135

etz[m t&iftpkd;&tqufqufeJ@ vrf;cGJxGufvmwmjzpfw,f/ t&iftpkd;&awGxufomw,fvkd@

0gºuGm;aeayrJh OD;Ektpkd;&vkyfcJhwJh urBmat;v_d%f*l/ ae0if;vkyfcJhwJh jrefrmpm a&;&mrSmwpfck wpfa,muf pojzifh
okH;pGJa&;/ apmarmifxGifcJhwJh jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om; 135 rsKd;/ cif!Gef@xGifcJhwJh jrefrmtp-vlom;tp
ykHawmifykHnmu qdkwJht,ltqawGukd qufusifhokH;aeygw,f? tckaqmif;yg;rSmawmh jrefrmjynfrSm
wkdif;&if;om; 135 rsKd;wu,f&Sdr&Sdukd qef;ppfazmfxkwfoGm;ygr,f?
yxqkH;ucsifvlrsKd;awGukd=unfh&if e0w-etzu ucsif 12 rsKd; vkd@azmfjyxm;&mrSm vlrsKd;wrsKd; xJu
aqGrsKd;pkuGJ/ bmompum;av,lavodrf;uGJawGukd oD;jcm;vlrsKd;tjzpf ZGwftwif;jyxm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif
ucsifqkdwJhemr,feJ@ vlrsKd;wrsKd; oD;oef@jyxm;ovkd *sif;azmemr,feJ@vnf; jyxm;jyefw,f? wu,f awmh
ucsifqkdwm tm;vkH;ukdòcHac:wJhemr,fjzpfrSef; vlwkdif;odayrJh etz[m vlrsKd;ta&twGuf azmif;yGap
csifvGef;tm;}uD;vkd@ oD;oef@vlrsKd;r[kwfwmukd t[kwf}uD;vkyfxnfhwmjzpfw,f? etz pm&if;xJu
a*:&D/ ccl eJ@ 'l;vef;wkd@[m *sif;azmtEG,fuGJawGomjzpf+yD; oD;jcm;vlrsKd;pkawG r[kwfygbl;? ccleJ@'l;vef; qkd&if
rsKd;EG,fuGJwckwnf;ukdbJ emr,fESpfrsKd; ac:xm;wmjzpfygw,f? ucsif 12 rsKd;xJu wrsKd;tjzpfjyxm;wJh
w±krf;eJ@'avmif qkdwmvnf; &0rf rsKd;uGJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh etzajymwJh ucsif 12 rsKd;[m vufawG@rSm 6
rsKd;bJjzpfygw,f?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
1 ucsif *sdef;azm/ r±l/ &0rf/ v&SD/ tZD; ESifh vDql; wkd@ukd v$rf;jcHKac:a0:onfhtrnf
2 w±krf; &0rfrsKd;EG,fpk
3 'avmif &0rfrsKd;EG,fpk
4 *sdef;azm 1 *sdef;azm (a*:&D/ ccl/ 'l;vef; ESifh tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
5 a*:&D *sdef;azmrsKd;EG,fpk
6 ccl *sdef;azmrsKd;EG,fpk
7 'l;vef; *sdef;azmrsKd;EG,fpk
8 r±l (avmfa0:) 2 r±l
9 &0rf 3 &0rf okd@r[kwf EkH; ('avmif/ w±krf; ESifh tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
10 v&SD (vcsdwf) 4 v&SD
11 tZD; 5 tZD; okd@r[kwf Zkdif0g;
12 vDql; 6 vDql; okd@r[kwf a,m,if okd@r[kwf vDa&Sm
12 pkpkaygif; 6 pkpkaygif;

etz&J@ u,m;vlrsKd;pm&if;xJrSm vlrsKd; 9rsKd;jyxm;w,f? 'DxJrSm Z,drf;/ u,ef;/ (ya'gif)/ uJ@ckd/

