Introduccin al MATLAB: Conceptos bsicos

Helbert Antonio Portugal Ochoa

RESUMEN

41 Frqwhqlgr

Frqwhqlgr

51 Sulqflsdohv Frqfhswrv +e, Dvshfwrv gh od surjudpdflq 61 Rshudflrqhv Ixqgdphqwdohv 81 Fuhdflq gh Ixqflrqhv 91 Rsflrqhv jufdv :1 Dqolvlv gh gdwrv 71 Ixqflrqhv Ojlfdv | Uhodflrqdohv +d, Frqfhswrv evlfrv gho surjudpd

+e, Ixqflrqhv hvwdgvwlfdv | uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv jufdv evlfdv +g, Dqolvlv gh Frpsrqhqwhv Sulqflsdohv +f, Frqwudvwhv gh gdwrv dwslfrv

+d, Jhqhudflq gh qphurv dohdwrulrv

514

Sulqflsdohv Frqfhswrv

41 Pdwode= Hv xq ohqjxdmh gh surjudpdflq txh xwlol}d pdwulfhv frpr xqd gh vxv irupdv evlfdv gh wudedmr +*oderudwrulr pdwulfldo*,1 PDWODE @ *PD0 Wul{ ODErudwru|* +ODERUDWRULR GH PDWULFHV,1 Hvwh surjudpd hv glvwulexgr sru PdwkZrunv +kwws=22zzz1pdwkzrunv1frp2,1 51 Wrroer{hv= Vrq sdtxhwhv gh ixqflrqhv hvshfldol}dgdv 61 Vhdufk sdwk= Pdwode xvd xqdv ghwhuplqdgdv *uxwdv* sdud exvfdu dufklyrv gh h{whqvlq 1p x rwurv dufklyrv uhodflrqdgrv1

Frqfhswrv evlfrv gho surjudpd

71 Ixqflrqhv= Pdwode wlhqh od srvlelolgdg gh fuhdu ixqflrqhv txh sxhghq vhu hmhfxwdgdv ghvgh xq surjudpd 1p r ghvgh ho *surqw*1 Xqd ixqflq frqvwd gh grv hohphqwrv= +e, qdujrxw= qphur gh dujxphqwrv gh vdolgd +d, qdujlq= qphur gh dujxphqwrv gh hqwudgd

81 Zrunvsdfh= hv ho frqmxqwr gh yduldeohv pdqwhqlgdv hq phpruld gxudqwh od vhvlq gh PDWODE1 Sdud uhfrugdu ughqhv suhyldv vh xvd ho fxuvru1

515

41 Orv surjudpdv sxhghq vhu fuhdgrv ghvgh ho *qrwhsdg* | vdoydgrv frq h{0 whqvlq 1p +dufklyrv *vfuls*,

Dvshfwrv gh od surjudpdflq

51 Odv lqvwuxfflrqhv iuhfxhqwhphqwh vrq vhjxlgdv gh xq sxqwr | frpd sdud txh qr vh ghvsolhjhq hq sdqwdood orv uhvxowdgrv gh od rshudflq1 +hmhpsor= >> 7.8/ yv >>7.8>,

61 Orv frphqwdulrv gh od surjudpdflq ylhqhq suhfhglgrv gh xq vljqr (1 +hmhpsor=>> ( hvwh hv xq frphqwdulr, 71 Ho frpdqgr *fohdu* eruud wrgdv odv yduldeohv hq ho hvsdflr gh wudedmr 81 Ho frpdqgr >>khos ixqflq  shuplwh rewhqhu lqirupdflq vreuh od lq0 vwuxfflq +hmhpsor= >>khos h{lw, 91 Ho frpdqgr >>fof eruud od sdqwdood :1 Ho frpdqgr >>orrniru palabra shuplwh exvfdu odv ixqflrqhv dvrfldgdv d odv sdodeud vrolflwdgd1

;1 Sdud ghwhqhu xq surjudpd pdutxh od whfod gh frqwuro mxqwr frq od ohwud *f* +aF, <1 Dghpv gh odv ixqflrqhv hohphqwdohv Pdwode srvhh dojxqdv yduldeohv hv0 shfldohv txh vh ghqhq d frqwlqxdflq 5

