Levnu0022 03

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
HCMC University of Technology

268, av. Ly Thuong Kiet,
District 10, HoChiMinh city
Telephone : (08) 864-7256 (ext. 5843)
Fax : (08) 864-5137
Email : anhvu@hcmut.edu.vn
http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~anhvu
Ch!ng Ch!ng 3 3
BK
TP.HCM
T.S. inh !c Anh V$
BIN "$I Z
BIN "$I Z
2 DSP Lecture 3, 2007, Dr. Dinh-Duc Anh-Vu CSE
Bi'n )*i Z
B thu,n
B ng"/c
Cc tnh ch1t c2a B Z
B Z h3u t4
i6m khng (Zero) i6m c7c (Pole)
Pole v t/h nhn qu8 trong mi9n th:i gian
M t8 h/t LTI b<ng hm h= th>ng
Bi'n )*i Z ng"/c
Ph"0ng php tch phn
Ph"0ng php khai tri6n thnh chu?i l$y th@a
Ph"0ng php phn r thnh cc h3u t4
Bi'n )*i Z mAt pha (Z
+
)
Tnh ch1t
Gi8i PTSP b<ng B Z
+
Phn tch h= LTI
p !ng c2a h=
p !ng t!c th:i, qu )A
Tnh *n )Bnh v nhn qu8
N&i dung N&i dung
T*ng qut
MAt cch bi6u diDn t/h khc v9 mEt ton hGc
Bi'n )*i t/h t@ mi9n th:i gian sang mi9n Z
DD kh8o st t/h v h/t trong nhi9u tr":ng h/p (d7a vo cc t/c c2a B Z)
Bnh nghHa
Cng th!c
Quan h=
K hi=u X(z) Z{x(n)}
Bi'n z i6m thuAc mEt phIng z
z = a + jb hay z = re
j!
Mi9n hAi tJ (ROC) {z " |X(z)| < #}
Ch4 quan tm X(z) tKi nh3ng )i6m z thuAc ROC
Bi)n +,i Z Bi)n +,i Z
( ) ( )
n
n
X z x n z
+
-
=-
=

( ) ( )
z
x n X z
V dJ
T/h nhn qu8 x(n) = a
n
u(n)
T/h ph8n nhn qu8 x(n) = a
n
u(n1)
nghHa
T/h RRTG x(n) )"/c xc )Bnh duy nh1t bLi bi6u th!c B Z v ROC c2a n
ROC c2a t/h nhn qu8 l phMn ngoi c2a vng trn bn knh r
2
, trong khi ROC
c2a t/h ph8n nhn qu8 l phMn trong c2a vng trn bn knh r
1
a z ROC
az
z X a z e i az Khi
az z n x z X
n
n
n
n
>
-
= > <
= =
-
-
+
=
-
+
- =
-

:
1
1
) ( ), . . ( 1
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
0
1
a z ROC
az z a
z a
z X a z e i z a Khi
z a z a z n x z X
l
l
n
n n
n
n
<
-
=
-
- = < <
- = - = =
- -
-
-
=
-
-
- =
-
+
- =
-

:
1
1
1
) ( ), . . ( 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
B Z mAt pha
Re
Img
Vnh khuyn
r
1
>"z"> r
2
2 bn Mpz \ {0, } 2 bn
"z"< r
1
Ph8n nhn qu8
(t/h bn tri)
[x(n)=0 n>0]
Mpz \ {}
Ph8n nhn qu8
[x(n)=0 n>0]
"z"> r
2
Nhn qu8 (t/h
bn ph8i)
[x(n)=0 n<0]
Mpz \ {0}
Nhn qu8
[x(n)=0 n<0]
ROC T/h ROC T/h
T/h v hKn T/h h3u hKn
+
=
- +
=
0
) ( ) (
n
n
z n x z X
ROC c2a cc t/h
Tch phn Cauchy
Bi'n )*i Z ng"/c
T@
Nhn 2 v' vNi z
n1
Tch phn 2 v' theo )":ng cong kn C bao g>c O thuAc ROC c2a X(z)
p dJng tch phn Cauchy
dz z z X
j
n x
C
n
-
=
1
) (
2
1
) (
p
+
- =
-
=
k
k
z k x z X ) ( ) (
=
=
- -
n k
n k
dz z
j
C
k n
0
1
2
1
1
p
+
- =
- - -
=
C
k
C
n
dz z k x dz z z X
k n 1
) ( ) (
1
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
1 1
n jx dz z k x dz z z X
k
C C
n k n
p = =