,if;abmf qkdwJhav;rsKd;[m wu,fawmh u,ef; (ya'gif) vlrsKd;&J@ trnfuGJawG okd@r[kwf rsKd;EG,fuGJawG
omjzpfvkd@ etzajymwJh 9 rsKd;[m vufawG@rSm 5 rsKd;bJjzpfoGm;ygw,f? a*bm;vlrsKd; uawmh bGJu&ifxJrSm
yg0ifygw,f?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
1 u,m; 1 u,m;
2 Z,drf; u,ef;rsKd;EG,fpk
3 u,ef;(ya'gif) 3 u,ef; (ya'gif/ uJhckd/ ,if;abmf/ Z,drf;wkd@yg0if)
4 uJhckd u,ef;rsKd;EG,fpk
5 a*bm; bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk
6 b&J@(ua,m) 3 ua,m
7 rEkraem 4 rEkraem
8 ,if;wvJ 5 ,if;wvJ
9 ,if;abmf u,ef;rsKd;EG,fpk
9 pkpkaygif; 5 pkpkaygif;
 etz&J@u&ifvlrsKd; 11 rsKd;pm&if;[mvnf; vlrsKd;wrsKd;xJ&J@ emr,fuGJawG/ rsKd;EG,fpkuGJawGukd oD;jcm;
vlrsKd;awGtjzpf zefwD;xm;w,f? tm;vkH;ukdv$rf;ðcHac:wJh u&ifvlrsKd; uowfowf/ paum ykd; bGJ pwJhvlrsKd;
uowfowfvkyfxm;wm tifrwef&,fp&maumif;ygw,f? vlrsKd;awGazmif;yGapcsifveG f;vkd@ }uHr}d uH&m
vkyfvkdufwm wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaewJhtpkd;& t&nftcsif;rJhr_ukd jywmvnf;jzpfoGm;w,f? ukd,fhwkdif;jynfu
vlrsKd;emr,fawmif trSeftwkdif;rodbJ tpkd;&vkyfae&ovm;/ 'gavmufav;rS rodbl;vm;vkd@ trsm;ar;aigh
p&m jzpfukefygw,f? u&ifvlrsKd;[m 3 rsKd;bJ&Sdygw,f? yul;/ wavSyGm;/ armaeyGm; qkdwmawG[m paum u&if
rsKd;EG,fuGJawGjzpfovkd u&ifjzL/ yavuD; uawmh bGJu&if&J@ trnfuGJeJ@ rsKd;EG,fuGJomjzpfygw,f? rkd;yGm; eJ@
rGefu&ifqkdwm ykd;u&ifjzpf+yD; pmjzLu&ifqkdwmuawmh vlrsKd;ukdajymwmr[kwfbJ c&pf,efbmom 0ifawGukd
ajymwmjzpfwJhtwGuf etz&J@ uvdrfuuspfvkyfr_ukd xif&Sm;aeapygw,f?
u,m;/ u,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;[m &if;jrpftm;jzifh bGJu&ifvlrsKd;jzpfayrJh rsufarSmufumvrSmawmh oD;jcm;
vlrsKd;awGtjzpf &yfwnfoGm;=uyg+yD? u,m;vlrsKd;xJxnfhxm;wJh a*bm;vlrsKd;uvnf; bGJu&ifbJ jzpfygw,f/
oD;jcm;vlrsKd;trSwftom;vuQ%m cH,lwJhtaetxm;r&Sdao;bJ bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fuGJ trSwftom; v%Qmukdom
cH,laeqJjzpfygw,f? ytkd0f;vlrsKd;uawmh e*kdrlv&if;jrpftm;jzifh ykd;u&ifjzpfayrJh tckawmh oD;jcm;vlrsKd;vuQ%m
cH,lxm;+yDjzpfw,f?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
1 u&if paum/ ykd; ESifh bGJ wkd@ukd jcHKIac:aomtrnf
2 u&ifjzL bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk okd@r[kwf trnfuGJ
3 yavuD; bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk
4 rGeu f &if(pmjzL) ykd;u&iftrnfuGJ/ pmjzLqkdonfrSm c&pf,efbmom0ifukd qkdvkd
5 paum 1 paum (yul;/ wavSyGm;/ armaeyGm; ESifh tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
6 wmavSyGm; paumu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk
7 yul; paumu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk okd@r[kwftrnfuGJ
8 bGJ 2 bGJ (u&ifjzL/ yavuD;/ a*bm; ESifh tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
9 armaeyGm; paumu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk
10 rdk;yGm; ydk;u&ifrsKd;EG,fpk
11 &SL; (ydk;) 3 ydk; (rdk;yGm;/ rGeu
f &ifEiS hf tjcm;rsK;d EG,pf krsm;yg0if)
11 pkpkaygif; 3 pkpkaygif;

etzpm&if;xJrSm tqkd;qkH;uawmh csif;vlrsKd; 53 rsKd;jyxm;wmygbJ? xkH;pHtwkdif; csif; qkdwJhemr,f eJ@

vlrsKd;wrsKd;vnf;jyxm;ygao;w,f? 53 rsK;d xJrSm csif;vlrsKd;tjzpf trSwftom;vuQ%m identity rowf
rSwfEkdifwJh em*/ r%dyl&EG,fbGm;uonf; eJ@ eDaygEG,fbGm;vif;bk ukdvnf;xnfhxm;w,f? 'Duae@ csif; EkdifiH
a&;ygwDawGeJ@ynm&Sifrsm; vufcHtwnfjyKxm;wm csif;vlrsKd; 8 rsKd;bJjzpfygw,f? vlrsKd; Race§ Tribe
r[kwfwJh rsKd;EG,fpk§aqGrsKd;pk Clan / pum;0Jtpk Dialect awGukd a&maESmjyxm;wJh 53 rsKd;ukd o±kyfcGJvkduf &if
tckvkdawG@&ygw,f?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
(1) csif; ZkdrD;/ uluD;/ vkdifrD;/ r&m/ csKdrD;/ crD;/ ±_drD; ESifh
rDZkdwkd@ukd v$rf;jcKHac:aomtrnf
(10) acgEkd;/ *efwJh/ a*G;wJ/ iGef;/ qDpmef/ qkdif;Zef/ Zkd/ wD;wdef/ awZef/ 1 ZkdrD;csif;
'ifrf
(2) acgifqkdif/ wmh'kd; 2 ul;uD;csif;
(15) cGmqif;rf/ cGefvD/ qifwef/ Zma[mif/ Zkdaz/ Zef!Syf/ waygif/ 3 vkdifrD;csif;
wkdifcGsef;/ awm&f/ vifwJ/ avmufwl/ vkdif/ vkdifZkd
(2) r&m/ rwl/ ZkdwkH; 4 r&m
(5) 'kdif (,if'l;)/ ruef;/ rGif;/ tkyk/ a&mifwl 5 csKdrD;csif;
(7) crD/ t0crD/ acgifpkd/ yeef;/ av;jrdK/ 0guif;rf/ tEl; 6 crD;csif;(+rdK)
(2) qvkdif;/ t±_d 7 ±_drD;csif;
(3) uvifaum (vl±id_ ;f )/ vl±id_ ;f (vla&S)/ [Gmvfikd 8 rDZkdcsif; (vl±_dif;)
(4) em*/ wefcl;/ rm&if/ teef em*
(1) arhax;(uonf;) r%dyl&
(1) vif;bk eDayg
53 pkpkaygif; 8š3 pkpkaygif;

uluD; (om'kd;) [m &if;jrpftm;jzifh ZkdrD;vlrsKd;jzpfayrJh tckawmh oD;jcm;vlrsKd;tjzpf &yfwnfyg+yD? vkdifrD;

