JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]z

{ gfno sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .
ljz]if Ohnf;
k"0f{ Ohnf;
!
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/
ad / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^^WF)))%,
pTk|i] f0f ;d]t, k|sfzrGb| lwdfn lj= nf]s;]jf
cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t
cflbjf;Lhghflt pTyfg /fli6 o
k|lti7fg P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @-s_ / ;f] ;Fu
;DalGwt cg';r
" Lsf] qmd;+Vof @^ df lwdfn
e] hflt cflbjf;Lhghfltdf ;"rLs[t ePsf]
/ ;"rLs[t hghfltsf] xsdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
tyf lgodfjnLadf]lhd ;dfj]zLdf 5'6o\ fOPsf]
k|ltztsf cfwf/df lgj]bsn] cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt
lj1fkg g+= @^@.)^$^% g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf,
/fhZj ;d"xsf] /f=k=c= k|yd >]0fL gfoa ;'Aaf
kb ;+Vof rf/df b/vf:t kmf/fd k]z u/L lnlvt
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L cfof]un] tf]ss
] f] cGtjf{tf{df
;d]t ;dfj]z eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] gfd
of]Uotfqmdaf6 x6fpg] lgb]z
{ g lbg] egL nf]s;]jf
cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] @)^%.!@.@& sf] lg0f{o
/ tt\;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t sfg"g cg'sn
"
eP u/]sf] gb]lvg] .
lgj]bs k|sfzrGb| lwdfnsf] xsdf
nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ePsf]
@)^%.!@.@& sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{ocg';f/ ul/Psf
cGo sfd sf/jfxL ;d]t sfod /xg g;Sg] eO{
pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zdfkm{t ab/ x'g] . lgj]bsnfO{
of]Uotfqmddf ;dfj]z u/L lnO;s]sf] cGtjf{tf{sf]
glthf k|sflzt ug'{ egL nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;d]tsf
gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M k'gf/fd vgfn
sDKo'6/ M d'sG' b lai6
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} !) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
o;df o;} nufpsf] @)^^WF))$, pTk|i] f0f
;d]t, k|sfzrGb| lwdfn lj= nf]s;]jf cfof]u
!
df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /] U dL, df=Gof=>L
/fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofo, b]=k'=g= @)^^DF)))@, ck'tfnL xs
sfod gfd;f/L, k|bLks'df/ b'a] lj= lgd{nf b'a]
;d]t
/Ltk" j { s c+ z a08f u/L a;] s f
c+lzof/x c+z ld;fO{ a:gsf] nflu d'ns
' L P]g,
/lhi6z
] g dxnsf] ! g+= adf]lhd /lhi6z
] g kf/Lt
ePsf] lnvt clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;f]sf] cefjdf s]jn
k|ltpQ/ n]vsf e/df dfq k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
/ lghsf] cfdf /fd/tL b'afOg;Fu c+z ld;fO{
a;]sf /x]5g\ egL df ldNb}g . To;} u/L /fd/tL
b'afOgn] lghsf] c+z efusf] ;DklQ k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL g]qs'df/ b'an
] ] dfq Psnf}6L vfg' egL
s'g} lnvt u/L lbPsf] 5 egL k|df0f:jk To:tf]
lnvt k]z bflvn x'g ;s]sf] klg b]lvFbg} . o;
l:yltdf cfdf /fd/tLsf] c+z efudf k/]sf]
;DklQdf ck'tfnLsf] ^ g+= adf]lhd cfgf] dfq
Psnf}6L ck'tfnL xs sfod x'g] xf] e] k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLsf] k|ltpQ/ / k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ :jtM
vl08t ePsf] b]lvg] .
of] u ] G b| g fysf] ;DklQaf6 k| T oyL{
jfbLxn] cfwLdf ck'tfnL kfpg] xf] egL :jo+
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf], /fd/tLsf]
c+z efusf] ;DklQ Psnf}6L ck'tfnL kfpgsf]
nflu ck'tfnLsf] ^ g+= adf]lhd /Ltk"js
{ lnvt
u/L lgh;Fu c+z ld;fO{ a;]sf] gb]lvPsf], ;fy}
/fd/tLn] lghsf] ;DklQ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
dfq vfg kfpg] u/L 5'} lnvt ul/lbPsf] cj:yf
;d]t gx'bF f lgd{nfb]jL afx]ssf cGo jfbLxn]
:j= /fd/tL / of]u]Gb| gfysf] c+z efusf]
1

jif{
lghxsf gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] ;DklQaf6 cfwfdf
ck'tfnL xs sfod u/fO{ lng kfpg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f ;'jb] L
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
h:tf] pRrtd ;]jfsf] kbdf /xg] JolQmsf] xsdf

g]tT[ jbfoL Ifdtf, of]Uotf, jl/i7tf / sfo{sz
' ntf
h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fxnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] u/L sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]/ dfq ;f]sf] cfwf/df kl5 ul/g]
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;lrj kbdf lgo'lQm ug]{ ug'{ egL
g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z u/L x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M k'gf/fd vgfn
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
@
df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL, df=Gof=>L sNof0f
>]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, l/6 g+=
@)^^WF)))^, pTk|]if0f, clwsf/k[R5f /
k/dfb]z ;d]t, 8f=bL3{l;x ad lj k|=d+= tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t
lghfdtL ;] j faf6 cnu u/L 5' }
cl:tTjsf] kdf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# f/f
k|zfl;t sd{rf/Lxsf] :t/j[l4, a9'jf jf lgo'lQm
k|lqmofdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] s'g} klg
sfg"gL Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g] b]lvPg . lgikIftf
b]lvg] cfwf/ pNn]v gePsf] e] lgj]bg bfjLs}
cfwf/df ljwflosff/f lgld{t :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf]
bkmf !( sf] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
Joj:yf;Fu ;dsIfdf /fvL x]g{ ldNg] cj:yf
;d]t x'bF g} . :jf:Yo ;lrjsf] lgo'lQmsf] ;Gbe{df
/x]sf] P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] Joj:yf g} q'l6k"0f{ Pj+
u}/;+jw} flgs /x]sf] e] lgj]bg bfjL ;d]t gePsf]
o; l:yltdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm
k|lqmofdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf /x]sf] a9'jfsf]
Joj:yf;Fu hf]8/] x]g{' ;fGble{s ;d]t gb]lvg] .
;lrj lgo'lQm ug]{ k|lqmofdf /x]sf] :jf:Yo
;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] Joj:yf cfwf/e"t
k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf ck"/f] /x]sf] / To:tf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL h:tf];s
' }
lx;fadf lgikIf /x]sf] k'li6 ug{ vf]h] klg ;f]
ckf/bzL{ x'g] b]lvG5 . 5gf}6sf] cfwf/sf] kdf
oy]i6 Joj:yfx g/x]sf] k|:t't :jf:Yo ;]jf
P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] sfg"gL cfwf/ 6]sL ePsf]
sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/bzL{tfsf] cefj x'g] b]lvPsf]
ljBdfg cj:yfdf cfwf/ / sf/0f gb]vfO{
cfkm"v';L lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] xfnsf]
Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug'{ cfjZos b]lvFbf ;lrj
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h & ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;
!
;+ = k| = Gof=>L /fdk| ; fb >] i 7 / df=Gof=>L
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, b]=k'=g+= )^$CI)*@*, lg0f{o
ab/ xs sfod, dxfjL/ nfdf lj= of\hL nfdf
k|ToyL{ jfbLnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L g} glbO{
lghsf] ;;'/f / ;f;"sf] df]xL xs /x]sf] ljjflbt
ls=g+= !!! hUufsf] df]xL khgL u/L k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL dxfjL/ nfdfnfO{ rnfgL k"hL{ lbPsf]
kz' k ltgfy cnfdsf] 6 srx/Lsf] ldlt
@)%@.!!.#) sf] lg0f{o / ;f];DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
sf/jfxLx ab/ x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'jb] L
sDKo'6/ M ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 ^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
o;df b]=k'=g+= )^$CI)*@(, df]xL xs sfod
ul/kfpFm, dxfjL/ nfdf lj= of\hL nfdf ePsf]
d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .
@
;+=k|=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^# ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= )@&&, #!*,
ce, /fwfb]jL vftL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn
;/sf/ lj= /fwfb]jL vftL
ljjflbt ljifosf] ;DaGwdf hfFr k/LIf0f
ug]{ ljz]if1nfO{ cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fO{ lghn]
lbPsf] /fosf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf askq u/fO{
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 ;d]t hL/x ug]{ df}sf lbP/

dfq ljz]if1n] lbPsf] /fonfO{ k|df0fdf lng kg]{
x'G5 . t/ cbfntdf pkl:yt e} cfkm"n] lbPsf]
hfFr l/kf]6{ ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ cbfntn] k/LIf0f
ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] /fo cGo k|df0faf6
;dly{t geP;Dd k|df0fdf lng gldNg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf
sf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf ePsf] ldlt @)%$.!).@ sf]

ldnfkqaf6 ljjflbt ls=g== @% / @#& sf] hUufdWo]
pQ/tkm{ cfwf qmdzM )($ / )%^ hUuf oL
k'g/fj]bs jfbLxsf] c+z efudf k/]sf] / blIf0ftkm{
k/z'/fd ofbjsf] c+z efudf k/]sf] b]lvFbf lnnfd
ubf{ k/z'/fd ofbjsf] blIf0ftkm{sf] hUuf lnnfd
ug'{[ kg]d
{ f ldnfkqadf]lhd jfbLxsf] efusf]
pQ/tkm{sf] hUufdWo]af6 lnnfd ePsf] b]lvFbf
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] xssf] ;DklQ lnnfd u/]sf]
sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvFg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M nLnf/fh clwsf/L
sDKo'6/ M /fdz/0f ltldlN;gf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
Ohnf; g+= !
!
df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn,
@)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )$@#, pTk|i] f0f, lszf]/Lk|;fb
>Ljf:tj lj= ;lrj, u[xdGqfno ;d]t
lgj] b spk/ nufOPsf] cf/f] k sf]
;DaGwdf 5fgaLg ;ldlt u7g u/L To;sf]
l;kmfl/z ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lgj]bsnfO{ kof{Kt
;'gj' fO{sf] df]sf k|bfg ug's
{ f ;fy} sfg"gsf] plrt
k|lqmof cjnDag u/L clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon]
lgj]bsnfO{ sf/jfxL u/]sf] b]lvFbf To;df sfg"gL
q'l6 b]lvg cfPg . lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t
ug] { ; DaGwL sf/jfxLdf sfg" g L q' l 6 b] l vg
gcfPsf]n] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd dWoIf]qLo k|x/L
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^#.#.( sf] lg0f{o krf{ /
ldlt @)^#.%.!$ sf] k'g/fj]bg krf{ nufotsf
sfdsf/jfxLx ab/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L
sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8n
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
@
df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn,
@)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%!$, 8fFs lnnfd btf{
ab/ btf{, a]rgfb]jL ofbj ;d]t lj= /fdb]j
ofbj ;d]t
jfbL / k|ltjfbLdWo]sf k/z'/fd ofbjsf
aLrdf rn]sf] ;+jt\ @)%$ ;fnsf] b]=g= !!((
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
#
df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf} = k' = g+ = )@#&,
ha/h:tL s/0fL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= sn'jf tfdf
kLl8t s s'df/Lsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg x]bf{ lghsf] :jf:Yo ;fwf/0f 5, sGof
hfnL 5}g, lghsf] z/L/df st} 3fprf]6 b]lvFbg}
egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cfgf]
aofgdf pNn]v u/]cg';f/ lghsf] pd]/ #! jif{sf]
e] b]lvG5 eg] kLl8tsf] pd]/ bz jif{sf] b]lvG5 .
o; l:yltdf olb k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ ha/h:tL
s/0fL u/]sf] eP lghsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt ;fdfGo
/xg] / z/L/df sxL+ st} 3fp rf]6 gx'g] e]
cj:yf /xF b } g . o; l:yltdf k| l tjfbLn]
cbfnt;dIf u/]sf] OGsf/L aofg, hfx]/jfnL /
kLl8tn] cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt e} u/]sf] aofg /
kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;d]taf6
;dly{t x'g cfPsf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO kfpg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ * ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
$
pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )*#^, )*#&,
5fk / b:tvt sLt],{ 7uL, dLqk|;fb k/fh'nL lj=

jif{
g]kfn ;/sf/, s[i0fs'df/ of]xf ;'Aaf lj= g]kfn
;/sf/
sLt]{ sfuhsf] ! g+= df ul/Psf] sLt]{sf]
kl/efiffsf] d"Nofg ubf{ csf{sf] hLp wg
jf xs hfg] jf gf]S;fg x'g] u/L ;xL lg;fgf
jf 5fk OToflb agfO{ u/L cfkm" jf c s;}nfO{
kmfObf k'ofpg] sfd u/]df sLt]{ u/]sf] 7xl/g]
b] l vF b f hfx] / jfnf;F u /sd lnO{ dfnkf] t
clws[ t sf] gSsnL b:tvt ug] { u/fpg]
k|ltjfbLxsf] sfo{df /sd lng] sfo{ rflx+
7uL / gSsnL b:tvt jf 5fk nufpg] sfo{
rflx+ sLt] { egL 5' \ o fpg ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . hfx]/jfnfaf6 k|ltjfbLxn] lnPsf]
/sd cfkm"n] kmfObf lng] / hfx]/jfnfsf] wg
gf] S ;fg kfg] { p2] Z on] lnPsf] b] l vF b f
k|ltjfbLxsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ sLt]{sf] kl/efiff
cGtu{tsf] ePsf] x'Fbf lghxn] lnP vfPsf]
/sd klg sLt]{ ug]{ sfo{sf] Pp6f lx:;fsf]
kdf lng' kg]{ .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ * ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
%
pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^&%, pTk|i] f0f,
8f= /fdk/LIf0f ofbj lj= nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no ;d]t
lgj] b sn] Tata Memorial Hospital,
Bombay, India / King Gerges Medical Collage,
Lucknow, India af6 k|fKt u/]sf] elgPsf] tflndsf
;DaGwdf ljjfb p7L l/6 lgj]bs o;} d'2fsf
lgj]bs /fdk/LIf0f ofbj / ljkIfL 8f= clgns'df/
ld> ;d]t ePsf] @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #))! df
o;} cbfntaf6 lgj]bsn] lnPsf] elgPsf] tflnd
;]jfsfnLg tflnd geO{ sfd u/]sf] cg'ejsf]
k|df0f e] b]lvPsf] egL ldlt @)^#.!@.$ df
cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf lgj]bsn]
;]jfsfnLg egL bfjL lnPsf] tflndafkt c
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
k|bfg ug{ ldNg] l:ylt gb]lVfFbf lgj]bssf] ;f]

egfO{ sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ ^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .
^
pkfWofo, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+ = ))%%,
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, ljzfn yfkfdu/ lj= sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t
lgj]bs @)^@.^.@) b]lv xfn;Dd y'gfdf
/xL s}b / h/Ljfgfafkt x'g;Sg] s}b e'Qmfg
e};s]sf] b]lvFbf lghnfO{ tb'k/fGt y'gfdf /fv]sf]
sfo{ u}/ sfg"gL b]lvFbf lgj]bs ljzfn yfkfnfO{
tTsfn y'gf d'Qm ug'{' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M nLnf/fh clwsf/L
sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8n
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
&
pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )@@#, hfnL
/fxbfgL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= ;Gtaxfb'/ tfdf
k| l tjfbL ;Gtaxfb' / n] s~rgk' /
lhNnfaf6 lnPsf] /fxbfgL gDa/ cg' nfdfn]
lnPsf] elgPsf] /fxbfgLdf k|of]u ePsf] b]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf lghsf] ;+nUgtf gePsf] egL df
ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvFbf k|ltjfbL ;Gtaxfb'/ tfdf
;d] t nfO{ s;" / bf/ 7x/ u/L ;hfo ug' {
sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvPsf] egL lghnfO{ ;kmfO lbg]
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf]
gb]lvFbf pN6L e} lghnfO{ cWofudg P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !)-!_ cg';f/ *,))). h/Ljfgf x'g] .

