Ngun in my tnh

Quan trng hn bn ngh

Khi xy dng mt h thng my tnh mi, ngi dng thng khng my khi ch ti mt thnh phn ti quan trng. L do ca vic ny kh d hiu khi bn thng chi kh bn cho cc thnh phn chnh ca my tnh nh CPU, RAM, bo mch ch Vic chi thm 150 USD cho card ha th h mi c v hp l hn so vi vic u t khon tin cho ngun in ca my. C th bn s thc mc rng liu b ngun i km case hay thm ch l mt vi b ngun c dn mc cao cp c by bn cc tim my tnh c vn g chng. Cu tr li s c dn sng t qua bi vit ny. Tuy nhin nhng php th nghim v cht lng, hiu qu v tnh n nh ngun cha bao gi ng vai tr quan trng nh hin nay. Chip li kp, ha kp nVIDIA SLI, ATI Crossfire cng vi nhng mn chi ngn in khng khip khc ang ngy cng dn b ngun my tnh vo tnh cnh kh khn hn. Chnh v vy m bn cn phi t trang b cho mnh nhng kin thc c bn c th tm c sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu. Bi vit ny s gip bn phn no thng tin cn thit v cc khi nim c bn ca b ngun my tnh, nhng thng s quan trng, lm cch no nhn bit mt b ngun tt v quan trng nht l lm sao bit c cng sut no ph hp vi my tnh bn ang s dng. I. Nhng vn c bn: 1. Tem thng s ngun: Tt c cc loi ngun khi xut xng u phi c tem chng nhn cht lng vi y thng s nh trong hnh bn. 2. ngha cc n v: hiu khi nim quan trng nht ca ngun l Watts th chng ta phi nm c nh ngha v Volt v Amp: - Volt (v): L ch s chnh lch nng lng in gia hai im (hiu in th). - Amp (a): Cng dng in. - Watt (w): Cng sut ngun in, c gi tr bng Volt x Amp. 3. Gi tr cc ng in (Rail): Trong mt b ngun hin i c rt nhiu nhng ng in khc nhau, thng dng bao gm: +3.3v, +5v, +12v, -5v, -12v. ngha ca chng nh sau: -12v: c s dng chnh cho cc mach in cng Serial v hu nh rt t c dng trn cc h thng mi. Mc d cc b ngun mi u c tnh tng thch ngc nhng cng sut cc ng -12v ch cha ti 1A. -5v: Ch yu s dng cho cc b iu khin a mm v mch cp in cho cc khe cm ISA c. Cng sut ng -5v cng ch t mc di 1A.

0v: y l ng Ground ca cc h thng my tnh c nhn.. N to ra chnh lch in th vi cc ng khc vi mc ch hon thin mch in vng song song. +3.3v: ng in +3.3V l mt trong s nhng mc in th mi trn cc b ngun hin i. N ln u tin xut hin khi chun ATX ra i v ban u c s dng ch yu cho b vi x l. Hin nay, cc bo mch ch mi u nn dng +3.3V xung nui sng b nh chnh. +5v: Nhim v chnh ca dng +5V l cp in cho bo mch ch v nhng thnh phn ngoi vi. Ngoi ra b cc loi b vi x l nh Pentium III hay AthlonXP cng ly in t ng 5V thng qua cc bc nn dng. Trn nhng h thng mi, a s cc thnh phn linh kin u dn chuyn qua s dng ng 3.3v ngoi tr CPU v bo mch ch. +12v: Trong cc h thng my tnh hin i, y l ng in ng vai tr quan trng nht, bn u n c s dng cp ngun cho motor ca a cng cng nh qut ngun v mt s thit b lm mt khc. V sau, thit k mi cho php cc khe cm h thng, card m rng v thm ch l c CPU cng n theo dng +12v. Khi cng tc ngun c nhn ln u tin v b ngun khi ng, n s mt mt khong thi gian cc thnh phn trong ngun xut ra in nng cho cc thnh phn my tnh hot ng. Trc khi , nu my tnh khi ng, cc linh kin s d b hng hc hoc hot ng khng bnh thng do ng in cha n nh. Chnh v vy trn cc h thng mi, i khi phi mt ti 1-2 giy sau bn nhn nt cng tc my th h thng mi bt u lm vic. iu ny l do h thng phi ch tn hiu n xanh cho bit in th sn sng t b ngun gi ti bo mch ch th mi bt u bt ln. Nu khng c tn hiu ny, bo mch ch s khng cho php my tnh hot ng. Trong s cc ng in chnh, nhng ng c gi tr dng (Positive) ng vai tr quan trng hn v bn phi lun mt ti chng. Mi ng s c ch s Amps ring v con s ny cng cao s cng tt. Cng sut tng c tnh bng cng thc w= v x a. Nh vy v d i vi b ngun c ng 3.3V l 30A, 5V l 30A v 12V l 25A th cc ng in v cng sut c tnh ton nh sau: + Cng sut ng in 3.3v = 3.3V x 30A = 100W + Cng sut ng in 5v = 5V x 30A = 150W + Cng sut ng in 12v = 12V x 25A = 300W Nh vy tng cng sut ngun s l 100W + 150W + 300W = 550W. Tuy nhin trn thc t cn khc nhiu yu t nh hng ti con s cui ny v chng ta s cp ti phn sau bi vit. Do nhu cu s dng ng in 12v cng ngy cng cao dn ti h qu tt yu l cu trc thit k ngun th h mi vi nhiu ng 12v ring bit ra i. u im ln nht ca kiu hnh ny l d sn xut cng nh n nh v mt m hn so vi vic c gng nng cng sut ca mt ng 12v duy nht. 4. Chun ca b ngun: Chun thng tr hin nay trn my tnh bn ni chung chnh l ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) 12V. Chun ny c thit k bi Intel vo nm 1995 v l mt trong nhng thay i ln nht v v my cng nh bo mch ch vo thi k . ATX nhanh chng thay th chun AT c bi nhiu u im vt tri. Nu nh vi ngun AT, vic kch hot ch bt c thc hin qua mt cng tc gn lin vo case thng qua bn im tip xc in th mt b ngun ATX, bn c th bt tt bng phn mm hay ch cn ni mch hai chn cm kch ngun (dy