+
- =
- - -
Bi)n +,i Z Tnh ch-t Bi)n +,i Z Tnh ch-t
ROC = ROC
1
$ ROC
2
$ $ ROC
n
Tuy'n tnh
V dJ x(n) = a
n
u(n) + b
n
u(n1)
Do )
) ( ) (
2 2
z X n x
z

) ( ) (
1 1
z X n x
z

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
z bX z aX z X n bx n ax n x
z
+ = + =
a z ROC
az
z X n u a n x
z n
>
-
= =
-
:
1
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1 1
b z ROC
bz
z X n u b n x
z n
<
-
= - - - =
-
:
1
1
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
2 2
b z a ROC
bz az
z X z X z X n x n x n x
z
< <
-
-
-
= - = - =
- -
:
1
1
1
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
2 1 2 1
DBch theo th:i gian
ROC c2a vi=c k't h/p cc B Z

N'u k't h/p tuy'n tnh c2a cc B Z c kho8ng th:i gian h3u hKn, ROC c2a B Z
)"/c xc )Bnh bLi b8n ch1t h3u hKn c2a t/h ny, m khng ph8i ROC c2a cc B
ring lO
V dJ
MEt khc, c th6 bi6u diDn x(n) = u(n) u(nN)
X(z) = Z{u(n)} Z{u(nN)} = (1z
-N
)Z{u(n)}
) ( ) ( z X n x
z

<
>
=
-
-
0
0 0
\
) ( ) (
) (
k
k
ROC ROC
z X z k n x
n x
k z
-
=
others
N n
n x
0
1 0 1
) (
} 0 { \ :
1
1
1
1
1 . 1 ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
1
0
mpz ROC
z
z
z
z N
z z z z X
N N
N
n
n
-
-
=
= + + + = =
-
- - - -
-
=
-
L
1 :
1
1
)} ( {
1
>
-
=
-
z ROC
z
n u Z
Co gin trong mi9n Z
nghHa
2 1
: ) ( ) ( r z r ROC z X n x
z
< <
2 1
1
:
) ( ) ( ) (
r a z r a ROC
phuc hay thuc a z a X n x a
z n
< <
"
-
) ( )} ( {
) ( )} ( {
1
0
0
w X n x a Z
z X n x Z
z a w
re z
e r a
n
j
j
=
=
=
=
=
-
w
w
) (
0
1
0
1
w w- -
= =
j
e r
r
z a w
mpz quay
r gian
r co
bien Thay +
<
>
1
1
0
0
Re(z)
Im(z)
r
z
Re(w)
Im(w)
0
r/r
0
w
w=a
1
z
8o th:i gian
nghHa
ROC
x(n)
l nghBch )8o c2a ROC
x(n)
N'u z
0
ROC
x(n)
, 1/z
0
ROC
x(n)
Vi phn trong mi9n Z
2 1
: ) ( ) ( r z r ROC z X n x
z
< <
1 2
1
1 1
: ) ( ) (
r
z
r
ROC z X n x
Z
< < -
-
) ( ) ( z X n x
z

dz
z dX
z n nx
z
) (
) ( -
Tch ch,p
Tnh tch ch,p c2a 2 t/h dng php B Z

Xc )Bnh B Z c2a 2 t/h
X
1
(z) = Z{x
1
(n)}
X
2
(z) = Z{x
2
(n)}
Nhn 2 B Z vNi nhau
X(z) = X
1
(z)X
2
(z)
Tm B Z ng"/c c2a X(z)
x(n) = Z
-1
{X(z)}
) ( ) (
1 1
z X n x
z

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( * ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
z X z X z X n x n x n x
z
= =
) ( ) (
2 2
z X n x
z

Mi9n th:i gian mi9n Z
XP l trong mi9n Z
Mi9n Z mi9n th:i gian
T"0ng quan
Vi=c tnh t"0ng quan gi3a 2 t/h )"/c th7c hi=n dD dng nh: B Z
V dJ: xc )Bnh chu?i t7 t"0ng quan c2a t/h x(n) = a
n
u(n) (|a| < 1)
) ( ) (
1 1
z X n x
z

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
-
- =
= - =

z X z X z R l n x n x l r
x x
z
n
x x
) ( ) (
2 2
z X n x
z

a z ROC
az
z X n u a n x
z n
>
-
= =
-
:
1
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1
a
z ROC
az
z X
1
:
1
1
) (
1
<
-
=
-
a
z a ROC
a z z a az az
z X z X z R
xx
1
:
) ( 1
1
1
1
1
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 1
1
< <
+ + -
=
- -
= =
- -
-
< < -
-
= l a
a
l r
l
xx
2
1
1
) (
u u l l
u l
u l
u l
r r z r r tu hoi z X do Do
r
v
z
r tu hoi v z X
r z r tu hoi z X
r v r tu hoi v X
2 1 2 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
) ( ,
) / (
) (
) (
< <
< <
< <
< <
Nhn 2 chu?i
Cch xc )Bnh mi9n hAi tJ