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ * ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

*
pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ))^!, af6f] v'nfO{
kfpFm, /fh]Gb|nfn ah|frfo{ lj= gs]Gb|nfn l;njfn
jfbLsf] ls=g+= ( b]lv blIf0ftkm{ hfg]
af6f]df k|ltjfbLn] kvf{n nufPsf] e] k|fljlws
6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
;f] kvf{n dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 ljlwjt\ gS;f kf;
u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf] e] bfjL lng ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !^!
-$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd o;/L gS;f
kf; gu/L lgdf{0f u/]sf] kvf{n dxfgu/kflnsfn]
eTsfpg ;Sg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
(
pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )*$*, lg0f{o
krf{ ab/ ;d]t, km'k{' jfdf] tfdf ;d]t lj=
sfG5f tfdf ;d]t
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !$
-v_ n] tNnf] cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] ug{
kfpg] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t
k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6
cfkm"n] k'g/fj]bg ;'] tNnf] cbfnt, lgsfo jf
clwsf/Ln] d'2fsf] ;'gj' fO{ ug]{ qmddf k|of]u ug{
kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;d]t
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] l:yltdf z' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfdf s'g} k|sf/sf] q'l6 b]lvPdf
hf] h] a'g' kg]{ xf] a'emL cfkm}+ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ x'bF fxFb' } s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f gvf]nL z'
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L ldl;n z'df
k7fpg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf uDeL/ kn]
q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] pN6L e} ab/ x'g] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ * ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
!)
pkfWofo, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )#$&, st{Jo
Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= s]zaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL
d[tsnfO{ dfg'{ kg]{ dg;fo, l/;OjL /
of]hgf gb]lvPsf], l;sf/ v]Ng h+undf uPsf]
cj:yfdf tYosf] e"nsf] sf/0fn] hgfj/nfO{ egL
xfg]sf] uf]nL d[tsnfO{ nfUg uO{ Hofg uPsf]
kl/l:ylt ;d]tsf] d"Nofg u/L z' bf b]pv'/L
lhNnf cbfntsf] km} ; nf s] x L pN6L u/L
k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] ^-@_ g+=
adf]lhd Ps jif{ s}b x'g] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ * ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
Ohnf; g+= @
!
df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL
cG;f/L, @)^^ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g= )^%CI)&$*,
c+z bkf]6, a]b' k/fh'nL lj= 5lanfn k/fh'nL ;d]t
c+za08fsf] @), @! g+= n] c+za08f
ug{nfO{ kmfF6 lbg'kg]n
{ ] kmfF6 lbg' kbf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ
b]vfO{ bafP l5kfPsf] 5}g egL kmfF6 lbg' kg]{
afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf
plNnlvt sfg" g L Joj:yfljk/Lt oL cGo
k|ltjfbLxsf jf/]; ;d]t eO{ cfgf] xsdf
;d]t nf]s/fh k/fh'nLn] oLg} jfbL k|ltjfbL
ePsf] c+z d'2fdf @)^).%.* df tfobftL kmfF6jf/L
k]z ubf{ k|:t't d'2fsf] plNnlvt 5ljnfn /
tf/fkltsf gfddf ;+oQ
' m btf{ /x]sf] ljjflbt
;DklQ kmfF6jf/Ldf b]vfpg kg]d
{ f pQm hUufx
pNn]v gu/L kmfF6jf/Ldf 5'6fO{ a08f ug'k{ g]{ ;DklQ
bafPsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fdf plNnlvt
ls=g+= %*^, %(* / ^)) sf hUufx k|ltjfbL
tyf jf/]; nf]s/fh k/fh'nLn] ;Dd c+z bkf]6
u/]sf] 7x5{ .

jif{
;f] 7xgf{n] pQm bkf]6 7x/]sf] ;DklQaf6
lgh nf]s/fh k/fh'nLn] kfpg] efusf] pQm c+z
efu oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL a]b' k/fh'nLn] kfpg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k;
| fb uf}td
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
@
df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofo, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!*$, pTk|i] f0fo'Qm
k/dfb]z ;d]t, jLho;'Gb/ v8\sf lj= Goflos
k'g/fj]bg ;ldlt, s[lif ljsf; a}s
+ d'Vo sfof{no
;d]t
l/6 lgj]bsn] a}ssf] a}+ls sfof{no
eQmk'/sf] k|jGws kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf avt
C0fL cf/=kL= sf]N8 :6f]/h
] P08 ls/fgf k;ndf
k|f=] gd/fh >]i7 nufotsf !! hgf C0fLxnfO{
C0f k|jfx ubf{ lwtf]sf] cTofwLs d"Nofg u/]sf],
/fd|f] lwtf]nfO{ km's'jf u/L sd;n lwtf]nfO{
:jLsf/ u/]sf] h:tf sfo{ ;d]t u/L hfgL hfgL
ablgotk"j{s clgoldt tl/sf ckgfO{ a}+snfO{
xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] sfo{ u/]sf] / cfkm"nfO{
u}/sfg"gL kmfObf x'g] sfo{ u/]sf] cfwf/df
ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf k6sk6s
:ki6Ls/0f dfu u/L lgj]bsn] lbPsf] hjfkm
;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] e] cfwf/df s[lif ljsf;
a}+s sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL, @)@$ sf]
Joj:yfadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ sf/jfxL ul/Psf]
/ ;f]pk/ lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bg
txaf6 ;d]t z' ;b/ x'g] u/L ePsf] lg0f{odf
If]qflwsf/sf] cefj jf cGo sfg"gL q'l6sf]
ljBdfgtf /x]sf] gkfOg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]g
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; % ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .
#
df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^%CI)@&*, df]xL k|df0fkq gfd;f/L,
/fdb]j dxtf] lj= h+unLjtL dxtf]
k'g/fj]bssf] afa' ;f]gfOn] c:yfoL df]xL

k|df0fkq jf hf]tfxf lg::ff kfPsf] b]lvb}g .
df]xL x'gsf] nflu ! / @ g+= cg';"rL k|sflzt
eO{ # g+= sf] df]xL k|df0fkq jf $ g+= c:yfoL
df]xL k|df0fkq kfPsf] x'g'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljjfbsf] ls=g= !^% sf hUufdf
oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL /fdb]j dxtf]sf afa' ;f]gfO{
dxtf]sf] ! / @ g+= cg';"rL k|sflzt ePsf] / $
g+= sf] c:yfoL df]xL k|df0f k|fKt u/]sf] dWo]
s'g} klg s'/f k"/f ePsf] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf
:jtGq / tYoo'Qm k|df0fsf] cefjdf s]jn bfjL
u/]s} e/df ljjflbt ls=g+= !^% / @*# df
bfjLadf]lhd ;f]gfO{ dxtf]sf] df]xL xs sfod
ug{ / k'g/fj]bssf] df]xL gfd;f/L u/L k|df0fkq
lbg gldNg] .
| fb uf}td
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @@ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .
$
df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh
pk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##!@, pTk|]if0f,
gGbhLk|;fb >Ljf:tj lj= u'7L ;+:yfg, zfvf
sfof{no jL/u~h k;f{ ;d]t
ljjfbsf] ls=g=!%% sf] hUufsf] df]xL
xs oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf gfd;f/L x'g] u/L
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)$#.%.#! df ePsf]
km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/
sfof{noaf6 jfbL bfjLsf] xs;Dd pQm km};nf
ab/ x'g] 7xofO{ ldlt @)^!.!).^ df lg0f{o u/]sf]
s' / f k| d f0fsf] nflu lemsfPsf] e" l d;' w f/
sfof{ n osf] ldl;naf6 b] l vG5 . e" l d;' w f/
sfof{nosf] pQm ldlt @)^!.!).^ sf] lg0f{odf
lrQ ga'em]df k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofb ;d]t lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L e"ld;'wf/
sfof{non] oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L
ug]{ u/]sf] @)$# ;fnsf] lg0f{o @)^! ;fndf
ab/ ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljjfbsf] hUuf dfly
lgj]lbsfsf] df]xL xs sfod /xg] jf g/xg] e]
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
s'/f km};nf ab/ d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ePkZrft\

dfq osLg x'g] .
| fb uf}td
sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .
Ohnf; g+= #
!
df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn,
@)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!&%, hUuf lvrf]nf,
pHjn e08f/L ;d]t lj= nIdL k|;fO{ ;d]t
sf7df8f} + lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)%^.%.$ df ePsf] gS;f d'rN' sfdf kIf ljkIfsf
hUufxsf] gfk gS;f e} ljle g=g+=xdf s]
slt hUuf b]lvP ltgsf] If]qkmn ;Dd ePsf]
kfOG5 . t/ tL g=g+= xsf] rf/}tkm{sf] gfk
vf]lnPsf] gkfOFbf cbfntaf6 cfb]z e} tL ls=g+=
tyf g=g+= sf hUufxsf] rf/}tkm{sf] gfk ;fOh
cldg tLy{ k|wfgn] vf]nL lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
h;cg';f/ k|ltjfbLsf] ls=g+= !^% df h=/f]=
@))) dfq x'gk' g]d
{ f @)#) e} ))#)
a9L b]lvg cfof] . k|ltjfbLs} csf]{ ls=g+= !^^
df (!))) x'gk' g]d
{ f (!!)) e} h=/f]= )
!)) a9L /x]sf] b]lvof] . of] a9L ePsf] If]qkmn
g=g+= $ afx]ssf] xf] . csf]t{ km{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
ls=g+= !)! df )$)@ /x]sf] ls=g+= (( df !
))) x'gk' g]d
{ f )!$## e} )!)! sd
/x]sf] / ls=g+= !)@ df !!@)) x'gk' g]d
{ f !
%)) e} )&) hUuf 36L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ldlt @)%&.!.@ df cldg tLy{ k|wfgn] jfbLsf]
ls=g+= !)@ sf] hUufsf] blIf0fkl6[ /x]sf] g=g+= ^
df h=/f]= )@!) kg{ uPsf] egL k|ltj]bg
lbPsf] b]lvPaf6 pQm g=g+= ^ sf] hUuf ;d]t
jfbLs} /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] If]qkmn ;d]t hf]l8g
hfg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M v8\u clwsf/L
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& a}zfv * ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
@
df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofo, kmf}=k'= g+= @)^%CR)^^(, st{Jo Hofg,
;'zLn /Dt]n lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
d[ts afa'n] cfgL cfdfnfO{ s'6kL6
ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbLn] To;f] gug{
egL d[tsnfO{ ;DemfpFbf d[tsn] k|ltjfbLpk/
;d]t s'6kL6 ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn]
lv/f]s
{ f] nLn] d[ts afa'nfO{ lxsf{pbF f lghsf]
d[To' ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy}
jf/bftkZrft\ k| l tjfbLn] cg' ; Gwfg
clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt eO{ ;To;fFrf] Joxf]/fsf]
aofg u/]sf] / cbfntdf ;d]t ;To tYo pNn]v
u/L aofg u/L Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;xof]u
u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf] x'Fbf oL k|ltjfbLxnfO{
7x/ ePsf] ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{
rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] ;f]cg';f/ ;hfo gu/L !)
-bz_ jif{ dfq s}b ;hfo ubf{ klg Gofosf]
ds;b k"/f x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
#
pkfWofo, k'g/fj]bg g+= ^#CR)$%@, st{Jo
Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= ljsf; dxt ;d]t
cfj]zk|]l/t xTof x'gsf] nflu Hofg
dfgf{sf] dg;fo gePsf], Hofg lng' kg]{ ;Ddsf]
Olj klg g/x]sf], n'sL rf]/Lsg gxfg]sf] / p;}
df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g} s'/fdf l/; yfDg g;s]sf]
x'g'kg]{ e] afSof+zsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
plNnlvt afSof+zn] cleo'Qmsf] d[tspk/sf]
abnfefjnfO{ jlh{t u/]sf] / d[tssf] :j:km"t{
lqmofsnfksf] sf/0f cleo'Qm tTsfn} cfj]zdf
cfPsf] cj:yf x'gk' g]{ cj:yfnfO{ nlIft u/]sf]
b] l vg cfpF 5 . d[ t ssf] c;Xo lqmofpk/
cleo' Q mn] tTsfn} efjfj] z sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltlqmofTds kdf d[tspk/ cfqmd0f u/]sf]

jif{
5}g / d[tspk/ cfqmd0f ug{ d2tuf/ af]nfpg]
jf pko'Qm / cg'sn
" jftfj/0fsf] vf]hL u/L
d[tspk/ cfqmd0f u/]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] To;
cj:yfnfO{ cfj]zsf] cj:yf ;dfKt ePsf] dflgg]
x'bF f To:tf] xTofnfO{ cfj]zk|l] /t xTofsf] ;+1f
glbO{ dg;fok|l] /t xTof g} dflgg] .
cfj]zk|l] /t xTofdf sfg"gn] pNn]v u/]sf
tTjxdWo] s'g} Ps tTjsf] ljBdfgtfnfO{ g}
kof{Kt dflgb}g . lsgeg] kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qdf
dg;fok|l] /t xTof x'g k|ltjfbLn] dfg]{ dg;fo
/fv]sf] x'g} kg],{ dfg'{ kg]{ vf; sf/0f eO{ To;sf]
nflu tof/L of]hgf h:tf s'/fx /xg'kg]{ dflgP
tfklg ;a} kl/l:ylt / cj:yfdf dg;fok|l] /t
xTofdf of]hgf / tof/L x'gk} 5{ e] cj:yf /x .
cj:yf / kl/l:yltcg'k cleo'Qmdf tTsfn
d[tspk/ Hofg lng'kg]{ dg;fo tTj hfu[t ePsf]
x'g;S5 . To;}u/L jf/bftdf k|ToIf k|df0f ePsf]
cj:yfdf dfg'k{ g]{ vf; sf/0fsf] vf]hL ug{' pko'Qm
dflgb}g . t/ jf/bft kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fdf
cl8Psf] cj:yf ePdf cleo'Qmn] d[tsnfO{
dfg'k{ g]{ vf; sf/0fsf] vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5 . csf]t{ km{
x/]s dg;fok|]l/t xTofdf 3fts jf hf]lvdL
xltof/sf] k|of]u lg0ff{os tTj x'g ;Sb}g . ;fwf/0f
nf7f, 9'u+ f jf nft, d'Ssfsf] lg3f{t k|of]u d[To'j/0f
u/fpgdf kof{Kt x'g;S5 . To;}n] cfj]zk|l] /t
xTofdf sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;a} tTjx Ps
cfk;df ufFl;P/ /x]sf] cj:yf clgjfo{ x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
$
pkfWofo kmf}=k'= g+= @)^$CR))$*, st{Jo
Hofg, ;"o{ k'/L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
k|ltjfbLsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIfsf]
aofg lghnfO{ s'6kL6 u/L jf oftgf lbO{ jf
oftgf lbg] wDsL lbO{ lghsf] OR5fljk/Lt
u/fOPsf] e] gb]lvPsf] / df}sfdf sfuh ug]{
gGbs'df/L k'/L / gLdf k'/Lsf] askq Pj+ d[tsn]