&if;jrpfjzpfwJh r&m [mvnf; tck oD;jcm;vlrsKd;tjzpf &yfwnfaeyg+yD? etz[m crGD;eJ@+rdK ukd &ckdifvlrsKd;
xJxnfrh xm;&if csif; 55rsK;d jzpfoGm;Ekdifw,f? csif;ykef;/ csif;bkwf pwJhemr,fuGJawG xyfxnfhvkduf&if etz&J@
csif;pm&if;[m 100 em;uyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? em*vlrsKd;ukdawmh csif;vlrsKd;xJ owfrSwfxnfhoGif;vkd@r&bJ
oD;jcm;jrefrmEkdifiHwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? etz&J@csif;awGvkdbJ em*xJu
aqGrsKd;pk/ pum;0JtpkawGu tenf;qkH; 64 rsKd;&Sdvkd@ csif;xufrsm;ygw,f? em*vlrsKd;rSm jynfe,fr&Sdvkd@ csif;vkd
vlrsKd; trsm;}uD; cGJrjywmjzpfygvdrfhr,f? Ekd@r[kwf&if etz&J@ jrefrmjynf “wkdif;&if;om;ta&twGuf” 300
ausmfoGm; Ekdifygw,f?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
1 Arm 1 Arm(a,m)
2 xm;0,f 2 xm;0,f
3 bdwf xm;0,fpum;0Jtpk
4 a,m Armpum;0Jtpk
5 ,Adef; 3 ,Adef;
6 u'l; 4 u'l;ueef;
7 ueef; u'l;ueef;rsKd;EG,fpk
8 qvkH qvkH
9 zGef; zGef;
9 pkpkaygif; 4š2 pkpkaygif;

etzu ArmvlrsKd;pkta&twGufukd e0if;ausatmif 9 ckjyxm;ygw,f? a,m/ xm;0,feJ@ bdwf wkd@ukd

oD;jcm;vlrsKd;awGtjzpf jyxm;w,f? pum;0J dialect tpkuGJomjzpfw,fvkd@ rEk\aA'ynm&Sifrsm;eJ@ bmom
aA'ynm&Sifrsm; owfrSwfxm;wm tm;vkH;todygbJ? tcktcsdefxdawmh 'DtpkawG[m oD;jcm;vlrsKd;o±kyfv%Qm
eJ@ &yfwnfcsifpdwf jyif;jywm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@r&Sdao;ygbl;? aemifrSmawmh bdwfeJ@xm;0,f[m
oD;jcm;o±kyfvuQ%meJ@ &yfwnfcsif &yfwnfvmEkdifygw,f? etz[m &Srf;jynfu oD;jcm;ArmvlrsKd;pktEG,f0if
"Ek/ awmif±kd;eJ@ tif;om; ukdawmh &Srf;vlrsKd;xJ xnfhxm;ygw,f? u'l;eJ@ueef;ukdvnf; cGJjyxm;ovkd ucsif
jynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,fxJu zGef;vlrsKd;eJ@ wdbuf-jrefrmtEG,fr[kwfwJh qvkHawGukd ArmvlrsKd;xJ xnfhxm;wm
awG[m rEk\aA'tod Ek@HeJ@&musygw,f? ppfukdif;wkdif;xJu em*awGusawmh csif;vlrsKd;xJxnfhxm;ayrJh
ucsifjynfe,fxJu u'l;ueef;awGukdawmh ArmvlrsKd;xJ xnfhxm;w,f?
etz[m rGefukdawmh wrsKd;xJyJjyxm;+yD; wjcm;rGefcrmrsKd;EG,fawGjzpfwJh 0/ yavmif/ ,if;euf ,if;usm;
pwmawGukd &Srf;vlrsKd;awGxJxnfhjyxm;ygw,f?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
1 rGef 1 rGef
1 pkpkaygif; 1 pkpkaygif;

etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
1 &ckdif 1 &ckdif
2 uref 2 uref
3 crGD; crD;csi;f
 4 'kdif;euf 3 'kdif;euf
5 r&rm}uD; 4 r&em}uD;
6 +rdK crD;csif;rsKd;EG,fpk
7 ouf 5 ouf
7 pkpkaygif; 5 pkpkaygif;

&ckdifvlrsKd;ukd 7 rsKd;pm&if;jyxm;&mrSm wu,fawmh crGD; eJ@+rdK (r±kd) [m &ckdifjynfrSmaewJh crD;csif;awG