+e, hsv= sxqwr rwdqwh +f, sl 614748<111

+d, dqv= qrpeuh sru ghihfwr gh od yduldeoh xwlol}dgd sdud orv uhvxowdgrv

+g, lqi = lqqlwr +sru hmhpsor 423, +i, forfn= krud

+h, QdQ Pdjqlwxg qr qxpulfd +sru hmhpsor 323,

+j, gdwh = ihfkd Hmhpsor 4 =Hqfxhqwuh ho uhvxowdgr gh od rshudflq 78=3 3 >>7a8 dqv @ 4357 >>dqv23 Zduqlqj= Glylgh e| }hur1 dqv @ Lqi >>dqv-3 dqv @ QdQ >>

s Hmhpsor 5 Uhdolfh od vljxlhqwh rshudflq= q @ < a=c; frq a @ 43; c @ 5;frpsuxheh odv yduldeohv hq phpruld | eruuh vxv ydoruhv1 >>d@43>f@5>t@vtuw+<,-d2f> >>t t@ 48 >>zkr \rxu yduldeohv duh= dft >>fohdu >>zkr >>

614 Ghqlflq | Pdqhmr gh yhfwruhv | pdwulfhv

 Odv rshudflrqhv hohphqwdohv vrq hvwqgdu +./0/-, 6  Od pdwul} wudvsxhvwd vh lghqwlfd frq xq dsvwurih1

Rshudflrqhv ixqgdphqwdohv

 Odv pdwulfhv | yhfwruhv vh ghqhq hqwuh frufkhwhv xolol}dqgr ho sxqwr |   4 5 frpd sdud vhsdudu odv odv1 Sru hmhpsor= P@ 1 vh ghqh frpr= 6 7 >> P@^4 5>6 7` (111 | vx wudvsxhvwd hv P*  Od lqvwuxfflq vl}h shuplwh yhulfdu od glphqvlq gh xqd pdwul} +hmhp0 sor= vl}h+P,@5{5,

 Hq glylvlq gh pdwulfhv/ vl D hv xqd pdwul} fxdgudgd qr0vlqjxodu/ hqwrqfhv DqE | E2D fruuhvsrqghq d od pxowlsolfdflq l}txlhugd | ghuhfkd gh E sru ho lqyhuvr gh D/ hvwr hv/ lqy+D, - E | E - lqy+D, uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Ho uhvxowdgr hv rewhqlgr gluhfwdphqwh vlq od frpsxwdflq gho lqyhuvr1  Od lqvwuxfflq *gldj +Yhfwru,* gldjrqdol}d xq yhfwru  Hq ho dqh{r vh uhvxphq odv rshudflrqhv pdwulfldohv hohphqwdohv  |@}hurv+p/q, (pdwul} gh glphqvlq +p{q, gh fhurv  |@rqhv+p/q,  |@h|h+p/p, (pdwul} lghqwlgdg gh glphqvlq p vlhqgr p | q grv qphurv duelwudulrv1 Hmhpsor 6 H{wudljd od sulphud | vhjxqgd 3 4 5 q@C 7 8 : ; >>t@^4=6>7=9>:=<`> >>}@t+4=5/=, }@ 456 789 >> Hmhpsor 7 Uhdolfh od vljxlhqwh rshudflq= g @ +diag+z 3 y,,4 . I @ 5 E 9E 7 Ediag 9E C 7C 8 3 3 53 41 Ghqd ho yhfwru } 4T 3 6 4 E 5 9 F F E ; D C 6 4 7 46 F: F: D8
5x4

 Dojxqdv lqvwuxfflrqhv shuplwhq ghqlu pdwulfhv hvshfldohv/ sru hmhpsor= (pdwul} gh glphqvlq +p{q, gh xqrv

od gh od vljxlhqwh pdwul} 4 6 9 D <

44 F F D
5X 5

4 3 3 4

>> }@^5 6> 7 9> 8 ;> 3 4`>

51 Ghqd ho yhfwru | 61 Gldjrqdolfh ho uhvxowdgr gh od pxowlsolfdflq/ lqylhuwd | vxph od lghqwlgdg= 71 Yhultxh ho uhvxowdgr >>j dqv @ 413733 3 >>j@+lqy+gldj++}*-|,,,.h|h+5,> >>|@^4=7`*>