nufPsf sk8f;d]taf6 nfzsf] ;gfvt ePsf]
e] nfz hfF r d' r ' N sf ;d] t sf :jtGq
k|df0fxaf6 k|ltjfbLsf] k|x/L ;dIfsf] aofg
Joxf]/f ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] x'bF f k|ltjfbLn]
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 7xg]{ .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
%
df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/
ad, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%&&, lnvt ;|:] tfdf
Joxf] / f hgfpg] , u0f] z /fh >] i 7 ;d] t lj=
;'zLns'df/ >]i7
cw{ Goflos lgsfo dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{
xs a]xsdf ;d]t lg0f{o ug]{ u/L sfg"gn] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . xsa]xssf] k|Zgdf lg0f{o
ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gn] cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . ctM dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf rn]sf] sf/jfxLdf xs a]xssf] k|Zg
;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvP kl5 xs sfodtkm{ cbfnt
hfg" egL dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;'gfO{ lbg' kg]d
{ f
g;'gfPsf] cj:yfdf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{o
ab/ u/L xs sfodtkm{ ;DalGwt cbfntdf
hfg' egL b'a} kIfnfO{ ;'gfpg] u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^@.%.@ df ePsf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[tM dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
^
ad, @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&&#, nfu" cf}ifw
r/]z, >L % sf] ;/sf/ lj=xl/x/ s'dL{
k|ToyL{ xl/x/ s'dL{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df
OGsf/ /x]sf], ;x cleo'Qm s[i0faxfb'/ sfsL{n]
jf/bftdf cfkm" dfq ;+nUg /x]sf] oL k|ToyL{

xl/x/ s'dL{ ;+nUg g/x]sf] egL aofg u/]sf] /
a/fdbL d'r'Nsfsf] Joxf]/f / ;f] d'r'Nsf ug]{
k|x/L sd{rf/Lxsf] askq Joxf]/f k/:k/
aflemPsf] b]lvPsf] Pj+ a/fdbL d'rN' sfsf :jtGq
;fIfLn] oL k|ToyL{ xl/x/ s'dL{af6 nfu" cf}ifw
a/fdb ePsf] cfkm"n] gb]vs
] f] egL askq ;d]t
u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f oL k|ToyL{ xl/x/ s'dL{ pk/sf]
jfbLsf] cleof]u dfubfjL z+sf/lxt tj/af6
k'li6 x'g cfPsf] gb]lvg] .
&
ad, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!(!, ca08f hUuf
5'6\ofO{ xsef]u sfod ul/kfpFm, sfzLk|;fb
snjf/ lj= emf}/Lb]jL snjfl/g
jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= &! / $$ sf] hUuf
ca08f /fvL c+za08f ePsf] e] kf/Lt lnvtaf6
gb]lvPsf], ls=g+= &! sf] hUuf jfbL k|ltjfbL
afx]s pgfp JolQmsf] ef]udf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] /
ls=g+= $$ sf] hUuf klg gofF gfkLdf k|ltjfbL
sfzLk|;fbsf gfddf btf{ ePpk/ jfbLn] ph"/
u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]] Pj+ ca08f /x]sf] e] c+za08fsf]
kf/Lt lnvtdf pNn]v gePsf] cj:yf x'bF f jfbLn]
pQm lsQfaf6 bfjLadf]lhd c+z 5'6o\ fO{ lng
kfpg] .
*
df=Gof=>L tkaxfb' / du/ / df=Gof=>L
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!%@,
k/dfb]z ;d]t, k|sfzdl0f zdf{ lj= k|=d+= tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t
/fjn cfof]un] sf7df8f}s
+ f] gu/If]qsf]
;DaGwdf dfq cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t't
u/]sf]df ljz]if1 ;ldltn] sf7df8f}s
+ f] cnfjf
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
b]zsf cGo :yfgxdf ePsf] ;/sf/L tyf

;fj{hlgs hUufxsf] cltqmd0fsf] ljifodf
;d]t 5fgaLg ug{ ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . ctM ljz]if1 ;ldltsf] pQm k|ltj]bgcg';f/
/fjn cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog x'g / b]zsf
cGo :yfgxdf ePsf] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs
hUufxsf] cltqmd0fsf] ljifodf ;d]t 5fgaLg
u/L sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ jf~5gLo
b]lvPsf]n] ;f] sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg
u/L l56f] sfof{Gjog ug"{ u/fpg" egL ljkIfLx
gfddf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
(
df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *@)(, k/dfb]z,
/fds[i0f rqmw/ ;d]t lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no,
eQmk'/ ;d]t
k'g/fj]bsxn] h'g hUufsf] ;DaGwdf
bfjL lnPsf] b] l vG5, ;f] x L hUuf dfnkf] t
sfof{non] k|ToyL{ tLy{sd
' f/ ;d]tsf gfddf btf{
ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/ e} clGtd e}/x]sf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf k/dfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 ;a"b
k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L ;f]xL hUuf k'g/fj]bssf
gfddf btf{ ul/lbg' e gldNg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn
sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t @^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
Ohnf; g+= $
!
df=Gof=>L bfdf] b /k| ; fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L
/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx, @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
###^, Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= ldng
u' ;d]t

jif{
cleo'Qmsf] ;flatL jf OGsf/L aofg
:jo+df k|df0f x'g] geO{ ;f] aofg s'g} tYoo'Qm
:jtGq / lgZrofTds k|df0faf6 ;dly{t x'g'
kb{5 / clg dfq cbfntn] cleo'Qmsf] ;f]
sygnfO{ lg0f{osf] cfwf/ agfpg ldNg] x'G5 .
oL k|ltjfbLn] k|:t't d'2fdf cbfntdf u/]sf] OGsf/L
aofg s'g} klg j:t'ut tYok"0f{ Pj+ :jtGq
k|df0faf6 ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvFbg} . ;f]sf] ljk/Lt
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] ;flatL aofg
ldl;n ;+nUg kLl8tsf] s]z kmf/fd Pj+ 36gfdf
k|of]u ePsf] bzLsf] kdf a/fdb ePsf] t/jf/
/ rSs' ;d]t :jtGq / df}sfsf] k|df0faf6 ;dly{t
ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;flatL aofgnfO{ ck/fw
ePsf] k'li6 ug]{ k|df0fsf] kdf lng'kg]{ .
Ohnf; clws[t M r'/fdg v8\sf
lab'ifL /fodfemL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
@
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L tflx/
cnL cG;f/L, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *##^,
/fhLgfdf ab/, ;'bfdf ofbj lj= gLdgf/fo0f
ofbj ;d]t
k|:t't lkm/fb ug'{eGbf cufj} ePsf]
/fhLgfdf ab/ u/fpg bfjL g} glnPsf] cj:yfdf
d'2f kbf{ kb}{sf] cj:yfsf] ;/x dfgL jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ ug{ gldNg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn
sDKo'6/ M ljb'ifL /fodfemL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
#
cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^@CI*$**, hUuf
lvrf]nf p7fO{ rng, /fdk|;fb ofbj ;d]t lj=
;/wfb]jL ofbj
;/sf/L btf{ ;|:] tfaf6 jfbLsf] :jfldTj
/x]sf]df ljjfb g/x]sf] hUufdf k|ltjfbLxn]
3/ agfPsf] s'/fdf :jLsf/} u/]sf] / ldl;n
;+nUg gS;f d'rN' sfaf6 ;f] tYosf] k'i' 6\ofO{ eO{
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
gS;f d'rN' sf] g=g+= % df jfbLsf] ;|:] tfadf]lhdsf]

If]qkmn ;Ddsf] hUufdf k|ltjfbLxn] 3/x
x6fO{ jfbLnfO{ hUuf rng rnfO{ kfpg] b]lvg
cfpg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL
sDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 #! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
$
cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^@CI)!&(, lg0f{o btf{
ab/ btf{ ;d]t, k|d
] s'df/ s':n] lj= ;f]dnIdL
s':n]
d'2f ug]{ sf/0fLsf] d[To' ePsf]df d'ns
' L
P]g, c=j+= ^@, g+= &) g=df d'2f ;sf/ ug]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf /x] s f] b] l vG5 . plNnlvt sfg" g L
Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} JolQm d/L d'2f ;sf/ ug'k{ g]{
cj:yfdf lghsf] d[To' ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf
Dofb jfx]s #% lbgleq jf d[To ePsf] #% lbgleq
kl5sf] Dofb tf/]v tf]lsPsf]df ;f] tf/]vsf lbg
lghsf b}ofbf/ cfdf cfO{ d'2f ;sf/ ug{sf
nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ jfWofTds sfo{ljlw tf]lsPsf]
b]lvG5 . d'2fsf kIfsf] d[To' ePsf] nuQ} lghsf
b}ofbf/n] cfdf cfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f ;sf/
gu/L nfdf] ;do;Dd d'2f rln/xG5 e gldNg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 #! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
%
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )#!), )#!!, st{Jo
Hofg, k|d
] axfb'/ sfdL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, 6]sg
l;+x sfdL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{
ef/ jfbLs} x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf cd's JolQmnfO{
jfbLn] s]jn cleof]u dfq nufP/ k'Ub}g, uDeL/
ck/fwsf] cleof]u nufpFbf lghsf lj4 u9fp
ug]{ k|df0f klg uDeL/ lsl;dn] ;+slnt x'g'
kb{5 . s]jn z+sf / ;'g]sf] cfwf/df dfq
10
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
cleof]hg u/]/ lgbf]i{ f JolQmsf] :jtGqfk"js

{ afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/sf] xgg\ ug''{ sfg"gL /fHosf]
dd{ljk/Lt x'g hfg] .
d'2fdf u/]sf] km};nf ab/ x'g] 7xofO{ k|:t't d'2f

tyf c+z rng d'2f klg ;fy} /fvL b'a} d'2f
Ps;fy km};nf ug'k{ g]{ .
Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ZrGb| Ogfd
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
^
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )%!%, @)^%
;fnsf] ;fws g+= ))&(, st{Jo Hofg, sdnf
d]r] lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= sdnf
d]r]
d[tsnfO{ dfg]{ s'g} dg;fo -means rea_
lagf g} dlxnfnfO{ af/Daf/ rfl/lqs bf]if
nufOPsf] tyf 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t x'g' k/]sf]
sf/0faf6 p7]sf] cfj]u / cfqmf]zdf cfO{ jf/bft
ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL sdnf
d]rn
] fO{ ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{
kg]{ b]lvFbf d'ns
' L P]g, c=j+= !** g+= adf]lhd
!) jif{ dfq s}b ;hfo x'g] .
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
@
df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )(%%,
lnvt btf{ ab/ ;d]t, uLtf v8\sf ;d]t lj=
s[i0faxfb'/ v8\sf ;d]t
hUufsf] btf{jfnf g} hUufsf] :jfldTj
k|fKt JolQm ePsf]n] cfgf] :jfldTj ePsf]
crn ;DklQ sfg" g adf] l hd lghn] laqmL
Jojxf/ ug]{ nufot cfkm"v'z ug{ kfpg] g}
x'G5 . btf{jfnf JolQmn] laqmL Jojxf/ u/]sf]df
cfgf] btf{ ;|]:tfsf] j}w k|df0f gePsf] /
ef]u ePsf] egL bfjL lnPsf] dfq ;f] laqmL
Jojxf/sf] lnvt ab/ ul/kfpF m e /
cbfntn] ab/ ug{ gldNg] x' G 5 . o;/L
sfg" g adf] l hdsf btf{ j fnf JolQmn] cfgf]
:jfldTjsf] hUuf /fhLgfdf lnvt kf/Lt u/L
lbPsf] lnvt btf{ jfbLsf] lkm/fbsf] cfwf/df
ab/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;~h]n
sDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{g
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 $ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
#
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *(^%,
hUuf /}s/ kl/0ft, an/fd v8\sf lj= g/]Gb|axfb'/
yfkf ;d]t
ljjfbsf] ls=g+= !# sf] hUufsf] ;e]{ gfkL
x'bF f lkmN8a'sdf hUufwgL dx]Gb| yfkf / x/]/fd
>]i7 eP klg ;f] hUuf s;}sf] gfpFdf btf{
gePsf]n] hUufwgL egL lkmN8a'sdf hlgPsf]
oL k|ToyL{n] ldlt @)$*.#.% df pQm hUufnfO{
Ohnf; g+= %
!
df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L tflx/
cnL cG;f/L, @)^$CI)%#%, b"lift c+z 5f]8kq
ab/, lgd{n cof{n lj= ;'zLnfb]jL cof{n ;d]t
c+lzof/x dWo] Ps} kIf ljkIfaLr rnL
/x]sf] c+z lbnfO{ kfpFm e] d'2f tyf lghx
aLr ePsf] c+z 5f]8kq ab/ d'2f Ps cfk;df
cGt/k|efjL b]lvPsf]n] ;f] b'a} d'2fdf Ps;fy
lg0f{o ug'k{ g]d
{ f ;f] gu/L c+z d'2f afFsL /fvL
c+z 5f]8kq ab/ d'2f dfq km};nf u/]sf] sf7df8f}=
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gx'bF f k|:t't
11

jif{
5"6 hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm egL dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
cfgf] xssf] k|df0f;fy lgj]bg lbPsf] / 5"6
hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf cfwf/df
/Ltk"js
{ ;flas df]7 ;|:] tf / xssf] ;|ft] le8fO{
oL k|ToyL{ g/]Gb|axfb'/ yfkfsf] gfddf dfnkf]t
sfof{no rfalxnn] btf{ ug]{ 7xofPsf] b]lvG5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf oL k'g/fj]bsn] bfjLsf] hUufsf
;DaGwdf cfgf] :jfldTj / xs ef]usf] cfwf/e"t
;|ft] / k|df0f ;fy btf{ ul/kfpFm egL dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf ph"/L lgj]bg lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] x'bF f
tyf k|ToyL{xsf] gfpFsf] btf{ ug]{ sfo{ /f]Ssf
ul/kfpFm eGg];Ddsf] lgj]bg lbPsf]n] xs a]xssf]
k|Zg lglxt /x]sf] e gldNg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;~h]n
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 $ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
$
df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L k|sfz
j:tL, @)^^ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *&!, c+z, /fdk|;fb
8uf}/f rf}w/L ;d]t lj= a'emf}gL 8uf}/f
c+za08fsf] !* g+= n] ;dfg:t/sf]
c+lzof/aLrsf] lghL cfh{g a08f ug{ s/ gnfUg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . lktf jf kltaf6} kTgL tyf
;Gtfgn] c+z kfpg] x'g\ klt tyf lktfaf6 c+z
kfpg] ju{sf] xs lghaf6} lgM;[t x'g] xf] . t;y{
klt lktfnfO{ cfgL kTgL / ;Gtfgsf xsdf
lghL cfh{ g jf :jcfh{ g sf] ljz] i fflwsf/
c+za08fsf] !* g+=+ n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . To;}n]
jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 tfobftLdf cfPsf] ;DklQaf6
cz kfpg] g} b]lvg] .
c+z lnO{ kfO;s]sf] e] sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
k|df0fsf] cefjdf jfbLn] c+z kfO;s]sf] e ldNg]
gb]lvFbf bfjLadf]lhd c+z kfpg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& c;f/ !^ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
%
e/t/fh pk|t] L, @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&)^,
cfos/, lzas' d f/ s6' j fn lj= tLklt
OG6/k|fOh]h, la/f6gu/
s/bftf :jo+n] s/ sfof{nodf u/]sf]
aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf] v/Lb cnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
s/ clws[tn] ;f]xL laqmL d"Nodf # k|ltzt v'b
d'gfkmf =!,@#,(!%. sfod u/L s/ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] s/ clws[tsf] ;f] s/ lgwf{/0f
cfb]z cfos/ P]g, @)#! cg'k g} ePsf] b]lvg].
Ohnf; cws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn
Olt ;jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t !& ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
Ohnf; g+= ^
!
df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb
pkfWofo, @)^^ WO )$(&, pTk| ] i f0fo' Q m
k/dfb]z, u0f]zk|;fb l;Ub]n lj= cy{ dGqfno
;d]t
sfg" g adf] l hd lgoldt kdf x' g ]
s'/fx sfg"gdf oyfjt\ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
adf]lhd ePsf] sfdaf6 lrQ ga'g] kIfn]
sfg"gn] :yflkt c+uxdfkm{t\ j}slNks pkfo
vf]Hg ;Sg] l:ylt /x]sf] / u}/sfg"gL sfo{ u/L
clVtof/sf] b'kof]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf]
nflu cfjZos cg' ; Gwfg u/L sfg" g sf]
k|lqmofdf Nofpg ;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ l:ylt v'nf /xFbf
/xFb} cToGt cg'dflgt z+sfsf] cfwf/df cfgf]
k|ToIf xs jf lxtdf lsl~rt c;/ k/]sf] l:ylt
g} gb]lvO{ pTk|]if0f nufot k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L u/L kfpg dfu u/]sf] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
kq cfwf/xLg b]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M ladn kf}8n
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} # ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
12
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
@
df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/
ad, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=)!(@, lgif]wf1fo'Qm
k/dfb]z, dflxnf dxh{g lj= k|d] nfn dxh{g ;d]t
lgj]bssf] 3/df hfg cfpg k|of]u e}
/x]sf] af6f] dfly tnf ykL jf cGo s'g} klg
tl/sfn] ;d]t cj/f]w ug{ gldNg] cj:yfdf
ljkIfLaf6 ;f] hUuf dfly lgdf{0f sfo{ u/L af6f]sf]
pkef]udf cj/f]w ug{ nfu]sf] b]lvFbf dfuadf]lhd
lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]d
{ f lgj]bg vf/]h
ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ca k'g/fj]bsn]
pkef]u u/]sf] af6f]sf] pkef]udf s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] cj/f]w l;h{gf gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] .
]
sDKo'6/ M ejfgL 9'u+ fgf
5f]/L >]i7n] /fhLgfdfaf6 v/Lb u/L