jzpf+yD; etz&J@ csif; 53 rsKd;qkdwJhtxJyg+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif crGD;eJ@+rdK@ [m oD;jcm;vlrsKd;ESpfrsKd;r[kwfbJ wrsKd;
wnf;atmufu rsKd;EG,fuGJawGom jzpfygw,f?
etzpm&if;yg &Srf; 33 rsKd;uawmh &Srf;wifrubJ ArmrsKd;EG,fawG/ wjcm; wdbufArmrsKd;EG,fawG/
rGefcrm rsKd;EG,fawGpojzifh a&maxG;aeygw,f? &Srf;}uD;eJ@ wkdif;vkH qkdwm wckwnf;jzpf+yD; &Srf;uav;eJ@ wkdif;avh
[mvnf; wrsKd;wnf;jzpfw,f? cEWD;&Srf; eJ@ wkdif;vsrf ukdjyxm;ayrJh wkdif;El (&Srf;w±kwf)/ wkdif;vD/ wkdif;vsef (&Srf;eD)
eJ@ '&,f ukdcsefxm;w,f? wkdif; (&Srf;) vlrsKd;awG[m oD;jcm;vlrsKd;awGtjzpf o±kyfvuQ%mcH,lrvm;/
wkdif;vlrsKd;}uD;xJu rsKd;EG,fuGJ/ pum;0J tpkuGJawGtjzpfom cH,lrvm; qkdwmawmh qufvufazmfxkwf&tkH;rSm
jzpfygw,f?
tif/ pkH/ 0 eJ@ wkdif;vG,f wkd@[m wrsKd;wnf; jzpfygw,f? (wkdif;vG,f ukdawmh oD;jcm;rGefcrmvlrsKd;wck
tjzpf ,lvkd@&Ekdifw,f?) uGD eJ@ vm;[l ruGmovkd zsifeJ@ tcgvnf; twlwlygbJ? yav;eJ@yavmif wrsKd;wnf;
jzpfovkd ajrmifZD;/ ,tkd (a,mif) eJ@ tkdufqG,f wrsKd;wnf;jzpf=uygw,f? e,fcsif;xdpyfaevkd@ ,leefw±kwf
vlrsKd;ukd Armjynf&J@ wkdif;&if;om; ukd;uef@vlrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;wmawG@&ovkd ,Gef; (ajrmufykdif;xkdif;) vlrsKd;/
crl (avm) vlrsKd;/ &Srf;uav; (0g) wkdif;avh (xkdif;)/ wkdif;vsrf (,leef) vlrsKd;wkd@ukdvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;wmawG@&w,f? csif;jynfbufrSmvnf; uonf; (r%dyl&) vlrsKd;/ vif;bk (eDayg)
vlrsKd;wkd@ukd wkdif;&if;om;owfrSwfxm;ayrJh tvm;wl Armjynfe,fedrdwfxJ aexkdifaewJh wkdif;vd (,leef)/ yo#L;
(rav;)/ wdbuf/ a*:&cg; (eDayg)/ ppfwaumif;b*FgvD (b*Fvm;a'h&)fS wk@d ukdawmh wkdif;&if;om;tjzpf
azmfjyxm;wmrawG@&ygbl;?
etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
(3) &Srf;/ &Srf;}uD;/ wkdif;vkH 1 wkdif;vkH (wkdif;,kdif)
(1) *kH 2 wkdif;cGef (*kH)
(1) arm&Srf; 3 wkdif;arm
(1) wkdif;vsrf 4 wkdif;vsrf (,leef)
(1) cEWD;&Srf; 5 wkdif;crf;wD;
(2) &Srf;uav;/ wkdif;avh 6 wkid ;f EG@J (xkid ;f )
(1) ,Gef; 7 wkdif;,Gef; (Zif;r,fxkdif;)
(2) yav;/yavmif 8 yavmif
(3) 0/ tif/ pkH 9 0
(1) wkdif;vG,f 10 wkdif;vG,f (0)
(1) "Ek 11 "Ek
(1) awmif±kd; 12 awmif±kd;
(1) "aem 13 "aem
(2) vm;[l/ uGD 14 vm;[l
(2) aumf/ zsif 15 tcg
(1) crl 16 crl (avm)
(3) ajrmifZD;/ a,mif/ tkdufqG,f 17 ajrmif
(1) ukd;uef@ 18 ukd;uef@ (w±kwf)
(1) tif;om; 19 tif;om;
(1) ytkd0f; 20 ytkd0f;
(2) ,if;usm;/ ,if;euf 21 ,if;
(1) rkdif;om 22 rkdif;om
 33 pkpkaygif; 22 pkpkaygif;

'gukdcsKyf=unfhvkduf&if etzajymwJh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; 135 rsKd;qkdwmrSm 76 rsKd;[m pm&if;xyfaewm/

vkyf}uHwnfxGifxm;wmjzpfae+yD; (59) rsKd;om wu,ftrSeftuefjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;
59 rsKd;om&Sdw,fvdk@ qdkvw dk mr[kwfygbl;? xref/ wdbuf/ a*:&cg;/ wdkif;vsef/ wdkif;vd/ wdkif;El/ '&,f/ rav;-
yo#L;/ Armrlqvif/ ppfwaumif;om;b*FgvD wdk@vdk 'Dpm&if;xJrygbJ usefaewJhvlrsKd;awG aygif;vdkuf&if (69) rsKd;
&Sdygw,f? 'DxJrSm ,Adef;/ "aem/ '&,f/ xref/ zGef;/ crlwkd@[m rsKd;wkH;vkqJqJ/ okd@r[kwf vlOD;a&&m*%ef;av;
om&SdwJh vlrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif oD;jcm;vlrsKd;tjzpf trSwfvuQ%mopfcH,lvkdwJh okd@r[kwf rcH,lvkdwJh
rsKd;EG,fuGJawG &SdEkdifygao;w,f? &Srf;vlrsKd;uGJawGxJu oD;jcm;vuQ%mtrSwftom; rcH,lvkdwm&Sd&if 59
odk@r[kwf 69 rsKd;xuf avsmhEkdifygw,f? b,fvkdbJjzpfjzpf Armjynf&J@ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;ta&twGuf[m 70
rausmfygbl;? 'gayrJh etz[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;ta&twGuf q,f*%ef;rjynfhvnf; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jy+yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmifrSmygb?J etzpum;/ etzpm&if;awG[m b,fvkdrS pdwfcs,kH=unfp&mr&Sdbl;
qkdwm&,f/ ukd,ftkyfcsKyfaewJhEkdifiHxJu vlrsKd;awGukdawmif rSefrSefuefuef pm&if;aumufEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;
r&Sdbl;qkdwmukdawmh 135 rsKd;pm&if;u oufaocHaeygw,f?