) ( ) (
1 1
z X n x
z

) / 1 ( ) ( , 0 :
) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
1
2 1 2 1
v X va v X cua chung ROC thuoc goc quanh dong bao C
dv v
v
z
X v X
j
z X n x n x n x
C
z
-
= =
p
) ( ) (
2 2
z X n x
z

Bnh l gi trB )Mu
N'u x(n) nhn qu8 [x(n) = 0 "n<0]
Ph!c h/p
PhMn th7c
PhMn 8o
) ( lim ) 0 ( z X x
z
=
*) ( * ) ( * z X n x
z

) ( ) ( z X n x
z

*)] ( * ) ( [
2
1
)} ( Re{ z X z X n x
z
+
1
Im{ ( )} [ ( ) *( *)]
2
z
x n X z X z
j
-
Bi)n +,i Z h/u t2 zero & pole Bi)n +,i Z h/u t2 zero & pole
Zero c2a B X(z): cc gi trB z sao cho X(z) = 0
Pole c2a B Z: cc gi trB c2a z sao cho X(z) =
ROC khng ch!a b1t kQ pole no
K hi=u trn mpz: zero vng trn (o) v pole ch3 th,p (x)
1
9 . 0 1
1
) (
-
-
=
z
z X
2 1
1
2 1
1
) (
- -
-
- -
-
=
z z
z
z X
Bi'n )*i Z dKng h3u t4
R1t h3u ch )6 phn tch h= LTI RRTG
Vi=c xt tnh ch1t hay thi't k' h= c tnh ch1t no ) ch4 cMn
quan tm trn vB tr c2a cc )i6m zero-pole
Cc cch bi6u diDn
DKng m$ m
DKng m$ d"0ng
DKng Zero-Pole
=
-
=
-
- -
- -
=
+ + +
+ + +
= =
M
k
k
k
M
k
k
k
N
N
M
M
z a
z b
z a z a a
z b z b b
z D
z N
z X
0
0
1
1 0
1
1 0
) (
) (
) (
L
L
0 0
1
0 0
1
1
1
0
0
) (
a
a N
a
a N
b
M
b
M
b
b M
M N
N
z z
z z
z
a
b
z X
+ + +
+ + +
=
-
-
-
L
L
=
= - -
-
-
=
- - -
- - -
=
N
k
k
M
k
k
M N
N
M M N
p z
z z
Gz
p z p z p z
z z z z z z
Gz z X
1
1
2 1
2 1
) (
) (
) ( ) )( (
) ( ) )( (
) (
K
K
0
0
a
b
G
DKng h3u t4 t@ zeros-poles
G: )A l/i (gain)
VD: Tm dKng h3u t4 v vS gi8n )T zero-pole cho X(z):
Zeros: Z
k
=0.8e
j2%k/M
, k=1..M
Poles: M pole tKi 0
) ( ) )( (
) ( ) )( (
) (
2 1
2 1
N
M
M N
p z p z p z
z z z z z z
Gz z X
- - -
- - -
=
-
K
K
%Tim Huu ti, zplane: zpm.m
%----------------------------------
M=8;
a=0.8;
p=zeros(M,1);
z=zeros(M,1);
for k=1:M,
z(k,1)=a*exp((j*2*pi*k)/M);
end;
[num den] = zp2tf(z,p,1);
disp(num);
disp(den);
zplane(z,p);
M t8 hnh hGc cho X(z)
|X(z)| l hm th7c, d"0ng c2a bi'n z
b9 mEt
Zeros: cc )4nh d"0ng, cao
Poles: cc )4nh m, th1p
VD:
DKng hnh hGc dng Matlab
ezmesh('a', 'b',
'0.1*log10(abs(1/(1 - 0.9*(a+j*b)^-1)))',
[-2,2,-2,2]);
1
9 . 0 1
1
) (
-
-
=
z
z X
Bi)n +,i Z h/u t2 Bi)n +,i Z h/u t2
VB tr pole v hnh vi c2a t/h nhn qu8 L mi9n th:i
gian
VB tr pole 8nh h"Lng tnh ch1t bB ch,n, phn kQ c2a tn
hi=u nhn qu8 L mi9n th:i gian
VB tr pole quy't )Bnh tnh *n )Bnh c2a h= th>ng nhn qu8
Tnh ch1t c2a tn hi=u L mi9n th:i gian, trong tr":ng h/p
pole n<m ngoi hay trong hay trn vng trn !n v" qua
nh3ng v dJ sau
Bi)n +,i Z h/u t2 V4 tr pole Bi)n +,i Z h/u t2 V4 tr pole
p=0.8e
j%/4
p=e
j%/4
p=1.2e
j%/4
p=0.8e
j%/4
Xc )Bnh y(n)
Tnh X(z) v H(z)
Xc )Bnh Y(z)
Tm y(n) b<ng cch tnh B Z ng"/c c2a Y(z)
Tm )p !ng )0n vB
Hm h/t: H(z)
H(z): )Ec tr"ng cho h/t trong mi9n Z
h(n): )Ec tr"ng cho h/t trong mi9n TG
VD
h(n) = (1/2)
n
u(n)
x(n) = (1/3)
n
u(n)
H= th>ng LTI
h(n)
x(n) y(n)
) 3 )( 2 (
6
1
1
1
1
) (
1
1
) (
1
1
) (
1 1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
- -
=
- -
=
-
=
-
=
- -
- -
-
-
z z
z z
z Y
z
z X
z
z H
z
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
Y(z) = X(z) H(z)
z z
- =
-
= =
n
n
z n h
z X
z Y
z H ) (
) (
) (
) (
B" Z h/u t2 Hm h/t c6a h8 LTI B" Z h/u t2 Hm h/t c6a h8 LTI
Hm h= th>ng c2a h= LTI m t8 bLi PTSP TT HSH
H= pole-zero
H= ton zero
a
k
= 0 1 & k & N
FIR
H= ton pole
b
k
= 0 1 & k & M
IIR

