( 45 tit )

Chuong 1 : Php tnh tch phn hm nhiu bin

Chuong 2 : Phuong trnh vi phn
TI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Ton hoc cao cp, tp 3, Nguyn Dnh Tr (chu bin),
NXB Gio duc, 2009
[2] Ton cao cp, Giai tch hm nhiu bin Phuong trnh
vi phn, D Cng Khanh (chu bin), NXB DHQG
TP.HCM, 2010
Chuong 1. Php tnh tch phn hm nhiu bin
1. BO TC KIEN THUC VE CC MAT BAC HAI
- D|nh nghia m}t bc hai.
Trong khng gian voi h toa d Dcc vung gc Oxyz, mt bc
hai l tp hop tt ca cc dim c toa d thoa mn mt phuong trnh
dai s bc hai di voi x, y, z
voi A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L l cc s thuc; A, B, C, D, E, F
khng dng thoi bng 0.
Trong tnh ton ta thuong gp cc mt sau:
2 2 2
Ax By Cz 2Dxy 2Exz 2Fyz Gx Hy Kz L 0 =
1.1. M}t Elipxit
Phuong trnh tng qut:
Khi a = b = c ta duoc mt cu tm O, bn knh a
1.2. M}t Hypeblit mt tng
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
=
x
y
z
O
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
=
y
z
x
O
-b
b
c
-c
a
-a
b -b
a
-a
1.3. M}t Hypeblit hai tng
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
=
1.4. M}t Parablit eliptic
2 2
2 2
x y
z
a b
=
1.5. M}t Parablit hypeblic
2 2
2 2
x y
z
a b
=
1.6. M}t tr bc hai
Mt tru: trong phuong trnh khng c hoc x, hoc y, hoc z
M}t tr Eliptic:
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
=
(a,0,0)
(0,b,0)
M}t tr Hypeblic:
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
=
M}t tr Parablic:
VD 1.
2
y 2px =
2
y x =
VD 2.
1.7. M}t nn bc hai
M}t nn eliptic:
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
0
a b c
=
- H ta d cc.
Trong mt phng ta chon mt dim O lm gc (goi l gc cuc) v
mt truc Ox (goi l truc cuc). Mt dim M bt
ky trong mt phng duoc xc dinh boi:
Gc l gc
dinh huong c chiu duong nguoc chiu
kim dng h (goi l gc cuc).
S goi l bn knh vcto (hay bn knh cuc).
Ring tai dim gc O ung voi r = 0, gc c th ly ty .
Tp cc cp (r, ) voi r > 0, l tp cc dim trong mt
phng tru di gc cuc.
y
x
O x
y
M
r

( )
: Ox, OM ; 0 2 = _ _ t

r : OM 0 = _

0 2 _ _ t
Mi lin h giua toa d cuc voi toa d Dcc:
Ta chon h truc toa d Dcc c gc trng voi gc cuc v truc
honh trng voi truc cuc. D thy toa d Dcc (x, y) v toa d cuc
(r, ) cua cng mt dim M c quan h sau:
- H ta d tr.
Xt dim M(x, y, z) trong
khng gian Oxyz, goi M(x, y, 0) l
hnh chiu cua M ln mt phng Oxy.
x r cos ; r 0
y r sin ; 0 2
'
= _
1
1
!
1
= _ _ t
1+
M
Gia su r, l toa d cuc cua M trong mt phng Oxy. Khi d
Vy dim M hon ton xc dinh boi (r, , z): duoc goi l toa d tru
cua dim M. Voi moi dim cua khng gian ta c
< z <
Mi lin h giua toa d Dcc (x, y, z) v toa d tru (r, , z) cua
dim M:
< z <
r 0; 0 2 ; _ _ _ t

x r cos
y r sin ; r 0; 0 2 ;
z z
'
=
1
1
1
1
= _ _ _ t
!
1
1
= 1
1+

x r cos
y r sin
'
=
1
1
!
1
=
1+
- H ta d cu.
Toa d cu cua mt dim M(x, y, z) trong
khng gian Oxyz l b ba s (r, 0, ), trong
d r = OM, l gc giua truc Ox v ,
(M l hnh chiu cua M ln mt phng Oxy)
0 l gc giua truc Oz v . Voi moi
dim M(x, y, z)ta c:
Mi lin h giua toa d Dcc v toa d cu cua dim M:
OM

OM

r 0; 0 ; 0 2 _ _ _t _ _ t
x r sin cos
y r sin sin ; r 0; 0 ; 0 2 ;
z r cos
'
=
1
1
1
1
= _ _ _t _ _ t
!
1
1
= 1
1+
M
2. TCH PHN KP
2.1. Khi nim tch phn kp.
2.1.1. Bi ton mo du.
Gia su z = f(x, y) l mt hm s xc
dinh, lin tuc, khng m trong mt
min D dng, bi chn trong mt phng
Oxy. Hy tnh th tch cua vt th
hnh tru O gioi han boi mt phng
Oxy, mt z = f(x,y) v mt tru c
duong sinh song song voi Oz tua
trn bin D.
Chia min D thnh n manh roi nhau c din tch
tuong ung l . Nhu vy O duoc chia thnh n vt
th hnh tru nho. Trong mi manh nho D
i
, ly mt dim ty
M
i
(x
i
, y
i
), khi d th tch V cua O duoc tnh gn dng bng cng
thuc sau:
Php tnh xp xi ny cng chnh xc nu n cng lon v cc manh D
i
c duong knh cng nho. Do d th tch cua O duoc dinh nghia bng
gioi han (nu c) cua V
n
khi sao cho ;
(d(D
i
): duong knh cua D
i
), gioi han y khng phu thuc cch chia
min D thnh cc manh nho, cung nhu cch chon dim M
i
trong D
i
.
1 2 n
D , D ,..., D
1 2 n
S , S ,..., S ^ ^ ^
( ) ( )
n
i i i n
i 1
V f x , y S V
=
\ ~ ^ =
_
( )
i
max d D 0 n
2.1.2. D|nh nghia tch phn kp.
Cho hm s z = f(x, y) xc dinh trong mt min dng, bi chn D
trong mt phng Oxy. Chia min D thnh n manh roi nhau
c din tch tuong ung l .Trong mi
manh nho D
i
, ly mt dim ty M
i
(x
i
, y
i
). Lp tng
duoc goi l tng tch phn cua hm f trong D.
Nu tn tai gioi han huu han,
khng phu thuc vo cch chia min D v cch ly dim M
i
th gioi
han d duoc goi l tch phn kp cua hm f trong min D v duoc k
hiu l:
1 2 n
D , D , ..., D
1 2 n
S , S , ..., S ^ ^ ^
( )
n
n i i i
i 1
V f x , y S
=
= ^
_
( )
( )
i
n
n i i i
n maxd D 0
i 1
lim V lim f x , y S I

