American Bible Society vs. City of Manila G.R. No. L-9637 A ril 3!

" #9$7 FACTS% &n t'e co(rse of its ministry" ABS 'as been )istrib(tin* an) sellin* bibles an)+or *os els t'ro(*'o(t ,'ili ines an) translatin* t'e same into several ,'ili ine )ialects. -'e actin* City -reas(rer of Manila informe) ABS t'at it .as con)(ctin* t'e b(siness of *eneral merc'an)ise since November #9/$ .it'o(t rovi)in* t'e city .it' Mayor0s ermit an) m(nici al license in violation of 1r)inance No. 3!!!" as amen)e) an) 1r)inances Nos. 2$29" 3!23" 336/ an) re4(ire) laintiff to sec(re .it'in t'ree )ays t'e ermit an) license fees" to*et'er .it' com romise coverin* t'e erio) from fo(rt' 4(arter of #9/$ to secon) 4(arter of #9$2 in ,$" 23#./$. ABS roteste) abo(t t'e re4(irement b(t ai) to t'e )efen)ant t'e sai) ermit an) license fees in t'e sai) amo(nt. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e 1r)inances of Manila Nos. 3!!! as amen)e)" an) 2$29" 3!23 an) 336/ are a licable to t'e case at bar. HELD: 6es" t'e city or)inances mentione) are still in force an) effect. 5'en t'e ol) stat(te is re eale) in its entirety an) by t'e same enactment re-enacts all or certain ortions of t'e ree7istin* la." t'e ma8ority vie. 'ol)s t'at t'e ri*'ts an) liabilities .'ic' 'ave accr(e) (n)er t'e ori*inal stat(te are reserve) an) may be enforce)" since t'e reenactment ne(trali9e) t'e re eal" t'erefore contin(in* t'e la. in force .it'o(t interr( tion. &n t'e case at bar" 1r)inances Nos. 2$29 an) 3!!! of t'e city of Manila .ere enacte) by t'e M(nici al Boar) of t'e City of Manila by virt(e of t'e o.er *rante) to it by section 2///" s(bsection of t'e Revise) A)ministrative Co)e" s( erse)e) on :(ne #3" #9/9" by section #3" s(bsection ;#< of Re (blic Act No. /!9" =no.n as t'e Revise) C'arter of t'e City of Manila. -'e only essential )ifference bet.een t'ese t.o rovisions is t'at .'ile s(bsection ;m-2< rescribes t'at t'e combine) total ta7 of any )ealer or man(fact(rer" or bot'" en(merate) (n)er s(bsections ;m-#< an) ;m-2<" .'et'er )ealin* in one or all of t'e articles mentione) t'erein" s'all not be in e7cess of ,$!! er ann(m" t'e corres on)in* section #3" s(bsection of Re (blic Act No. /!9" )oes not contain any limitation as to t'e amo(nt of ta7 or license fee t'at t'e retail )ealer 'as to ay er ann(m. >ence" an) in accor)ance .it' t'e .ei*'t of t'e a(t'orities above referre) to t'at maintain t'at ?all ri*'ts an) liabilities .'ic' 'ave accr(e) (n)er t'e ori*inal stat(te are reserve) an) may be enforce)" since t'e reenactment ne(trali9es t'e re eal" t'erefore contin(in* t'e la. in force .it'o(t interr( tion?" 5e 'ol) t'at t'e 4(estione) or)inances of t'e City of Manila are still in force an) effect.