= =
- + - - =
M
k
k
N
k
k
k n x b k n y a n y
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
=
-
=
-
+
=
N
k
k
k
M
k
k
k
z a
z b
z H
z X
z Y
1
0
1
) (
) (
) (
Z
-1
Z
-1
+
Z
-1
b
1
a
1
a
2
x(n) y(n)
b
0
Z
-1
b
2
Z
-1
b
M
Z
-1
+
+
a
N
+
b
M1
+
+
+
+
a
N1

=
-
=
-
= =
M
k
k M
k
M
M
k
k
k
z b
z
z b z H
0 0
1
) (
1
1
) (
0
0
0
1
0
=
+
=

=
-
=
-
a
z a
z b
z a
b
z H
N
k
k N
k
N
N
k
k
k
B" Z h/u t2 Hm h/t c6a h8 LTI B" Z h/u t2 Hm h/t c6a h8 LTI
T*ng qut
Tm t/h trong mi9n th:i gian t@ B Z c2a n
K hi=u x(n) = Z
1
{X(z)}
Bi6u th!c t*ng qut
Ph"0ng php
Tnh tch phn tr7c ti'p
Khai tri6n thnh chu?i theo bi'n z v z
1
Khai tri6n phn s> cJc bA v tra b8ng
Bi)n +,i Z ng09c Bi)n +,i Z ng09c
ROC thuoc O goc quanh dong bao C
dz z z X
j
n x
C
n
, :
) (
2
1
) (
1
-
=
p
Ph"0ng php tch phn tr7c ti'p
Bnh l thEng d" Cauchy
N'u )Ko hm df(z)/dz tTn tKi trn v trong bao )ng C v n'u f(z)
khng c pole tKi z = z
0
T*ng qut, n'u )Ko hm b,c k+1 c2a f(z) tTn tKi v f(z) khng c pole
tKi z = z
0
V' ph8i c2a 2 bi6u th!c trn gGi l thEng d" c2a c7c tKi z = z
0
=
-
C ngoi bn z
C trong bn z z f
dz
z z
z f
j
C
0
0 0
0
0
) (
) (
2
1
p
-
=
-
=
-
-
C ngoi bn z
C trong bn z
dz
z f d
k
dz
z z
z f
j
z z
k
k
C
k
0
0
1
1
0
0
) (
)! 1 (
1
) (
) (
2
1
0
p
=
-
-
-
- =
=
=
i
z z
n
i
C trong z pole cac
i
n
C
n
i
i
z z X z z
z tai z z X cua du thang
dz z z X
j
n x
1
} {
1
1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [
) (
2
1
) (
p
Gi8 sP f(z) khng c pole trong bao )ng C v )a th!c g(z) c cc
nghi=m )0n ring bi=t z
1
, z
2
, , z
n
trong C
Bi'n )*i Z ng"/c
) (
) (
) ( ) (
z g
z f
z z z A
i i
- = : Th!ng d%
=
=
=
=
-
=
-
=
n
i
i i
n
i
C
i
i
C
n
i
i
i
C
z A
dz
z z
z A
j
dz
z z
z A
j
dz
z g
z f
j
1
1
1
) (
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
) (
2
1
p
p p
V dJ: tm B Z ng"/c c2a
C: vng trn bn knh r > |a|
1. n ' 0: z
n
khng c pole trong C. Pole bn ngoi C l z = a
x(n) = f(z
0
) = a
n
2. n < 0: z
n
c pole b,c n tKi z = 0 (bn trong C)
C th6 CM )"/c x(n) = 0 khi n < 0
x(n) = a
n
u(n)
a z
az
z X >
-
=
-1
1
1
) (