=
= ^ =
_
; trong d: D duoc goi l min ly tch phn
f duoc goi l hm duoi du tch phn
dS duoc goi l yu t din tch
Khi d ta ni hm f kha tch trn D.
D|nh l. Nu hm s f lin tuc trn min dng, bi chn th n kha
tch trn min d.
Nu f lin tuc, khng m trn D th tch phn kp cua f trn D
bng th tch cua vt th hnh tru xt o trn. Vy
Nu th tch phn kp cua f trn D bng
din tch cua D. Vy
( )
D
f x, y dS
]]
( )
D
V f x, y dS =
]]
( ) ( )
f x, y 1; x, y D = \
( )
D D
f x, y dS dS S = =
]] ]]
Ch . V tch phn kp khng phu thuc vo cch chia min D
nn ta c th chia D boi cc duong thng song song voi cc truc
toa d ta duoc hay dS = dxdy v c th vit
2.2. Tnh cht cua tch phn kp.
1)
2) ; (k: hng s)
( ) ( )
D D
f x, y dS f x, y dxdy =
]] ]]
i i i
S x y ^ = ^ ^
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
D D D
f x, y g x, y dxdy f x, y dxdy g x, y dxdy
l
=
l
]] ]] ]]
( ) ( )
D D
kf x, y dxdy k f x, y dxdy =
]] ]]
3) Nu D c th chia thnh hai min D
1
, D
2
khng dm ln
nhau th
4) Nu th
5) Nu (m, M: hng s), th
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
D D D
f x, y dxdy f x, y dxdy f x, y dxdy =
]] ]] ]]
( ) ( ) ( )
f x, y g x, y ; x, y D _ \
( ) ( )
D D
f x, y dxdy g x, y dxdy _
]] ]]
( ) ( )
m f x, y M; x, y D; _ _ \
( )
D D
D
mS f x, y dxdy MS _ _
]]
2.3. Cch tnh tch phn kp.
2.3.1. Dua v tch phn l}p (p dng D|nh l Fubini)
1) Min ly tch phn l hnh ch nht c cc cnh song
song vi cc trc ta d
Nu hm s z = f(x,y) lin tuc trn th
Ch . Nu th
[ [ [ [
D a, b c, d =
( ) ( ) ( )
b d d b
D a c c a
f x, y dxdy dx f x, y dy dy f x, y dx = =
]] ] ] ] ]
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
f x, y f x f y =
( ) ( ) ( )
b d
1 2
D a c
f x, y dxdy f x dx f y dy =
]] ] ]
VD. Tnh
2) Min ly tch phn l min bt ky b| ch}n
Gia su ; y
1
v y
2
lin tuc trn [a, b]. Nu f l hm lin tuc trn D th ta c
Gia su ; x
1
v x
2
lin tuc trn [c, d]. Nu f l hm lin tuc trn D th ta c
( )
[ [
2
2
D
dxdy
I ; D 1, 2
x y
= =

]]
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
D x, y : a x b; y x y y x = _ _ _ _
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
y x y x
b b
D a y x a y x
f x, y dxdy f x, y dy dx dx f x, y dy
1

= =

( )
]] ] ] ] ]
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
D x, y : x y x x y ; c y d = _ _ _ _
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
x y
d
D c x y
f x, y dxdy dy f x, y dx =
]] ] ]
Di th t ly tch phn.
( )
( )
( )
2
1
x y
d
c x y
I dy f x, y dx =
] ]
( )
( )
( )
2
1
y x
b
a y x
I dx f x, y dy =
] ]
VD 1. Xc dinh cn cua tch phn , voi D l
min xc dinh boi cc duong sau
a)
b)
VD 2. Tnh ; voi D l min gioi han boi
cc duong y = x; y = x + 1; y = 1; y = 3
VD 3. Di thu tu ly tch phn
( )
D
I f x, y dxdy =
]]
y 0; y x; x 2 = = =
2
y 0; y x ; x y 2 = = =
( )
2 2
D
I x y dxdy =
]]
( )
2
1 2 x
0 x
I dx f x, y dy

=
] ]
2.3.2. Di bin trong tch phn kp
1) Cng thc di bin tng qut
Xt tch phn kp ; trong d: f lin tuc
trn D. Thuc hin php di bin s x = x(u, v); y = y(u, v), (*)
voi x(u, v), y(u, v) l cc hm lin tuc v c cc dao hm ring
lin tuc trong mt min dng D cua mt phng Ouv; cc cng
thuc (*) xc dinh mt song nh tu D ln D cua mt phng Oxy.
Nu dinh thuc Jacobi: trn D th ta
c cng thuc:
( )
D
I f x, y dxdy =
]]
( )
( )
u v
u v
D x, y x x
J 0
y y D u, v

= = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
D D
f x, y dxdy f x u, v , y u, v J dudv

=
]] ]]
Ch . Cng thuc trn vn cn dng khi dinh thuc J = 0 tai mt
s dim trong D.
VD 1. Tnh ; D l min gioi han boi cc
duong
VD 2. Tnh , D l min xc dinh boi
( )
D
I x y dxdy =
]]
y x; y x 3; y 2x 1; y 2x 1 = = = =
x y
x y
D
I e dxdy

=
]]
x 0; y 0; x y 1 _ _ _
2) Di bin trong ta d cc
Ta xem cc cng thuc: nhu mt php di bin s,
ta c:
Dinh thuc Jacobi:
tru tai gc O. Do d:
x r cos
y r sin
'
=
1
1
!
1
=
1+
( )
( )
r
r
x x cos r sin D x, y
J r 0
y y sin r cos D r,

= = = = =


( ) ( )
D D
f x, y dxdy f r cos , r sin rdrd

=
]] ]]
Theo ch trong muc 1),
cng thuc trn vn dng trong
truong hop min D chua gc O.
Nu min D duoc xc dinh
boi:
th:
( ) ( )
1 2
; r r r o _ _ _ _
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
r
D r
f x, y dxdy d f r cos , r sin rdr

o
=
]] ] ]
Nu gc O nm trong min D v bin cua min D
l duong cong r = r() bao gc toa d O th ta c:
Ch . Di bin trong toa d cuc thuong dng khi
min D l hnh trn hoc c lin quan dn hnh trn
hoc elip.
( ) ( )
( ) r
2
D 0 0
f x, y dxdy d f r cos , r sin rdr

t
=
]] ] ]
VD 1. Tnh ; D l mt phn tu hnh trn
don vi nm trong gc phn tu thu nht
VD 2. Tnh ; voi D gioi han boi
VD 3. Tnh ; voi D l min xc dinh boi
2 2
D
I x y dxdy =
]]
2 2
D
dxdy
I
1 x y
=

]]
2 2
D
dxdy
I
4 x y
=

]]
( )
2
2
x 1 y 1; y 0 _ _
2 2 2 2
x y 2y 0; x y 1 0; x 0; y 0 _ _ _ _
Ta d cc mo rng.
a) Trung hp 1. Min phng D l hnh trn
Dng php di bin
Khi d dinh thuc Jacobi
Khi ly cn cua r v ta coi nhu gc toa d l (x
o
, y
o
)
( ) ( )
2 2
2
o o
x x y y a _
o
o
x x r cos
y y r sin
'
=
1
1
!
1
=
1+
r
r
x x cos r sin
J r 0
y y
sin r cos

= = = =


b) Trung hp 2. Min phng D l hnh elip
; a > 0, b > 0
Dng php di bin:
Khi d dinh thuc Jacobi
Khi ly cn cua r v :
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
_
x
r cos
a
y
r sin
b
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1+
r
r
x x acos ar sin
J abr 0
y y bsin br cos