3 413566

Pdwode glvsrqh gh wuhv rshudgruhv ojlfrv  ) +|,  m +r,

Ixqflrqhv Ojlfdv | Uhodflrqdohv

 +Qr,

111 | odv qlfdv uhvsxhvwdv srvleohv frq odv rshudflrqhv ojlfdv vrq = Flhuwr @ 4 | Idovr @ 31 Dvlplvpr/ vh glvsrqh gh 9 rshudgruhv uhodflrqdohv =  > Pd|ru txh  < Phqru txh  @@ Ljxdo d

 >@ Pd|ru r ljxdo d  @ Qr ljxdo d

 <@ Phqru r ljxdo d

Rwudv ixqflrqhv wlohv sdud dqolvlv frpsdudwlyr txh vh xvdq hq foxvxodv frqglflrqdohv *li* vrq=  Od ixqflq dq|+{, ghyxhoyh 4 vl fxdotxlhud gh orv hohphqwrv gh { hv glihu0 hqwh gh fhur/ gh or frqwudulr ghyxhoyh 31

 Od ixqflq doo+{, ghyxhoyh 4 vrodphqwh vl wrgrv orv hohphqwrv gh { vrq glihuhqwhv gh fhur1 8

Hmhpsor 8 Fuhh 7 rshudflrqhv ojlfdv txh loxvwuhq odv ixqflrqhv |/r/qr +); m; ,  + 4 < 5 , ) + 5 < 6,  + 5 < 4,  +4<5,m+5<4,  + 4 < 5, ) + 5 < 4 , Yhugdghur1+4, Idovr +3,

Yhugdghur +4,

Yhugdghur +4,

Hmhpsor 9 Lghqwltxh ho qphur gh hohphqwrv vxshulruhv d 6 hq ho vljxlhqwh 6 8 < 3 | fuhh xq qxhyr yhfwru txh orv frqwhqjd yhfwru 3 4 7 >>y@^3 4 7 06 8 < 3` y@ 3 4 7 06 8 < 3 >>z@y+y>6, z@ 78<

Pdwode shuplwh fuhdu ixqflrqhv frq h{whqvlq 1p1 Glfkdv ixqflrqhv sdvdq d iru0 pdu sduwh gh od oleuhud sduwlfxodu gh ixqflrqhv gho xvxdulr1 Vx pdqlsxodflq hv htxlydohqwh d od gh fxdotxlhu rwud ixqflq lqfrusrudgd hq xq Wrroerrn Hmhpsor : Vxppdu| ; Fuhh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq y @ 6 . x5 y+3,  Ghvgh ho phqx hvfrmd +Iloh/ Qhz/ P0Iloh,  Ghvgh ho *qrwhsdg* hvfuled ixqfwlrq ^|`@ixqflrqk+{,> |@6.{ a50{ a6> x6 | hydoh

Fuhdflq gh ixqflrqhv

 Vdoyh ho dufklyr frq ho qrpeuh ixqflrqk1p  Ghvgh ho zrunvsdfh hvfuled= >> ixqflrqk+3, dqv @ 6 >>

9 Rsflrqhv Jufdv
 sorw olqhdu [0\  srodu srodu  phvk 6  edu  frqwrxu

Pdwode sxhgh fuhdu jxudv frq dojxqdv gh odv vljxlhqwhv lqvwuxfflrqhv1

Hmhpsor < Judtxh od ixqflq y @ 6 . xa5  isorw+*6.{a50{a6*/^05/5`,/  isorw+*ixqflrqk*/^05/5`,

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -2

xa6 hq ho lqwhuydor +05/5,

r elhq

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

:14

Dqolvlv gh gdwrv

 Orv qphurv dohdwrulrv vrq xwlol}dgrv hq pxfkdv dsolfdflrqhv wdohv frpr= vlpxodflq gh vlvwhpdv/ gh Prqwh Fduor/ errwvwudsslqj/ hqwuh rwudv/ frq ho lqwhuv gh uhdol}du h{shulphqwrv | frqwudvwhv gh ihqphqrv txh hq pxfkrv fdvrv qr revhuydeohv1 Hq od pd|rud gh hvwdv dsolfdflrqhv/ vrq xvdgdv yduldeohv dohdwruldv xqliruphv/ txh hq Pdwode ylhqhq gdgd sru ho frpdqgr= >>udqg (txh jhqhud xqd yduldeoh dohdwruld glvfuhwd txh vh kdood xql0 iruph hq ho lqwhuydor ^3/4`1 :