-
=
-
=
-
-
C
n
C
n
dz
a z
z
j
dz
az
z
j
n x
p p 2
1
1 2
1
) (
1
1
0
1 1
) (
1
2
1
) 1 (
0
= +
-
=
-
= -
= =
a z z
C
z a z
dz
a z z j
x
p
0
1 1
) (
1
2
1
) 2 (
2
0
2
= +
-
=
-
= -
=
=
a z
z
C
z a z dz
d
dz
a z z j
x
p
PP khai tri6n thnh chu?i theo bi'n z v z
1
D7a vo tnh duy nh1t c2a B Z, n'u X(z) )"/c
khai tri6n thnh
th x(n) = c
n
"n
N'u X(z) h3u t4, php khai tri6n )"/c th7c hi=n
b<ng php chia
PP ny ch4 )"/c dng )6 xc )Bnh gi trB vi mUu )Mu
c2a t/h
- =
-
=
n
n
n
z c z X ) (
V dJ: xc )Bnh x(n) t@
VNi a) ROC |z| >1 v b) ROC |z| < 0.5
x(n) l t/h nhn qu8
x(n) = {1, 3/2, 7/4, 15/8, }
x(n) l t/h ph8n nhn qu8
x(n) = {, 14, 6, 2, 0, 0}
2 1
5 . 0 5 . 1 1
1
) (
- -
+ -
=
z z
z X
L + + + + =
+ -
=
- - -
- -
3
8
15
2
4
7
1
2
3
2 1
1
5 . 0 5 . 1 1
1
) ( z z z
z z
z X
L + + + =
+ -
=
- -
4 3 2
2 1
14 6 2
5 . 0 5 . 1 1
1
) ( z z z
z z
z X
PP khai tri6n phn s> cJc bA v tra b8ng
Nguyn tVc
N'u X(z) )"/c bi6u diDn X(z) = a
1
X
1
(z) + a
2
X
2
(z) + + a
k
X
k
(z)
th x(n) = a
1
x
1
(n) + a
2
x
2
(n) + + a
k
x
k
(n)
T@ dKng h3u t4
X(z) l h$p l% n'u a
N
(0 v M<N
N'u M >= N, chia )a th!c )6 )"a v9
Gi8 sP X(z) h/p l=
Ph"0ng php
Khai tri6n phn s> cJc bA
Tra b8ng )6 xc )Bnh B Z ng"/c c2a t@ng phn s>
N
N
M
M
z a z a
z b z b b
z D
z N
z X
- -
- -
+ + +
+ + +
= =
L
L
1
1
1
1 0
1 ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
1 ) ( 1
1 0
z D
z N
z c z c c
z D
z N
z X
N M
N M
+ + + + = =
- -
-
-
L
N
N N
M N
M
N N
N
N N
M N
M
N N
N
N
M
M
a z a z
z b z b z b
z
z X
a z a z
z b z b z b
z a z a
z b z b b
z D
z N
z X
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
= =
-
- - - -
-
- -
- -
- -
L
L
L
L
L
L
1
1
1 2
1
1
0
1
1
1
1 0
1
1
1
1 0
) (
1 ) (
) (
) (
Khai tri6n phn s> cJc bA
Tm pole b<ng cch gi8i PT z
N
+ a
1
z
N-1
++a
N
= 0
(gi8 sP cc pole: p
1
, p
2
, , p
N
)
Pole )0n ring bi=t
Xc )Bnh A
k
Cc pole lin h/p ph!c sS tKo ra cc h= s> lin h/p ph!c trong khai tri6n
(i.e. n'u p
2
= p
1
*
th A
2
= A
1
*
)
Pole kp
Gi8 sP pole p
k
kp b,c l
Xc )Bnh A