= = = =


0 2
0 r 1
'
_ _ t
1
1
!
1
_ _
1+
VD 1. Tnh ; voi D:
VD 2. Tnh ; voi D l min phng gioi han
boi:
VD 3. Tnh ; voi D l min phng gioi han boi:
( )
D
I 2x y dxdy =
]]
( ) ( )
2 2
x 1 y 2 4
x 1
'
1
_
1
!
1
_
1
+
( )
D
I x 1 dxdy =
]]
2 2
x y
1; x 0; y 0
9 4
_ _ _
D
I xdxdy =
]]
2
2
x
y 1; y 0; y x
3
_ _ _
2.4. Ung dng cua tch phn kp.
2.4.1. Tnh din tch min phng
VD. Tnh din tch min phng gioi han boi:
2.4.2. Tnh th tch vt th
Th tch hnh tru cong O duoc gioi han trn boi z = f(x, y),
gioi han duoi boi min D trong mt phng Oxy, gioi han xung
quanh boi nhung duong thng song song Oz, tua trn bin D:
D
D
S dxdy =
]]
2 2 2 2
x y 2y; x y 6y; x 0; y x 3 = = _ _
( )
D
V f x, y dxdy =
]]
Th tch hnh tru cong O duoc gioi han trn boi z = f
2
(x, y),
gioi han duoi boi z = f
1
(x, y), gioi han xung quanh boi nhung
duong thng song song voi Oz, tua trn bin D:
D tnh th tch khi O:
1) Xc dinh mt gioi han bn trn: z = f
2
(x, y)
2) Xc dinh mt gioi han bn duoi: z = f
1
(x, y)
3) Xc dinh hnh chiu D cua O xung Oxy bng cch khu z
trong cc phuong trnh cua O
Ch . C th chiu O xung Oxz hoc Oyz. Khi d mt pha
trn, mt pha duoi phai theo huong chiu xung.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
D
V f x, y f x, y dxdy =
]]
VD 1. Tnh th tch vt th gioi han boi:
v cc mt toa d
VD 2. Tnh th tch vt th gioi han boi:
VD 3. Tnh th tch cua vt th gioi han boi:
2 2
x y z 4
z 2
'
1
=
1
!
1
=
1
+
2 2
z x y
x z 2
'
1
=
1
!
1
=
1
+
2 2
z 2x y 1; x y 1 = =
VD 4. Tnh th tch vt th gioi han boi:
VD 5. Tnh th tch cua vt th gioi han boi:
2 2
2 2
1 x y 4
z 0
z x y 4
'
1
_ _
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
_
1
1+
2 2
y x; y 2x; x 1
z 0; z x y
'
= = =
1
1
!
1
= =
1
+
Ox
Oy
Oz
O
A B
VD 6. Tnh th tch vt th gioi han boi:
VD 7. Tnh th tch cua vt th gioi han boi:
2
y 0
y 2 x
z 0
z 3x
'
=
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
_
1
1
1
=
1
1+
2 2
2
x z 1
y 0
y 2 x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1+
BTVN. 1. Thay di thu tu ly tch phn
1) 4)
2) 5)
3) 6)
( )
e ln x
1 0
I dx f x, y dy =
] ]
( )
y
1
0 y
I dy f x, y dx =
] ]
( )
2
2 2x x
1 2 x
I dx f x, y dy

=
] ]
( )
2
2 2x
0
2x x
I dx f x, y dy

=
] ]
( )
2
y y 1
0 y
I dy f x, y dx

=
] ]
( )
2
2 y
1
0
y
I dy f x, y dx

=
] ]
2. Tnh cc tch phn kp sau
1) , voi D: y = 2 x
2
; y = 2x 1
2) , voi D: y = 1; y = 10; x = 0; xy = 1
3) , voi D: x
2
+ y
2
x = 0
4) , voi D l giao cua hai hnh trn
5) , voi D:
( )
D
I x y dxdy =
]]
xy
D
I ye dxdy =
]]
( )
2 2
D
I x y 1 dxdy =
]]
( )
D
I x 2y 1 dxdy =
]]
2 2 2 2
x y 2y; x y 2x _ _
D
I xdxdy =
]]
( )
2
2 2 2
x 1 y 1; x y 4x 0 = =
6) , voi D:
7) , voi D:
8) , voi D:
9) , voi D:
10) , voi D:
2 2
D
I x y dxdy =
]]
2 2
x y 4
y 0; y x
'
1
_
1
!
1
_ _
1
+
( )
D
I 2x 3y dxdy =
]]
2 2
1 x y 4
y 3x; x 0
'
1
_ _
1
!
1
_ _
1
+
D
I xydxdy =
]]
2 2
x y x; y x _ _
2 2
D
I 4 x y dxdy =
]]
2 2
x y 4
y x; y 3x; y x
'
1
=
1
!
1
= = _
1
+
( )
D
I x 1 dxdy =
]]
2 2 2 2
x y 2x; x y 4x
y x; y 3x
'
1
_ _
1
!
1
_ _
1
+
11)
12)
13)
2
2 4 x
2y
0 0
xe
I dx dy
4 y

] ]
2
1 1
x
0 y
I dy e dx =
] ]
( )
1 1
3
0
y
I dy sin x 1 dx =
] ]
3. Chuyn sang toa d cuc v tnh cc tch phn sau
1) , voi D l hnh trn don vi
2) , voi D o gc phn tu thu nht, gioi han
boi: x
2
+ y
2
= 4 v x
2
+ y
2
= 25
3) , voi D:
4) , voi D:
2 2
D
I 1 x y dxdy =
]]
D
I xydxdy =
]]
( )
D
I x 2 dxdy =
]]
2 2
x y 2x 4y _
( )
D
I x 2y dxdy =
]]
2 2
x y
1; y 0
9 4
_ _
4. Tnh th tch vt th gioi han boi cc mt sau
1)
2)
3) v nm trong
gc phn tm thu nht
4)
5)
6) , a > 0
2 2
z x y ; z x y = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z 2z; x y z = =
2 2
z 1 x y ; y x; y 3x; z 0 = = = =
2 2
z x y ; z 3 = =
2 2 2 2
z 4 x y ; x y 1; z 1 = = =
2 2 2 2 2
z 0; z x y ; x y a = = =
3. TCH PHN BOI BA
3.1. D|nh nghia.
Cho hm s z = f(x, y, z) xc dinh trong mt min dng, bi
chn O cua khng gian Oxyz. Chia O mt cch ty thnh n
min nho O
1
, O
2
, ..., O
n
c th tch ln luot l .
Trong mi min O
i
, ly mt dim bt ky M
i
(x
i
, y
i
,z
i
). Lp tng:
duoc goi l tng tch phn cua hm f trong min O.
K hiu: d(O
i
) l duong knh cua min O
i
. Nu tn tai gioi han
huu han, khng phu
1 2 n
V, V , ..., V ^ ^ ^
( )
n
n i i i i
i 1
I f x , y , z V
=
= ^
_
( )
( )
i
n
n i i i i
n maxd 0
i 1
lim I lim f x , y , z V I
\
=
= ^ =
_
thuc vo cch chia min O v cch chon dimM
i
th gioi han
d duoc goi l tch phn boi ba cua hm f trn min O v duoc
k hiu l:
Khi d ta ni hm f kha tch trn O.
D|nh l. Nu hm f lin tuc trn min dng, bi chn th n kha
tch trn min d.
- Tuong tu nhu tch phn kp, ta c th vit:
Tch phn bi ba cung c cc tnh cht tuong tu nhu tch phn
kp.
( )
f x, y, z dV
\
]]]
( ) ( )
f x, y, z dV f x, y, z dxdydz
\ \
=
]]] ]]]
3.2. Cch tnh tch phn bi ba.
3.2.1. Tch phn bi ba trong h ta d Dcc
Tuong tu nhu khi tnh tch phn kp, ta c th dua vic tnh
tch phn bi ba v vic tnh ba tch phn don lin tip.
Nu min O gioi han trn boi mt z = z
2
(x, y), gioi han duoi
boi mt z = z
1
(x, y), gioi han xung quanh boi nhung duong thng
song song Oz, tua trn bin D (D l hnh chiu cua O xung Oxy).
Ta c:
- Nu min ;
y
1
, y
2
lin tuc trn [a, b] th:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
z x, y
D z x, y
I f x, y, z dxdydz dxdy f x, y, z dz
\
= =
]]] ]] ]
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
D x, y : a x b; y x y y x = _ _ _ _
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
y x z x, y
b
a y x z x, y
I f x, y, z dxdydz dx dy f x, y, z dz
\
= =
]]] ] ] ]
VD 1. Tnh ; voi O l min gioi han boi cc
mt phng toa d v mt phng: x + y + z = 1
VD 2. Tnh ; voi
VD 3. Tnh ;
voi O l vt th gioi han boi:
v cc mt toa d,
(phn ).
I ydxdydz
\
=
]]]
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
2
y x y
: 1 y 2
0 z xy
'
1
_ _
1
1
1
\ _ _
!
1
1
_ _ 1
1+
y
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
2
y 1 x; z 1 x = =
z 0 _
VD 4. Tnh ; voi O l min gioi han
boi
VD 5. Tnh ;
voi
( )
I z 1 dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2
x y ; z x; z 0; x 1 = = = =
y
O
x
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
2 2
z 2 x y
:
z x y
'
1
=
1
1
\
!
1
=
1
1+
VD 6. Tnh ; voi
2 2
I x z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
x z 4
: y 0
y 2
'
1
_
1
1
1
\ =
!
1
1
= 1
1+
3.2.2. Di bin trong tch phn bi ba.
1) Cng thc di bin trong tch phn bi ba.
Xt tch phn bi ba:
Dt: . Nu th ta c:
( )
I f x, y, z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
( )
( )
( )
x x u, v, w
y y u, v, w
z z u, v, w
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
+
u v w
u v w
u v w
x x x
J y y y 0
z z z