xanh l cy v mt trong cc dy Ground en) khi ng. D nhin pha sau cc ngun ATX tiu chun lun phi c cng tc tng c th ngt hon ton dng in ra khi my tnh. Nhng c im chnh ca chun ATX bao gm u cm chnh 20 chn v mt u cm ph 4 chn 12V. Chn cm thm ny phc v cho cc loi CPU hin i vn c nui bng dng nn t ng 12V thay v 5V nh i vi cc loi Pentium III trc kia. Tiu chun ATX cng khng cho php cc dng in dao ng qu mc trn di 5% i vi mi ng in dng. Trong nm 2003, chun ATX phin bn 2.0 ra i vi cc jack cm SATA. Cho ti hin nay, chun 2.2 ang c s dng tng i rng ri. Tuy vy, khi nhc n ATX, bn cn phi bit rng n c 5 nhnh thit k chnh nh sau: - ATX: jack chnh 20 chn (thng dng cho Pentium III hoc Athlon XP). - WTX: jack chnh 24 chn, dng cho Pentium II, III Xeon v Athlon MP. - ATX 12V: jack chnh 20 chn, dy ph 4 chn 12v (Pentium 4 hoc Athlon 64) - EPS12v: jack chnh 24 chn, dy ph 8 chn dng cho cc h thng Xeon hoc Opteron. - ATX12V 2.0: dy chnh 24 chn, dy ph 4 chn (Pentium 4 775 v cc h thng Athlon 64 PCI-Express) Mt bo mch ch ATX tiu chun c kch thc khong 12 inch x 9.6 inch (tng ng 305mm x 244mm). Chnh v th cc loi case my tnh ATX c kh nng h tr c nhng bo mch ch microATX v chng u dng chung ngun. Trong thi gian va qua, mt chun mi c thit k vi tn gi BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) vi v tr sp xp cc thnh phn bn trong my hon ton khc vi ATX hin nay. Nh vy cc nh pht trin h thng c thm ty chn nhm gii quyt vn nhit lng, n , hiu nng h thng cng nh kch thc ca my. Chun BTX c thit k ti u cho nhng cng ngh mi nht hin nay nh SATA, USB 2.0 v PCI Express. Yu t x l nhit trong mt my tnh BTX c ci tin rt nhiu: hu ht cc thnh phn ta nhit chnh u c t trong lung gi chnh nn s trnh vic phi b sung thm cc qut ring cho chng (s gy ra vic tn thm nng lng, tng n v cht chi khng cn thit). Hin ti bn c th tm thy mt vi b ngun vi tem chng nhn h tr BTX nhng khng nhiu v km thng dng. 5. Cc loi chn cm: Dy cm ca ngun in my tnh c nh m mu rt chi tit, mu l in +5v, mu vng l +12v, mu en l dy mt (Ground) Chng c tp hp li thnh nhng dng chn cm c bn sau y: - Molex: S dng cho cc loi a cng v a quang, ngoi ra bn cng c th s dng cm qut v mt s thit b khc nh card ha AGP (Geforce 5,6 hoc Radeon X800) hay bo mch ch v d nh ca Asus hay DFI. - u cm ngun chnh: Nguyn bn ATX ban u c 20 chn cm, chun mi 2.0 nng s chn cm chnh ln ti 24 chn. Bn cng c th tm thy mt s b ngun c dng chn 20+4 vi cht gn cho php s dng c trn cc bo mch ch vi u in ngun dng 20 hay 24 chn bt k. - Dy in ph 12V: Khi u ca dng ATX12v l khi nhng h thng Pentium 4 u tin ra i. Dy ny gm 4 u cm vi 2 chn 12V v 2 chn mt Ground. - u cm SATA: Nhng b ngun mi nht u phi c ti thiu t 2 ti 4 chn cm dt dnh cho nhng a cng SATA hin i. Tuy nhin bn cng c th s dng cc on dy chuyn nu nh ngun ca