&*lesia ni Cristo vs CA G.R. No. ##9673 :(ly 26" #996 FACTS: ,etitioner 'as a television ro*ram entitle) ?An* &*lesia ni Cristo? aire) on C'annel 2 every Sat(r)ay an) on C'annel #3 every S(n)ay. -'e ro*ram resents an) ro a*ates etitioner0s reli*io(s beliefs" )octrines an) ractices often times in com arative st()ies .it' ot'er reli*ions. ,etitioner s(bmitte) to t'e res on)ent Boar) of Revie. for Movin* ,ict(res an) -elevision t'e @-R ta es of its -@ ro*ram Series Nos. ##6" ##9" #2# an) #23. -'e Boar) classifie) t'e series as ?A? or not for (blic vie.in* on t'e *ro(n) t'at t'ey ?offen) an) constit(te an attac= a*ainst ot'er reli*ions .'ic' is e7 ressly ro'ibite) by la.. ISSUE: 5'et'er or Not t'e &*lesia ni Cristo ro*ram is not constit(tionally rotecte) as a form of reli*io(s e7ercise an) e7 ression. HELD: 6es. Any act t'at restrains s eec' is accom anie) .it' res(m tion of invali)ity. &t is t'e b(r)en of t'e res on)ent Boar) to overt'ro. t'is res(m tion. &f it fails to )isc'ar*e t'is b(r)en" its act of censors'i .ill be str(c= )o.n. -'is is tr(e in t'is case. So-calle) ?attac=s? are mere criticisms of some of t'e )ee ly 'el) )o*mas an) tenets of ot'er reli*ions. R-CBs r(lin* clearly s( resses etitioner0s free)om of s eec' an) interferes .it' its ri*'t to free e7ercise of reli*ion. Cattac=D is )ifferent from Coffen)D any race or reli*ion. -'e res on)ent Boar) may )isa*ree .it' t'e criticisms of ot'er reli*ions by etitioner b(t t'at *ives it no e7c(se to inter)ict s(c' criticisms" 'o.ever" (nclean t'ey may be. En)er o(r constit(tional sc'eme" it is not t'e tas= of t'e State to favor any reli*ion by rotectin* it a*ainst an attac= by anot'er reli*ion. Reli*io(s )o*mas an) beliefs are often at .ar an) to reserve eace amon* t'eir follo.ers" es ecially t'e fanatics. -'e establis'ment cla(se of free)om of reli*ion ro'ibits t'e State from leanin* to.ar)s any reli*ion. Res on)ent boar) cannot censor t'e s eec' of etitioner &*lesia ni Cristo sim ly beca(se it attac=s ot'er reli*ions" even if sai) reli*ion 'a ens to be t'e most n(mero(s c'(rc' in o(r co(ntry. -'e basis of free)om of reli*ion is free)om of t'o(*'t an) it is best serve) by enco(ra*in* t'e mar=et lace of )(elin* i)eas.

Fbralina* vs Givision S( erenten)e) of Ceb( G.R No. 9$77! Marc' #" #993 FACTS: -'e etitioners .ere e7 elle) from t'eir classes by t'e (blic sc'ool a(t'orities in Ceb( for ref(sin* to sal(te t'e fla*" sin* t'e national ant'em an) recite t'e atriotic le)*e as re4(ire) by Re (blic Act No. #26$" An Act ma=in* fla* ceremony com (lsory in all e)(cational instit(tions of :(ly ##" #9$$ " an) by Ge artment 1r)er No. 3 R(les an) Re*(lations for Con)(ctin* t'e Hla* Ceremony in All F)(cational &nstit(tions )ate) :(ly 2#" #9$$ of t'e Ge artment of F)(cation" C(lt(re an) S orts ;GFCS<ma=in* t'e fla* ceremony com (lsory in all e)(cational instit(tions. :e'ova'0s 5itnesses state) t'at t'e fla* is an ima*e or i)ol re resentin* t'e State. -'ey t'in= t'e action of t'e local a(t'orities in com ellin* t'e fla* sal(te

an) le)*e transcen)s constit(tional limitations on t'e State0s o.er an) inva)es t'e s 'ere of t'e intellect an) s irit .'ic' t'e Constit(tion rotect a*ainst official control. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not sc'ool c'il)ren .'o are members or a reli*io(s sect may be e7 elle) from sc'ool for )isobe)ience of R.A. No. #26$ an) Ge artment 1r)er No. 3. HELD: No. Reli*io(s free)om is a f(n)amental ri*'t .'ic' is entitle) to t'e 'i*'est riority an) t'e am lest rotection amon* '(man ri*'ts" for it involves t'eir relations'i of man to 'is Creator. -'e sole 8(stification for a rior restraint or limitation on t'e e7ercise of reli*io(s free)om is t'e e7istence of a *rave an) resent )an*er of a c'aracter bot' *rave an) imminent" of a serio(s evil to (blic safety" (blic morals" (blic 'ealt' or any ot'er le*itimate (blic interest" t'at t'e State 'as a ri*'t ;an) )(ty< to revent.? Absent s(c' a t'reat to (blic safety" t'e e7 (lsion of t'e etitioners from t'e sc'ools is not 8(stifie).