Jhqhudflq gh qphur dohdwrulrv

Od dgyhuwhqfld txh ghehprv whqhu dfhufd gh orv jhqhudgruhv gh qphurv dohdwrulrv hv txh orv qphurv jhqhudgrv hq Pdwode qr vrq dohdwrulrv vlqr svhxgr dohdwrulrv/ |d txh od frpsxwdgrud xvd dojrulwprv ghwhuplqvwlfrv/ sdud jhqhudu xqd vhfxhqfld txh vh dsur{lpd d xq surfhvr dohdwrulr1 Sru hmhpsor/ fdgd yh} txh vh lqlfld ho surjudpd PDWODE | vh oodpd do jhqhudgru dohdwrulr vh rewlhqh=  >>udqg >>dqv @ 31<834

Sru wdo prwlyr vh uhtxlhuh txh ho xvxdulr lqgltxh xqd ydoru lqlfldo/ oodpdgr vhplood dohdwruld/ od fxdo vhu xwlol}dgd sru ho dojrulwpr gh Pdwode sdud vx jhqhudgru dohdwrulr1 Hvwr vh orjud phgldqwh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq=  >>udqg+*vhhg*/q, (grqgh q hv od vhplood/ qphur sulpr elhq judqgh r dojq qphur hohjlgr do d}du1

Qrwh txh vl vh lqlfldq glvwlqwrv frpsxwdgruhv frq od plvpd vhplood ho jhqhudgru gh qphur dohdwrulrv surgxflu od plvpd vxfhvlq1 Dojxqdv gh odv ixqflrqhv jhqhudgrudv gh qphurv dohdwrulrv vrq= >>udqgq >>srlvvuqg+{/, (txh jhqhud od glvwulexflq gh srlvvrq/ grqgh vrq orv judgrv gh olehuwdg >>wsgi+{/, (jhqhud od glvwulexflq w0vwxghqw1 (txh surgxfh xqd vhfxhqfld qrupdophqwh glvwulexlgd

Fxdqgr vh wudedmd frq h{shulphqwrv/ sru or jhqhudo hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu qphurv dohdwrulrv txh vh kdoohq fruuhodflrqdgrv1 Ho pwrgr pv vlpsoh sdud orjudu hvwh sursvlwr vh edvd hq xwlol}du od ghvfrpsrvlflq gh Fkrohvn|/ ho sur0 fhglplhqwr dtx vhdodgr sduwh hq jhqhudu qphurv dohdwrulrv xqliruphphqwh glvwulexlgrv | dsolfdu od vljxlhqwh uhjod jhqhudo= grqgh= u hv od pdwul} gh fruuhodflq suhyldphqwh ghqlgd/ { od pdwul} gh qphurv dohdwrulrv | od pdwul} gh qphurv dohdwrulrv fruuhodflrqdgrv Hmhpsor 43 Fuhh xqd pdwul} gh qphurv dohdwrulrv | judtxh orv uhvxowdgrv >>e@udqg+6, >>e @ 31<834 317;93 317898 315644 31;<46 3134;8 31939; 31:954 31;547 >>edu+e, +qrwh txh odv eduudv vh djuxsdq gh irupd wdo txh 4/5/6 fruuhvsrqghq d orv hohphqwrv gh fdgd od, ; y @ x chol+r,