mnh khng c loi chn ny. - u PCI-Express: Cng tng t nh vi chn cm SATA, u cm PCI-Express l th khng th thiu trong cc b ngun th h mi. Nhng ngun in vi chng nhn SLI hoc Crossfire cho cc h thng ha kp lun c ti 2 u cm dng ny s dng vi card ha PCI-Express. Tt nhin, nu ngun ca bn khng c u cm m vn mun s dng cc card ha mi, bn vn c th s dng cc gic chuyn i (i khi c tng km theo card). - u cm a mm: Nguyn thy, gic cm ny c s dng cho a mm, n cng gm 2 dy ground, 1 dy +5V v 1 dy +12V. V sau, c kh nhiu thit b khc cng s dng kiu u cm ny v d nh cc card ha, u chuyn i ATA SATA ca a cng v thm ch l c cc bo mch ch nh DFI Lanparty NF4 chng hn. - u cm EPS 12V 8 chn: Thng c s dng cho cc bo mch ch workstation trn nhng h thng my tnh chuyn nghip vi CPU Opteron hay Xeon. Gn y, mt s loi bo mch ch Desktop mi cng bt u cho php s dng u cm ny v d nh dng P5WD2 ca Asus. Tt nhin bn vn c th dng u cm 12V 4 chn thng thng v cng cm trn main c tnh thng thch ngc. Hin nay, thit k tho ri (Modular Concept) ca b ngun my tnh ang bt u c a vo s dng. Bn hy th hnh dung mt b ngun tiu chun ATX 2.01 s c khong 8-10 u cm Molex, 1 u cm chnh, mt hoc hai u cm PCI-Express, 1 u 12v, 2 ti 4 u SATA v mt s cc u giao tip ring c bit khc. Tuy nhin h thng my tnh ca bn nu ch mc c bn v s dng cha ti s u cm ny th chc chn vic sp xp gn gng nhng u cm d bn trong my s em li nhiu rc ri. Modular Concept cho php bn ch cm nhng dy vi cc u ni cn dng v loi b nhng chn khng cn thit. Nh vy ni tht bn trong case ca bn s rt gn gng v to iu kin thun li cho cc gii php lm mt ni chung. Tuy nhin kiu thit k mi ny hin ti mi ch c p dng trn nhng b ngun cao cp t tin m thi. 6. Cc ng in m (Negative Rail): Nu s dng mt s phn mm o in hay thm ch l ng h o, bn s thy cc gi tr ca ng in m kh thp so vi cc ng dng. iu ny l do hin nay chng khng cn quan trng na. Mc d mt b ngun ATX 20 chn c chn s 12 l -12v v chn s 18 l -5v nhng hu nh khng bao gi c dng. Mt s thit b cn ti in th m bao gm: + Cc card m rng ISA. + Cng Serial hoc LAN + a mm th h c. 7. Thi gian duy tr in (Hold-up time): Gi tr Holdup Time s xc nh khong thi gian tnh bng mili-giy m mt b ngun c th duy tr c cc ng in ra ng nh mc khi ng in vo b ngt (v d nh mt in). iu ny rt c ch c bit khi bn sng trong khu vc in khng n nh v ly v d trng hp in t ngt chp ngt ri c li th my tnh vn c th hot ng bnh thng. Gi tr Hold-up ca tiu chun ATX l 17ms v b ngun my tnh nn c ch s ny cng cao cng tt. 8. Power Factor Correction (PFC): y l mt khi nim gy ra nhiu tranh ci trong thi gian va qua. PFC cho php vic cung cp nng lung in t hiu qu s dng cao hn. C hai loi PFC chnh l Active PFC v Passive PFC. Tt c cc b ngun c sn xut vo thi im hin ti u thuc mt trong hai loi ny.