ik
N
N
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
z
z X
-
+ +
-
+
-
= L
2
2
1
1
) (
k
p z
k
k
z
z X p z
A
=
-
=
) ( ) (
N
N
l
k
lk
k
k
k
k
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
z
z X
-
+ +
-
+ +
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
= L L L
) ( ) (
) (
2
2 1
2
2
1
1
l i
z
z X p z
dz
d
p i l
A
k
p z
l
k
i l
i l
k
ik
,..., 2 , 1
) ( ) (
) ( )! (
1
=
-
- -
=
=
-
-
Tm B Z ng"/c c2a t@ng phn s> cJc bA
N'u cc pole )0n ring bi=t
do
Nn
N'u c 2 pole lin h/p ph!c, c th6 k't h/p 2 pole )
N'u th
N'u c pole kp
1 1
2
2
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
) (
- - -
-
+ +
-
+
-
=
z p z
A
z p z
A
z p
A z X
N
N
L
< - - -
>
=
-
-
-
) ( : ) 1 ( ) (
) ( : ) ( ) (
1
1
1
1
qua nhn phan p z ROC n u p
qua nhn p z ROC n u p
z p
Z
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
n u p A p A p A n x
n
N N
n n
+ + + = L
) ( ] ) ( ) ( [ ) (
* *
n u p A p A n x
n
k k
n
k k k
+ =
k k k k
n
k k
k
k
k
k
r p z ROC neu n u n r A
z p
A
z p
A Z = > + =
-
+
-
- -
-
: ) ( ) cos( 2
1
1
1
1
1 *
*
1
1
a b
=
=
k
k
j
k k
j
k k
e r p
e A A
b
a
p z ROC n u np
pz
pz
Z
n
> =
-
-
-
-
: ) (
) 1 (
2 1
1
1
Xc )Bnh bi6u th!c khai tri6n c2a
2 1
1
5 . 0 1
1
) (
- -
-
+ -
+
=
z z
z
z X
2
3
2
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
) (
j A
j A
p z
A
p z
A
z
z X
j p
j p
+ =
- =
-
+
-
=
- =
+ =
2 1 1
) 1 )( 1 (
1
) (
- -
- +
=
z z
z X
2
1
3 4
3
2 4
1
1
2
3 2 1
, ,
) 1 ( 1 1
) (
= = =
-
+
-
+
+
=
A A A
z
A
z
A
z
A
z
z X
Phn r B Z h3u t4
Dng trong vi=c hi=n th7c cc h/t RRTG (cc ch"0ng sau)
Gi8 sP c B Z )"/c bi6u diDn ()6 )0n gi8n a
0
1)
N)u M N, X(z) c th6 )"/c bi'n )*i thnh
N)u X
pr
(z) c cc pole )0n ring bi-t, X
pr
(z) )"/c phn r thnh
N'u X
pr
(z) c nghi=m ph!c (lin h/p), cc nghi=m lin h/p ny )"/c nhm lKi )6
trnh tKo ra h= s> ph!c
vNi
=
-
=
-
=
-
=
-
-
-
=
+
=
N
k
k
M
k
k
N
k
k
k
M
k
k
k
z p
z z
b
z a
z b
z X
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) (
) ( ) (
0
z X z c z X
pr
N M
k
k
k
+ =

