ n n n=1 n=1 6DA HIJ A D=I F IEJELA JAH I 9A ?= ? F=HA EJ J JDA D=H E? IA HEAI cos n lim n = lim cos = cos 0 = 1, 1 n n n n

! I EJ EI = @ELAHCA J IAHEAI 0A ?A JDA CELA IAHEAI EI @ELAHCA J


E

.E @ JDA @EI

B?

LAHCA ?A B JDA F MAH IAHEAI

n=0

zn sin in
E 9A D=LA cn =

EE
n=0

(1 + i)n (z i)n

5 KJE

1 2i = n I sin in e en

cn cn+1
6DA H=@EKI B ? EE 9A D=LA @EI B?

2i en+1 |1 e2n2 | en1 en+1 = = n . e en 2i en |1 e2n |

LAHCA ?A EI r = lim
n

cn cn+1

= e = @ JDA @EI

B?

LAH

CA ?A K = {z C | |z | < e}

1 2 I r = 6DA 2 1 LAHCA ?A D=I JDA ?A JAH =J i K = {z C | |z i| < } 2 |c n | =

n

|(1 + i)n | = |1 + i| =

2H F IA@ FH > A I
 ! .E @ JDA H=@EKI B ? LAHCA ?A B A=?D B JDA F MAH IAHEAI

E
n=0

(cos in)z i z
n=0 n n

EL
n=0

zn (1 + i)n ein z n

EE EEE
n=0

L
n=0 n

z n+i

LE B?

i (cos )n z n n n=0

 " .E @ JDA @EI

LAHCA ?A B A=?D B JDA F MAH IAHEAI

1 E ( + in)(z + 1 + i)n n n=1

EE
n=1

(z i)n 2n

"

 # .E @ JDA IK

B JDA IAHEAI 1 + 2z + 3z 2 + + z n + . . .

5 KJE

I = @ = IMAHI

en + en 2 en (1 + e2n ) 1 n+1 = lim = n 1 n +1 2 n 2 n n e 2 e +e (1 + e ) e 1 EE r = lim n n = 1 EEE r = lim |n + i| = EL r = 2 L n n |i | in | cos n + i sin n | |e | = 1 LE r = 1 r = lim (n+1) = n |e | | cos(n + 1) + i sin(n + 1) |

 ! E r = lim

 " E |z + 1 + i| < 1 EE |z i| < 2  # . H |z | < 1 MA D=LA 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + + z n + =

1 + 2z + 3z 2 + = (1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + . . . ) = 1 1z 1 0A ?A 1z 1 = (z 1)2

6=O H = @ =KHA J IAHEAI

AJ f : D C >A D HFDE? E JDA @ =E D = @ AJ a D AJ C = {u C | |u a| = r} D AJ < r *O +=K?DOI E JACH= B H K = MA D=LA 1 f (u) f (z ) = @u, 2i C u z B H A=?D z C IK?D JD=J |z a| = < r = |u a|
D
z a r u

JDA JDAH D= @

1 1 1 1 = = z a = uz u a (z a) ua 1 u a

n=0

(z a)n , (u a)n+1

# IE ?A

za = < 1 1J B ua r 1 f (z ) = 2i 1 = 2i

MI JD=J
C

n=0

(z a)n (u a)n+1

f (u)@u =

(z a)n
n=0 C

f (u) @u = (u a)n+1 f ( u) @u. (u a)n+1

 MA D=LA = O

=
n=0

(z a)n n! n! 2i

5E ?A

n! 2i

f (u) @u = f (n) (a) IAA n +1 (u a)

f (z ) =
n0

f (n) (a) (z a)n . n!

HFDE? BK ?JE





6DEI EI JDA 6=O H IAHEAI B JDA D D @ B JDA F E J a

f E JDA AECD> H

-N= F A 

 AJ f (z ) = ez = @ a = 0 6DA f (n) (z ) = ez DA ?A

f (n) (0) = 1 9A D=LA ez =

n=0

zn z z2 zn =1+ + + + + ... n! 1! 2! n!



1 (n + 1)! 6DA H=@EKI B ? LAHCA ?A EI r = lim = lim (n + 1) = n n! n 1 0A ?A JDA B H K =   D @I B H = z C

-N= F A 
cosz = eiz + eiz = 2 1 iz (iz )2 (iz )3 iz (iz )2 (iz )3 = + + + 1 + + ... = 1+ + 2 1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3! z2 z4 z6 =1 + + . . . , z C. 2! 4! 6!

-N= F A 

! 5E E =H O
sin z = z z3 z5 z7 + + ..., 1! 3! 5! 7! z C.