- Active PFC: y l kiu PFC hiu qu nht. N s dng mch in t ng iu chnh h s in sao cho chun nn hiu sut s dng in c th t ti 95% trn l thuyt. Ngoi ra, Active PFC cng c kh nng kh nhiu v cn chnh ng in vo (cho php bn cm vo bt k cm 110v cho ti 220v thng dng no m khng cn phi quan tm ti cc ch s). Tuy nhin do kin trc phc tp ca Active PFC m nhng b ngun c cng ngh ny u c gi kh cao. Mt s b ngun Active PFC vn cho php ngi dng s dng cng tc chuyn xc nh dng in u vo. - Passive PFC: y l kiu hnh PFC thng dng nht hin nay, khc vi Active PFC, Passive PFC cn chnh dng in thng qua cc t lc v chnh v th kh nng lm vic ca n s b thay i theo thi gian cng nh chu nh hng kh ln t cc yu t bn ngoi nh nhit , chn ng Nhng b ngun vi Passive PFC u yu cu bt buc ngi dng phi chnh li in th u vo thng qua mt cng tc nh. V hiu qu lm vic, ngun Passive PFC khng bng c cc loi Active PFC nhng li c gi thnh r hn. - Non PFC: Cc loi ngun in khng s dng PFC hin nay u b khuyn co khng s dng. mt s quc gia EU, mi b ngun a ra th trng u c yu cu phi c trang b hoc Active PFC hoc Passive PFC do hiu qu m chng mang li. PFC cho php tit kim in s dng, gim sc ti cho cc ng dy in trong nh: iu ny rt c li khi bn thnh lp phng my hoc s dng nhiu my cng mt ngun in. Vic dy in v cc thit b truyn ti in b qu ti s c th gy chy n. Ngoi ra n cng gip trnh nhiu ng in hoc pht sinh cc loi sng radio gy nhiu ngoi mun. c bit, nhng b ngun dng Active PFC thng cho cc ng in ra n nh hn so vi Passive PFC nh vy thit b trong my hot ng n nh v c tui th cao hn. 9. Nng lng cc i v nng lng lin tc: Mc nng lng lin tc (Continuous Power) l ch s nu ln kh nng cp in ca ngun mi lc trong khi nng lng cc i (Peak Power) li ch mc ti a trong khong thi gian ngn. Chnh v th, ly v d bn cm mt lot thit b vi tng cng sut khong 430w vo b ngun c ch s Continuous Power l 400w, chng vn c th hot ng c trong khong thi gian ngn nu mc Peak Power ca ngun t trn 430w nhng sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, cc linh kin trong ngun s b trc trc. 10. n: Ch s xc nh n ca mt b ngun c o bng n b dB v n phi tht ph hp vi n ca mi trng lm vic m bn ang c mt. Ly v d, trong vn phng n o, b ngun 30dB c th khng phi l vn nhng nu trong phng khch gia nh yn tnh, con s ny

s gy ra nhiu kh chu, c bit l v m. Mt quy tc bt thnh vn l b ngun vi qut 120mm s m i hn so vi b ngun c qut 80mm hay 90mm tc cao mc d hiu nng lm mt ca chng c th tng ng nhau. Khi b ngun lm vic nng nhc hn (nui nhiu thit b) th nhit lng do n ta ra cng tng cao v i vi nhng b ngun c qut t iu chnh tc , s vng quay ca qut cng tng ln v song song vi iu chnh l nhng m thanh n o bt u xut hin. V d khi mt b ngun lm vic mc 70%, ting n ch khong 20db nhng khi ln ti con s 90% th m lng pht ra s c th ln ti 35db hoc hn. Chnh v vy trn thc t la chn mn cho mnh, bn nn xem xt k lng vn ny: nu cn ngun 300w, c th bn s chn loi 350w cng sut lm vic va 85%, tuy nhin nu chn loi 400w th con s ny ch cn 75% v c th n cng gim theo. Mt s sn phm ngun loi siu m i c th khng s dng qut hoc ch dng nhng loi qut rt m nhng hu ht chng khng dnh cho nhng my tnh bnh thng v gi cc k t in hnh nh XG Magnum 500 ca MGE. Nu hay ln l trn cc website cng ngh, c th bn cng s bt gp mt s b ngun vi gii php lm mt bng nc v d nh http://www.zfz.com/projects.asp?a=cat&artCatId=3, thm ch l c nhng hng dn chi tit thit k v t lm nhng b lm mt nc cho ngun in my tnh (http://www.digital-explosion.co.uk/index.php?articleID=65 ) nhng iu kh nguy him i vi nhng ngi thiu kinh nghim. 11. Chit p chnh in th (Adjustable Pot): Mt s b ngun tt c km theo cc chit p nh bn trong n chnh hiu in th cho cc ng in. Trong thc t, nu ng in 12v ca bn tt xung di 11.5, n s gy ra mt n nh cho ton h thng. Hy nh rng chun ATX cho php in th mi ng dao ng trong khong 5% v bn c th chnh li ln 12v thng qua nhng chit p . Tuy nhin y l tnh nng nng cao v ch nn thc hin nu bn bit mnh ang tnh lm iu g. Mt s sn phm ngun chuyn hn cc chit p ny ra ngoi ngi dng thng thng t thay i thoi my v d nh series TrueControl ca Antec. Gi tr gii hn an ton ca cc ng in theo chun ATX nh sau: ng in 1. +5VDC 2. +12VDC 3. -5VDC 4. -12VDC 5. +3.3VDC 6. +5V SB Khong chnh lch 5% 5% 10% 10% 5% 5% Ti thiu +4.75V +11.40V -4.5V -10.8V +3.14V +4.75V Ti a +5.25V +12.60V -5.5V -13.2V +3.47V +5.25V