lnPsf] ;DklQ laqmL ubf{ nf]Ug] ld7'/fd >]i7 tyf
5f]/fx Zofd;'Gb/ >]i7, xl/;'Gb/ >]i7nfO{ ;fIfL
/fv] klg c+lzof/dWo]sf] jfbL /fs]z >]i7nfO{
;fIfL g/fvL lghsf] d~h"/L ;d]t glnO{ 5f]/L
>] i 7n] 3/sf] d' V o JolQmsf] x} l ;ot egL
u+ufaxfb'/nfO{ /lhi6z
] g kf/Lt ul/lbPsf] sfo{n]
lgZro g} oL jfbL /fs]z >]i7sf] c+z xsdf
c;/ kg{ hfg] x'G5 . o;/L ;dfg c+lzof/sf
kdf /x]sf @ 5f]/fxnfO{ ;fIfL /fVg] t/ ;dfg
c+lzof/sf kdf /x]sf oL /fs]z >]i7nfO{ lnvt
ubf{ ;fIfL /fVg] jf lghsf] d~h"/L klg lng] sfo{
eP u/] s f] gb] l vO{ k| T oyL{ k| l tjfbLxsf]
plNnlvt sfo{n] jfbL /fs]z >]i7sf] c+z xsdf
c;/ kg]{ e} pQm sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt eP u/]sf]
gb]lvg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k;

| fb uf}td
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ ! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
%
df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/
ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] )^$CI!)!#, lnvt ab/,
/fs]z >]i7 lj= ld7'/fd >]i7 ;d]t
ljjflbt ls=g+= $)@ sf] hUuf laqmL
ubf{ 5f]/L >]i7n] klt Pj+ cGo 5f]/fxnfO{
;fIfL /fv]sf] eP klg jfbL klg 5f]/f e} lghnfO{
klg ;fIfL /fVg' kg]{df lgh jfbL /fs]z >]i7nfO{
;fIfL /fv]sf] klg gb]lvPsf] / To;af6 lghsf]
c+z xsdf c;/ kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] jfbL bfjL
adf]lhd /=g+= !(@) ldlt @)^!.%.@* sf]
lnvtsf] ^ v08sf] ! v08;Dd n] g b] g
Jojxf/sf] !) g+= adf]lhd x'g] u/L lnvt
ab/ x'g] .
#
ofbj, ;=kmf}=k'=g+= ^)!, e|i6frf/, h]gL >]i7
lj=g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]lbsfn] k]z u/]sf] OG6/ldl8o6
txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq gSsnL xf] e]
s'/f k'li6 x'g cfPsfn] gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]kl5
;f]af6 nfe lnP klg jf glnP klg s;"/} sfod
eO{ s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfo x'g] egL k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ;d]t e} ;s]sf] x'Fbf z'
ljz]if cbfntaf6 s;"/ sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{
;hfo ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/
x'g] .
]
sDKo'6/ M ejfgL 9'u+ fgf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
$
ofbj, @)^% ;fnsf] )^$CR)*!#, hfn;fhL,
/fs]z >]i7 lj= ld7'/fd >]i7 ;d]t

| fb uf}td
13
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] k|:t't

d'2fdf oL jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ k7fPsf] ldlt
Ohnf; g+= &
@)%%.$.@) sf] kqsf] ldltnfO{ g} d'2f ug'k{ g]{
sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt df'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] ldltaf6 s/f/
!
df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !*-@_-u_ sf] xbDofb tLg
cG;f/L, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= &%), &%! / *@(, dlxgfleq lkm/fb ug'k{ g]{ .
df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfnsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt
/sd lbnfO{ kfpFm, gd:t] 6feN; k|f=ln= lj= P=;L=
ufd]G{ 6, dx]Gb|dfg >]i7 lj= P=;L= ufd]G{ 6, czf]ss'df/ x'g g;s]sfn] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod #-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z x'g] .
cu|jfn lj= dx]Gb|dfg >]i7
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk|t] L
df=Gof=uf}/L 9sfnsf] /fo
]
s/fl/o bfloTj k"/f gePsf] eGg] ljjfbdf sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8n
s/f/ e+u ePsf] sf/0fn] Iflt k'Ug] kIf -Agrrieved Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
@
party_ / s/f/ e+u ug]{ kIf -Breaching party_
d'2fdf jfbL / k|ltjfbLsf] ?kdf ljjfb lg?k0fsf] df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{,
nflu cfkm\gf] bfjL Pj+ lhsL/;lxt cbfntdf @)^@ ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g= #&@), kmf}=k'=g+= ##@&,
k|jz
] ug]{ ub{5g . s/f/sf kIfx dWo] csf]{ nfu" cf}ifw,, v];axfb'/ tfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/,
kIfn] s/f/ e+u u/]sf] tYout ?kdf k'li6 ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= d]3axfb'/ tfdf ;d]t
cj:yfdf Iflt x'g] kIfn] sfg"gL pkrf/sf] dfu{
nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g, @)## sf] bkmf
cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ .
!$-!_ sf] b]xfo -5_ -#_ df Ps;o u|fdb]lv dfly
s/f/sf] jf:tljs pNn+ 3 g ePsf] hlt;'s} kl/0ffdsf] lgif]lwt nfu" cf}ifwsf] sf/f]jf/
hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf] ldlt g} sfg"gL pkrf/ ug]n
{ fO{ kGw| jif{bl] v hGds}b / kfFr nfv k}ofFbl] v
vf]hL ug'k{ g]{ kIfsf nflu xbDofb z'? x'g] ldlt kRrL; nfv k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g] e] sfg"gL
x'g] egL dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . s/f/sf b'O{ kIfx dWo] Joj:yf /x] s f] b] l vPsf] / k| : t' t d' 2 fdf
s'g} kIfn] s/f/ pNn+3g u/]df ;f] pNn+3g ePsf] k|ltjfbLxsf] s;"/sf] dfqf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L
hfgsf/L kfPsf] ldlt g} csf]{ kIfsf] nflu d'2f nfu" cf}ifw af]sL lx8\g] k|ltjfbL v];axfb'/
ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f l;h{gf eO{ ;f]xL ldltaf6 xbDofb tfdfnfO{ nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g, @)## sf] bkmf
k|f/De x'g] .
!$-!_ sf] v08 -5_-#_ adf]lhd aL; jif{ s}b / *
nfv h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
df=Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo
kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvof] . cGo k|ltjfbLx
s' g } JolQmn] cfkm" v ' z L, cfgf]
;'ljwfcg';f/ d'2f ug'k{ g]{ sf/0f k/]sf] ldlt l;h{gf d]3axfb'/ tfdf, ;f]daxfb'/ tfdf / k|ltjfbL
ug{ jf xbDofb sfod ug{ ;Sb}g . To:tf] 5"6 a'l4dfg tfdfnfO{ P]= P]gsf] P]=bkmfadf]lhd hgxL
s;}nfO{ 5}g / sfg"gn] To:tf] 5"6 k|bfg u/]sf] klg kGw| jif{ s}b / = % nfv h/Ljfgf x'g] 7xofPsf]
5}g . b'O{ kIfsf] Jojxf/n] d'2f ug'k{ g]{ jf:tljs z' sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).#.@%
sf/0f k/]sf] l:ylt b]lvg' kb{5 . s[lqd kdf d'2f sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLx d]3axfb'/
ug'k{ g]{ sf/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L clglZrt sfn;Dd tfdf, ;f]daxfb'/ tfdf / k|ltjfbL a'l4dfg
xbDofb a9fpFb} hfg P]gn] 5"6 k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg
P]gsf] p2]Zo ljk/Lt To;/L xbDofb;DaGwL sfg"gL cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^!.!@.$ sf] km};nf ;f]
k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ug{ klg ldNg] xf]Og . cfkm}+ ;kmfO kfPsf k|ltjfbLxsf] xsdf ;Dd ldn]sf]
14
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd s]xL pN6L e} k|ltjfbLx

d]3axfb'/ tfdf, ;f]daxfb'/ tfdf / a'l4dfg
tfdfnfO{ nfu" cf}ifw lgoGq0f P]g, @)## sf] bkmf
!$-!_ sf] v08 -5_ -#_ adf]lhd hgxL kGw| jif{
s}b / = kfFr nfv h/Ljfgf x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M kml0fGb| k/fh'nL
sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8n
]
#
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L
s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= @$(,
@)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= $%@, lvrf]nf d]6fO{ rng
rnfO{ kfpmF, fl/sf /fpt clx/ lj= /fdfo0f
/fpt s'dL{ ;d]t, /fd]Zj/ /fpt s'dL{ lj= fl/sf
/fpt clx/
jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] g=g+= % sf] ))!
!!!@ df k|= afnb]js} ef]u /x]sf] b]lvof] . g=g+=
%-s_ sf] )))!$ df / g=g+= ^ sf] )))
!$!@ df ;d]t k|= afnb]js} ef]u /x]sf]
b]lvPaf6 ;f] g=g+= %, %s / ^ sf] s"n If]qkmn
))#), ;Fu lglj{jfb g=g+= # / $ sf] x'g] )
)&!#!@ ;d]t hUufsf] s"n If]qkmn hf]8b\ f
))!)!#!@ dfq x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 . o;/L
jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] ljjflbt g=g+= %, %s, / ^ sf]
hUuf jfbLsf] ls=g= @# leqsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n]
g=g= @ df k|ltjfbL /fdfo0f /fptn] / g=g+= %,
%s / ^ df k|ltjfbL afnb]j /fpt s'dL{n] lvrf]nf
u/]sf] b]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
$
s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= !^&,
ha/h:tL s/0fL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= d'af/s ld/
d';ndfg
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf kLl8tsf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / dgf]j1
} flgs h'g Iflt x'G5,
Tof] ck"/0fLo x'G5 . o;af6 kLl8tsf] :jtGq
dfgjLo cl:tTj, dfg, ;Ddfg / p;sf] JolQmut

Pj+ ;fdflhs k|lti7f, dfgdof{bf / dfgjLo
cl:dtf n'l6Psf] x'G5 . p;sf] :jtGq cl:tTj g}
vl08t ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] kLl8tsf] Ifltsf]
cfwf/nfO{ ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw k|dfl0ft
ug]{ ;Gbe{df klxnf] dfkssf] kdf cbfntn]
u|x0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf kL8s jf
kLl8tsf] s'g c sxfF, stf;Dd k'Uof] < of]
cToGt uf}0f ljifo x'g hfG5 . To;df klg Pp6L
;ft jifL{of gfaflnsf;Fusf] o:tf] 3[l0ft ck/flws
sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df c sfo{x u/L ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf kLl8tsf] of]gLdf kL8ssf] ln k|jz
]
cf+lzs jf k"0f{ h] h:tf] cj:yfsf] ePklg
ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] s;"/ kof{Kt x'G5 . pBf]u
eg]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] k|of; ;Dd xf] .
ha/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ sfdsf] k|f/De u/L ;s]kl5
pBf]usf] cj:yf /xFbg} . Tof] sfd h'g r/0f;Dd
u/]sf] ePklg sfd} u/]sf] 7xg]{ .
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
%
s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, )^#CI))&^, c+z gfd;f/L,
emu sf]O/L lj= ;jf/L sf]O/L
;h{ldgdf cfgf] egfO{ /fVg] JolQmx
dWo] s]xL JolQmxn] emusf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf]
egL pNn] v u/] s f] egL lghn] cfgf]
k'g/fj]]bgkqaf6 :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt
k| d f0fxsf] cefjdf ;h{ l dgdf a:g]
JolQmxsf] k/:k/ lj/f]wL egfOxdWo] Ps
kIfdf /fo JoQm ug]{ s]xL JolQmxsf] egfOnfO{
osLg k|df0fsf] kdf u|x0f ug{ gldNg] .
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @^ cg';f/
b]jfgL d'2fdf cfgf] bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/
jfbLsf] x'g] b]lvG5 . jfbLn] cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf]
Psf;uf]nsf] c+lzof/ xf] egL bfjL k|dfl0ft
ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . a jfbLn] cfkm"n] k]z
u/] s f s' g } klg k| d f0ff/f cfkm" k| l tjfbL
15

jif{
kmf}hbf/sf] pv8f d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 ;'v}sf
5f]/f elgPsf JolQm emusf] d[To' eO;s]sf]
b]lvFbf oL jfbL lgh ;'v}sf 5f]/f xf]Og /x]5g\
egL jfbL bfjL v08g ePsf] b]lvg] .
Ohfnf; clws[t M sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n
sDKo'6/ M dl~htf 9'u+ fgf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ #) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
^
s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=g+= %^*,
c+z xs sfod, /fdafa' /fo ;d]t lj= ;f]gn
] fn
/fo
nIdL /fosf] ldlt @)^#.!).@% df d[To'
eP kl5 d'ns
' L P]g, ck'tfnLsf] dxnsf] @) g+=
sf] xbDofb leq d[ts nIdL /fosf] ;DklQ
;DaGwdf b'a} kIf jfbL k|ltjfbL s;}sf] ph"/L
k/L nIdL /fosf] ;DklQ Psnf}6L xs sfod
u/fpg ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} . o;/L b'a} kIfn] xbDofb
leq gfln; u/L cfgf] ck'tfnL xs sfod ug{
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgh nIdL /fosf] ;DklQdf
s;}sf] klg xs x'bF g} e ldn]g . To;df klg
jfbLx nIdL /fosf c+z xs vfg] c+lzof/
ePsf] x'bF f lghxsf xsdf ck'tfnLsf] @) g+=
n] # jif{sf] xbDofb u'hs
]| f] dfgL c+z xsaf6
k|fKt x'g] ;DklQ dflysf] xs ;dfKt ePsf] cy{
ug{ gldNg] .
Ohfnf; clws[t M sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n
sDKo'6/ M dl~htf 9'u+ fgf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ #) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
o;df o;} nufpsf] @)^$CR$^&, hfn;fhL,
/fdafa' /fo ;d]t lj= ;f]g] nfn /fo ePsf]
d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf] 5 .
&
/0faxfb'/ ad, @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )%$!,
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ pNn+3g, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=
lszf]/ yfkf
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
a/fdb ePsf l;=l8=x k|ltjfbLsf]