= =

( ) ( ) ( )
I f x u, v, w , y u, v, w , z u, v, w J dudvdw

\
l
=
l
]]]
2) Tch phn bi ba trong h ta d tr.
Ta xem cc cng thuc: nhu mt php di bin s,
ta c dinh thuc Jacobi:
tru tai gc O. Do d:
- Cng thuc trn vn dng khi min O chua nhung dim trn Oz.
x r cos
y r sin
z z
'
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
r z
r z
r z
x x x cos r sin 0
J y y y sin r cos 0 r 0
z z z 0 0 1

= = = =

( ) ( )
f x, y, z dxdydz f r cos , r sin , z rdrd dz

\ \
=
]]] ]]]
VD 1.
Tnh ;
voi O l min hnh tru gioi han boi
cc mt
VD 2.
Tnh ;
voi O l min hnh nn gioi han boi
cc mt
2 2
I z x y dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
x y 2y; z 0; z 2 = = =
z = 2
O
( )
2 2 2
I x y z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2 2
z x y ; z 1 = =
O
x
3) Tch phn bi ba trong h ta d cu.
Ta xem cc cng thuc: nhu mt php di bin
s, ta c dinh thuc Jacobi:
voi
Do d:
- Cng thuc trn vn dng khi min O chua nhung dim trn Oz.
x r sin cos
y r sin sin
z r cos
'
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
r
2
r
r
x x x
J y y y r sin 0
z z z





= = =

r 0
sin 0
'
=
1
1
!
1
=
1+
( ) ( )
2
f x, y,z dxdydz f rsin cos ,rsin sin ,rcos r sin drd d

\ \
=
]]] ]]]
VD 1.
Tnh ; voi O l min gioi han boi
2 2 2
I x y z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2 2 2 2
z x y ; x y z z _ _
x
y
z
2 2 2
x y z z =
2 2
z x y =
(0, 0, 1)
VD 2.
Tnh ; voi O l min gioi han boi:
VD 3.
Tnh ; voi O l min gioi han boi:
2 2
1
I dxdydz
x y
\
=

]]]
( )
2 2 2 2 2
z 0; x y z 4; x y 1; z 0 = = _ _
( )
I y z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
( )
2 2 2
z 0; x y z 2y; z 0 = = _
3.3. Ung dng cua tch phn bi ba.
- Tnh th tch vt th
Tu dinh nghia tch phn bi ba ta c cng thuc tnh th tch
cua vt th O:
Ch . C th su dung tch phn kp d tnh th tch vt th.
Tuy nhin trong mt s truong hop su dung tch phn bi ba tnh
nhanh hon, v tch phn bi ba c th di sang toa d tru hoc toa
d cu.
VD 1. Tnh th tch vt th O gioi han boi
V dxdydz
\
\
=
]]]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z 1; x y z 4; z x y = = _
VD 2. Tnh th tch vt th O gioi han boi
2 2
x y 2x; x z 3; x z 3 = = =
x
O
2
VD 3. Tnh th tch vt th O gioi han boi
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z 4; x y z 4z = =
y
VD 4. Tnh th tch vt th O gioi han boi
2
y x ; y z 1; z 0 = = =
1) , voi
2) , voi
3) , voi
4) , voi
5) , voi
BTVN. 1. Tnh cc tch phn bi ba sau:
I xdxdydz
\
=
]]] 2 2
x 0; y 0
:
x y z 4
'
_ _
1
1
\
!
1
_ _
1
+
( )
2 2
I x y dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
: x z 2y; y 2 \ = =
2 2 2
I x y z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2 2
: x y z z \ _
I xdxdydz
\
=
]]]
x 0; y 0; z 0
:
z x y; x y 1
'
= = =
1
1
\
!
1
= =
1+
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
( )
2 2 2
2 2
z 0; x y z 4; z 0
:
x y
x
2
'
1
= = _
1
1
1
\
!

1
=
1
1
1+
6) , voi
7) , voi
8) , voi
9) , voi
10) , voi
( )
2 2
I x y 1 dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
2 2
z x y
:
z x y
'
1
=
1
1
\
!
1
=
1
1+
2
I x dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
2 2
z 0; z 2 x y
:
x y 1
'
1
= =
1
\
!
1
=
1
+
( )
I 2x 3y dxdydz
\
=
]]]
y x; z 1 y
:
x 0; z 0
'
1
= =
1
\
!
1
= =
1
+
2 2
I x y dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
2 2
z 4; z 1 x y
:
x y 1
'
1
= =
1
\
!
1
=
1
+
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2 2 2
2 2
z x y ; z 2 x y
:
x y 1
'
1
= =
1
\
!
1
=
1
+
11) , voi
12) , voi
13) , voi
14) , voi
( )
2 2
I x z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
: 2y x z ; y 2 \ = =
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2
2 2 2
z x y
:
x y z 1
'
1
_
1
1
\
!
1
=
1
1+
( )
3
2 2 2
2
x y z
I e dxdydz

\
=
]]]
( )
2 2 2
y 0
:
x y z 1; y 0
'
=
1
1
\
!
1
= _
1
+
I zdxdydz
\
=
]]]
( )
2 2 2
z 1
:
x y z 2z; z 1
'
=
1
1
\
!
1
= _
1
+
2. Di sang toa d cu ri tnh
3. Di sang toa d tru ri tnh
2 2 2
0 0 0
2
4 x 4 x y
I dx dy xdz

=
] ] ]
2
2 2x x 4
2 2
0 0 0
I dx dy z x y dz

=
] ] ]
4. Hy xc dinh cn cua tch phn , voi ( )
I f x, y, z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
1) 2)
3) 4)
2 2
2 2
2 2
z x y 2
: z 4 x y
x y 4
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
\ =
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
2 2 2
2 2
4 x y z 9
:
y z x 0
'
1
_ _
1
1
\
!
1
_
1
1+
2 2 2
2 2
x y z 6
:
z x y
'
1
_
1
\
!
1
=
1
+
2 2
z x y
:
z 1; z 4
'
1
=
1
\
!
1
= =
1
+
5. Vit tch phn sau theo thu tu tnh z, y, x:
voi
( )
I f x, y, z dxdydz
\
=
]]]
2 2 2
2 2
x y z 1
:
z x y
'
1
_
1
1
\
!
1
_
1
1+
6. Tnh th tch vt th O gioi han boi cc mt sau
1)
2)
3) ; a > 0
4)
2 2
z 3; z x y 1 = =
2 2 2 2 2
z x y ; x y z 4 _ _
2 2 2 2 2
z 0; z x y ; x y a = = =
2 2 2 2
z 4 x y ; x y 1; z 1 = = =
4. TCH PHN DUNG LOAI MOT
4.1. D|nh nghia.
Cho hm s f(x, y) xc dinh trn duong cong L. Chia L mt cch
ty thnh n duong cong nho boi cc dim A
o
, A
1
,..., A
n
. Goi d di
cung A
i-1
A
i
l Al
i
. Trn
cung A
i-1
A
i
ly mt
dim ty M
i
. Lp tng:
Nu tn tai gioi han
huu han, khng phu thuc vo
( )
n
n i i
i 1
I f M l
=
= ^
_
( )
i
n
n i i
n max l 0
i 1
lim I lim f M l I
^
=
= ^ =
_
x
y
O
A
n-1
A
n
cch chia L v cch chon dim M
i
th gioi han d duoc goi l
tch phn duong loai mot cua hm f trn L v duoc k hiu l:
hoc
Khi d ta ni hm f kha tch trn L.
Trong khng gian Oxyz ta dinh nghia tuong tu v k hiu l:
Tch phn duong loai mt c cc tnh cht ging tch phn xc
dinh.
Tch phn duong loai mt khng phu thuc vo chiu ly tch
phn trn L.
( )
L
f x, y dl
]
( )
L
f x, y ds
]
( )
L
f x, y, z dl
]
4.2. S tn ti tch phn dung loi mt.
Duong cong L cho boi y = y(x); duoc goi l tron nu
dao hm y(x) tn tai v lin tuc trn [a, b].
Duong cong L c phuong trnh tham s x = x(t), y = y(t);
duoc goi l tron nu tn tai cc dao hm x(t), y(t) lin tuc v
khng dng thoi bng 0 trn [a, b].
Duong cong L duoc goi l tron tung khc nu n gm mt s
huu han duong cong tron.
D|nh l. Nu duong cong L tron v nu hm f lin tuc trn
L th f kha tch trn L.
Nu duong cong L tron tung khc v nu hm f lin tuc trn
L th f kha tch trn L.
[ [
t a, b
[ [
x a, b
4.3. Cch tnh tch phn dung loi mt
1) Nu L cho boi phuong trnh y = y(x); th:
Tuong tu, nu L cho boi phuong trnh x = x(y); th:
VD. Tnh voi L l AOAB c cc dinh O(0, 0),
A(1, 0), B(0, 1).
2) Nu L cho boi phuong trnh tham s x = x(t), y = y(t);
th:
a x b _ _
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
2
L a
f x, y dl f x, y x 1 y x dx