12. Ch Soft Power v tn hiu ch 5v: Soft Power l cch thc m b ngun my tnh c bt ln hoc tt i. Thay v s dng cng tc cng nh chun AT trc kia, my tnh ca bn s c kch hot khi bo mch ch ra lnh cho b ngun. Cng nh vo iu ny m ngi dng c th iu khin nng lng h thng thng qua phn mm. Bn c th d dng kim chng iu ny thng qua kh nng tt my ca h iu hnh Windows hay bt my ln t bn phm hoc chut. Nguyn tc chnh bo mch

ch ra lnh cho b ngun l thng qua tn hiu ch ca ng +5V Standby. ng in ny c lp hon ton so vi cc ng nui thit b khc v s c tn hiu bt c khi no bn cm in vo ngun, mt s loi bo mch ch mi thng c n tn hiu bo trng thi +5V Standby. Ngoi ra trn mt h thng my tnh cng c mt vi ng in ph khc bao gm: + Dng cm ng +3.3v (+3.3v Sense): Chc nng chnh ca dng ny l theo di in th ca ng +3.3V nui bo mch ch. Nh vy m b ngun c th cn chnh dng cho chnh xc. + iu khin qut (Fan Control): Tn hiu iu khin qut cho php h thng ni chung v bo mch ch ni ring thay i tc qut ca b ngun. Khi in th ca dng ny tt xung di 1V, qut s t ng tt i. Khi t gi tr trn 10.5v, qut s hot ng mc ti a. Chc nng chnh ca thit k ny l cho php h thng tt qut i khi my tnh chuyn vo trng thi ngh (Sleep Mode) hoc thay i tc qut theo nhit linh kin. + Theo di trng thi qut (Fan Monitor): y l bn ng hnh ca tnh nng iu kin qut v n cho php theo di tc quay ca qut trong h thng. Nhim v chnh ca n l cnh bo ngi dng khi c mt qut lm mt no gp trc trc v ngng hot ng. II Cch thc la chn mt b ngun tt: Bn ang lp rp mt b my tnh mi v phn vn cha bit nn mua b ngun no ? hy tham kho nhng bc sau y: 1. Tnh ton ng in 12v ca ngun: Nh bn bit, 3 ng in chnh ca mt b ngun l +12v, +5v v +3.3v. Cng sut tng c tnh ton da trn cng mi dng. Tuy nhin thc t ng bun l rt nhiu cc nh sn xut ngun in my tnh thng xuyn

s dng th thut tng s watt ln bng cch y mnh nhng ng in khng quan trng (+5v v +3.3v). Chnh v th, bn hy b qua con s watt v tp trung vo cng ca dng in 12v xc nh cht lng mt b ngun. Ch s Ampe ca ng +12v c th tm thy trong ti liu i km hoc ngay trn tem sn phm (v d +12V: 25A). Ch rng nhng ngun ATX12V 2.0 mi c ti 2 ng 12v cho php chia ti nng lng gia CPU+bo mch ch (+12v1) c lp khi nhng linh khin khc (+12v2). iu cho php dng in n nh hn. Mt s ngun thm ch cn c ti 3 ng 12v khc nhau v d nh RealPower 550w ca CoolerMaster. Mc d iu ny khng to ra thay i ln i vi nhng h thng thng thng nhng khi s dng chung vi nhng my tnh siu mnh cho game hay cc ng dng chuyn nghip th s c nhiu khc bit ln. 2. m bo tnh chnh xc: Nu bn va mua mt b ngun ch 10-20$ vi tem dn 28A cho ng +12v th chc chn iu khng chnh xc. Trong iu kin th trng Vit Nam hin nay, cc loi ngun in km cht lng vi xut x khng r rng ang trn ngp, bn thm ch c th mua c mt b ngun cng sut cc cao ln ti 600w-700w vi gi ch 2/3 so vi mt b ngun 350w hng hiu. Tuy nhin ch l nhng g c ghi trn tem m thi. Ni mt cch nm na, trong trng hp ny, bn chi tin cho phn tem ch khng phi cho nhng g bn nhn c. l cha k ti vic ngun in km cht lng thng bt n nh sau mt thi gian di s dng v c ti 90% trng hp ngun hng li theo mt vi linh kin t tin ca my tnh. Theo kinh nghim c nhn, thng th bo mch ch s l nn nhn u tin. Bn hy chn ngun tht cn thn. 3. Xem xt vn cng sut: Bn c th ly c nhng thng s v nng lng ca hu ht cc loi thit b t ti liu i km sn phm hoc website ca nh sn xut tnh ton nh mc gn ng. Hai bng tham kho i vi ng in +12V trn s phn no gip bn gii quyt vn : Chng ta c mt v d h thng my tnh nh sau: Thnh phn Athlon64 3500+ Bo mch ch thng dng a cng Maxtor DM9 a cng Maxtor DM9 RAID SATA Controller nVIDIA GeForce 6800GT nVIDIA GeForce 6800GT 2x 512 DDR400Audigy 2 ZS 2x120mm qut thng gi Bn phm + chut USB DVD-RW DVD-ROM Tng s ampe mi ng Tng s watt Cng sut tng +3.3V 3.0 A 2.0 A 0.1 A 0.1 A 0.5 A 5.7 A 18.81 W +5.0V 2.0 A 0.9 A 0.9 A 0.5 A 3.94 A 3.94 A 3.25 A 0.5 A 0.5 A 1.2 A 1.5 A 22.13 A 110.65 W +12.0V 7.4 A 0.3 A 0.7 A 0.7 A 3.02 A 3.02 A 0.6 A 1.6 A 1.5 A 18.84 A 226.08 W 335.54 W