-N= F A  -N= F A  4A =H 

" cosh z = # sinh z =

ez + ez z2 z4 z6 =1+ + + + ... z C 2 2! 4! 6! z z3 z5 z7 + + + + ... z C 1! 3! 5! 7!

. H K =   BJA A=@I J ? F E?=JA@ ?= ?K =JE I DA ?A B H FH=?JE?= FKHF IAI EJ EI KIK= O =L E@A@ 6DA ? FH=? JE?A EI J KIA MDA F IIE> A JDA M ANF= IE I E J 6=O H IAHEAI B JDA A A A J=HO BK ?JE I

-N= F A 
9A

$ -NF= @ E F MAHI B B z 2 JDA BK ?JE

1 1+u

M JD=J 1 u + u2 =

1 z B H |u| < 1 0A ?A MA D=LA f (z ) =

1 1 1 1 = = 2 = z 2 + (z 2) 2 1 + z 2 1 z 2 (z 2)2 (z 2)3 = 1 + + ... = 2 2 22 23 1 1 1 1 = 2 (z 2) + 3 (z 2)3 4 (z 2)3 + . . . 2 2 2 2

B H

z2 < 1 E A |z 2| < 2 2

M AJ f >A D HFDE? E JDA = K KI M MEJD JDA ?A JAH z0 E AH H=@EKI r1 = @ KJAH H=@EKI r2 E A M = {z C | r1 < |z = z0 | < r2 } 6DA B H z M MA D=LA
+

f (z ) =
MDAHA
n=

an (z z0 )n



!

an =

1 2i

f (z ) @z, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (z z0 )n+1



"

C >AE C = =H>EJH=HO ?EH? A MEJD ?A JAH =J z0 OE C E M = @ F IEJELA O HEA JA@ MEJD HAIFA?J J EJI E JAHE H . H K =  ! CELAI KI JDA ANF= IE B f E J EJI =KHA J IAHEAI *O JDA ? LAHCA ?A B JDEI IAHEAI MA A= JDA ? LAHCA ?A B > JD IAHEAI
+ +

an (z z0 )n ,
n=0 n=1

an . (z z0 )n



#

6DA HIJ IAHEAI EI ?= A@ JDA HACK =H F=HJ JDA IA? @ A JDA FHE ?EF= F=HJ B JDA =KHA J IAHEAI 6DA HACK =H F=HJ ? LAHCAI E IE@A = ?AHJ=E ?EH? A MEJD ?A JAH z0 JDA FHE ?EF= F=HJ KJIE@A = ?AHJ=E ?EH? A 6DA IAHEAI  ! JDA ? LAHCAI E JDA ? = K KI

4A =H  ! 1J EI

J = M=OI A?AII=HO EB MA ANF= @ = BK ?JE E J EJI =KHA J IAHEAI J ?= ?K =JA JDA ? A ?EA JI =?? H@E C J  " 9A ?= BJA AIFA?E= O E JDA ?=IA B IE F A H=JE = BK ?JE I KIA = IE E =H AJD @ =I E JDA ?=IA B JDA 6=O H IAHEAI E A MHEJA JDA CELA BK ?JE E = B H E L LE C BH=?JE I A=?D D=LE C JDA B H B JDA IK B = CA AJHE? IAHEAI

1 E = (z 1)(z 3) =KHA J IAHEAI MEJD ?A JAH =J z = 0 E A E F MAHI B z  = @ ? LAHCE C E JDA = K KI 1 < |z | < 3 1 JDEI = K KI MA D=LA

-N= F A 

% AJ KI ANF= @ JDA BK ?JE

f (z ) =

1 < 1, z
DA ?A

z <1 3

f (z ) =

1 1 1 1 = = (z 1)(z 3) 2 z1 z3
1 z

1 1 = 2z 1
.E = O f (z ) =

1 1 6 1 1 6

z 3

1 = 2z

n=0

1 1 n z 6

n 0

zn . 3n

1 2

1 z n+1

n=0

n0

1 n z 3n

& 9A I=O JD=J = F E J z0 EI = HACK =H F E J  H@E =HO F E J B = BK ?JE f EB JDAHA ANEIJI = AECD> HD @ B H z0 IK?D JD=J f EI D HFDE? E JDEI AECD> HD @ ) F E J MDE?D EI J HACK =H EI ?= A@ = IE CK =H F E J B f 1 . H AN= F A JDA BK ?JE f (z ) = D=I O A IE CK =H F E J z = AOz=0 ) IE CK =H F E J IK?D JD=J JDAHA EI JDAH IE CK =H F E J E = IK ?EA J O I = AECD> HD @ B EJ EI ?= A@ = EI =JA@ IE CK =H F E J + IE@AH JDA =KHA J ANF= IE  ! B = BK ?JE f ? LAHCE C E = AECD> HD @ B = EI =JA@ IE CK =H F E J z0  =JKH= O JDA F E J z0 EI AN? K@A@ BH JDEI AECD> HD @ -N=?J O JDHAA ?=IAI ?= JDA =HEIA 1 1B JDA =KHA J IAHEAI D=I O = HACK =H F=HJ MA I=O JD=J f D=I = HA L=> A IE CK =HEJO =J z0 . H AN= F A JDA BK ?JE