=
] ]
a y b _ _
( ) ( ) ( )
b
2
L a
f x, y dl f x(y), y 1 x y dy

=
] ]
( )
L
I x y dl =
]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
2 2
L a
f x, y dl f x(t ), y t x t y t dt

=
] ]
a t b _ _
VD. Tnh voi L l cung trn AB , tm I(1; 3),
bn knh 2 v A(1; 5), B(3; 3)
3) Nu L cho boi phuong trnh trong toa d cuc r = r();
th ta xem l tham s, ta c phuong trnh cua L l:
x = r()cos, y = r()sin; , suy ra
Vy:
VD. Tnh voi L l duong trn
o _ _
o _ _
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
x y r r

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
L
f x, y dl f rcos , r sin r r d

=
] ]
( )
L
I x y dl =
]
2 2
x y 2x =
( )
2 2
L
I x y dl =
]
4) Nu duong cong L trong khng gian cho boi phuong trnh
tham s x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t); th:
VD. Tnh voi L c phuong trnh x = acost, y = asint,
z = bt;
4.4. Ung dng cua tch phn dung loi mt
- Tnh d di dung cong: D di cua duong cong L l:
VD. Tnh d di cua duong cong L voi L l nua trn duong trn
don vi
a t b _ _
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
2 2 2
L a
f x, y, z dl f x(t), y t , z t x t y t z t dt

=
] ]
2
L
I z dl =
]
0 t 3 _ _
L
l dl =
]
5. TCH PHN DUNG LOAI HAI
5.1. D|nh nghia.
Cho hai hm s P(x, y), Q(x, y) xc dinh trn duong cong L.
Chia L mt cch ty thnh n duong cong nho boi cc dim
Trn mi cung A
i-1
A
i
ly mt dim ty . Lp tng:
voi
Nu khi sao cho (Al
i
l d di cung A
i-1
A
i
),
( ) ( ) ( )
o o o 1 1 1 n n n
A x , y , A x , y ,..., A x , y
( ) ( )
n
n i i i i
i 1
I P M x Q M y
=
l
= ^ ^
l
_
( )
i i i
M x , y
n
i
max l 0 ^
i i 1 i
i i 1 i
x x x
y y y

'
^ =
1
1
!
1
^ =
1
+
tng I
n
dn toi mt gioi han huu han I, khng phu thuc cch chia
L v cch chon dim M
i
th gioi han d duoc goi l tch phn
duong loai hai cua hai hm P, Q trn L v duoc k hiu l:
Trong khng gian ta dinh nghia tuong tu v k hiu l:
D|nh l. Nu hai hm P, Q lin tuc trong min mo chua duong
cong L tron tung khc th tn tai tch phn duong loai hai cua P,
Q doc theo L.
Tch phn duong loai hai c cc tnh cht nhu tch phn xc
dinh.
( ) ( )
L
P x, y dx Q x, y dy
]
( ) ( ) ( )
L
P x, y, z dx Q x, y, z dy R x, y, z dz
]
Tch phn duong loai hai phu thuc chiu ly tch phn trn L.
Do d, khi vit tch phn cn ghi r dim du v cui.
Nu L l duong cong kn, ta quy uoc chiu duong cua L l
chiu m khi di doc L theo chiu y s thy min gioi han boi L
nm v pha bn tri. Tch phn theo huong duong duoc k hiu:
Tu dinh nghia tng tch phn ta c th vit:
AB BA
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy =
] ]
L
Pdx Qdy
]
L L L
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy =
] ] ]
5.2. Cch tnh tch phn dung loi hai.
1) Nu L cho boi phuong trnh y = y(x); x = x
1
l honh d cua
dim du, x = x
2
l honh d cua dim cui th:
Tuong tu, nu L cho boi phuong trnh x = x(y); y = y
1
l tung d
cua dim du, y = y
2
l tung d cua dim cui th :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
x
L x
P x, y dx Q x, y dy P x, y x Q x, y x y x dx
l

=
l
l
] ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
y
L y
P x, y dx Q x, y dy P x y , y x y Q x y , y dy
l

=
l
l
] ]
VD 1. Tnh , voi L l duong ni
dim (0, 0) voi dim (1, 1), nu L l: 1) duong y = x
2) duong y = x
2
VD 2. Tnh , voi L l cung cua
duong parabol y
2
= 1 x tu dim A(0, 1) dn dim B(0, 1)
( ) ( )
L
I x y dx x y dy =
]
( ) ( )
2 2
L
I 2xy x dx x y dy =
]
2) Nu L cho boi phuong trnh tham s x = x(t), y = y(t); t = a
ung voi dim du cua L, t = b ung voi dim cui cua L th:
Tuong tu trong khng gian ta c:
VD 1. Tnh , voi L l duong trn
x
2
+ y
2
= 4
VD 2. Tnh tch phn cc hm P = z, Q = x, R = y doc theo cung
L c phuong trnh: x = cost, y = sint, z = 3t;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
L a
P x, y dx Q x, y dy P x t , y t x t Q x t , y t y t dt
l

=
l
l
] ]
( ) ( ) ( )
b
L a
Pdx Qdy Rdz Px t Qy t Rz t dt
l

=
l
] ]
( ) ( )
L
I 3x 4y dx 2x y dy =
]
0 t 2 _ _ t
5.3. Cng thc Green.
Xt min phng D c bin l duong cong L. Khi d, chiu
duong quy uoc trn L l chiu m di theo chiu ny ta thy min
D nm pha bn tay tri.
Min D duoc goi l min don lin nu cc bin kn cua D c
th co v mt dim P thuc D m khng bi cc bin khc can tro.
Nguoc lai D duoc goi l min da lin.
Min da lin
D
Min don lin
L
1
L
2
L
3
1 2 3
L L L L = ' '
1 2
L L L = '
Cng thc Green.
Cho D l min dng, bi chn trong mt phng Oxy voi bin L
kn tron tung khc. P(x, y), Q(x, y) v cc dao hm ring cp mt
lin tuc trong min mo chua D. Khi d:
Diu kin d su dng cng thc Green:
1) L l duong cong kn.
2) P(x, y), Q(x, y) v cc dao hm ring cp mt lin tuc trn
min D c bin L.
( ) ( )
L D
Q P
P x, y dx Q x, y dy dxdy
x y
1
0 0