Bn c th thy rng c nhiu thit b s dng 2 hay 3 ng in cng mt lc. V d nh card ha hin i ly nng lng t c khe cm m rng AGP/PCI-Express ln u cm 12v ngoi. Vi mt cu hnh my tnh tng i mnh nh trn, bn s cn ti ngun in khong 350w. Tuy nhin vi mc ch an ton, chng ta nn tnh ton d ra mt cht. Trn thc t, khi xy dng mt h thng my tnh, ngi dng s c 2 trng hp:

a. Lm vic c bn: Ch cn tnh ton ng cng sut tiu th ca cc linh kin, him khi cn vt tri hn nhiu. Chnh v th cc yu t chn b ngun ch yu tp trung vo an ton bn mun, ch s ting n ra sao. Thng thng, bn c th tnh d ra khong 10%-20% so vi con s d kin l va. Trong trng hp trn bn c th chn ngun 400w l dng. Tt nhin chng ta cp ti cng sut thc ch khng phi ch l nhng con s ghi trn tem. Nu d kin b sung thm cc chi trang tr, qut hay a, bn s cn ti ngun 450w vi ng 12v khong 24A. b. Nhng ngi thch nghch ngm: Trong trng hp ny, p xung, n m, tn nhit nc lp trongs ngn thm ca bn rt nhiu nng lng. Nhng thnh phn my tnh chy tc cao hn d nhin s nut thm nhiu in hn so vi mc nh. Thng thng bn s cn thm ti 45% cng sut v nh vy tng cng sut cn thit trong v d trn s ln ti 145% x 350w = 507W. ng in 12V s phi t ti thiu 18.84A x 145% = 27.3 A. Mt khi tm c mt b ngun ph hp c v cng sut ln ng +12V, chng ta phi m bo kin trc ng in +12v p ng c cc thit b cn thit v d nh ring mt chip Pentium 4 3.4 Extreme Edition cn ti 11A trn ng 12V. Nu bn gn ln mt b ngun 2 ng 12V - 14A, bn vn c th chy c n nhng r rng khong trng an ton cn thit nghch ngm p xung s hn hp hn. Li khuyn nh: Bn cng c th s dng mt vi cng c tnh ton cng sut trc tuyn tm ra con s cn thit v d nh: - http://www.jscustompcs.com/power_supply/ - http://www.mymp3car.com/MP3Car/PSUpower.asp Trong thc th, Khi em mt h thng thuc dng mnh c a ra th nghim bao gm: + AMD Opteron DualCore 165 @ 2.9Ghz. + DFI LanpartyUT nForce4 SLI-D. + nVIDIA GeForce 6800Ultra + 4x512 Corsair XMS PC3200C2. + 3x Maxtor Diamond Plus 9 120GB 7200rpm + DVD + DVD-RAM + Creative X-Fi Platinum + Card PCI Wifi + chi: CoolerMaster Cooldrive6, Aerogate III, Aquamini/Hyper 6, Musketeer II, n Cold Cathode, 2 qut LED 120mm v 4 qut LED 80mm. + Thit b USB: Logitech G5 Mouse, G15 Keyboard, Momo Racing Wheels, Dinovo Media Desktop, u c th. Kt qu cng ch dng mc 180watt khi ri v gn 300watt khi ang chi nhng game tng i nng nh Halflife 2, Ages of Empire III hay Quake 4 m thi. Tuy nhin nu bn em mt b ngun 400w bt k i km cc loi case th trng hin nay v lp vo my, chc chn n s n tung kht lt ngay lp tc. Lu : Cc nh sn xut thng s dng mt mo nh nh la ngi dng, chng ta hy tm hiu vn ny qua hai v d nh sau: - B ngun th nht c ch s:

------------------------------------Output: +3.3v rail = 30a +5v rail = 40a

Vi cng thc n gin trung hc P=U.I ta c th tnh ra cng sut cc ng in nh sau: +3.3v : 100w. +5v : 200w. +12v : 408w. - B ngun th hai c ch s:

+12v rail = 34a Continuous power = 510W max Peak power = 650W max -------------------------------------

Tnh ton tng t nh trn, chng ta c: +3.3v : 100w + 5v : 200w +12v : 360w Mi nhn thong qua, tht kh c th nhn ra im khc bit gia chng, mi vic hon ton bnh thng nhng hy ch tht k: trn tem b ngun th hai c ghi rng nhit th nghim ca nh sn xut ch mc 40 F tc l ch khong m 4 C. Nhit hot ng thng thng ca b ngun my tnh vo khong 38 C tng ng 100 F, mc ny trn l thuyt b ngun th hai ch c th cp c dng in n nh lin tc cha ti 300W. c bit khi nhit ln ti 70 C, b ngun ny thm ch mt hn kh nng cung cp in nng cho h thng. Vn y l nh sn xut khng h la di bn, h ni ng v vn ph thuc vo ngi dng m thi. Tt nhin trn thc t mi vic khng n gin nh vy v cc nh sn xut chng my khi ni cho bn bit h tin hnh th nghim cng sut ngun nhit no c. B ngun thuc loi cao cp lun phi m bo kh nng cung cp s watt trong iu kin nhit 40-50 C. Gii thch cho iu ny chnh l v khi tng cng sut in AC u vo ca mt h thng my tnh vo khong 100w th mt b ngun vi hiu sut lm vic 65% s gii phng khong 35w di dng nhit lng. Tuy nhin khi a vo h thng cao cp hn vi cng sut 250W in mt chiu DC, nhit lng ta ra s vt hn 135W v s tr thnh rc ri ln. Chnh v th bn phi bit nghi ng v xem xt cn thn khi gp mt b ngun cng sut cao vi gi qu r. Cht lng lun lun t l thun vi gi thnh, chnh l l do ti sao bn nn chn sn phm ca nhng nh sn xut danh ting. Lun ch c cc thng s tht cn thn v ng b qua bt c chi tit no. V d, Antec c ti 3 chng loi ngun 480w khc nhau. Phin bn TruePower c ng 12V ln ti 28A trong khi TrueBlue ch c 22A m thi. Bn nn tm hiu kin t bn b hay cc ngun thng tin trc tuyn v nhng thng s ca b ngun m mnh nh mua cng nh c cc bi gii thiu sn phm trc khi a ra quyt nh. III- Mt s c tnh ca cc loi ngun hng hiu: Nhng nh sn xut tn tui thng tung ra th trng rt nhiu cc loi sn phm a dng, phong ph khng ch v mu m m, cht lng m gm c tnh nng. Hin nay bn c th tm thy cc loi ngun vi nhng tnh nng ph kh hp dn nh sau:

------------------------------------Output +3.3v rail = 30a +5v rail = 40a +12v rail = 30a Total power = 660W max Measurements taken at 40F ------------------------------------

- ng h o ti: Nhng ngun c trang b ng h o ti s thng bo cho ngi dng bit tng cng sut h thng ang s dng l bao nhiu. Cc mc ch s c theo di lin tc trong ch thi gian thc real-time. Nh th bn c th tin hnh nng cp khi nhn thy b ngun lin tc b qu ti. - Dy in ring cho qut: Mt s ngun in c ring dy Molex 4 chn vi k hiu Fan Only cho php ngi dng gn cc loi qut lm mt vo . Thng thng nhng ngun ny cng s km theo chit p chnh in th ca dy Fan Only vi tc dng thay i tc quay ca qut. - Dy in c bc dng trn: Mi dy ngun u gm nhiu si nh nn s kh vng vu khi a vo bn trong case my tnh. Cc nh sn xut gii quyt vn ny bng cch b gn chng li trong mt ng li hay v si kim loi chng nhiu. c o hn, mt s dy ngun cn c lp bo v UV c kh nng pht sng khi b tia cc tm chiu vo. - Li thot nhit hnh t ong: i vi nhng b ngun thot nhit bng qut gi thng dng. Dng li t ong s cho php lung khng kh i qua d dng nht. H qu tt yu l nhit lm vic ca thit b gim i khin cho cng sut v tui th tng ln. Ngoi ra bn cng s bt gp cc sn phm vi li dng trn hoc dng di nh trong hnh bn. Tt nhin v hiu nng chng s thua km hn so vi dng t ong. - Fanless Design SuperQuiet: Nhng ngun vi chng nhn dng ny thng tp trung vo x l vn ting n nh lp v nhm. Bn trong l cc khi tn nhit ng cc ln km theo h thng ng dn nhit heatpipe s. Nh kh nng truyn ti nhit hiu qu ca cc heatpipe (Xem thm Tn nhit kim loi L thuyt v thc t PCWVN 032006) km theo nhng l ng nn cc b ngun loi ny khng cn ti qut lm mt v tuyt i khng pht sinh m thanh no trong khi hot ng. Mt s th nghim ca din n XtremeVN (www.xtremevn.com) trong iu kin