Fstra)a vs Fscritor A.M No. ,-!2-#6#$ :(ne 22" 2!!6 FACST: Com lainant Ale8an)ro Fstra)a .rote to :()*e :ose H. Caoibes" :r." re4(estin* for an investi*ation of r(mors t'at res on)ent Sole)a) Fscritor" co(rt inter reter" is livin* .it' a man not 'er '(sban). -'ey alle*e)ly 'ave a c'il) of ei*'teen to t.enty years ol). Fstra)a is not ersonally relate) eit'er to Fscritor or 'er artner. Nevert'eless" 'e file) t'e c'ar*e a*ainst Fscritor as 'e believes t'at s'e is committin* an immoral act t'at tarnis'es t'e ima*e of t'e co(rt. Res on)ent Fscritor a)mitte) t'at s'e 'as been livin* .it' L(ciano I(ila io" :r. .it'o(t t'e benefit of marria*e for t.enty years an) t'at t'ey 'ave a son. B(t as a member of t'e reli*io(s sect =no.n as t'e :e'ova'0s 5itnesses an) t'e 5atc' -o.er an) Bible -ract Society" t'eir con8(*al arran*ement is in conformity .it' t'eir reli*io(s beliefs. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not res on)ent s'o(l) be fo(n) *(ilty of t'e a)ministrative c'ar*e of ?*ross an) immoral con)(ct.? HELD: Benevolent ne(trality reco*ni9es t'at *overnment m(st (rs(e its sec(lar *oals an) interests b(t at t'e same time strives to ( 'ol) reli*io(s liberty to t'e *reatest e7tent ossible .it'in fle7ible constit(tional limits. -'(s" alt'o(*' t'e morality contem late) by la.s is sec(lar" benevolent ne(trality co(l) allo. for accommo)ation of morality base) on reli*ion" rovi)e) it )oes not offen) com ellin* state interests. &t still remains to be seen if res on)ent is entitle) to s(c' )octrine as t'e state 'as not been affor)e) t'e c'ance 'as )emonstrate t'e com ellin* state interest of ro'ibitin* t'e act of res on)ent" t'(s t'e case is reman)e) to t'e R-C.

An* La)la) vs C1MFLFC G.R. No. #9!$32 A ril 3. 2!#! FACTS: Comelec ref(se) to reco*ni9e An* La)la) LGB- ,arty" an or*ani9ation com ose) of men an) .omen .'o i)entify t'emselves as lesbians" *ays" bise7(als" or trans-*en)ere) in)ivi)(als ;LGB-s<" as a arty list base) on moral *ro(n)s. &n t'e elevation of t'e case to t'e S( reme Co(rt" Comelec alle*e) t'at etitioner ma)e misre resentation in t'eir a lication. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not An* La)la) LGB- ,arty 4(alifies for re*istration as arty-list. HELD: An* La)la) LGB- ,artyBs a lication for re*istration s'o(l) be *rante). ComelecBs citation of t'e Bible an) t'e Joran in )enyin* etitionerBs a lication .as a violation of t'e nonestablis'ment cla(se lai) )o.n in Article 3 section $ of t'e Constit(tion. -'e roscri tion by la. relative to acts a*ainst morality m(st be for a sec(lar (r ose ;t'at is" t'e con)(ct ro'ibite) or so(*'t to be re resse) is C)etrimental or )an*ero(s to t'ose con)itions ( on .'ic' )e en) t'e e7istence an) ro*ress of '(man society?<" rat'er t'an o(t of reli*io(s conformity. -'e Comelec faile) to s(bstantiate t'eir alle*ation t'at allo.in* re*istration to La)la) .o(l) be )etrimental to society. -'e LGB- comm(nity is not e7em te) from t'e e7ercise of its constit(tionally veste) ri*'ts on t'e basis of t'eir se7(al orientation. La.s of *eneral a lication s'o(l) a ly .it' e4(al force to LGB-s" an) t'ey )eserve to artici ate in t'e arty-list system on t'e same basis as ot'er mar*inali9e) an) (n)er-re resente) sectors. Giscrimination base) on se7(al orientation is not tolerate) ---not by o(r o.n la.s nor by any international la.s to .'ic' )o .e a)'ere.