z2 z4 sin z =1 + ... z 3! 5!
D=I = HA L=> A IE CK =HEJO =J z = 0 11 1B JDA FHE ?EF= F=HJ B JDA =KHA J IAHEAI D=I = E EJA K >AH B JAH I MA I=O JD=J f D=I = AIIA JE= IE CK =HEJO =J z0 111 1B JDAHA ANEIJI = k > 0 IK?D JD=J E  ! MA D=LA ak = 0 >KJ aj = 0 B H = j > k DA ?A JDA FHE ?EF= F=HJ B JDA =KHA J IAHEAI D=I O = EJA K >AH B JAH I MA I=O JD=J f D=I = F A B H@AH k =J z0 1J EI A=IO J IAA JD=J z0 EI = F A B H@AH k EB = @ O EB MA ?= MHEJA

f (z ) =

(z ) (z z0 )k

MEJD D HFDE? E = AECD> HD @ B z0 = @ (z0 ) = 0 .E = O IKFF IA JD=J  ! D @I E JDA AECD> HD @ B JDA E EJO 1 |z z0 | > r1 *O JDA IK>IJEJKJE z z0 = MA HA@K?A JDA E LAIJEC=JE t B = =KHA J IAHEAI E JDA AECD> HD @ B E EJO J JDA E LAIJEC=JE B = JDAH =KHA J IAHEAI =J t = 0 1B JDEI IAHEAI D=I = F A = AIIA JE= IE CK =HEJO H = HA L=> A IE CK =HEJO =J JDA F E J t = 0 MA I=O JD=J JDA HECE = IAHEAI  ! D=I = F A = AIIA JE= IE CK =HEJO H = HA L=> A IE CK =HEJO =J E EJO HAIFA?JELA O

' )D HFDE? BK ?JE CELA >O = F MAH IAHEAI MEJD = E EJA K >AH B JAH I = @ H=@EKI B ? LAHCA ?A r = + EI ?= A@ = A JEHA BK ? JE )I AN= F AI MA D=LA JDA BK ?JE I ez sin z cos z )D HFDE? BK ?JE MDE?D D=I IE CK =H F E JI E JDA ? F AN F = A JDAH JD= F AI EI ?= A@ = AH HFDE? BK ?JE . H AN= F A JDA H=JE = BK ?JE I =HA AH HFDE?

5 LA@ FH > A I
 $ -NF= @ JDA BK ?JE I CELA >A M E 6=O H IAHEAI E = AECD> HD @
B z0 = @ @ JDA H=@EE B ? LAHCA ?A B H JDAIA IAHEAI EEE f (z ) = E f (z ) = ez sin z z0 = 0

z1 EE f (z ) = z2

z1 z2

z0 = i

z0 = 0

eiz eiz 1 E 9A D=LA f (z ) = ez = [e(1+i)z e(1i)z ] = @ 2i 2i KIE C JDA IAHEAI B H JDA ANF A JE= BK ?JE

5 KJE

1 f (z ) = 2i = = 1 2i

n=0 n n=0

z n (1 + i)n z n (1 i)n n! n! n=0

z n n n n n ( 2) cos + i sin cos + i sin = n! 4 4 4 4

n z n ( 2)n sin . 4 n! n=0

7IE C JDA CA

6DA H=@EKI B ? CAJ

LAHCA ?A EI r = 1 1 1 EE f (z ) = 1 + = 1 z2 2 1

z 2

AJHE? IAHEAI MA

f (z ) = 1
6DA H=@EKI B ? r=2

1 z z2 z3 1 + + 2 + 3 + ... 2 2 2 2

1 zn . 2 n=1 2n+1
@EJE

LAHCA ?A EI @AJAH E A@ BH

JDA ?

z <1 I 2

 EEE 5E ?A MA MEID J ANF= @ JDA BK ?JE MA MHEJA E = IAHEAI B F MAHI B z i

n 1 1 i1 1 n (z i) f (z ) = 1+ = 1+ = + ( 1) . i zi+i2 i2 1+ z i 2 n=1 (i 2)n+1 i2

.H

zi <1B i2

MI JD=J r =

5 f (z ) =

2z 1 MEJD z0 = 0 2 z z6

 % ,AJAH E A JDA L=HE KI =KHA J ANF= IE I B JDA BK ?JE

5 KJE

,A?