0 0
( )
] ]]
Du + nu chiu ly tch phn trng chiu duong quy uoc
VD 1. Tnh , trong d L l bin tam
gic OAB voi O(0; 0), A(1; 1), B(0; 2), nguoc chiu kim dng h.
VD 2. Tnh , trong d L l nua
trn duong trn , cng chiu kim dng h.
VD 3. Tnh , trong d L l duong cong kn ty
khng chua gc O, nguoc chiu kim dng h.
( )
2
L
I x 3y dx 2ydy =
]
( ) ( )
2 2
L
I x y dx x y dy =
]
2 2
x y 2x =
2 2
L
xdy ydx
I
x y

]
Ung dng cng thc Green tnh din tch min phng.
Trong cng thuc Green ly P = y, Q = x ta duoc:
Vy:
VD. Tnh din tch hnh elip
D
L D
xdy ydx 2 dxdy 2S = =
] ]]
D
L
1
S xdy ydx
2
=
]
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
_
5.4. Diu kin d tch phn dung khng ph thuc vo dung
ly tch phn.
D|nh l. Gia su hai hm s P(x, y), Q(x, y) v cc dao hm ring
cp mt cua chng lin tuc trong min mo don lin D chua cung
AB . Khi d, bn mnh d sau dy tuong duong voi nhau:
1)
2) doc theo moi duong cong kn L nm trong D
3) chi phu thuc hai du mt A, B m khng phu
thuc duong cong ni A, B
4) Biu thuc Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn cua mt hm s
U(x, y) no d trong D, tuc l: dU(x, y) = Pdx + Qdy
( )
P Q
; x, y D
y x
0 0
= \
0 0
L
Pdx Qdy 0 =
]
AB
Pdx Qdy
]
Cch tnh tch phn da vo D|nh l trn.
Gia su P(x, y), Q(x, y) thoa mn Dinh l trn, khi d tch phn
chi phu thuc hai dim A, B nn c th vit I
duoi dang . Ta thuong tnh
I theo duong don gian nht l cc duong gp khc song song voi
cc truc toa d. Ta duoc:
1 2
AC CB
I I I = =
] ]
( )
( )
B B
A A
x , y
B
A x , y
I Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy = =
] ]
AB
I Pdx Qdy =
]
( ) ( )
2
CB
I P x, y dx Q x, y dy = =
]
( ) ( ) ( )
B B
A A
y y
B B B
y y
P x , y .0dy Q x , y dy Q x , y dy = =
] ]
( ) ( )
1
AC
I P x, y dx Q x, y dy =
]
( ) ( )
( )
B
A
B
A
x
A A
x
x
A
x
P x, y dx Q x, y .0dx
P x, y dx
=
=
]
]
( ) ( )
B B
A A
x y
A B
x y
I P x, y dx Q x , y dy = =
] ]
H qua. Nu Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn cua hm s U(x, y)
no d trong min mo don lin D th
VD 1. Tnh
VD 2. Tnh
( ) ( )
AB
I Pdx Qdy U B U A = =
]
( )
( ) 2,3
1,2
I ydx xdy

=
]
( )
( ) 6,8
2 2
1,0
xdx ydy
I
x y

]
BTVN. 1. Tnh cc tch phn duong
1) , AB l doan thng ni hai dim A(0; 0), B(4; 3)
2) , AB l doan thng ni A(2; 3), B(1; 4)
3) , L l bin cua hnh chu nht ABCD, A(0; 0), B(4; 0),
C(4; 2), D(0;2)
4) , L l duong trn
5) , L:
( )
AB
I x y dl =
]
AB
I xydl =
]
L
I xydl =
]
2 2
L
I x y dl =
]
2 2
x y ax =
L
I xydl =
]
2 2
2 2
x y
1; x 0, y 0
a b
= _ _
6) , voi AB l cung parabol , A(0; 1), B(2; 5)
7) , voi L l cung parabol
8) , trong d L = L
1
+ L
2
, voi L
1
: y = x
2
tu (0; 0) dn
(1; 1) v L
2
l duong thng tu (1; 1) dn (1; 2)
9) , voi L l nua duong trn
AB
I xdl =
]
2
y x 1 =
3
L
I x dl =
]
2
x
y ; 0 x 3
2
= _ _
L
I 2xdl =
]
( )
2 2
L
I x y dl =
]
2 2
x y 2x; x 1 = _
10) , voi L l nua bn phai duong trn
11) , L duoc xc dinh boi:
12) , voi L l giao cua v x + z = 4
13) , voi L l phn duong trn
14) , voi L l phn duong trn
L
I 2xdl =
]
2 2
x y 4 =
( )
L
I x y dl =
]
2 2 2
x y z 4; y x = =
2
L
I x dl =
]
2 2 2
x y z 4; x y z 0 = =
4
L
I xy dl =
]
L
I 2ydl =
]
2 2
x y 16; x 0 = _
2 3
t t
x t, y , z ; 0 t 1
2 3
= = = _ _
2. Tnh cc tch phn duong
1) , ABC l duong gp khc
A(0; 0), B(2; 2), C(4; 0)
2) , L l cung parabol y = 2x x
2
nm o
trn truc Ox theo chiu kim dng h
3) , L l duong elip
chay nguoc chiu kim dng h
4) , AB l nua duong trn
v pha ni dim A(0; 0) voi dim B(0; 2)
( ) ( )
2 2
ABC
I x y dx x y dy =
]
( )
2
L
I ydx y x dy =
]
( ) ( )
L
I x y dx x y dy =
]
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
=
( )
2 2
2 2
AB
2xydx x y dy
I
x y

=

]
2 2
x y 2y = x 0 _
5) , voi L l cung tu
O(0; 0) dn A(1; 1) theo chiu kim dng h
6) , duong cong kn L l chu
tuyn duong cua min D gioi han boi y = x
2
, x = 0, y = 1 (phn )
7) ,
L l nua trn duong trn di tu dim A(2; 0) dn O(0; 0)
8)
L
I ydx xdy =
]
2 2
x y 2x =
( ) ( )
2 2
L
I x 2xy dx 2xy y dy =
]
( ) ( )
xy 2 xy 2 2
L
I ye 2x cos y x y dx xe x sin y xy xy dy =
]
2 2
x y 2x =
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 1,1
0,0
I x y dx x y dy =
]
x 0 _
9) , voi L l duong c phuong trnh
ni tu A( 2; 0) dn B(2; 0)
10) , voi L l nua duong trn
theo chiu nguoc chiu kim dng h
11)
voi L l duong trn nguoc chiu kim dng h
( )
2 2
L
I x ydx x y 1 dy =
]
2
y 4 x =
( ) ( )
3 2 2
L
I xy 5 dx 2x y dy =
]
2 2
x y 4y; y 2 = _
( )
( )
2 2
x y
L
I e cos2xydx sin 2xydy

=
]
2 2
x y 4 =
3. Chung to l vi phn
ton phn cua hm hai bin U(x, y). Hy tm hm U(x, y) d
4. Tnh theo duong cong AB ty tu
A(1; 0) dn B(2; 0)
a) Khng bao quanh gc toa d
b) Bao quanh gc toa d
5. Tnh , A(1; 1), B(2;4) trong cc truong hop:
a) Cung AB cho boi phuong trnh:
b) Cung AB bt ky tao voi doan AB thnh duong cong kn khng
bao gc toa d
( )
( )
2 x
x e y 1 dx x y cosy dy
2 2
AB
xdx ydy
I
x y

]
2 2
AB
xdy ydx
I
x y

]
2
y x ;1 x 2 = _ _
6. Tnh
a) Tm hng s u d tch phn I khng phu thuc duong di
b) Voi u tm duoc o cu a), tnh I bit L l cung ty ni
A(0; a) v B(1; 0)
( ) ( )
xy x xy x
L
I 2ye e cos y dx 2xe e sin y dy
o o
=
]
Chuong 2. Phuong trnh vi phn
- Khi nim v phuong trnh vi phn
Phuong trnh vi phn l biu thuc lin h giua bin s dc lp,
hm s cn tm v cc dao hm cua n.
Dang tng qut:
Cp cao nht cua dao hm cua y trong (1) duoc goi l cap cua
phuong trnh.
VD. l phuong trnh vi phn cp mt
l phuong trnh vi phn cp hai
l phuong trnh vi phn cp ba
( )
( )
( )
n
F x, y, y , y ,..., y 0 1