0 .8

0 .6 0 .4

0 .2 0

Hmhpsor 44 Jhqhuh qphurv dohdwrulrv xqliruphphqwh glvwulexlgrv (Hq hvwh surjudpd jhqhud qphurv dohdwrulr xqliruphphqwh glvwulexlgrv (hq ho udqjr +3/3 > 4/3, (SDVR 4 Jhqhudflq gh wuhv qphurv dohdwrulrv gh 433 vlpxodflrqhv {@udqg+433/6,> (Hvwh frpdqgr shuplwh jhqhudu flhq qxphurv dohdwrulrv (xqliruphphqwh glvwulexlgrv sdud wuhv yduldeohv (SDVR 5 0 Jhqhudflq gh jufrv= jxuh vxesorw+6/4/4, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od sulphud jufd sorw+{+=/4,, ( judfd ho sulphu yhfwru or gh od pdwul} { wlwoh+*QXPHURV DOHDWRULRV XQLIRUPHPHQWH GLVWULEXLGRV*, |odeho+*Vhulh 4*, vxesorw+6/4/5, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od vhjxqgd jufd sorw+{+=/5,, (judfd ho vhjxqgr yhfwru |odeho+*Vhulh 5*, vxesorw+6/4/6, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od vhjxqgd jufd sorw+{+=/6,, ( judfd ho whufhu yhfwru |odeho+*Vhulh 6*, Hmhpsor 45 Jhqhuh qphur dohdwrulrv qrupdophqwh glvwulexlgrv (Hq hvwh surjudpd vh orjud jhqhudu qphurv dohdwrulr qrupdophqwh glv0 wulexlgrv (SDVR 4 Jhqhudflq gh fxdwur qphurv dohdwrulrv gh 4333 vlpxodflrqhv {@udqgq+4333/7,> (Hvwh frpdqgr shuplwh jhqhudu plo qphurv dohdwrulrv (qrupdophqwh glvwulexlgrv sdud fxdwur yduldeohv (SDVR 5 0 Jhqhudflq gh jufrv= jxuh vxesorw+7/4/4, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od sulphud jufd sorw+{+=/4,, ( judfd ho sulphu yhfwru or gh od pdwul} { wlwoh+*QXPHURV DOHDWRULRV XQLIRUPHPHQWH GLVWULEXLGRV*, <

|odeho+*Vhulh 4*, vxesorw+7/4/5, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od vhjxqgd jufd sorw+{+=/5,, (judfd ho vhjxqgr yhfwru |odeho+*Vhulh 5*, vxesorw+7/4/6, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od vhjxqgd jufd sorw+{+=/6,, ( judfd ho whufhu yhfwru |odeho+*Vhulh 6*, vxesorw+7/4/7, (Hvwh frpdqgr ghqh d od vhjxqgd jufd sorw+{+=/7,, ( judfd ho whufhu yhfwru |odeho+*Vhulh 7*, (SDVR 6 0 Jhqhudflq gh klvwrjudpdv gh iuhfxhfldv jxuh klvw+{, Hmhpsor 46 Jhqhudflq gh yduldeohv dohdwruldv frq xq frhflhqwh gh fruuhodflq ghwhuplqdgr (SDVR 4 0 Ghqlu od pdwul} gh Fruuhodflq fof u@ ^4 31< 0315 315 31< 4 0314 314 0315 0314 4 031; 315 314 031; 4`> ( Pdwul} gh Fruuhodflq gh fxdwur yduldeohv (SDVR 5 0 Jhqhudflq gh fxdwur qxphurv dohdwrulrv sdud 4333 vlpxodflrqhv {@udqg+4333/7,> ( {@udqgq+4333/7,> (SDVR 6 0 Ghvfrpsrvlflq gh Fkrohvn| gh od pdwul} u fkrou @ fkro+u, (SDVR 7 0 Jhqhudflq gh qphurv dohdwrulrv fruuhodflrqdgrv | @ {-fkro+u,> (Sdud yhulfdu orv uhvxowdgrv fdofxorv od fruuhodflq gh od pdwul} gh gdwrv %|% ( | orv frpsdudprv frq od pdwul} %u% u / u| @ fruufrhi+|,

:15 Ixqflrqhv hvwdgvwlfdv | uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv jufdv evl0 fdv

 Dqdol}du xq frqmxqwr gh gdwrv vxsrqh hvwxgldu suhyldphqwh fdgd yduldeoh gh pdqhud lqglylgxdo | vx uhodflq frq rwudv yduldeohv1 Sdud orjudu xq dqolvlv hvwdgvwlfr ghvfulswlyrv evlfr gh odv yduldeohv vh kdfh xvr gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv= >>phdq+{,= >>jhrphdq+{, >>phgldq+{, Phgld dulwpwlfd gh od pdwul} { Phgld jhrpwulfd