a/fdbL sDKo'6/sf] l;=lk=o'= af6 g} k|ltlnlk tof/
u/]sf] bfjL eP tfklg a/fdbL l;=lk=o'= df
le=l;=l8= df /x]sf rnlrqx;DaGwL kmfOn
/x]sf] e] tYo pQm a/fdbL l;=lk=o'= sf]
k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] u/L jfbL kIfn] k|df0f
k]z ug{ ;s]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvFbg} . a/fdb ul/Ps}
sDKo'6/sf] l;=lk=o'=af6 le=l;=l8= sf k|ltlnlkx
tof/ ug]{ ul/Psf] eP To:tf kmfOnx pQm
l;=lk=o'= df /xg' kg]{ / ;f]sf] jfbL kIfaf6 k'li6
ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . t/, k|:t't d'2fdf l;=lk=o'=sf] k/LIf0f
u/L plNnlvt tYosf] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
a/fdbL sDKo'6/sf] l;=lk=o'= k|of]u u/L l;=l8=
x k|ltlnlk agfpg] sfo{ ePsf] e] tYo g}
k'li6 geO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf a/fdb sDKo'6/sf]
l;=lk=o'= hkmt x'gk' b{5 e] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M lzak|;fb vgfn
sDKo'6/ M d'Qmf Kofs'/n
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
*
/0faxfb'/ ad, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )*^%,
n]gb]g, dbf]b/L b]jL t]nLg lj= nIdLk|;fb ;fx
t]nL
k'g/fj]lbsfsf] Psf;uf]nsf klt ;'bz{g
;fx t]nLn] td;'sadf]lhd /sdsf] ;fFjf Aofh
a'emL v'zL/fhLn] e/kfO{ u/L ;xL5fk u/L lbPsf]
k'li6 x'g cfPsf] / d'ns
' L P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]
dxnsf] * g+= nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yfcGtu{t
;f] e/kfO{ sfuhn] dfGotf kfpg] g} b]lvFbf k'gM
td;'sadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Aofh lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm
e] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] .
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv !^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
16
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
(
/0faxfb'/ ad, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%^(,
gfkL lg0f{o ab/, ls8f] rbf/f ;d]t lj= e'06'
rbf/f ;d]t
gS;f d'rN' sf x]bf{ ljjflbt ls=g+= &)!
nfO{ g=g+= # df emu8f hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm
hUuf k"j{ g=g+= @ af6f], klZrdtkm{ g+ $ nf]s]
yfkfsf] hUuf, pQ/sf] g=g+= ! af6f] / blIf0ftkm{
g+ % / ^ df qmdzM eLd yfkf / nfn lu/L
yfkfsf] hUuf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lkm/fbLn] lkm/fbdf
pNn]v u/]sf] pQm ls=g+= &)! sf] rf}lsNnf x]bf{
rqm yfkf k"j,{ af6f klZrd, 8LneL/f pQ/ /
;'ghfofsf] v blIf0f egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L lkm/fbLn] bfjL u/]sf] $ lsNnf / gS;f
d'rN' sfdf pNn]v ePsf] $ lsNnf ldn] le8]sf]
;d]t b]lvPg . o;af6 ls=g= &)! df ;d]t
jfbLsf] bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvg cfPg . ;f] ls=g+=
&)! sf] hUuf k|ltjfbL kIfs} xs ef]usf] b]lvg
cfPaf6 ;d]t k|ltjfbL kIfn] k]z u/]sf lt/f]
lt/]sf /l;b hfn;fh x'g\ e] jfbL kIfsf] aofg
lhsL/ ;d]t k'Ug g;Sg] .
sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
!)
df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !))#,
lvrf]nf, k|zs'df/ d'n ;d]t lj= ;fg'do} f k|wfg
Pp6} bftfn] cl3Nnf] lnvtaf6 $ lsNnf
pNn]v u/L s]xL hUuf afFsL /fvL hUuf laqmL
u/]sf] / afFsL hUuf csf]{ JolQmnfO{ kl5Nnf]
lnvtaf6 a9L If]qkmn pNn]v u/L laqmL u/]sf]df
cl3Nnf] lnvtn] klxnf sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt
ub{5 . cl3Nnf] lnvtn] dfGotf kfpg] eg]sf]
To;df n]lvPsf] rf/lsNnfsf] dfGotf kfpg] xf] .
rf/lsNnfn] dfGotf kfpg' eg]sf] rf/lsNnfleqsf]
If]qkmnsf] hUufn] dfGotf kfpg' xf] . o;sf]

csf]{ cy{ s] klg x'G5 eg] klxnf] lnvtsf] rf/lsNnf
leqsf] If] q kmnsf] s] x L jf k" / } hUufdf
sfg"gadf]lhd klxnf kfpg]af6 xsx:tfGt/0f
geO{ cGo JolQmsf] xs :jfldTj sfod gx'g'
xf] . o;/L jfbLsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] lnvtdf
jf:tljs If]qkmnsf] hUufeGbf a9L hUuf pNn]v
u/L /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt kf; ub}{df :ynut
jf:tljs If]qkmneGbf a9L hUufdf xs sfod
x'g g;Sg] .
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ !% ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
o;df o;} nufpsf lgDg d' 2 fxdf klg

o;}cg';f/ km};nf ePsf 5g\ M
@)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !))@, lg0f{o btf{ ab/,
k|zs'df/ d'n ;d]t lj= ;fg'do} f k|wfg
@)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !))$, lnvt btf{ ab/,
k|zs'df/ d'n ;d]t lj= ;fg'do} f k|wfg
!!
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )@^#,
c+ue+u, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= /fdb/]z dxtf] ;d]t
k|ltjfbLsf] k|xf/af6 nf]lsGb/ dxtf]sf]
cfFvf km'6k] l5 k|xf/stf{n] To;sf] bfloTj Joxf]g{'
kg]{ x'G5 . cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfo{sf] kl/0ffd Psbd
cgk]lIft / b'vb klg x'g ;Sb5 e] s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L geP/ ;f] k|xf/ u/]sf] e] st}af6
k'li6 ePsf] 5}g . To;sf/0f PsnfO{ tfs]/ xfg]sf]
k|xf/ cs}n
{ fO{ nfu]df nIo u/]/ gxfg]sf] sf/0f
;hfoaf6 aRg] jf ;hfodf 5"6 kfpg ;Sg]
cj:yf 5}g . ;dfg kl/0ffdd"ns nIosf;fy
k|xf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] hf];s
' n
} fO{ nfuL c+ue+u
(Grievous Hurt_ ePdf k|xf/stf{ JolQm kmf}hbf/L
bfloTjaf6 klG5g g;Sg] .
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ tfs]/ xfg]sf]
xf];\ jf lghsf] gfafns 5f]/fnfO{ tfs]/ xfg]sf]
17

jif{
xf];\ jf b'an
} fO{ tfs]/ em6f/f] xfg]sf] xf];\ xf] /
rf]6 k'ofpg] p2]Zosf;fy lghn] hfgLhfgL
k|xf/ u/]sf] xf] . cGo sfd ubf{ eljtJo eO{
nf]lsGb/nfO{ em6f/f] nfuL lghsf] cfFvf km'6s
] f]
xf]Og . To;sf/0f s'6kL6sf] # g+= n] eljtJo
ePsf] cj:yfdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;hfo k|ltjfbLnfO{
x'g] geO{ em6f/f]sf] k|xf/af6 nf]lsGb/ dxtf]sf]
Pp6f jfFof cfFvf km'6L sfd gnfUg] ePsf]n] k|=
/fdgf/fo0f dxtf]nfO{ s'6kL6sf] @ g+= cGtu{tsf]
c+ue+usf] s;"/ u/]afkt s'6kL6sf] ^ g+= sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ $ -rf/_ jif{ s}b /
=%,))). -kfFr xhf/_ h/Ljfgf x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M ljBf/fh kf}8n
]
sDKo'6/ M k|d
] axfb'/ yfkf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fpg !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
!@
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *&$&,
wd{kq' lnvt ab/, slknb]j eut dfnL lj=
kl08t ;fx snjf/
cfgf cfdf afa' s f oL k' g /fj] b s
k|ltjfbL slknb]j eut dfnL Psdfq 5f]/f
ePsf] / Pp6f 5f]/f dfq ePsf / c 5f]/f
gePsfn] P]gn] wd{k'q lbg lng xs k'u]sf] eP
klg To:tf] Pp6f 5f]/fnfO{ wd{k'q lbg]n] lbg /
/fVg]n] /fVg klg gx'g] x'Fbf oL k'g/fj]bs
slknb]j eut dfnL s;}sf] wd{k'q a;Sg]
cj:yf gx'Fbf jfbL bfjL adf]lhd @)%%.!!.!@
sf] /=g+= $&@) sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no af/fsf]
wd{k'qsf] lnvt ab/ x'g] .
]
sDKo'6/ M rGb| ltdlN;gf
o;df o;} nufpsf] @)^^ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
)&)#, hfn;fhL, kl08t ;fx snjf/ lj=
;snL b]jL dfnL ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/
km};nf ePsf] 5 .
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
!#
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #@&*,
d[To' k|df0fkq ab/, slknb]j eut dfnL lj=
g]kfn ;/sf/
cfaf6 hf/L ePsf] ;dfJxfg
Otnfogfdfsf] Dofb tf/]vdf k|ltjfbL glbO{ Dofb
u'hf/L a;]sf emul8ofsf] P]gadf]lhd PstkmL{
k|df0f a'emL ePsf km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg nfUg
;Sb}g egL d'n'sL P]g c=a+= @)* g+= df :ki6
pNn]v ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf z' Dofb} u'hf/L
a;]sf] oL k|ltjfbL slknb]j eut dfnLsf]
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgaf6 tYoleq k|j]z u/L OG;fkm
ug{ gldNg] .
]
sDKo'6/ M rGb| ltdlN;gf
!$
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=$%!, df]xL gfd;f/L,
sGt' rf}w/L yf lj= ;f]dgLb]jL vTj]gL
ls=g+= ^@% sf] hUuf k'g/fj]bssf lktf
s' ; ' d nfn rf} w /Ln] ;fljs hUufwgL u' n
dxDdbpk/ df]xL k|df0fkq kfpFm egL e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no ;Kt/Ldf @)$*.$.#) df lgj]bg lbPsf]
d'2fdf jfbLn] tf/]v u'hf/]sf] sf/0faf6 ldlt
@)$(.(.@@ df ;f] d'2f tfd]nLdf /xL clGtd
e} a;]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L oL k'g/fj]bs jfbLs}
lktfn] bfjLsf] hUufdf cfgf] df]xL xs sfod
u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lktfsf] gfdaf6 d]/f]
gfpFdf df]xL btf{ gfd;f/L u/L k|df0fkq kfpmF
e] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] .
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} $ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .
o;df o:t} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fxdf klg
18
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= $%@, df]xL gfd;f/L,
sGt' rf}w/L yf lj= /fhs'df/L b]jL ;fx
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= $%%, df]xL btf{ gfd;f/L,
sGt' rf}w/L yf lj= df]lxb ldofF

!%
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )&%$, ;jf/L Hofg
/ ;jf/L c+ue+u, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= nId0f nfdf
;d]t
k|ltjfbL uf8LwgL /fds'df/ nfdfn]
;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq gePsf] JolQm cfgf]
efO{ nId0f nfdfnfO{ cfgf] uf8L rnfpg lbO{
nId0f nfdfn] rnfPsf] uf8Laf6 ;jf/L b'3{6gf
eO{ dflg;sf] d[To' ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL nId0f nfdfnfO{ ;jf/L tyf oftfoft
Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !^!-$_ adf]lhd
yk =@,))). h/Ljfgf x'G5 . o;sf ;fy}
k|ltjfbL uf8LwgL /fds'df/ nfdfnfO{ P]= P]gsf]
bkmf !^! -%_ adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{kg]{df gu/L
clwof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbPsf] ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf
lgh k|ltjfbL /fds'df/ nfdfnfO{ klg Ps dlxgf
s}b x'g] .
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} ! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
!^
df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L k|sfz
j:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&&(, k'/ftflTjs
d"lt{ rf]/L, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= nfSkf l5l/ wf]Skf
;d]t
k|ltjfbLxpk/ cleof]ukq btf{ ubf{
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;hfosf] dfu bfjL;Dd lnO{
lauf]tkm{sf] dfu bfjL g} lnPsf] b]lvFbg} . o;/L
a/fdb ePsf ;fdfgx s'g k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf
x'g\ / s'g xf]Ogg\ egL k|fljlws k/LIf0f u/L
;a}sf] d"No k|fljlwsaf6} osLg ug'k{ g]d{ f c:ki6
kdf lauf] pNn]v;Dd ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . csf{tkm{
z' cleof]u k]z ubf{ :ki6;Fu+ lauf] pNn]v ul/Psf]
/ ;f] lauf]sf] xsdf cleof]u kqdf bfjL g} lnOPsf]

b]lv . c:ki6 lauf] pNn]v ul/Psf] / ;f] lauf]sf]
xsdf cleof]ukqdf ljuf]tkm{ bfjL lng'kg]d{ f bfjL
g} glnPsf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ cbfntsf] km};nfdf
lauf]sf] xsdf gaf]lnPsf] egL lauf]sf ;DaGwdf
lnOPsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] .
!&
j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !))(%, c+z rng,
aLg' a}h" ;d]t lj= gj/fh a}h"
jfbL Pj+ jfbLsL cfdfsf] gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq sfg"gL cl:tTjdf /x]sf] / gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkqaf6 dgZofd a}h" / gj/fh a}h" afa'
5f]/f gftfsf] ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} jfbLsL cfdf
dLg' a}hn
' fO{ z' cbfntaf6 a'bf cfkm" dgZofd
a}h"sf] >LdtL ePsf], jfbL gj/fh dgZofd
a}hs
" f] 5f]/f ePsf] / klt Pj+ ;f}tfn] jf:tf
gu/]sf]n] afWo eO{ cfkm"n] kl5 bf];f| ] ljjfx u/]sf]
egL aofgdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L
k]z ePsf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqx jfbLsL
cfdf dLg' a}h"sf] aofgsf ;fy} jfbL Pj+
k|ltjfbL ;/f]h a}h"sL xh'/cfdf (* jif{sL
abgL k~rsf]6Ln] u/]sf] askq ;d]taf6 jfbL
gj/fh a}h" dgZofd a}h'sf] 5f]/f gftfsf]
eO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLx c+lzof/ gftfleqsf
ePsf] k'li6 x'g] .
k|ltjfbLn] ljle ldltdf /lhi6z
] g kf;
u/fO{ lnPsf] xfn}bl] vsf as;kqsf] ;DklQ afx]s
cGo ;DklQaf6 ljjfx x'g afFsL # 5f]/f / !
5f]/Lsf] ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fg'{ kg]d
{ f # 5f]/fxsf]
dfq ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fg]{ 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvO{
cdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvof] .
t;y{, jfbLn] k|ltjfbLxaf6 % efusf] ! efu
c+z kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
19

jif{
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . cljjflxt 5f]/L
;FuLtf a}hs
" f] ;d]t c+za08fsf] !& g+= adf]lhd
ljjfx vr{ k/ ;fg'k{ g]{ .
!*
j:tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (&&!, cj}w kdf
ejg lgdf{0f, ;Gtf]if sfsL{ ;d]t lj gljgs'df/
;'gj' f/ ;d]t
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf]
bkmf !^! sf] pkbkmf -$_ / -%_ cg';f/ gu/
k|d'vn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf clGtd x'g5
] egL
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^@-!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf]n]
To;sf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbPaf6} k'g/fj]bgsf] xs l;h{gf
x'g g;Sg] x'gfn] pQm bkmf !^@ sf] ljk/Lt
k/]sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgaf6 tYoleq k|jz
] u/L
OG;fkm ug{ ldn]g . k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'g] .
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fpg !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
!(
j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%%&, lg0f{o ab/
xs sfod ;d]t, l;l4laqmdWjh hf]zL ;d]t
lj= s'n gf/fo0f 8+uf]n
;DklQdf xs ;+/If0f ug{ bfjLstf{ ;hu
/ ;r]i6 /xg' kb{5 . ljjflbt hUuf jfbLsf]
ePdf hUuf gfkhfFr x'bF f hUufjfnfn] cfgf]
xsef]usf] k|df0f cfkm}+ jf cfgf] k|ltlglwf/f
k7fO{ cfgf] hUuf btf{ u/fpg' kg]d
{ f jfbL kIfn]
;f] ;d]t ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} . hUuf gfkhfFr x'bF f
s'g} hUuf gfkhfFr x'g 5"6 ePsf] jf gfkhfFr eP
klg btf{ x'g 5"6 ePdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] cfjZos
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
sfuh;lxt tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L;dIf tTsfn} lgj]bg