Marcos vs Man*la (s G.R No. 332## Se tember #$" #939 FACTS: ,etitioners assert t'at t'e ri*'t of t'e Marcoses to ret(rn in t'e ,'ili ines is *(arantee) by t'e Bill of Ri*'ts" s ecifically Sections # an) 6. -'ey conten)e) t'at ,res. A4(ino is .it'o(t o.er to im air t'e liberty of abo)e of t'e Marcoses beca(se only a co(rt may )o so .it'in t'e limits rescribe) by la.. Nor t'e ,resi)ent im airs t'eir ri*'t to travel beca(se no la. 'as a(t'ori9e) 'er to )o so. -'ey f(rt'er assert t'at (n)er international la." t'eir ri*'t to ret(rn to t'e ,'ili ines is *(arantee) artic(larly by t'e Eniversal Geclaration of >(man Ri*'ts an) t'e &nternational Covenant on Civil an) ,olitical Ri*'ts" .'ic' 'as been ratifie) by t'e ,'ili ines. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not" in t'e e7ercise of t'e o.ers *rante) by t'e constit(tion" t'e ,resi)ent A4(ino may ro'ibit t'e Marcoses from ret(rnin* to t'e ,'ili ines.

HELD: &t m(st be em 'asi9e) t'at t'e in)ivi)(al ri*'t involve) is not t'e ri*'t to travel from t'e ,'ili ines to ot'er co(ntries or .it'in t'e ,'ili ines. -'ese are .'at t'e ri*'t to travel .o(l) normally connote. Fssentially" t'e ri*'t involve) in t'is case at bar is t'e ri*'t to ret(rn to one0s co(ntry" a )istinct ri*'t (n)er international la." in)e en)ent from alt'o(*' relate) to t'e ri*'t to travel. -'(s" t'e Eniversal Geclaration of >(man Ri*'ts an) t'e &nternational Covenant on Civil an) ,olitical Ri*'ts treat t'e ri*'t to free)om of movement an) abo)e .it'in t'e territory of a state" t'e ri*'t to leave t'e co(ntry" an) t'e ri*'t to enter one0s co(ntry as se arate an) )istinct ri*'ts. 5'at t'e Geclaration s ea=s of is t'e ?ri*'t to free)om of movement an) resi)ence .it'in t'e bor)ers of eac' state?. 1n t'e ot'er 'an)" t'e Covenant *(arantees t'e ri*'t to liberty of movement an) free)om to c'oose 'is resi)ence an) t'e ri*'t to be free to leave any co(ntry" incl()in* 'is o.n. S(c' ri*'ts may only be restricte) by la.s rotectin* t'e national sec(rity" (blic or)er" (blic 'ealt' or morals or t'e se arate ri*'ts of ot'ers. >o.ever" ri*'t to enter one0s co(ntry cannot be arbitrarily )e rive). &t .o(l) be t'erefore ina ro riate to constr(e t'e limitations to t'e ri*'t to ret(rn to ones co(ntry in t'e same conte7t as t'ose ertainin* to t'e liberty of abo)e an) t'e ri*'t to travel.

Manotoc vs CA G.R No. L-62#!! May 3!" #936 FACTS% ,etitioner .as c'ar*e) .it' estafa. >e oste) bail. ,etitioner file) before eac' of t'e trial co(rts a motion entitle)" ?motion for ermission to leave t'e co(ntry"? statin* as *ro(n) t'erefor 'is )esire to *o to t'e Enite) States" ?relative to 'is b(siness transactions an) o ort(nities.? -'e rosec(tion o ose) sai) motion an) after )(e 'earin*" bot' trial 8()*es an) t'e CA )enie) t'e same. ,etitioner conten)s t'at 'avin* been a)mitte) to bail as a matter of ri*'t" neit'er t'e co(rts .'ic' *rante) 'im bail nor t'e Sec(rities an) F7c'an*e Commission .'ic' 'as no 8(ris)iction over 'is liberty co(l) revent 'im from e7ercisin* 'is constit(tional ri*'t to travel. ISSUE: 5'et'er or Not 'is constit(tional ri*'t to travel 'as been violate). HELD: A co(rt 'as t'e o.er to ro'ibit a erson a)mitte) to bail from leavin* t'e ,'ili ines. -'is is a necessary conse4(ence of t'e nat(re an) f(nction of a bail bon). -'e con)ition im ose) ( on etitioner to ma=e 'imself available at all times .'enever t'e co(rt re4(ires 'is resence o erates as a vali) restriction on 'is ri*'t to travel. &n)ee)" if t'e acc(se) .ere allo.e) to leave t'e ,'ili ines .it'o(t s(fficient reason" 'e may be lace) beyon) t'e reac' of t'e co(rts. ,etitioner 'as not s'o.n t'e necessity for 'is travel abroa). -'ere is no in)ication t'at t'e b(siness transactions cannot be (n)erta=en by any ot'er erson in 'is be'alf