···
'gjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHvkd@ vuf&SdowfrSwfxm;wJh e,fedrdwftwGif; aexkdifae=uwJhvlrsKd; b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ?
urBmay:rSm rlvueOD;vlrsKd; 5 rsKd;uawmh rGef*kdvGdKuf/ aumhau;qGdKuf/ =opa=w;vGdKuf/ uGef*GdKuf eJ@
udyfyGdKufwkd@jzpfygw,f? uGef*GdKufeJ@ udyfyGdKufu tmzd&duwkdufu uy`vDrsKd;awGjzpf+yD; =opa=w;vGdKufuawmh
awmiftm&S-ta&S@awmiftm&Suu|ef;awGeJ@ =opa=w;vswkdufwkd@rSmaewJh uy`vDawGjzpfw,f?
ArmjynfrSmvnf; rGef*kdvGdKufawG 0ifrvmcifu aecJh=u+yD; &ckdif/ rGef/ Arm&mZ0ifawGrSm bDvl;-,uQawGtjzpf
o±kyfazmfowfrSwf cH&olawGjzpfygw,f? &ckdif/ rGef/ysL/ Arm pwJh ,Ofaus;r_tqifhjrifhvlrsKd;awGu
vlrsKd;wkH;okwfoifarmif;xkwfwm cH&vkd@ vuf&SdArmjynfe,fedrdwfxJu aysmufoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f?
vuf&SdjrefrmjynfzGm;tm;vkH;vkdvkd[m rGef*kdvGdKufawGbJjzpfygw,f? tm&Sta&S@ykdif;u wjcm;vlrsKd;awGvkd
arG;uif;pcav;wifyg;u trnf;rSwf}uD;awG[m rGef*kdvGdKuftrSwftom;jzpfygw,f? etzawG rsufpdrSdwfajymae
ovkd jrefrm[m ykHawmifykHnmwkd@/ tnmom;wkd@/ EG,facG-jy'g;vif;wkd@uae ay:aygufvmw,f wjcm;wkdif;jynf
awGu 0ifvmwmr[kwfbl; qkdwmr[kwfa=umif; rGef*kdtrSwfawGu oufaocHaeygw,f? tapmykdif; ausmuf
acwfvlom;awGuawmh =opa=w;vGdKufawGjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh =opa=w;vGdKufvlrsKd;qkdwmvnf; 'Dtifat
(ADZarmfvDusL;) ppfaq;csuft& tmz&duwkdufrSm pwifaygufzGm;+yD;rS tmz&dutjyifukd rGef*kdvGdKuft&if
xGufvmwJh [kdrkdaqysefvlom;awGjzpfygw,f? Armjynfokd@r[kwf tm&Swkdufwae&m&mrSm
,ae@acwfvlom;awG pwifaygufzGm;wm vkH;0r&Sdygbl;? tu,fI tnmom;okd@r[kwf EG,facG
[kdrkdtD&ufwyfvlom;uae jzpfxGef; vmwm&Sd&ifvnf; tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH zavm&pPu|ef;rSm
ausmufjzpf±kyfºuGif;awG@wJh tqifhedrfhvlykrsKd;awGvkd ,uQ vl±kdif;rsKd;awGbJjzpfvm+yD; tmz&duwkdufuxGufvmwJh/
ykdtod^m%fjrifhrm;wJh rGef*kdvGdKufvlrsKd; [kdrkdaqysefvlom; awGuokwfoifypfvkdufvkd@ rsKd;jyKwfoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmjynfa&mufrGef*kdvGdKufawGukd t&ifuawmh wdbuf-Arm/ xkdif;-&Srf;-w±kwfeJ@ rGef-crm qkdwJh yifr
vlrsKd;&if;}uD; 3 rsKd;uaeaygufzGm;vmw,fvkd@ ,lqowfrSwfcJh=uw,f? tckaemufqkH; rEk\aA'eJ@ bmomaA'
avhvmcsuft&awmh wdbuf-w±kwfvlrsKd;&if;}uD;uae wdbuf-ArmvlrsKd;}uD;eJ@ w±kwfvlrsKd;}uD;jzpfvm+yD;
xkdif;-&Srf;awGuawmh w±kwfeJ@rqkdifwJh oD;jcm; wkdif;-u'kdifvlrsKd;&if;}uD;uae aygufzGm;vmwmjzpfw,f? Arm
jynfxJenf;enf;bJ&Sd+yD; w±kwf/ avm/ xkdif;EkdifiHwkd@rSm ykdrsm;rsm;&SdwJh ajrmifvlrsKd;awGuvnf; w±kwf/ &Srf; wkd@eJ@
rqkdifwJh oD;oef@ajrmifvlrsKd;&if;}uD;jzpfygw,f?
rGef-crmvlrsKd;awG[m =op±kd;at;&Sm;wpfqkdwJh yifrvlrsKd;&if;}uD;uaeaygufzGm;vmjzpf+yD; qvkH/ yosL;
(rav;) vlrsKd;awGuawmh =opx±kd;eD;&Sef; qkdwJh yifrvlrsKd;&if;}uD; 2 ckukd =opx&pf qkdwJh r[mvlrsKd;&if;}uD;
uae aygufzGm;vmwmvkd@,lqayrJh ynm&Siftm;vkH; oabmrwlvufrcHao;ygbl;? (=opx&pf [m =opa=w;
vdGKufeJ@rqkdifbJ rGef*kdvGdKufrsKd;jzpfygw,f)
 'gha=umifh vuf&SdjrefrmEkdifiHe,fedrdwftwGif; vlrsKd;awGukd yifrvlrsKd;&if;t&cGJ=unfh&if
rGef*kdvGdKufawGjzpfwJh-
1? wdbuf-w±kwfvlrsKd;&if;
2? wkdif;-u'kdifvlrsKd;&if;
3? =opx±kdat;&Sm;wpfvlrsKd;&if;
4? =opx±kdeD;&Sef;vlrsKd;&if;
5? ajrmifvlrsKd;&if;
aumhau;qGdKufawGjzpfwJh
6? tif'kdOa&myvlrsKd;&if; qkdwJh vlrsKd;&if; 6 ckawG@&ygw,f?