lbg ;Sg]df To;f] u/]sf] klg kfOPg . o; l:yltdf
;a"b k|df0f a'emL oL k|ltjfbLxsf gfpFdf ljjflbt
hUuf ;uf]ndf /}=k=gf=;f= btf{ ug]{ u/L ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zadf]lhd dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}n+ ] u/]sf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} b]lvg] .
]
sDKo'6/ M k|d
] axfb'/ yfkf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fpg !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
o;df o;} nufpsf] @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=
*%%*, xs sfod, l;l4laqmdWjh hf]zL lj=
s'ngf/fo0f 8+uf]n ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/
km};nf ePsf] 5 .
Ohnf; g+= *
!
df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo / df=Gof=>L
/0faxfb'/ ad, @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )%^%,
@)^$ ;fnsf] ;fws g+= )(#, st{Jo Hofg,
g]kfn ;/sf/ lj=dx/hgL dxtf], g]kfn ;/sf/
lj= eLdaxfb'/ dxtf]
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltjfbL
ledaxfb'/ dxtf]n] d[ts zflGt dxtf]sf] 3fF6L
lyrL st{Jo u/L df/]sf] egL s;"/df ;flatL /xL
aofg u/]sf] b]lvFbf / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6
klg 3fF6L lyr]sf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf] e] ljz]if1sf]
/fo ePsf], ls6fgL hfx]/L, k|ToIfbzL{ uf]dfn] df}sfdf
eg]sf] egL yfxf kfPcg';f/ ;'ldqf yfkfn] cbfntdf
pkl:yt e} ul/lbPsf] askq nufot ;a"b k|df0faf6
cg';Gwfg clws[t ;dIf u/]sf] aofgnfO{ k|df0f
;d]tn] ;dy{g ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf oL k|ltjfbL
eLdaxfb'/ dxtf] k|:t't st{Jo Hofg;DaGwL
jf/bftdf ;+nUg /x]sf] Joxf]/f k'li6 x'g cfpg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M rGb|ks
| fz ltjf/L
sDKo'6/ M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t #! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
20
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
hUuf ;d]t b]lvg] ;|:] tf cbfntaf6 ;d]t dfu

Ohnf; g+= (
u/L ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] Pj+ ls=g+= *^^, *^!,
*&@ / *&$ sf hUufsf] ;|ft] ;d]t oL jfbL
!
k'g/fj]bssf afa' lktfDa/ clx/sf gfddf btf{
df=Gof=>L k|d
] zdf{ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, ePsf] ls=g+= *&# sf] hUufsf] ;|ft] ls=g+= !$%
@)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#WO!!(!, pTk|i] f0f, /x]sf] tyf d'n c+z d'2fdf ;DalGwt hUufwgLaf6
/fdehg eut dfnL lj= /fhsnLb]jL tlTdgL tfobftL ljj/0f k]z geO{ cGo k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z
;d]t
ePsf] cj:yf / cfwf/df c+z d'2fdf PSn} vfg]
ls=g+= $%@ hUuf afF8kfF8 ul/kfpFm egL p2]Zon] bafP l5kfPsf] e gldNg] .
/fhsnLb]jL tTdLgsf] lgj]bg k/L e"ld;'wf/ Ohnf; clws[t M czf]ss'df/ a:g]t
sfof{no /f}tx6af6 hUufdf lg/LIf0f u/L uf=lj=;= Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} @ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
sf] /fo tyf gS;f ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ls=g=
#
$%@ sf] )@( dWo] klZrdtkm{af6 cflw hUuf df=Gof=>L k|d
] zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL,
hUufwgLnfO{ sfod /fvL k"jt{ km{af6 cfwL hUuf @)^@CR#!%*, st{J{ o Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/
lgj]bs df]xL /fhsnLb]jL tTdLg sfod x'g] u/L lj= chLh d';ndfg ;d]t
ldlt @)^#.$.$ df afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o ePsf] ;f]
s'g} sfuh d[To'sfnLg 3f]if0f xf] jf
lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk / l/6 lgj]bg n]v;d]taf6 xf]Og lgSof}n
{ ug{ 3f]if0ffstf{nfO{ cfkm" d[To'sf]
b] l vF b f ldlt @)^).!@.@ df g} ljkIfL ;ls6 /x]sf] cfef; ePs} x'g' kg]{ . l;4fGttM
/fhsnLb]jLsf gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L eO;s]sf] cfkm" kSs} dg] { cj:yfdf k' u ] s f] cfef;
hUufsf] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @% 3f]if0fstf{nfO{ ePsf] ;DalGwt sfuhaf6 b]lvPsf]
adf]lhd df]xL nfu]sf] hUufsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{ 5 e] :yflkt ePkl5 dfq To;sf cGt/j:t'df
clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Laf6 k|jz
] ug{ ldNg] .
:ynut ;h{ldg, gS;f nufotsf k|df0f a'emL
k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] ;Ldfdf k/]g
hUuf afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o u/]sf] a]/Ltsf] gb]lvg] . eGb}df s'g} lnlvt cleJolQm k|df0f z"Go x'bF g} .
Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
k|df0f P]gsf cGo s'g} Joj:yfcGtu{t Tof] k|df0f
x'g ;Sb5 eg] To;sf] Goflos d"Nofg x'g;Sg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv # ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .
cfkm"pk/ 36]sf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf
@
;lj:tf/ JoQm u/L ul/lbPsf] sfuhnfO{ cGo
df=Gof=>L k|d
] zdf{ / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, :jtGq k|df0faf6 vl08t ePsf] cj:yf gx'bF f
@)^%CI)^(#, c+z bkf]6, /fdj/0f clx/ lj= k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf !) adf]lhd k|df0fsf] kdf
lkof/] clx/
u|fXo x'g] .
k'g/fj]bs /fdj/0f clx/n] bfjL lnPsf
d[ts / k|ltjfbL aLr k"j{ l/;OjL /x]sf]
hUufdWo] lghsf afa' ;d]tsf gfddf /x]sf e] :jo+ d[tsn] u/]sf] sfuhaf6 klg b]lvFbg} .
ls=g= *&# / %*@ hUufsf] oL jfbL k'g/fj]bsn] ufpF3/df s'nf] kfgL kmf]xf/d}nf kmfNg] ljifosf
g} tfobftL k]z u/]sf] / log} jfbLn] klg tfobftL ;DaGwdf em} emu8f af/Daf/ eO/xg] / k|:t't
kmfF6jf/Ldf pQm hUuf 5'6fPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] jf/bftdf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|ltjfbL
ls=g+= @#) sf] hUufsf] hUufwgL ;|:] tfdf w]/} ;d"x tyf d[ts tyf hfx]/jfnf ;d"xaLr ljjfb
hUuf ePsf] sf/0f 5'6s
] f] e] egfO{ /x]sf]df ;f] e} ;f]xL ljifosf] hl/ofaf6 x'nd'ndf x'g uPsf]
21

jif{
s'6kL6af6 d[ts sNn' lu/Lsf] !( lbgkl5 k]6 /
/utdf ePsf] ;+qmd0faf6 d[To' ePsf] b]lvFbf
jf/bft x'bF fsf] cj:yf, d[To'sf] sf/0f / emu8fsf]
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLx cAb'n
chLh d';ndfg e] chLh d';ndfg lg/lwg
lu/L e] /fhs'df/ lu/L, 5]bL s'dL{ e] 5]bLk|;fb
rf}w/L, aqmLsf] 5f]/f cAb'n snfd d';ndfgnfO{
d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg ;DjGwL !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd @)
jif{ s}b ;hfo ubf{ rsf]{ kg]{ b]lvg hfFbf d'ns
' L
P]g, c=a+= !** g+= adf]lhd % -kfFr_ jif{ s}b
;hfo x'g] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 ^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
$
df=Gof=>L k|d
] zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|t] L,
@)%( ;fnsf] cg'dlt g+= #$*%, cfos/,
hubLzk|;fb cu|jfn lj= cfGtl/s /fhZj
sfof{no la/f6gu/
cfly{s P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf ( sf] cg';r
" L
^ sf] bkmf #) sf] Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L laqmL
c lgsfnL ;f]sf] # k|ltztn] x'g] dfq v'b cfo
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|df0fdf /x]sf] ;f]xL cf=j=sf]
3gZofd :6f]/ la/f6gu/sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ Ps} ;dfg k| s [ l tsf]
sf/f]af/df v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] P]gsf]
bkmf ( sf] cg';"rL ^ sf] bkmf #) sf] Joj:yfsf]
cjnDag u/L ;dfg tl/sfn] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} JolQm ;dfg x'g] / ;a}
JolQm sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] xsbf/ x'g]
x'Fbf ;dfg k|s[ltsf] sf/f]af/df ;dfg tl/sfn]
v'b cfo lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{df Goflos ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGt ljk/Lt k'g/fj]bssf] xsdf ^ k|ltzt
v'b cfo sfod u/]sf] s/ sfof{no la/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)%*.#.#! sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ e} ldn]sf]
gb]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ lai6
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
%
df=Gof=>L k|d
@)^! ;fnsf] kmf} = k' = g+ = #!%), cfos/,
cjgLGb|sd' f/ >]i7 lj= e"bj] 6l] 8, la/f6gu/
s'g} klg d'2f x]g{] If]qflwsf/ sfg"gn]
:ki6 zAbdf tf]lslbPsf] x'G5 . h'g d'2fsf] z'
sf/jfxL k'g/fj]bg h'g lgsfoaf6 x]g]{ egL
ls6fgL ul/Psf] x'G5 ;f] d'2f ;f]xL lgsfoaf6
dfq ;'gj' fO{ u/L lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ . tf]lslbPsf]
lgsfo afx]s cGoq lgsfoaf6 ;'gj' fO{ ul/Pdf
To;sf] sfg"gL dfGotf z"Go x'ghfG5 . o;/L
dfly plNnlvt bf]>f] k|ZgnfO{ ;d]t ;fy} cWoog
ubf{ sf7df8f}+ l:yt cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu 7"nf
s/bftf s/ k/LIf0f zfvfaf6 pQm e"bj] 6l] 8sf]
cf=j= @)%^.%& sf] s/ lgwf{/0f lg0f{o @)^).#.@@
df ePsf] / ;f] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L
@)^).$.@% df /fhZj GofofwLs/0f
la/f6gu/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o If]qflwsf/ljxLg
b]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M b'uf{k;
| fb e/fO{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 @ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .
^
df=Gof=>L k|d
@)^#WO)$)&, pTk|i] f0f, jLhos'df/ l3ld/]
lj= sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf afub/jf/ ;d]t
ldlt @)^@.!.@# sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt
;"rgfdf cltqmd0f ePsf ;fj{hlgs hUuf vfnL
u/fO{ ;8s lgdf{0f tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ s'/f pNn]v
eO{ lgj]bssf] JolQmut xs :yflkt hUufaf6
kvf{n tyf lgdf{0f ;Dk s'g} j:t' x6fpg] cj:yf
gb]lvPsf]n] pQm ;"rgf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ ug{ kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn
&
df=Gof=>L k|d
@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #^$^, pTk|i] f0f, r}Todfof
22
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
dxh{g lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t

lgj]lbsfsf] ;;'/f ljjflbt u'7L hUufsf]
u'7Lof/ ePsf] / ;f] hUufdf hf]t ef]u ug{;Dd
kfpg] t/ df]xL sfod x'g g;Sg] g} b]lvof] .
lgj]lbsfn] ab/sf] dfu u/]sf] u'7L tx;Ln
sfof{nosf] lg0f{o x'g' cufj} ;f]xL ljifodf
@)$%.%.( df lg0f{o e} ;f] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'emL
;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f clGtd e}
a;]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ ;f] lg0f{osf] af/]df
s'g} yfxf hfgsf/L gkfP h:tf] u/L l/6 If]qdf
k|jz
] u/L pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
lgj]lbsfnfO{ ePsf] b]lvPg . u'7L tx;Ln zfvf
sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^).@.!( sf] /fosf] cfwf/df
u7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] @)^).!!.!$ df
u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ dfnkf]t sfof{non]
@)^@.!.!% df tof/ u/]sf] hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{
;d]t ab/ x'g] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L gx'g] .
| fb e/fO{
;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 $ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
*
df=Gof=>L k|d
@)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^*^, pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z,
eQmaxfb'/ u' lj= clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u ;d]t
;/sf/sf k|To]s lgsfo jf sfof{non]
cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ sfg"gn]
lbPsf] clVtof/L leq /xL lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!^
df d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z
jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfng ug'k{ g]{ 5 egL afWofTds
kdf /x]sf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfsf] kfngf ug'k{ g]{
x' G 5 . ljjfbsf] ljifodf o; cbfntaf6
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L k'gM lg0f{o ug'{
egL lbPsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znfO{ /f]s nufpg],
lgliqmo t'Nofpg] u/L lg0f{o / lgb]z
{ g lbg] clwsf/
k|ToyL{ clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{
k|rlnt sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] gkfOg] .

sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf}8n
]
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ # ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .
o;df o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+=
)*)$, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ef]nfdfg /fO{
;d] t lj= clVtof/ b' kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]u ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf
ePsf] 5 .
(
df=Gof=>L k|d
@)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )%&#, ldnfkq btf{ ab/
ck'tfnL xs sfod hUuf lvrf]nf xs sfod,
a|DxfgGb emf lj= ;/f]hfgGb emf ;d]t
h'g sf/0fn] cfgf] xs u'Dg uPsf] xf]
k|ydtM ;f]xL sf/0fsf] vf]hL ug'{ kb{5 . oL
k'g/fj]bssf] xs ;dfKt x'g] sf/0f logs} bfjL
lhsL/cg';
' f/ klg ldlt @)%(.^.& sf] ldnfkq
g} xf] egL k'li6 ePsf] 5 . o;/L ldnfkqsf]
sf/0fn] xs ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ab/
u/fpg sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] cfwf/cg'k g}
kIfx cu|;/ x'gk' b{5 . :ki6 kdf Psftkm{af6
k|fKt x'g] pkrf/df ;fGble{s cGo cfwf/ b]vfO{
pkrf/sf nflu k|jz
] ug{ sfg"gtM ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
sfg"gdf lglb{i6 kdf tf]lsPsf] xbDofb ;dfKt
e};s]kZrft\ c;fGble{s cfwf/ t]:of{O{ pkrf/sf]
nflu k|jz
] ug{ sfg"gtM gldNg] .
| fz ltjf/L
sDKo'6/M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 % ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
!)
df=Gof=>L k|d
@)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @&*^, pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z,
a|DxfgGb emf lj=k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8+ f ;d]t
7x/ v08df af] l nPsf] Joxf] / fnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf ;/n / ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon]
ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg km};nfs} Ps cle c+usf] kdf
/x] a;]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;+zf]wg cfb]znfO{ c=a=
!& g+= sf] ;Lldt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/lwleq
23