mi trng Vit Nam cho thy nhit ngun vn kh n nh mc di 50 C trong khi ang hot ng ht mnh. - Modular Concept: Nh cp trn, nhng b ngun c thit k kiu ny cho php bn tho ri cc dy cm v ch s dng nhng si no cn thit tit kim din tch vn kh cht hp bn trong case. - Tch hp UPS: Mt s b ngun c tch hp thnh phn lu in UPS sn bn trong n h tr ngi dng trong cc tnh hung mt in bt cht. u im ca cc sn phm dng ny l bn s khng cn phi mua thm b lu in bn ngoi tuy nhin v sau khi c quy b chai hoc c trc trc s rt kh thay th. - Khe in pha sau: Vic a cng molex ra pha sau ca ngun s em li nhiu li ch hn bn tng. Nhng loi n trang tr, cc a cng gn ngoi thng qua giao tip e-SATA thng thy trn cc bo mch ch i mi (Asus) s thc s c hng li t kiu thit k ny. - B ngun i: Mt s b ngun hoc case my tnh cao cp thng tng km ngi dng mt cp chuyn cho php cm 2 b ngun cng nui my tnh cng lc tng cng sut. Thit k ny i hi bn phi t b tr thm khong trng trong v my cho b ngun th hai. IV Phng php kim tra cht lng ca dng in: C nhiu cch thc xc nh dng in m mt b ngun cung cp cho my tnh ca bn. Mt b ngun tt phi cung cp c dng in sch cho cc linh kin bn trong thng my. C nhiu ngi cho rng cc ng in cng cao s cng tt nhng thc t iu ny khng ng. Vn n nh dng in phi c t ln hng u. Thao tc cn chnh cc ng in ln tht cao khi h thng ti nng chng tt xung mc va ng s em li nhiu iu c hi hn l li ch. theo di ng in ca b ngun mi tu, bn c th s dng mt s phn mm chuyn dng nh Speedfan (www.almico.com) vi chc nng lp biu theo thi gian. Da vo bn c th a ra kt lun.

B ngun c cht lng tt

B ngun km cht lng

Tt nhin, gi tr c th ca cc dng in do chng trnh bo v ch mang tnh cht tham kho. c con s chnh xc, bn nn s dng cc thit b o chuyn dng. Ch c dao ng dng l iu ng quan tm y. C th sau khi c bi vit ny, bn s t m kim tra li b ngun m mnh ang s dng v git mnh khi thy nhng nhc im ca n hoc hi lng v mnh a ra la chn sng sut. Nhng nhn chung, trong ln tip theo bn xy dng mt h thng my tnh, hy dnh cho ngun in mt s quan tm xng ng. Nu bn d kin chi hn 1000 USD cho my tnh ca mnh, bn nn dnh 10% cho b ngun. Vic nui sng gin my trong m vi mt b ngun i km case tr gi cha ti 30$ s l mt iu cc k ngc nghch v hu qu thc s kh lng trc c. Chn la ng b ngun ph hp s em li s n nh v tui th lu di cho ton h thng. Chng ta c th tng kt li 10 im cn nh khi la chn ngun in bao gm: - Hy b qua s watt tng qut v ch c k cng sut cc ng in c gng chn cc sn phm c tn tui. - Nguyn tc Tin no ca ny c bit ng vi th trng ngun nui my tnh. Gi thnh lun t l thun vi cht lng. - Vi ngun in gm nhiu ng 12v, hy m bo s Ampe mi ng ph hp vi thit b m bn s dng. - Trng lng i khi cng l yu t c th dng lm thc o cht lng sn phm. Ngun vi thit k hiu qu v h thng tn nhit tt bao gi cng nng hn cc loi khc. - Nu d kin p xung, bn nn mua loi ngun tt nht m ti tin cho php. Khng nn tit kim qu mc. - Chi 50$ vo ngun in khi mua h thng 1000$ khng phi la chn hay ho nhng bn vn c th tm s dng c. - Chi 300$ vo ngun in khi mua h thng 1000$ cng chng tt hn v l s lng ph khng cn thit. - Chi 30$ cho c ngun v case khi mua h thng 1000$ thc s l iu ng ngn. Chc bn may mn. Nguyn Thc Hong Linh Phone: 0912848245 Email: valkyrie.lenneth@usa.com