=
2 x
y xy 2y e

=
y 4y 0

=
2x
y 3y e

=
Nu tu (1) ta giai duoc theo th:
Nghim cua (1) trn khoang I no d l hm y = (x) xc dinh
trn I sao cho khi thay vo (1) ta duoc dng nht thuc.
Phuong trnh vi phn nu c nghim th s c v s nghim sai
khc nhau mt hng s C.
Giai mt phuong trnh vi phn l di tm tt ca cc nghim cua
n.
D thi nghim y = (x) cua mt phuong trnh vi phn duoc goi
l duong cong tch phn.
( ) ( )
( )
n n 1
y f x, y, y ,..., y

=
( ) n
y
1. PHUONG TRNH VI PHN CAP MOT
1.1. Cc khi nim co ban.
Dang tng qut cua phuong trnh vi phn cp mt l
. Nu giai ra duoc th:
Nghim cua phuong trnh vi phn cp mt phu thuc hng s C.
Nghim tong qut cua (2) c dang: y = (x, C). Nghim ring cua
(2) l nghim thu duoc tu nghim tng qut bng cch cho C mt
gi tri cu th.
Nghim k di cua (2) l nghim thu duoc truc tip tu (2) v khng
thoa nghim tng qut cho d C ly bt k gi tri no.
( ) ( )
F x, y, y 0 2

= ( )
y f x, y

= y

1.2. Phuong trnh vi phn vi bin s phn li (phuong trnh

tch bin).
L phuong trnh c dang:
Cch giai: Ly tch phn hai v ta duoc nghim tng qut:
VD. Giai phuong trnh
( ) ( )
f x dx+g y dy=0
( ) ( )
f x dx g y dy C =
] ]
2 2
dx dy
0
1 x 1 y
=

Xt phuong trnh c dang:
Cch giai: C th dua v phuong trnh tch bin
Nu g
1
(y) = 0 tai y = b, th y = b l mt nghim ring
Nu f
2
(x) = 0 tai x = a, th x = a l mt nghim ring
Nu , chia hai v cho ta duoc phuong
trnh tch bin
VD. Giai phuong trnh: 1)
2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
f x g y dx+f x g y dy=0
( ) ( )
2 1
f x g y 0 =
( ) ( )
2 1
f x g y
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
f x g y
dx+ dy=0
f x g y
( ) ( ) 1 x ydx 1 y xdy = 0


( )
xy + x y y 0

=
1.3. Phuong trnh vi phn dng cp (phuong trnh thun nht).
L phuong trnh c dang:
Cch giai:
Dt
Do d
Nu th giai phuong trnh ny ta c cc nghim ring
Nu
(l phuong trnh tch bin)
VD. Giai phuong trnh: 1)
2)
y
y f
x
1

( )
y
u y ux y u xu
x

= = = = =
( ) ( )
u xu f u xu f u u

= = =
( )
f u u 0 =
( ) ( )
du
f u u 0 : x f u u
dx
= =
( )
du dx

f u u x
= =

x
y xy y ln
y

=
( )
xdy ydx = ydy; y 1 1 =
Cc dng c th dua v phuong trnh dng cp.
Dang: voi f l hm dng cp bc 0, tuc
( Hm l hm dng cp bc 0)
VD. Giai phuong trnh
( ) ( )
o
f kx, ky k f x, y =
( )
y f x, y

=
( )
2 2
x y dx 2xydy = 0
( )
2 2
x y
f x, y
2xy

=
Dang:
Trung hp 1. h
Dt
l phuong trnh dng cp
( )
1 1 1
a x b y c
y f 3
ax by c
1

( )
1 1
a b
0
a b
= =
1 1 1
a x b y c 0
ax by c 0
'
=
1
1
!
1
=
1+
c nghim duy
nht
( )
o o
x , y
o o
X x x , Y y y y Y

= = = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 o 1 o 1
1 1
o o
a X x b Y y c
a X b Y
Y f f
a X x b Y y c aX bY
1
1

= = =

( )
( )
1 1
a b Y / X
Y f
a bY / X
1

= =

( )

Trung hp 2.
Dt
Tu (3) suy ra:
l phuong trnh tch bin
VD. Giai phuong trnh
1 1
1 1
a b
a b
0 k
a b a b
= = = =
u ax by u a by

= = =
1 1 1 1
a x b y c ku c
b.y b.f u a b.f
ax by c u c
1
1

= = =

( )
( )
1
ku c du
a b.f
dx u c
1

= =

( )

( ) ( )
1 x y dy x y 3 dx = 0
1.4. Phuong trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt.
L phuong trnh c dang:
trong d: p, q l cc hm lin tuc
Nu q(x) = 0, ta c
Phuong trnh (5) duoc goi l phuong trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
thun nht.
Cch giai:
+ Voi phuong trnh (5) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
y p x y q x 4

=
( ) ( )
y p x y 0 5

=
( ) ( )
dy dy
p x y p x dx
dx y
= = =
( ) ( )
dy
p x dx ln y = p x dx ln C
y
= = =
] ] ]
( ) ( ) ( ) p x dx lnC p x dx p x dx
ln y
lnC
e e y e .e Ce

] ] ]
= = = = =
+ Voi phuong trnh (4) ta giai bng phuong php bin thin hng s
Lagrange.
Ta xem C l hm cua x. Ta tm C = C(x) sao cho
thoa mn (4). Ly dao hm hai v cua (6) ri thay vo (4) ta duoc:
Vy
( )
( )
( )
p x dx
y C x e 6

]
=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
p x dx p x dx p x dx
C x e C x p x e p x C x e q x

] ] ]

=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) p x dx p x dx
1
dC
q x e C x q x e dx C
dx
] ]
= = = =
]
( )
( )
( ) p x dx p x dx
y e q x e dx C
l
] ]
l =
l
l
]
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
3)
( )
2
x 1 y 4xy 3

=
( )( ) ( )
x
1 x y y e ; y 2 1

= =
( )
y y
e dx xe 1 dy 0 =
1.5. Phuong trnh Bernoulli.
L phuong trnh c dang:
- Cch giai:
Chia hai v cho , ta duoc
Dt , phuong trnh trn tro thnh:
hay
(dy l phuong trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt di voi z)
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
( ) ( )
y p x y q x y ; 0, 1
o

= o = o =
y
o
( ) ( )
1
y y p x y q x
o o

=
( )
1
z y z = 1 y y
o o

= = o
( ) ( )
z
p x z q x
1

=
o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z 1 p x z 1 q x

o = o
( )
2
xy y y ln x; y 1 1

= =
1.6. Phuong trnh vi phn ton phn.
L phuong trnh c dang:
trong d: P, Q v cc dao hm ring cp mt cua chng lin tuc
trong mt min mo don lin D thoa mn diu kin
- Cch giai:
Ta c: l vi phn ton phn cua hm
U(x, y), tuc
Tu (7) l nghim tng qut
cua (7)
Ta di tm hm U(x, y) nhu sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
P x, y dx Q x, y dy 0 7 =
P Q
y x
0 0
=
0 0
( ) ( )
P x, y dx Q x, y dy
( ) ( ) ( )
dU x, y P x, y dx Q x, y dy =
( ) ( )
dU x, y 0 U x, y C = = = =
Ta c:
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
x
y
U P x, y U x, y P x, y dx f y

U Q x, y
'
1

= = =
1
1
!
1

= 1
1+
]
Dao hm hai v theo y ta duoc:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
y
y
U P x, y dx f y Q x, y

= =
]
( ) ( ) ( )
f y f y U x, y

= = =
( )
ydx x 2y 1 dy 0 =
( ) ( )
3x 3x
3e y 2x dx e sin y dy 0 =
BTVN. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
2
y y xy
x