jif{
/x]sf] egL Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !^
cGtu{t x]l/g] cGt/\sfnLg cfb]zsf] ;dsIfdf
/fvL ;f]pk/ lgj]bg lnO{ clGtd km};nfdf tflTjs
c;/ kg]{ u/L lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z ab/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zdf clwsf/ If]qfTds
q'l6 b]lvg] .
| fz ltjf/L
o;df o:t} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fxdf klg
@)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^&$, )*^@, )*&$
ldnfkq ab/, a|DxfgGb emf lj= ;/f]hfgGb emf
;d]t, rt'/fgGb emf lj= ;/f]hfgGb emf ;d]t,
chofgGb emf lj= lgd{nfb]jL emf ;d]t
@)^% ;fnsf] b] = k' = g+ = )%!^, hfn;fhL,
a|DxfgGb emf lj= ;/f]hfgGb emf ;d]t
Ohnf; g+= !)
!
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof=>L
cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^%CR)#%!, )$)&,
ha/h:tL s/0fL, ;~ho /fO{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/,
/d]z >]i7 -lj=s=_ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
k| l tjfbLxn] xltof/sf] e/df
cftlt kf/]/ /ftsf] ;dodf PsfGt :yfgdf
nu]sf] / jf/bftsf] cj:yf / k|ltjfbLxsf]
;+ V of ;d] t sf sf/0f hfx] / jfnLn] k| l t/f] w
ug{ g;Sg' :jfefljs g} x'g] xFbf ;f] ;d]t
sf/0f kLl8tsf] z/L/sf] cGo efudf ;d]t
k|lt/f]wsf] 3f rf]6 gb]lvg' :jfefljs g} df'
kg]{ x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ jf/bftsf] k|s[lt /
k|ltjfbLxsf] dgf]j[lQ ;d]taf6 ;f] jf/bft
hfx]/jfnLsf] OR5f lj4 ha/h:tL ul/Psf]
xf]Og e gldNg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M xl//fh sfsL{
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
@
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g= (%^(,
hUuf lvrf]nf rng, nIdLb]jL l;+x ;d]t lj=
aRrfk|;fb l;+x
ldlt @)%!.%.!) df e} cfPsf] gS;f
d'rN' sfdf ljjfb hlgPsf] ls=g+= &! g=g+= !s
@v df k|ltjfbLn] sDKffp08 jfn nufPsf] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/adf]lhdsf] lghsf] ef]usf] hUuf egL pNn]v
]
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm hUufdWo] g=g+= !s /
!v sf] hUufsf] If]qkmn hf]8\bf )!%@ !@
/=g=g+= @s / @v sf] If]qkmn hf]8\bf )!
!)$ x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 . b'a} hUufsf] If]qkmn
hf]8\bf )@!%^!@ x'g cfpF5 . hals
k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)$^.@.@& sf] /fhLgfdff/f
If]=km=)!!) hUuf dfq v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} k|ltjfbLn] gS;f kf;sf nflu k]z u/]sf]
ldlt @)$*.@.@$ sf] lgj]bgdf hDdf If]=km=
)!!) sf] bfjL u/]sf] / Tolt g} hUufsf]
gS;f kf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cl3 ldlt
@)$^.@.#! df hgsk'/ zx/LIf]q gfkL 6f]nL
;dIf k]z u/]sf] lgj]bgdf klg If]=km= )!
!) pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/ ljleGg
lgsfo;dIf k] z u/] s f] lgj] b g OToflbdf
If] q kmn )!!) pNn] v u/L :jLsf/ u/L
ePsf]df 7f]; cfwf/ lagf jfbLsf] If]=km= )
!% yk a9L hUuf bfjL ug{ kfpg] cj:yf
ePg . / k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ / gS;f ;d]taf6
jfbLsf] )!% a9L hUuf ef]u u/]sf] cj:yf
x'Fbf hUuf lvrf]nf u/]s} b]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k;
| fb kf]v/]n
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
#
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *()^,
*(!!, 3/ eTsfO{ kfpFm, t'n;L >]i7 lj= sdnf
24
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
t'nfw/ ;d]t, ;"od{ fg >]i7 lj= sdnf t'nfw/

;d]t
k|ltjfbL hd'gfb]jLn] ljjflbt ls=g= (&!
sf] hUufdf ldlt @)%).!@.@) df 3/ lgdf{0f
u/]sf] xf] jf lghn] sdnf t'nfw/af6 lnvt
kf/Lt ul/lnFbf g} 3/ pNn]v lyof] e] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ k| l tjfbL sdnf t' n fw/ /
hd'gfb]jLaLr ePsf] /=g+= $)(), ldlt @)##.!@.@
sf] xfn}bl] vsf] as;kqsf] lnvtdf g} 3/ ;d]t
pNn]v eO{ lnvt kfl/t ePsf] b]lvFbf ldlt
@)%).!@.@) df oL k|ltjfbL hd'gfb]jLn] 3/
lgdf{0f u/]sf] e] jfbL bfjL dgfl;a gb]lvg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M clDasf lg/f}nf
sDKo'6/ M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
$
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *()%,
*()(, 3/ eTsfO{ kfpFm, t'n;L >]i7 lj=
uf]kfnk|;fb pkfWofo ;d]t, ;"od{ fg >]i7 lj=
uf]kfnk|;fb pkfWofo ;d]t
k|ltjfbL hLjgk|;fb cf]emf / lgd{nk|;fb
cf]emfn] ljjflbt ls=g+= (&) sf] hUufdf ldlt
@)%).!).@& df 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] jf lghxn]
uf]kfnk|;fb pkfWofoaf6 lnvt u/L lng'eGbf
cufl8b]lv g} 3/ /x]sf] lyof] e] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ls=g+= (&) sf] hUuf uf]kfnk|;fb pkfWofon]
/fHo>L >]i7af6 ldlt @)#^.%.!$ df xfn}bl] vsf]
as;kqsf] lnvtaf6 k|fKt u/L pQm hUufdf
ldlt @)#&.!.@& df gS;f kf; u/L 3/ lgdf{0f
ul/;s]sf] pQm 3/ ;lxtsf] hUuf oL k|ltjfbLx
hLjgk|;fb cf]emf / lgd{nk|;fb cf]emfn] ldlt
@)%).#.@! df xfn} b]lvsf] as;kqsf] lnvtaf6
k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbL uf]kfnk|;fb
pkfWofon] ldlt @)#&.!.@& df gS;f kf; u/L
agfPsf] 3/ g} oL k|ltjfbLx hLjgk|;fb cf]emf
/ lgd{nk|;fb cf]emfn] ldlt @)$(.*.!! df pQm
3/;lxtsf] hUuf xfn}bl] vsf] as;kqsf] lnvt

ul/lnPsf] b]lvFbf ldlt @)%).!).@& df 3/ lgdf{0f
u/]sf] e]=jfbL bfjL dgfl;a gb]lvg] .
sDKo'6/ M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
%
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *()&,
*(!@, t'n;L >]i7 lj= Hof]lt ;Dz]/ h=a=/f=
;d]t, ;"od{ fg >]i7 lj=Hof]lt ;Dz]/ h=a=/f ;d]t
ls=g+= (*# sf] hUuf rGb| /fHonIdLn]
d';/km{ ljljaf6 ldlt @)#%.#.#) df /fhLgfdf
lnvt ul/ln+bf g} 3/ ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf]
;f] x L ljjflbt 3/ hUuf oL k| l tjfbLdWo]
rGb|/fHonIdLn] snf /f0ffnfO{ ldlt @)$^.!).!
df z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ltjfbLsf bftf rGb| /fHonIdLn] k/bftf d';/km{
ljljaf6 ldlt @)#%.#.#) df 3/;lxtsf] hUuf
/fhLgfdf lnvt u/L lnO{ lgh rGb| /fHonIdLn]
snf /f0ffnfO{ ldlt @)$^.!).! df pQm 3/
;lxtsf] hUuf z]ifkl5sf] as;kq ul/lbPsf] b]lvFbf
ldlt @)%!.!.!% df 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] e] jfbL
bfjL dgfl;a gb]lvg] .
sDKo'6/ M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
o;df o:t} k|sl[ tsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=
*()*, *(!), 3/ eTsfO{ kfpFm, t'n;L >]i7

lj= dbgb]jL sfo:y ;d]t, ;"od{ fg >]i7 lj=
dbgb]jL sfo:y ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/
km};nf ePsf] 5 .
^
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$@),
lnvt btf{ ab/ ;d]t, hd'gfb]jL ah|frfo{ ;d]t
lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
25

jif{
d'n'sL P]g, u'7Lsf] dxnsf] # / $
g+ = ;d] t n] wfld{ s sfo{ ;~rfngfy{ u' 7 L
/fv] s f] hUuf s' g } k| s f/n] xs 5f] 8 L bfg
bftJo jf a]r lavg ug{ ;d]t aGb]h u/]sf]
x'gfn] xs k'Ug]n] klg u'7Lsf] gfd rnfO{ z]if
/x]sf] hUuf xs 5f]8L as; lbg jf c s'g}
Joxf/fn] xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfpg] :ki6
5 . s'g} Joxf]/fn] xs x:tfGt/0f ug{ gkfpg]
u'7Lsf] hUuf qmdzM xs x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf
lnvt :jo+df b"lift 5g\ . b"lift lqmofaf6
ePsf] xs x:tfGt/0f / btf{ ;d]tsf] sfo{
k|f/De b]lv g} ab/efuL x'g] ePsf]n] To;nfO{
ph"/ u/L ab/ u/fO{ /xg' gkg]{ / :jo+ To:tf]
lnvt u}/sfg"gL / cdfGo x'Fbf To:tf] b"lift
lnvtpk/ ljjfb p7]df cbfntn] hlxn];'s}
ab/ ug{ ;Sg] .
sDKo'6/ M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
&
lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *(&(,
*(*), wd{nf]k ;d]t, ;'/z
] >]i7 lj= t'n;L
>]i7 ;d]t, s'df/ >]i7 ;d]t lj= t'n;L >]i7
;d]t
d'n'sL P]g, u'7Lsf] dxnsf] # / $ g+=
;d]tn] u'7L /fv]sf] hUuf s'g} k|sf/n] xs 5f]8L
bfg bftJo jf a]r lavg ug{ ;d]t aGb]h
u/]sf] x'gfn] xs k'Ug]n] klg u'7Lsf] sfd rnfO{
z]if /x]sf] u'7L hUuf cfgf] xs 5f]8L as;
lbg jf c s'g} Jojxf/sf] lnvt u/L xs
x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpFb}g jf xs x:tfGt/0f u/]df
To:tf lnvt b"lift x'g] x'Fbf :jtM ab/efuL
x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f jfbLsf] ;d]t xs nfUg] oL
jfbLx ;d]t u'l7of/ ePsf] u'7Lsf] hUuf
cgflws[t kdf ;fkf u/L @)#).$.!^ df
u+ufb]jL ;}+h" / afa'sfhL dxh{g ;d]tnfO{ xfn}
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
b]lvsf] as;kq tyf /fhLgffdf lnvt u/L

k|ltjfbLxn] wd{nf]k u/]sf] b]lvg] .
sDKo'6/ M zDe'k;
| fb zfx
o;df o;} nufpsf lgDg d' 2 fxdf klg

@)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )#@), hfn;fhL, Hof]lt
zD;]/ h=a=/f= lj= snf /f0ff ;d]t
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$!(, )$@$, )$@&,
)$#@, lsQfsf6 ab/ ;d]t, hd'gfb]jL ah|frfo{
lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t, /hgL sf]O/fnf lj= t'n;L
>]i7 ;d]t, hLjgk|;fb cf]emf lj= t'n;L >]i7
;d]t dbgb]jL sfo:y lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$@@, as;kq ab/,
Hof]lt zD;]/ h=a=/f= lj= snf /f0ff
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$@#, lnvt btf{ ab/,
Hof]lt zD;]/ h=a=/f= lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$@%, )$@^, lnvt
btf{ ab/, dLgf clwsf/L lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t,
dbgb]jL sfo:y ;d]t lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$@*, lnvt btf{ ab/,
hLjgk|;fb cf]emf lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$@(, lnvt btf{ ab/,
dbgb]jL sfo:y lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
@)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )$#!, lnvt btf{ ab/
btf{, /hgL sf]O/fnf lj= t'n;L >]i7 ;d]t
*
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )(#%, a}s
+ Uof/]G6L,
;'bLks'df/ zdf{ lj= /fhaxfb'/ zfx
s/f/cg' ; f/sf] zt{ pNn+ 3 g u/L
Jofj;flos kdf cfkm"nfO{ gf]S;fg kfg]{ ljt/s
lj4 sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf] dfWodaf6 cfgf]
clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{tkm{ oL k'g/fj]bs cu|;/ ePsf]
b]lvg cfPg . s/f/ pNn+3g lj4 sfg"gL
pkrf/sf] dfu{ v'Nnf /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ToyL{
26
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
l8i6Ln/L ;f]tkm{ rgfvf] ePsf] kfOFbg} . k|:t't

ljjfb;Fu cGt/ ;DalGwt /x]sf] zt{ pNn+3gtkm{sf]
sfg"gL pkrf/df ;d]t k|ToyL{ cu|;/ ePsf] gb]lvFbf
bfjLcg';f/ a}s
+ Uof/]G6L /sd e/fpg] u/L lg0f{o
ug{ ;d]t sfg"gtM gldNg] .
| fz ltjf/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
(
df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )(#, lg0f{o btf{
ab/ xs sfod, hfg'sL clwsf/L lj4 /fh]z
clwsf/L ;d]t
dfnkf] t ljefuaf6 k| f Kt ;| ] : tfsf]
nutdf nut g+= *& / $#* oL jfbLsf afa'
dfggfy / k|ltjfbLsf afh] rGb|sfGtsf] ;+o'Qm
xsef]u sfod /xg] u/L rf/ lsNnf vf]nL ;+o'Qm
kdf btf{ e} b'a} kIfsf] clwsf/ :yflkt ePsf]
b]lvG5 . afa'sf gfpFdf ;+o'Qm kdf btf{ sfod
/x]sf] ;|]:tf cwf]kfGt /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
;|]:tfsf] j}wflgs cl:tTj z"Go 5 egL cg'dfg
ug{ klg sfg"gtM ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ;+o'Qm btf{
;|]:tfsf] cfwf/df b'O{ kIfsf] xs /x]sf] hUufdf
Ps kIfn] dfq cfgf] xs sfod /xg] u/L btf{
u/fPdf To:tf] btf{ b"lift e} sfg"gsf] /f]xdf
b"lift btf{ x'ghfg] .
| fz ltjf/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
!)
;' z Lnf sfsL{ , @)^$ CI)*$^, k/dfb] z
;lxtsf] lgif]wf1f, 1fgxl/ /]UdL lj= klZrdf~rn
;8s l8lehg sfof{no g+= @ sf:sL kf]v/f
;d]t
hUuf k| f lKt P] g , @)#$ cg' ; f/
k'g/fj]bssf] ls=g+= !*!&, dWo]af6 lsQfsf6,
;d]t eO{ ;/sf/L :jfldTj sfod eO{ ;s]sf]
l:yltdf To:Tff] hUufdf 3/sf] s]xL efu k/]sf]
eP ;f] x6fO{ hUuf vfnL ul/lbg' kg]{ st{Jo /
bfloTj ;d]t k'g/fj]bss} x'g]df lghaf6 ;f]

bfloTjsf] lgjf{x u/] ePsf] b]lvPg . o;/L ljjflbt
hUufsf] ;fljs hUufwgL /x]sf k'g/fj]bsn] ;f]
hUufsf] d'cfAhf lnO;s]kl5 hUuf vfnL ul/lbg'
kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/]sf] l:yltdf To:tf] hUuf vfnL
u/fpgsf] nflu ;flwsf/ lgsfo k|ToyL{af6
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L u/L ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL
/ k|of;nfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf / l:ylt
gb]lvg] .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 & ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .
!!
df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #@$&, e|i6frf/,
z}nG] b|sd' f/ zdf{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/
pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\af6 6f]nL
vl6O{ u} k|fKt x'g cfPsf] af]8s
{ f] /]s8{ ;Tofkg g+=
lbgf !@#@))$ df jif{ !((% d], *@(#%&
cg'qmdf cg'bflgt gxL+ x} egL pNn]v ePsf] /
pQm hjfkmL kq If]qLo ;lrj dfWolds lzIff
kl/ifb\ If]qLo sfof{no af/f0f;Ln] pRr dfWolds
lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/sf] @) km]ac
'| /L @))$
sf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t k7fPsf] b]lvFbf cflwsfl/s
kdf k|fKt ePsf] pQm dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\
If]qLo sfof{no af/f0f;Lsf] !@.#.@))$ sf] kq;fy
;+nUg ;Tofkg ;"lrnfO{ cflwsfl/s df'kg]{ x'bF f
;f]xL ;Tofkg g+= @!& ldlt !@.#.@))$ sf] kq;fy
;+nUg ;"rL Joxf]/fdf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/nfO{
k|df0fdf lnO{ ePsf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}s
+ f]
ldlt @)^!.@.& sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvg] .
| fb uf}td
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
!@
df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf
sfsL{, @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #!#$, ;/sf/L
5fk sLt],{ 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ lh=;L= ;d]t lj= g]kfn
;/sf/
27