F IE C E J F=HJE= BH=?JE

I MA MHEJA

f (z ) =

1 1 + . z+2 z3
E = 6=O H IAHEAI 

1B |z | < 2 MA D=LA E B=?J = ANF= IE HACK =H F=HJ

O =

f (z ) =

1 1 2 1+

z 2

1 1 3 1

z 3

1 2

(1)n
n=0

z 2

1 3

n=0

z 3

. H 2 < |z | < 3 JDA HIJ IAHEAI => LA EI BK ?JE E = JDAH B H

J?

LAHCA J I MA MHEJA JDA

1 1 f (z ) = z 1+
. H |z | > 3 MA D=LA

2 z

1 1 3 1

z 3

1 = z

(1)
n=0

2 z

1 3

n=0

z 3

1 1 f (z ) = z 1+

2 z

1 1 z 1

3 z

1 = z

(1)
n=0

2 z

1 + z

n=0

3 z

.
@

=KHA J IAHEAI = @ @AJAH E A JDA JOFA B JDA ? HHAIF E C IE CK =H F E JI

 & -NF= @ E

ez 1 E f (z ) = z 0 = 0 0 < |z | < + z2 1 EE f (z ) = (z 1) cos z0 = 2 0 < |z 2| < + z2

 EEE f (z ) =

1 cos z z0 = 0 0 < |z | < + z7

1 z2 z4 z 2n2 5 KJE E 9A D=LA f (z ) = 2 1 + + + 1 = z 1! 2! n! n=1 5E ?A JDA IAHEAI D=I O = HACK =H F=HJ JDA F E J z0 = 0 EI = HA L=> A IE CK =H F E J EE 9A MHEJA f (z ) = (z 2 + 1) cos 1 1 1 = (z 2) cos + cos = z2 z2 z2 1 1 1 1 = (z 2) (1)n + (1)n = 2 n 2n (2 n )! ( z 2) (2 n )! ( z 2) n=0 n=0 1 1 1 1 + + .... 2 3 2!(z 2) 2!(z 2) 4!(z 2) 4!(z 2)4

= (z 2) + 1

0=LE C = E EJA K >AH B JAH I E JDA FHE ?EF= F=HJ B JDA IAHEAI z0 = 2 EI = AIIA JE= IE CK =HEJO 1 1 1 z z3 EEE f (z ) = + + . . . I z0 = 0 EI = F A B 2!z 5 4!z 3 6!z 8! 10! H@AH #

2H F IA@ FH > A I
 ' -NF= @ JDA BK ?JE
@ JDA H=@EKI B ?

f E 6=O H IAHEAI E = AECD> HD LAHCA ?A B JDA IAHEAI

EL f (z ) =

@ B z0 = @

E f (z ) = cos2 z z0 = 0 EE f (z ) = cosh z cos z z0 = 0 2z + 7 EEE f (z ) = 2 z0 = 0 3z 17z 6

z2

1 +i

z0 = 0

L f (z ) =

1 3z + 5

z0 = 1

  -NF= @ JDA BK ?JE

B JDA ? HHAIF E f (z ) = z 3 e z EE f (z ) =
1

f E =KHA J IAHEAI = @ @AJAH E A JDA JOFA @E C IE CK =H F E JI z0 = 0 0 < |z | < + z0 = 0 0 < |z | < +

2 sin2 z z5

 EEE f (z ) = ze z+i z0 = i 0 < |z i| < + EL f (z ) =

1

1 ez z

z0 = 0 0 < |z | < +

5 KJE

I = @ = IMAHI
1 + cos 2z 22n1 2n =1+ (1)n z r= 2 (2 n )! n=1 z 4n r= (4n)! zn 1 1 = 3z + 1 6 1 r= 3

 ' E f (z ) =

EE f (z ) =
n=0

(1)n 22n 1 6 1 1 1 6n+1

EEE f (z ) =

z 6

n=0

z 6

n=0

(1)n (3z )n =

(1)n+1 3n
n=0

EL f (z ) = L f (z ) =
1 2
n=0

(1)n 2n z = i + z 2 + iz 4 z 6 iz 8 + z 10 + . . . r = 1 in+1 (1)n 3 2

2 n

(z + 1)n r =

n=0 3

2 3

1 1 1 1   E f (z ) = z + z + z + + n 0 EI = AIIA JE= 2 6 n=1 (n + 3)! z IE CK =HEJO

EE 0 EI = F A B H@AH ! EEE f (z ) = (z + i) + 1 i +

EI = AIIA JE= IE CK =H F E J

1 1 1 i 1 i +... i 2! 1! z + i 3! 2! (z + i)2
L=> A IE CK =H F E J

EL f (z ) = 1

z z2 + . . . z0 = 0 EI = HA 2! 3!