=
y
1 y e 1

=
( )
2 2 2 2
x yx y y xy 0

=
( ) ( )
y sin x y sin x y

=
2 2
y x 2xy 1 y

=
1
y 1
x y

x y x 2y
2 3 y 0

=
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
2 2
xyy x 2y 0

=
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
3x y y y x xy 0

=
( )
( )
2
1 x y xy 1; y 0 0

= =
y y cot x sin x

=
( )
2 2
xy x 1 x yy 3x 5 0

=
( )
y ln x 2 ydx xdy =
14)
15)
16)
( )
x
2
9
y y e y; y 0
4

= =
( )
2 3
dy
x y xy 1
dx
=
( )
3
2
x
3x 1 ln y dx 2y dy 0
y
1

( )
2. PHUONG TRNH VI PHN CAP HAI
2.1. Cc khi nim co ban.
Dang tng qut cua phuong trnh vi phn cp hai l
hay (*)
Nghim cua phuong trnh vi phn cp hai phu thuc hai hng s.
Nghim tong qut cua phuong trnh (*) c dang: y = (x, C
1
, C
2
).
Nghim ring l nghim thu duoc tu nghim tng qut bng cch
cho C
1
, C
2
nhung gi tri cu th.
( )
F x, y, y , y 0

=
( )
y f x, y, y

=
2.2. Bi ton Cauchy.
Bi ton Cauchy l bi ton tm nghim cua phuong trnh (*)
thoa mn diu kin du
2.3. Phuong trnh vi phn cp hai giam cp duc.
1. Phuong trnh khuyt y v :
Cch giai:
Dt ta c phuong trnh vi phn cp mt
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
( )
( )
o o
o o
y x y

y x y
'
1 =
1
!
1

=
1
+
l nhung s cho truoc
o o o
; x , y , y

( ) ( )
F x, y 0 1

=
y z

=
( )
F x, z 0

=
2
y x

=
2. Phuong trnh khuyt y:
Cch giai:
Dt ta c phuong trnh vi phn cp mt
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
3. Phuong trnh khuyt x:
Cch giai:
Dt v coi y l bin cn z l hm s theo bin y. Ta c:
. Khi d (3) tro thnh phuong trnh vi
phn cp mt di voi z:
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
voi diu kin
( ) ( )
F x, y , y 0 2

=
z y

=
( )
F x, z, z 0

=
2
xy y x

=
( ) ( )
F y, y , y 0 3

=
z y

=
dz dz dy dz
y z
dx dy dx dy

= = =
dz
F y, z, z 0
dy
1

( )
2
yy y 0

=
( ) ( )
1
y 1 2; y 1
2

= =
2.4. Phuong trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai vi h s hng.
2.4.1. D|nh nghia.
Phuong trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht h
s hng c dang:
trong d: p, q l hng s, f l hm lin tuc
Phuong trnh: , voi p, q l hng s
duoc goi l phuong trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht
h s hng tuong ung cua phuong trnh (1)
( ) ( )
y py qy f x 1

=
( )
y py qy 0 2

=
2.4.2. Phuong php giai phuong trnh thun nht.
Phuong trnh dc trung:
TH1. Phuong trnh (3) c hai nghim thuc phn bit k
1
, k
2
. Khi
d phuong trnh (2) c hai nghim ring: v
nghim tng qut l:
TH2. Phuong trnh (3) c nghim kp thuc k
1
= k
2
= k. Khi d
phuong trnh (2) c hai nghim ring: v
nghim tng qut l:
( )
y py qy 0 2

=
( )
2
k pk q 0 3 =
1 2
k x k x
1 2
y e , y e = =
1 2
k x k x
1 2
y C e C e =
kx kx
1 2
y e , y xe = =
kx kx
1 2
y C e C xe =
TH3. Phuong trnh (3) c hai nghim phuc lin hop:
. Khi d phuong trnh (2) c hai nghim ring:
v nghim tng qut l:
VD. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
3)
1
k i =o
x x
1 2
y e cos x, y e sin x
o o
= =
( )
x
1 2
y e C cos x C sin x
o
=
2
k i =o
y 3y 4y 0

=
y 2y 5y 0

=
y 6y 9y 0

=
2.4.3. Phuong php giai phuong trnh khng thun nht.
Nghim tng qut cua phuong trnh (1) c dang
trong d: y
o
l nghim tng qut cua phuong trnh thun nht (2)
y
r
l nghim ring cua phuong trnh khng thun nht (1)
+ O trn, ta tm duoc nghim tng qut cua phuong trnh thun
nht tuong ung (2). D tm nghim tng qut cua (1) ta cn tm
nghim ring cua phuong trnh khng thun nht (1). p dung
phuong php bin thin hng s:
( ) ( )
y py qy f x 1

=
o r
y y y =
B1.
B2. Xem C
1
, C
2
l cc hm s cua x, ta tm nghim ring
cua (1) c dang:
Giai h:
Nghim tng qut cua (1) l:
VD. Giai phuong trnh: y 2y y x

=
( ) ( )
o 1 1 2 2
y py qy 0 y C y x C y x

= = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
r 1 1 2 2
y C x y x C x y x =
( )
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
C y C y 0
C y C y f x
'
1

=
1
1
!
1

1 =
1+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 r
C x , C x C x , C x y

= = =
o r
y y y =
+ Di voi mt s dang dc bit cua v phai f(x), c th tm
duoc nghim ring cua (1) m khng cn mt php tnh tch
phn no d l phuong php h s bt dinh.
Ta xt cc truong hop sau:
TH1. , trong d: P
n
(x) l da thuc bc n
Tm nghim ring cua (1) dang:
l da thuc cng bc voi
s = 0 nu u khng l nghim cua phuong trnh dc trung
s = 1 nu u l nghim don cua phuong trnh dc trung
s = 2 nu u l nghim kp cua phuong trnh dc trung
Th vo (1) v dng nht thuc ta duoc nghim ring cn tm.
( ) ( )
x
n
f x e P x
o
=
( )
s x
r n
y x e Q x
o
=
( ) (
n
Q x ( ))
n
P x
r
y
TH2.
trong d: P
m
(x) l da thuc bc m, P
n
(x) l da thuc bc n
Tm nghim ring cua (1) dang:
l cc da thuc bc
s = 0 nu khng l nghim cua phuong trnh dc trung
s = 1 nu l nghim cua phuong trnh dc trung
Th vo (1) v dng nht thuc ta duoc nghim ring cn tm.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x
m n
f x e P x cos x P x sin x
o
=
( ) ( ) ( )
s x
r k k
y x e Q x cos x R x sin x
o
=
( ) ( ) (
k k
Q x , R x
)
k max m, n =
i o
i o
r
y
Ch .
1) thuc truong hop 1:
2) thuc truong hop 2:
D|nh l. (Nguyn l chng cht nghim)
Cho phuong trnh:
Nu v ln luot l nghim ring cua
th nghim ring cua (*) l:
( ) ( )
n
f x P x = ( ) ( )
0x
n
f x e P x =
( ) ( )
n
f x P x cos x =
( ) ( ) ( )
0x
n
f x e P x cos x 0.sin x =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
y py qy f x +f x

= +
( ) ( )
1 2
y py qy f x ; y py qy f x

= =
1 2
r r r
y y y =
1
r
y
2
r
y
VD 1. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
VD 2. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
3)
x
y 5y 6y e

=
y 2y 3x

=
y 4y 3y sin 2x

=
y y cos x

=
2x
y 4y 4y x e

=
BTVN. Giai phuong trnh:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
2x
y y e x

=
2x
y 5y 14y 4e

=
y 2y 2y x 1

=
y y 6y 2x 1

=
( )
3x 2
y 3y 2y e x x

=
2x
y 4y 4y xe

=
y 9y 18cos 3x 30sin 3x

=
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
x
y y 5e sin 2x

=
2
y 4y x

=
x
y 2y y 2e

=
y y 2y 2sin x cos x

=
x
y 2y 3y e cos x

=
x
y 2y 5y 2xe cos 2x