···
wdbuf-w±kwfvlrsKd;&if;}uD; uae wdbuf-ArmvlrsKd;&if; eJ@ w±kwfvlrsKd;&if; qkd+yD; ESpfckuGJoGm;ygw,f?
w±kwfvlrsKd;&if;xJu vuf&SdjrefrmEkdifiHe,fedrdwfxJa&mufaeuawmh ukd;uef@(1) w±kwfvlrsKd;jzpfygw,f? ukd;uef@
w±kwfqkdayrJh uefwkH/ zl;usifhw±kwfawGvkd ukd;uef@pum; oD;oef@r&SdbJ ref'gvDw±kwfpum;bJ ajym=uw,f?
wdbuf-ArmvlrsKd;&if; uae *sdef;azm/ u&if/ uluD;-csif;-em*/ vkdvkd-Arm/ EkH; pwJhjrefrmEkdifiHae
vlrsKd;&if;cGJawGeJ@ [dr0EWm/ ajrmuftmoH/ arhao; pwJh eDayg/ wdbuf/ tmoH/ r%dyl&ae vlrsKd;&if;cGJawG
jzpfvmygw,f?
*sdef;azmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ uae *sdef;azm(2)/ xref(3)/ u'l;ueef;(4)/ ouf(5)/ 'kdif;euf(6) eJ@ em* vlrsKd;awG
jzpfvmw,f? u'l;ueef;vlrsKd;ukd oufvlrsKd;vkd@vnf; ac:=uw,f? 'Duae@rSmawmh ,Ofaus;r_t& u'l;ueef;
vlrsKd;[m &Srf;awG ArmawGeJ@ eD;pyfoGm;+yD; &ckdifjynfbufu ouf/ 'kdif;euf vlrsKd;awGuawmh &ckdifvlrsKd;eJ@ eD;pyf
oGm;w,f? bmompum;ykid ;f rSmawmh &ckid fjynfu Ak'<bmom0if oufeJ@'kdif;eufvlrsKd;awGrSm rl&if;bmompum;
awGaysmufoGm;+yD; tif'kdtm&D,HrsKd;&if;cGJu b*FgvDbmompum; ajymaew,f? 'kdif;euf ac: csuUrmvlrsKd;[m
Armjynf (&ckdifjynf) xJrSmxuf b*Fvm;a'h&SfxJrSm ykdOD;a&rsm;w,f?
u&ifvlrsKd;&if;cGJ uae paumu&if(7)/ ykd;u&if(8)/ bGJu&if(9)/ u,m;(10)/ u,ef;(11)/ ytkd0f;(12)
vlrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f? ykd;u&ifrSm ta&S@ykd;u&if (zvHk) eJ@ taemufykd;u&ifrsKd;EG,fuGJawG&Sdovkd bGJu&ifxJrSm
a*bm;rsKd;EG,fuGJ &Sdao;w,f? u,m;/ u,ef;vlrsKd;awGvnf; bGJu&ifxJtusKH;0ifayrJh tcktcg oD;jcm;
identity vuQ%mtrSwftom;ukd cH,lae=u+yDjzpfw,f? ytkd0f;vlrsKd;[m ykd;u&ifxJtusKH;0ifayrJh tck oD;jcm;
vuQ%mtrSwftom; cH,lxm;w,f? u,m;vlrsKd;xJrSm u,m;/ ua,m (y&J@)(13)/ rEl;raem(14)/ ,if;wvJ
(15) vlrsKd;awGxyfjzpfvm+yD; u,ef; vlrsKd;xJrSm ya'gif/ a*ckd/ ,if;abmf (uief)/ vx (Z,drf;) rsKd;EG,fuGJawG
&Sdw,f? vxvlrsKd;ukd ytkd0f;vlrsKd; u bmoma&;eJ@,Ofaus;r_eD;pyfwma=umifh rdrdwkd@&J@ wd,efrsKd;EG,fuGJtjzpf
owfrSwfayrJh bmompum;&if;jrpft& u,ef;vlrsKd;eJ@ ykdeD;pyfygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_t&awmh u,m;/ u,ef;/
ua,m/ rEl;raem/ ,if;wvJvlrsKd;awG[m u&ifeDvlrsKd;EG,fawG jzpf=uygw,f? oHawmifajrmufjcrf;rSm t"du
aexkdifwJh a*bm; vlrsKd;ukd u&ifwkd@u rdrdwkd@ bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fuGJwcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;ovkd u&ifeDuvnf;
u&ifeDvlrsKd;EG,fwcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? u&ifeDjynfe,f (u,m;jynfe,f) twGif;u bGJvlrsKd;ukdvnf;
u&ifeDrsKd;EG,fwcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;w,f?
ul;uD;-csif;-em*vlrsKd;&if;cGJ uae uluD;(16)/ ZkdrD;(17)/ vkdifrD;(18)/ r&m(19)/ rDZkd (vl±_dif;)(20)/ csKdrD;
(21)/ ±_drD;(22)/ crGD; (+rdK)(23) eJ@ em*(24) vlrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f? a&S@u 8 rsKd;udk csif; vlrsKd;awGtjzpf trsm;u
owfrSwfxm;w,f? rDZkdeJ@ uluD;awG[m tdENd,EkdifiHbufrSm OD;a&ykdrsm;w,f? +rdK ac: crGD; vlrsKd;[m &ckdifvlrsKd;eJ@
eD;pyfoGm;w,f? *sif;azmvlrsKd;&if;cGJu qifhyGm;vmwJhem* eJ@ uluD;-csif;-em*vlrsKd;&if;cGJu qifhyGm;vmwJh em*
vlrsKd;awG[m tcktcg em* vlrsKd;qkdwJh oD;jcm;trSwftom;wckwnf; cH,lxm;=uw,f? *sdef;azmEG,fem*awGu
aemufaumf/ ykHndK/ 0JavmifpwJh em*rsK;d EG,fawGjzpf+yD; csif;EG,fem*awGuawmh wefcl;/ yg&m/ qGrfr&m pwJh em*
rsKd;EG,fawGjzpfygw,f?
vkdvkd-ArmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ uae Arm eJ@ vkdvkd vlrsKd;tkyfpkuGJoGm;+yD; Armtkyfpk rSm ajrmufykdif;ArmtpkeJ@