jif{
k' g /fj] b sk| l tjfbLxn] cfkm" x n]
If]=k|=O{=sf= e]/Ldf /Ltk"js
{ b/vf:t lbO{ ;f]xL k|x/L
sfof{noaf6 rfns cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] egL sxL+
st} pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} . oL k|ltjfbLxsf]
;fydf /x]sf] sLt]{ ;xL5fk nfu]sf] rfns k|df0fkq
cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd log} k|ltjfbLxsf] ;f]
sLt]{ ;xL5fk u/]sf] egL df' kg]{ .
]
sDKo'6/ M dl0f/fd rf}w/L
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fnj ebf} !% ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .
!#
df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj / df=Gof=>L k|sfz
j:tL, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (*^%, c+z, x]dGt/fh
sf]O/fnf ;d]t lj= a;Gt sf]O/fnf
lhNnf cbfntsf] lg0f{opk/ jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg gk/]sf] tyf xfn ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf
klg s]xL k|ltjfbL dfq cfPsf] ePaf6 o;
cbfntdf k|jz
] u/]sf kIfxsf] lhsL/sf xsdf
;Dd ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;
cbfntdf lbOPsf] lgj] b g -k' g /fj] b g_ df
plNnlvt hUufx lgh k|ltjfbLxsf] ljle
ldltdf ljle JolQmx;Fu lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
pko'Q
{ m hUufx cfgf] k]zf hfuL/sf] cfDbfgL
;|ft] af6 v/Lb u/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLxn] lhsL/
lnP tfklg jfbL a;Gt sf]O/fnf ;d]t hfuL/]
b]lvPsf] / lghn] ;d]t plNnlvt hUufx v/Lb
ug{ ;uf]nsf bfh' x]dGtnfO{ k6sk6s /sd
lbPsf] egL lkm/fbdf bfjL lnPsf] x'bF f tT;DaGwdf
k|ltjfbLxn] cfkm"n] lghL cfh{gaf6 v/Lb u/]sf]
egL lnPsf] lhsL/ k|dfl0ft x'g;
] Ddsf] j:t'lgi7
;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfOPg . To:tf] ;DklQ
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-s_ ;d]tn] ;a}
c+lzof/sf] ;dfg efu nfUg] g} b]lvFbf plNnlvt
hUufx lghL cfh{gsf] 7xofpg gldNg] .
3/ lgdf{0fsf] qmddf k|ltjfbL x]dGt /
/dfn] ;~rosf]ifaf6 C0f lnPsf] / k|ltjfbL
/df @)%# ;fndf ;d]t j}bl] zs tfnLddf uPsf]
;d]tsf] ;a"b k|df0f k|ltjfbLxn] k]z u/]sf]
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
b]lvG5 . pQm 3/df k|ltjfbL x]dGt / lghsf

kl/jf/sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ jfbLn] cGoyf
e ;s]sf] kfOb}g . bfh' efph"sf] 3/ lgdf{0f
ug{ c c+lzof/n] /sd lbPsf] eP jfbL ;d]tn]
;f] s'/fsf] lhsL/ lnO{ To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/fpg
;Sg'kg]d
{ f ;f] s]xL u/] ePsf] gkfOFbf pQm 3/
k|ltjfbL x]dGt / /dfsf] lghL cfh{gsf] b]lvg
cfof] . pQm 3/ /x]sf] hUuf eg] @)#$.(.@& sf]
d'ns
' L P]g, ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg k"j{ v/Lb ePsf] eO{
lghL cfh{g e] cjwf/0ff leq\ofpg] c+za08fsf]
;+zf]lwt !* g+= sf] cfudg k"j{ g} k|fKt ePsf]
b]lvof] . o; l:yltdf ls=g+= #(^ df ag]sf] 3/
/ ;f] 3/n] rr]s
{ f] lnu nufkft;Dddf c+zj08fsf]
!* g+= adf]lhd lghL cfh{gsf] 7xofpg kg]{
e} To;df cGo c+lzof/nfO{ a08f ug{ s/
gnfUg] .
!$
df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz
j:tL, @)^^CI)^*), )*@$, hf]t gfd;f/L,
b]jG] b| >]i7 lj= dfl0fsnfn >]i7, /fdrGb| >]i7
;d]t lj= dfl0fsnfn >]i7
jfbL dfl0fsnfn >]i7sf afa' a]vfnfn
>]i7 ljjflbt ls=g+= &^* sf] hUufsf] df]xL ePsf]
/ ;f]sf cfwf/df 5f]/f dfl0fsnfn >]i7sf gfpFdf
df]xL gfd;f/L ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvPsfn] k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLxn] lnPsf] lhsL/ tYo / sfg"g;Ddt
gb]lvFbf jfbL dfl0fsnfn >]i7nfO{ df]xL xs lbg
gldNg] egL lgj]bg vf/]h u/]sf] z' e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no, eQmk'/sf] km};nf pN6L u/L df]xL
a]vfnfn >]i7sf 5f]/f jfbL dfl0fsnfn >]i7sf]
gfpFdf bfjLadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] .
Ohnf; clws[t M czf]ss'df/ a:g]t
!%
j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (*%#, lgif]wf1fo'Qm
28
jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
k/dfb]z, gf/fo0f ;'jb] L lj= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]

ljefu ;d]t
sfg" g f/f lgwf{ l /t tl/sfadf] l hd
lgoldttf, ldtJooLtf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf
/ cf}lrTo ;d]tsf cfwf/df n]vf k/LIf0f ug{;Sg]
u/L n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $ df
Jojl:yt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cwLgdf /xL ul/Psf]
n]vf k/LIf0fnfO{ cGoyf e ldn]g . ;+ljwfg
tyf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+jw} flgs
lgsfon] lgsfn]sf] a]h"sf] ljifodf ;+k/LIf0f
u/fpg] jf ;f] a]h" lgsfn]sf] k|lqmof g} unt 5
egL ;f] k|lqmof ab/sf] nflu bfjL gu/L ;f] :jtM
cdfGo x'g] egL lgj]bsn] u/] h:tf] cy{ ug{
ldNg] b]lvPg . k/dfb]z tyf lgif]wf1fn] s'g}
lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg ub}g{ g\ . dxfn]vf
k/LIfssf] lg0f{o oyf:yfgdf /lx/x]sf] cj:yfdf
;f]tkm{ ljlwjt\ r'gf}tL geO{ ;f]sf] k|lts"n k/dfb]z
lbg gldNg] .
| fb e/fO{
!^
j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *$*!, ;fu/ yfkf
lj= /fh' e ;d]t
jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] hUuf lqe' j g
/fhkysf] bfofF afFof @% ld6/sf] If]qleq k/]sf]
s' / f :jo+ jfbLn] :jLsf/ u/] s f] cj:yfdf
/fhdfu{sf] bfofF afofF @% ld6/leqsf] hUuf
;fj{hlgs ;8ssf] hUuf x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf]
hUufdf s;}sf] klg xs bfjL gk'Ug] / ;f] hUuf
s;}n] btf{ ;d]t ug{ gldNg], s'g} k|sf/n] btf{ g}
u/]sf] eP klg ;f] btf{ b"lift btf{ e} :jtM ab/
x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] hUufsf] btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm e]
jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] cj:yf
x'GYof] . csf]t{ km{ ljjflbt ls=g+= %^! sf] hUuf
clws/0f eO{ g} ;sL s]jn d'cfAhfsf] k|Zg dfq
/x]sf] lhsL/ lng] k|ltjfbLsf] gfpFdf ;d]t ;f]
hUUffsf] btf{ / ;|]:tf ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg

sfuhaf6 b]lvPg . h;sf] gfpFdf hUuf btf{ g}
ePsf] 5}g ;f] JolQmsf] gfpFsf] hUuf btf{ ab/
u/L kfpFm egL lnPsf] bfjL ;d]t ;To tYo
k|df0f / sfg"gdf cfwfl/t ePsf] gb]lvg] .
| fb e/fO{
!&
j:tL, @)^% CI )*#!, df] x L gfd;f/L,
czf]ss'df/ dxtf] lj= rGb]Zj/ ofbj
jfbLsf lktf /fdcf}tf/ ofbjn] ! g+=
nut e/L @ g+= cg';r
" L k|sflzt e} $ g+= c:yfoL
hf]tfxf lg:;f k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yf / @)@@
;fndf ;fljs hUufwgLnfO{ afnL a'emfPsf]
e/kfO{ k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)
sf] lkmN8a'sdf plNnlvt $ lsNnf ! g+= nut,
@ g+= cg';r
" L Pj+ $ g+= hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;fdf
plNnlvt $ lsNnf le8\5 le8\b}g, ;fljs
;Flwof/sf] hUuf ;d]t le8\5 le8\bg} ;f] ;d]t
osLg u/L lg0f{o ug'{[ kg]d{ f ;f] gu/L jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] egL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no dxf]Q/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o
;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/sf] ldlt
@)^#.!.!) sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/ x'g] .
!*
j:tL, @)^%CI )&)!, km};nf sfof{Gjog
ul/kfpFm, s]bf/axfb'/ vqL lj= s'df/axfb'/ vqL
df]lxofgL xs c+z xs h:tf] :jtM k|fKt
x' g ] xs xf] O g . df] l xofgL xs k| f Kt ug{
e"ld;DaGwL P]g,@)@! n] lglb{i6 u/]sf] sfg"gL
k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df dfq k|fKt x'g] xs xf] . c
hUuf ;/x df]lxofgL xssf] hUufdf ;d]t
c+lzof/aLr a08f nfU5 e' e"ld;DaGwL P]gsf]
efjgf, p2]Zo / dd{ljk/Lt cy{ ug'{ xf] .
29

jif{
To;sf/0f a08f nfu]sf] 3/sf] gftfn] hUufdf
;d]t :jtM df]lxofgL xs k|fKt x'g] gb]lvg] .
!(
j:tL, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%&^, xs sfod
u/L lvrf]nf d]6fO{ kfpmF, slj/fh a/fn lj=
v8\uaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t
jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] ljjflbt hUuf c+z
Pj+ /fhLgfdfaf6 lnPsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOG5 . c+z Pj+ /fhLgfdfaf6 lnPsf] bfjL u/]
klg ;f] lhsL/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ :jtGq, e/kbf]{ Pj+
j:t'lgi7 k|df0f k]z ePsf] ;d]t kfOb}g . c+z
Pj+ /fhLgfdfaf6 k|fKt u/L btf{ u/]sf] eP
@)#$.#.& df gfkL ePsf] cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do
r'knfuL a;]sf] cf}lrTo jfbLn] :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf]
kfOFbg} . cfkm}n
+ ] v8f ug]{ c+za08f tyf /fhLgfdf
cfkm}n
+ ] n]Vg] rf/ lsNnf dfq xsflwsf/sf] ;|ft]
x'g ;Sb}g . clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfoaf6 tL lnvtsf]
;+kl' i6 x'gk' g]{ .
| fb e/fO{
o;df o;} nufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
#@@* hfn;fhL, slj/fh a/fn lj= v8\uaxfb'/

vqL ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg';f/ km};nf
ePsf] 5 .
@)
df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL,
@)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *@^@, hUuf lvrf]nf rng,
cAb'n dhLt ldofF lj= lagf]bfgGb k|;fb l;Fx
cfgf] hUufnfO{ aflx/ kf/]/ s;}n] kvf{n
gnufpg] s'/f :jfefljs kdf cg'dfg ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 . o; ljifodf jfbLn] gS;f hL/xdf ;d]t
lj/f]w hgfpg ;s]sf] kfOPg . t;y{ jfbLn] bfjL
!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(
lnPsf] g=g+= ! sf] hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] b]lvg cfPsf]n]

lvrf]nf u/]sf] e] jfbL bfjL ldn]sf] b]lvPg .
g=g+= @ sf] xsdf x]bf{ jfbLsf] ls=g+= %!# -g=g+=
# sf] hUufb]lv pQ/df ls=g= %%@ sf] hUuf
b]lvPsf] g=g+= @ ;d]t ;f]xL lsQf leqsf] b]lvg
cfPaf6 ;f] hUuf ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] e] b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf] pQ/ ;Ldf g=g+= ! eGbf
pQ/tkm{ jfbLsf] hUuf /x]sf] gb]lvFbf ;f] g=g+= @
sf] hUufdf k|ltjfbLn] lvrf]nf u/]sf] e] bfjL
;d]t k'Ug g;Sg] .
;+jt\ @)^& ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
@!
df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh
pk|]tL, @)^% ;fnsf] WO)#$*, pTk|]if0f
k/dfb]z, ;'/z
] rGb| kf}8n
] lj= g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6
a}s
+ lnld6]8, b/af/ dfu{ sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
r]s e'QmfgL;DaGwL ljifodf kof{Kt
5nkmn eP kZrft\ klg r]ssf] e'QmfgLsf] ;d:of
;dfwfg gePsf]n] /ljg >]i7sf] cg'/f]w / g]kfn
/fi6 a}s
+ sf] lgb]z
{ gsf] cfwf/df lgj]bsnfO{ sfnf]
;"rLdf /fVg] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfL OGe]i6d]G6 a}+sn] lgj]bsnfO{ r]ssf]
e'QmfgL;DaGwL ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ lbPsf]
;donfO{ a]jf:tf u/L a;]sf] sf/0faf6 plNnlvt
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfg"gL bfloTj tyf st{Jo
kfngf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf lgj]bsnfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf
;dfj]z ug{ shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|nfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf]
b]lvFbf a}+s / shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] s'g} klg
sf/jfxLn] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/sf]
xgg\ ePsf] gb]lvPsfn] dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L
ug'k{ g]{ gkg]{ .
| fb e/fO{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
1
30

JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g JF) (RR CBFNT A'n) l6g

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]z

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

h:tf] pRrtd ;]jfsf] kbdf /xg] JolQmsf] xsdf

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f]h & ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 ;d]t hL/x ug]{ df}sf lbP/

sf] c+z btf{ d'2fdf ePsf] ldlt @)%$.!).@ sf]

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv & ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

k|bfg ug{ ldNg] l:ylt gb]lVfFbf lgj]bssf] ;f]

Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

k'g/fj]bssf] afa' ;f]gfOn] c:yfoL df]xL

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

s'/f km};nf ab/ d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ePkZrft\

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

gGbs'df/L k'/L / gLdf k'/Lsf] askq Pj+ d[tsn]

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

b]zsf cGo :yfgxdf ePsf] ;/sf/L tyf

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

gS;f d'rN' sf] g=g+= % df jfbLsf] ;|:] tfadf]lhdsf]

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

cleof]hg u/]/ lgbf]i{ f JolQmsf] :jtGqfk"js

d'2fdf u/]sf] km};nf ab/ x'g] 7xofO{ k|:t't d'2f

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv @( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

5f]/L >]i7n] /fhLgfdfaf6 v/Lb u/L

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn a}zfv #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k;

Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k;

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

sfg"gL sf/jfxL ug]{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] k|:t't

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

jif{ !(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

gb]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd s]xL pN6L e} k|ltjfbLx

dfgjLo cl:tTj, dfg, ;Ddfg / p;sf] JolQmut

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

!(, c+s !#, sflt{s - !, @)^&, k"0ff{ $#(

a/fdb ePsf l;=l8=x k|ltjfbLsf]

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g

(), *(!), 3/ eTsfO{ kfpFm, t'n;L >]i7