-
=
-
2
2
1
1
1
1 0
1 *
*
1
1 1 1
- -
-
- -
+ +
+
=
-
+
- z a z a
z b b
z p
A
pz
A
= =
- = =
2
2
*
1
1 0
) Re( 2
) Re( 2 ) Re( 2
p a Ap b
p a A b
1 1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
) (
- - -
-
+ +
-
+
-
=
z p
A
z p
A
z p
A z X
N
N pr
L
N K K
z a z a
z b b
z a
b
z c z X
K
k
k k
k k
K
k
k
k
N M
k
k
k
= +
+ +
+
+
+
+ =

=
- -
-
=
-
-
=
-
2 1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1 0
1
1
0
2 1
1 1
) (
vNi
Tm lKi
Phn r B Z h3u t4
X(z) c th6 )"/c bi6u diDn d"Ni dKng tch
Cc pole ph!c (lin h/p) v cc zero ph!c (lin h/p) )"/c k't h/p
)6 trnh h= s> ph!c cho phn r c2a X(z)
6 )0n gi8n, cho M = N, X(z) )"/c bi6u diDn thnh
N K K trong
z a z a
z b z b
z a
z b
b z X
K
k k k
k k
K
k k
k
= +
+ +
+ +
+
+
=

=
- -
- -
=
-
-
2 1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
2 1
1
1
1
1
) (
=
- =
=
- =
+ +
+ +
=
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1 * 1
1 * 1
) Re( 2 ) Re( 2
1
1
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
k k
p a
p a
v
z b
z b
trong
z a z a
z b z b
z p z p
z z z z
Bi)n +,i Z m&t pha Bi)n +,i Z m&t pha
GiNi thi=u
Trong kW thu,t: tc )Ang th":ng bVt )Mu t@ th:i )i6m n
0
no ).
p !ng c$ng th":ng bVt )Mu t@ n
0
v cc th:i )i6m sau n
0
, vNi
)i9u ki=n )Mu no )
Bi'n )*i Z mAt pha (Z
+
) ch4 quan tm )'n phMn tn hi=u x(n), n'0
Bnh nghHa
K hi=u Z
+
{x(n)} v
Ec tnh
Z
+
{x(n)} khng ch!a thng tin c2a x(n) khi n < 0
B Z
+
ch4 l duy nh1t )>i vNi t/h nhn qu8
Z
+
{x(n)} = Z{x(n)u(n)}
ROC bn ngoi vng trn
Khng xt )'n ROC khi tnh B Z
+
=
- +
0
) ( ) (
n
n
z n x z X
) ( ) ( z X n x
z +

+
Tnh ch1t
Cc tnh ch1t c2a B Z )9u )ng cho B Z
+
, ngoKi tr@ tnh ch1t dBch
theo th:i gian
DBch theo th:i gian
TrD
N'u x(n) l t/h nhn qu8, ta c
Nhanh
Bnh l gi trB cu>i cng
GiNi hKn tTn tKi n'u ROC c2a (z-1)X
+
(z) ch!a vng trn )0n vB
) ( ) ( z X n x
z +

+
0 ] ) ( ) ( [ ) (
1
> - + -

=
+ -
+
k z n x z X z k n x
k
n
n k z
0 ) ( ) ( > -
+ -
+
k z X z k n x
k z
0 ] ) ( ) ( [ ) (
1
0
< - +

-
=
- +
+
k z n x z X z k n x
k
n
n k z
) ( ) 1 ( lim ) ( lim
1
z X z n x
z n
+

- =
Gi8i PTSP
Dng B Z
+
)6 gi8i PTSP vNi )i9u ki=n )Mu khc 0
Ph"0ng php
Xc )Bnh PTSP c2a h=
Tnh B Z
+
c8 2 v' PTSP )6 bi'n )*i n thnh PT )Ki s> trong mi9n Z
Gi8i PT )Ki s> )6 tm B Z c2a t/h mong mu>n
Tm B Z ng"/c )6 xc )Bnh t/h trong mi9n th:i gian
V dJ: xc )Bnh )p !ng b"Nc c2a h= y(n) = ay(n1) + x(n) (|a|< 1)
vNi )/k )1u y(1) = 1
Y
+
(z) = a[z
1
Y
+
(z) + y(1)] + X
+
(z)
) ( ) 1 (
1
1
) (
1
1
) ( ) (
1
1
1
1
1
) (
1
1
) (
2
1
1
1 1 1
1
n u a
a
n u
a
a
n u a n y
z az az
a
z Y
z
z X
n
n
n +
+
+
- - -
+
-
+
-
-
=
-
-
+ =
- -
+
-
=
-
=
Tm )p !ng c2a t/h x(n) )>i vNi mAt h/t LTI
Bi't )p !ng xung )0n vB h(n)
y(n)
Phn tch h8 LTI Phn tch h8 LTI
H= LTI
x(n)
Ph"0ng trnh SP
Y(z) = H(z)X(z)
p !ng y(n)
Ghi ph0:ng trnh vo-ra 1
Bi)n +,i Z hai v) 2
Bi)n +,i Z ng09c (PP: phn r) 3

= =
- + - - =
M
k
k
N
k
k
k n x b k n y a n y
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
p !ng c2a h/t pole-zero vNi hm h/t h3u t4
Gi8 sP
N'u h/t ngh4 (t!c y(-1) = y(-2) = = y(-N) = 0)
Gi8 sP
H/t c cc pole )0n p
1
, p
2
, , p
N
v X(z) c cc pole )0n q
1
, q
2
, , q
L
p
k
( q
m
(k = 1, , N v m = 1, , L)
Khng th6 "Nc l"/c gi3a B(z)N(z) v A(z)Q(z)
Bi'n )*i ng"/c
C th6 t*ng qut ho trong tr":ng h/p X(z) v H(z) c pole chung hoEc
pole bAi
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
z Q
z N
z X v
z A
z B
z H = =
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
z Q z A
z N z B
z X z H z Y = =