awmifykdif;Armtpk/ vkdvkdtkyfpk rSmvnf; ajrmufykdif;vkdvkdtpkeJ@ awmifykdif;vkdvkdtpk xyfuGJw,f?
 ajrmufykdif;Armtpk uae r±l(25)/ v&SD(26)/ tZD; (Zkdif0g;)(27)/ zGef;(28)/ rkid ;f om (tmcse)f (29) vlrsKd;
awG jzpfvmw,f? rkdif;omvlrsKd;u w±kwfEkdifiHrSm trsm;pkae+yD; &Srf;w±kwfvlrsKd; vkd@vnf;
owfrSwfcH&avh&Sdw,f?
awmifykdif;Armtpk uae Arm(30)/ &ckdif(31)/ r&rm}uD;(32)/ xm;0,f (+rdwf)(33)/ "Ek(34)/ awmif±kd;
(35)/ tif;om;(36)/ ,Adef;(37) vlrsKd;awGjzpfvmygw,f? Arm xJrSmawmh a'otvkduf a,m/ rif;wkef; pojzifh
av,lavodrf;uGJoGm=uw,f? Ak'<bmom0if r&rm}uD; ac: b±l;0g; uawmh rl&if;bmompum;aysmufoGm;+yD;
tif'kdtm&D,eftpk0if b*FgvD pum;ajymaew,f?
ajrmufykdif;vkdvkdtpk rSm vDql; (vDa&Sm-a,m,if)(38) vlrsKd;awGyg0if+yD; awmifykdif;vkdvkdtpk uawmh
tcg(39) eJ@ vm;[l(40) vlrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f?
&ckdifvlrsKd;[m wdbuf-ArmvlrsKd;&if;ujzpfayrJh tif'kdtm&D,efaoG;vnf; aESmoGm;wJhykH&Sdygw,f?
'Dtifatenf;ynmeJ@rS twdtusodEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f? uAsmq&marmifatmifyGifhajymovkd a,bk,stm;
jzifhawmh cav;aygufpwifyg;rSm trnf;rSwfyg&if rGef*kdvGdKufaoG; ykdrsm;wmjzpfvdrfhr,f? &ckdifjynf "n0wD/
a0omvDacwfrSm tif'kdtm&D,efEG,fawG tajccsaexkdifcJh&mu ,leefuae Armjynftv,fykdif;ukd0ifwJh a&S;OD;
ArmawG ausmufqnf/ rif;bl;uwqifh &ckdif±kd;rausmf+yD; at'D 957 rSm &ckdifjynfxJukdyg tvkH;t&if;eJ@
wkd;0iftajccs&mu tif'kdtm&D,efEG,fawGtay: wdbuf-Arm tEG,fawG vGr;f rkd;aoG;aESmoGm;+yD; ,ae@acwf
&ckdifvlrsKd;awG jzpfvmykH&ygw,f? tJ'DumvwkH;u yk*HjynfrxGef;um;cifjzpfvkd@ yk*HjynfppfwyfawGu &ckdif
a0omvDjynfukdwkdufwJhoabmr[kwfbJ ,leefuae a&=unf&mjrufEk&ma&$@ajymif; e,fopf&SmvmwJh rGef*kdvGdKuf
wdbuf-ArmEG,fawGu a0omvDukdwkduf+yD; &ckdifjynfxJ0iftajccswJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
a&S;a[mif;wdbuf-ArmvlrsKd;awGjzpfwJh ysLeJ@urf;,Huawmh b,frsKd;&if; b,ftpkujzpfvmw,fqkdwm
twdtusrod&ygbl;? a,me,fu awmifom;awG[m ysLtEG,fvkd@ajymayrJh taotcsmpdppfzkd@ vkdygao;w,f?
ytkd0f;vlrsKd;[m ysLvlrsKd;uqif;oufw,fvkd@ wcsKd@ajymwmvnf; ckdifrmr_r&Sdyg? urf;,HvlrsKd;[m 'Duae@ 'kdif;euf
(csuUrm) vlrsKd;jzpfoGm;w,fvkd@ tqkdwckvnf;&Sdygw,f? u&ifvlrsKd;/ u,ef;vlrsKd;awGukd urf;,HvlrsKd;u
qif;oufw,fvkd@ ajymwm&SdayrJh taxmuftxm;awmhr&Sdyg? ouf (u'l;ueef;) uawmh *sdef;azmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ
rSmygw,fvkd@ bmomaA'eJ@ rEk\aA'ynm&SifawGu owfrSwfxm;w,f?
EkH;vlrsKd;&if;cGJ u &0rf(41) vlrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f? x±k/H '±l;/ EkH;/ 'avmifrsKd;EG,fuGJawGyg0ifw,f? 'Dae@
umvrSmawmh *sdef;azmvlrsKd;&if;cGJu *sdef;azmvlrsKd;/ vkdvkd-ArmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ ajrmufykdif;Armtpk0if r±l/ v&SD/
tZD;vlrsKd;rsm;/ EkH;vlrsKd;&if;cGJu &0rfvlrsKd;awG[m ,Ofaus;r_t& ucsif vlrsKd;EG,fawG jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
[dr0EWmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ ujzpfvmwJh wdbuf(42)/ vif;bk(43)/ a*:&cg;(44) vlrsKd;awG/ arhao;vlrsKd;&if;cGJ
u jzpfvmwJh r%dyl& uonf; (arhao;)(45) vlrsKd;awG[mvnf; e,fajrcsif;eD;pyfr_t& uae@
Armjynfe,fedrdwfxJ aexkdifae=uwmawG@&w,f? a*gwrAk'<&J@vlrsKd;jzpfwJh omuD,vlrsKd;uawmh
[dr0EWmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ ujzpf+yD; vkdvkd-ArmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ ur[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh waumif;tbd&mZm[m
ArmrsKd;EG,f okd@r[kwf Armjynfa'ocH wdbuf -ArmrsKd;EG,fawGxJu r[kwfygbl;?