43

>>vxp+{,= >>vwg+{,= >>ydu+{,=

>>pd{+{,= >>plq+{,= >>fry+{,=

Yduldq}d gh orv hohphqwrv gh { Pqlpr ydoru P{lpr ydoru

Ghvyldflq hvwqgdu gh orv hohphqwrv gh {

Vxpd gh orv hohphqwrv gh {

 Hq pxfkrv fdvrv ho uhfxuvr jufr hq ho dqolvlv gh gdwrv hv px| ydolrvr/ |d txh shuplwh ghwhfwdu dvlphwudv/ khwhurjhqhlgdg/ gdwrv dwslfrv/ hqwuh rwurv/ sru or txh frqylhqh frqvwuxlu klvwrjudpdv gh iuhfxhqfldv | jufrv gh glvshuvlq hqwuh sduhv gh yduldeohv1 Od yhqwdmd gh hvwh wlsr gh jufrv hv txh shuplwh dsuhfldu vl h{lvwhq uhodflrqhv qr olqhdohv/ hq fx|r fdvr orv uhvxowdgrv gh pdwul} gh fryduldq}dv | fruuhodflq qr vhuq xq exhq uhvxphq gh od ghshqghqfld hqwuh odv yduldeohv hvwxgldgdv1 Sdud rewhqhu ho klvwrjudpd gh iuhfxhqfldv gh xqd vhulh gh gdwrv vh vljxh gh od vljxlhqwh pdqhud= klvw+{/433, (Surgxfh ho klvwrjudpd gh [ frq 433 udqjrv gh lqwhuydor wlwoh+*KLVWRJUDPD GH IUHFXHQFLDV [*, ( Wwxor {odeho+*Udqjrv*, (Hwltxhwd gho hmh devflvd |odeho+*Iuhfxhqfldv*, (Hwltxhwd gho hmh rughqdgr

>>fruufrhi+{,= Pdwul} gh fruuhodflq

Pdwul} gh fryduldq}d gh orv hohphqwrv gh {

HISTOGRAMA DE FRECUENCIAS X 350

300

250 Frecuencias

200

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50

0 -4

-3

-2

-1

0 Rangos

44

Od uhsuhvhqwdflq gh xq gldjudpd gh glvshuvlq hqwuh sduhv gh yduldeohv vh rewlhqh hq Pdwode gho vljxlhqwh prgr= s@3> vl}h+{,>dqv+=/5,>udqjrs@dqv> iru {{@4=udqjrs iru ||@4=udqjrs s@s.4> li {{>|| vxesorw+udqjrs/udqjrs/s, / sorw+{+=/{{,/{+=/||,/*1*, hqg li {{@@|| vxesorw+udqjrs/udqjrs/s, / klvw+{+=/{{,, hqg li {{<|| dd@fruufrhi+{+=/{{,/{+=/||,,> dd@urxqg+dd+5/4,-433,2433> dd @ qxp5vwu+dd,> (dd@dd+=/4=7,> vxesorw+udqjrs/udqjrs/s,/ sorw+318/318/, / wh{w+04/3/dd, hqg hqg hqg

Pxfkdv yhfhv ydoh frqrfhu fxo hv od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd gh od glvwulexflq gh orv gdwrv/ ho uhfxuvr hq hvwdgvwlfd pv xwlol}dgr hv gh orv gldjudpdv gh fdmdv boxplot1 Hvwd uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd pxhvwud orv oplwhv vxshulruhv h lqihulruhv 45

hq xqd fdmd jufd txh pdufdq orv fxduwlohv vxshulru h lqihulru gh od glvwulexflq gh orv gdwrv1 Dghpv/ od orqjlwxg gh od fdmd hv od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho sulphu | ho whufhu fxduwlo/ hv ghflu/ od fdmd frqwlhqh ho 83 ( gh orv gdwrv fhqwudohv gh od glvwulexflq1 Od oqhd ghqwur gh od fdmd lqglfd od srvlflq gh od phgldqd1 Qrwh txh fxdqgr vwd fdh fhufd gho qdo gh od fdmd/ hvwr vhdod suhvhqfld gh dvlphwud hqwuh odv revhuydflrqhv1 Plhvqwudv pd|ru vhd od fdmd/ pd|ru hv od h{whqvlq gh odv revhuydflrqhv1 Odv oqhdv txh vh h{wlhqghq ghvgh fdgd fdmd +frqrflgdv frpr eljrwhv, uhsuhvhqwdq od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho pd|ru | ho phqru gh odv revhuydflrqhv txh hvwq d phqrv gh xq fxduwlo gh od fdmd1 Hvwrv ydoruhv hvwq pdufdgrv frq xqd [1 Orv fdvrv dwslfrv vrq revhuydflrqhv txh vh vlwdq hqwuh 4/3 \ 4/8 fxduwlohv ixhud gh od fdmd1 Sdud rewhqhuor vh xvd od vljxhqwh rshudflq= >>er{sorw+{, judfd ho jufr gh fdmdv gho yhfwru {

:16

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Bibliografa

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