=
-
=
-
-
+
-
=
L
k k
k
N
k k
k
z q
Q
z p
A
z Y
1
1
1
1
1 1
) (

= =
+ =
L
k
n
k k
N
k
n
k k
n u q Q n u p A n y
1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
&p 'ng t) nhin &p 'ng c%*ng b'c
Tm )p !ng c2a t/h x(n) )>i vNi mAt h/t LTI c )/k )Mu
Bi't )p !ng xung )0n vB h(n)
Bi't cc )/k )Mu c2a h/t
H= LTI
x(n) y(n)
Ph"0ng trnh SP
Y
+
(z) = H
+
(z)X
+
(z)
p !ng: y(n)
Ghi ph0:ng trnh vo-ra 1
Bi)n +,i Z
+
hai v) 2
Bi)n +,i Z ng09c, (PP: phn r) 3
C th- tch ra Y
+
zi
(z) v Y
+
zs
(z)
C th- tch ra y
zi
(n) v y
zs
(n)
p !ng c2a h/t pole-zero vNi )/k )Mu khc 0
Cho t/h x(n) nhn qu8 v cc )/k )Mu y(-1), y(-2), , y(-N)
B Z
+
c8 2 v' v X
+
(z) = X(z)
p !ng gTm 2 phMn
p !ng trKng thi khng Y
zs
(z) = H(z)X(z) (cng th!c phMn tr"Nc)
p !ng khng ng nh,p (p
1
, p
2
, , p
N
l pole c2a A(z))
Do y(n) = y
zs
(n) + y
zi
(n)
/k )Mu ch4 lm thay )*i )p !ng t7 nhin c2a h/t thng qua h= s> co gin

= =
- + - - =
M
k
k
N
k
k
k n x b k n y a n y
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (

= =
-
=
-
= =
-
=
-
=
-
+
- - + =
+
-
-
+
=
k
n
n
N
k
k k
N
k
k k
k
n
n
N
k
k k
N
k
k k
M
k
k k
z n y z a z N
z A
z N
z X z H
z a
z n y z a
z X
z a
z b
z Y
1 1
0
0
1
1 1
1
0
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
1
) (
) (
1
) (
=
= =
+
N
k
n
k k zi
Z
zi
n u p D n y
z A
z N
z Y
1
0
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
'
1 1
'
k k k
L
k
n
k k
N
k
n
k k
D A A n u q Q n u p A n y + = + =

= =
p !ng t7 nhin
Khi "p
k
"< 1 ("k), y
nr
(n) ti=m c,n v9 0 khi n 3 : p (ng nh+t th-i
p !ng c"Xng b!c
Khi t/h nh,p l t/h sin, cc pole q
k
n<m trn vng trn )0n vB v cc )p
!ng c"Xng b!c c$ng c dKng sin: p (ng /u
Tnh nhn qu8 v *n )Bnh trn H(z)
Nhn qu8
LTI : nhn qu8
h(n) : nhn qu8
H(z) : c ROC l ngoi vng trn bn knh R no )
Yn )Bnh
LTI : *n )Bnh
h(n) : kh8 t*ng tuy=t )>i
H(z) : c ROC ch!a vng trn )0n vB
Nhn qu8 v *n )Bnh
LTI nhn qu8 : *n )Bnh
H(z) : t1t c8 cc pole n<m trong vng trn )0n vB
=
=
L
k
n
k k fr
n u q Q n y
1
) ( ) ( ) (
=
=
N
k
n
k k nr
n u p A n y
1
) ( ) ( ) (
p !ng )9u v ti=m c,n
Xc )Bnh )p !ng )9u v ti=m c,n c2a h/t m t8 bLi PTSP
y(n) = 3y(n1) + x(n) khi t/h nh,p l x(n) = 2sin(%n/4)u(n)
H/t c )/k )Mu b<ng 0.
Yn )Bnh v nhn qu8
Cho h/t LTI )"/c )Ec tr"ng bLi hm h/t
Ec t8 ROC c2a H(z) v xc )Bnh h(n) trong cc tr":ng h/p
H/t *n )Bnh
H/t nhn qu8
H/t ph8n nhn qu8
Yn )Bnh c2a h/t b,c 2
1 1
2
1
2 1
1
3 1
2
1
1
5 . 1 5 . 3 1
4 3
) (
- - - -
-
-
+
-
=
+ -
-
=
z z z z
z
z H

Levnu0022 03

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Levnu0022 03

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Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

HCMC University of Technology

ROC c2a vi=c k't h/p cc B Z

Tnh tch ch,p c2a 2 t/h dng php B Z

Cch xc )Bnh mi9n hAi tJ

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