wkdif;-u'kdifvlrsKd;&if;}uD; xJu urf-wkdif;vlrsKd;&if; uae &Srf;/ xkdif;/ avmvlrsKd;awG jzpfvm=uw,f?
w±kwf/ AD,uferf/ avm/ jrefrmeJ@ tdENd,EkdifiHtmoHjynfe,fwkd@rSm tE@SHtjym;aexkdif=uw,f? tmoHu t[krf
&Srf;awGuawmh tcktcg &Srf;pum;rajym=uawmhbJ tif'kdtm&D,efpum;ajym [dENLbmomukd;uG,folawG
jzpfoGm;+yD? urf-wkdif;vlrsKd;&if;uaygufzGm;vmwJh &Srf; vlrsKd;awGuawmh wkdif;,kdif (&Srf;}uD;)(46)/ wkdif;arm
(arm&Srf;)(47)/ wkdif;El-acwkdif;El (&Srf;w±kwf)(48)/ wkdif;cGef (*kH&Srf;)(49)/ wkdif;crf;wD; (ylwmtkdcEWD;&Srf;)(50)/
wkdif;vsef (&Srf;eD)(51)/ '&,f(52) vlrsKd; wkd@jzpf+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;rSmvnf; awG@&ayrJh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiH
awGrSmt"duaewJh &Srf;vlrsKd;awGuawmh xkdif;(wkdif;EGJ@)(53)/ vefexkdif; (wkdif;,Gef;)(54)/ ,leefjynfe,f
qpfaqmif yem;&Srf; wkid ;f vk (wkdif;vd)(55)/ ,leefjynfe,f rkef;vifrf&Srf; wkdif;vifrf(56) wkd@jzpfygw,f?
'D&Srf;vlrsKd;awG[m oD;jcm;vlrsKd;wrsKd;pDtjzpf vuQ%mtrSwftom; identity cH,lrvm;/ &Srf;vlrsKd;wrsKd;
ok@d r[kwf 3-4 rsKd;xJu rsKd;EG,pf u k /JG pum;0J tpkuGJawGtjzpfbJ trSwftom;cH,lrvm;qkdwmawmh
oufqkdif&m&Srf;vlrsKd;awGuom qkH;jzwfygvdrfhr,f?
 =opx±kdat;&Sm;wpfvlrsKd;&if;}uD; uae rGef-crmvlrsKd;&if; eJ@ rk¾vlrsKd;&if;qkd+yD; 2 ckcGJxGufvmw,f?
rk¾vlrsKd;&if;uawmh tdENd,EkdifiHrSm&Sd+yD;/ rGef-crmvlrsKd;&if; uae AD,ufeerf/ crm (uarBm'D;,m;) vlrsKd;awGeJ@
jrefrmEkdifiHrSmawmh rGefvlrsKd;&if;cGJ eJ@ajrmufykdif;rGefcrmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ 2 ckjzpfvmw,f? rGefvlrsKd;&if;cGJ rSm rGef(57)
vlrsKd;wrsKd;bJygw,f? ajrmufykdif;rGefcrmvlrsKd;&if;cGJ xJygwJh crltpk u crl(58) vlrsKd;[m jrefrmjynfrSm enf;enf;
bJ&Sd+yD; avm/ w±kwfEkdifiHwkd@rSm ykdrsm;w,f? ajrmufykdif;rGecf rmvlrsKd;&if;cGJxJu yavmiftpk rSmawmh ta&S@
yavmiftpki,f uae yavmif(59)/ ,if;euf ,if;usm;(60)/ "aem(61) vlrsKd;awGjzpfvm+yD; taemufyavmif
tpki,f uae 0(62)/ wkdif;vG,f(63) vlrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f? rEk\aA't& ta&S@taemufowfrSwfcsufe@J
vufawG@yx0Dt&wnf&Sdaewm ajymif;jyefjzpfaeygw,f?
=opx±kdeD;&Sef;vlrsKd;&if;}uD; uawmh urBmrSm vlrsKd;ta&twGuftrsm;qkH;vlrsKd;&if;}uD;jzpfayrJh jrefrm
jynfrSmawmh rav;-ay:vDeD;&Sef;vlrsKd;&if; rav;vlrsKd;cGJ armfuif;tpk xJu armfuif; (qvkH)(64) vlrsKd;bJ&Sd+yD;
rav;vlrsKd;&if;cGJ rav;tpk xJu rav; (yo#L;)(65) vlrsKd;vnf; e,fajrcsif;eD;pyfr_a=umifh jrefrmjynfxJrSm ae
=uwm&Sdw,f?
ajrmifvlrsKd;&if;}uD; xJuvlrsKd;awGuawmh w±kwf/ avm/ xkdif;EkdifiHwkd@rSm ykdrsm;rsm;ae=u+yD; ajrmif/
a,mif/ r_H/ ar#mh pojzifh trsKd;rsKd;ac:=uw,f? ArmjynfrSmawmh ajrmifZD; (a,mif/ajrmif)(66) vkd@od}uw,f?
tif'kdOa&myrsKd;&if;}uD; tif'kdtm&D,efrsKd;&if;cGJ xJrSmawmh &ckdifjynfu uref(67) vlrsKd;awG[m &ckdif
tifyg,m acwfaumif;pOf 16-17 &mpkawGrSm &ckdifbk&ifxH vmppfr_xrf;=uwJh ukvm;awGuae qif;oufvm
wmjzpf+yD; tmz*efepPwef u yxef/ tD&efu yg;&Sm;/ r*kd eJ@ b*FgvDawGtygt0if ukvm;trsKd;rsKd;yg0ifcJhayrJh
tcktcgrSmawmh uref (av;onfawmf) vlrsKd;tjzpfom cH,lae=uw,f? 16 &mpkuwnf;uaevmwm jzpfwJh
twGuf wkdif;&if;om;ppfppf &ckdifrlqvifqkdwm urefvlrsKd;awGbJ jzpfygw,f? ,cktcg rdcifbmompum;tjzpf
&ckdifpum;bJajymwJh rlqvifbmom0ifawGjzpfw,f? 'ghtjyifa&S;,cifya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u a&$@ajymif;vm
+yD;awmh tajccsae/ 'grSr[kwf okH@yef;tjzpfzrf;rdvmwmukd ae&mcsay;&mu aygufzGm;vmwJh/ Armpum;ukdom
rdcifbmompum;tjzpfajymaewJh Armrlqvif (ajr'l;/ aZ'bm&D)(68) vlrsKd;vnf;&Sdw,f? e,fajrcsif;eD;pyfvkd@
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