Siverio vs CA

G.R No. 9/23/ A ril3" #99# FACTS: ,etitioner .as c'ar*e) .it' violation of Section 2 ;/< of t'e revise) sec(rities act. Res on)ent file) to cancel t'e ass ort of t'e etitioner an) to iss(e a 'ol) )e art(re or)er. -'e R-C or)ere) t'e GHA to cancel etitionerBs ass ort" base) on t'e fin)in* t'at t'e etitioner 'as not been arrai*ne) an) t'ere .as evi)ence to s'o. t'at t'e acc(se) 'as left t'e co(ntry .it' o(t t'e =no.le)*e an) t'e ermission of t'e co(rt. ISSUE: 5'et'er or Not t'e ri*'t to travel may be im aire) by or)er of t'e co(rt. HELD: -'e bail bon) oste) by etitioner 'as been cancelle) an) .arrant of arrest 'as been iss(e) by reason t'at 'e faile) to a ear at 'is arrai*nments. -'ere is a vali) restriction on t'e ri*'t to travelK it is im ose) t'at t'e acc(se) m(st ma=e 'e available .'enever t'e co(rt re4(ires 'is resence. A erson facin* criminal c'ar*es may be restraine) by t'e Co(rt from leavin* t'e co(ntry or" if abroa)" com elle) to ret(rn ;Constit(tional La." Cr(9" &sa*ani A." #937 F)ition" . #33<. So it is also t'at ?An acc(se) release) on bail may be re-arreste) .it'o(t t'e necessity of a .arrant if 'e attem ts to )e art from t'e ,'ili ines .it'o(t rior ermission of t'e Co(rt .'ere t'e case is en)in*.

Le*as i vs CSC G.R No. 72##9 May 29" #937 FACTS: -'e res on)ent CSC 'a) )enie) etitioner @alentin Le*as iBs re4(est for information on t'e civil service eli*ibilities of :(lian Sibon*'anoy an) Mariano A*as .'o .ere em loye) as sanitarians in t'e >ealt' Ge artment of Ceb( City. Sibon*'anoy an) A*as 'a) alle*e)ly re resente) t'emselves as civil service eli*ible .'o asse) t'e civil service e7aminations for sanitarians. Claimin* t'at 'is ri*'t to be informe) of t'e eli*ibilities of Sibon*'anoy an) A*as is *(arantee) by t'e Constit(tion" an) t'at 'e 'as no ot'er lain" s ee)y an) a)e4(ate reme)y to ac4(ire t'e information" etitioner rays for t'e iss(ance of t'e e7traor)inary .rit of man)am(s to com el t'e res on)ent CSC to )isclose sai) information.-'e res on)ent CSC ta=es iss(e on t'e ersonality of t'e etitioner to brin* t'e s(it. &t is asserte) t'at t'e etition is bereft of any alle*ation of Le*as iBs act(al interest in t'e civil service eli*ibilities of Sibon*'anoy an) A*as. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e etitioner 'as le*al stan)in* to brin* t'e s(it HELD: -'e etitioner 'as firmly anc'ore) 'is case ( on t'e ri*'t of t'e eo le to information on matters of (blic concern" .'ic'" by its very nat(re" is a (blic ri*'t. &t 'as been 'el) in t'e case of -ana)a vs. -(vera" #36 SCRA 27" t'at .'en t'e 4(estion is one of (blic ri*'t an) t'e ob8ect of t'e man)am(s is to roc(re t'e enforcement of a (blic )(ty" t'e eo le are re*ar)e) as t'e real arty in interest" an) t'e erson at .'ose insti*ation t'e rocee)in*s are instit(te) nee) not s'o. t'at 'e 'as any le*al or s ecial interest in t'e res(lt" it bein* s(fficient to s'o. t'at 'e is a citi9en an) as s(c' intereste) in t'e e7ec(tion of t'e la.s.&t becomes a arent t'at .'en a man)am(s rocee)in* involves t'e assertion of a (blic ri*'t" t'e re4(irement of ersonal

interest is satisfie) by t'e mere fact t'at t'e etitioner is a citi9en" an) t'erefore" art of t'e *eneral (blic .'ic' ossesses t'e ri*'t.

@almonte vs Belmonte" :r. G.R No. 7/93! Hebr(ary #3" #939 FACTS: Ricar)o @almonte .rote Heliciano Belmonte :r. re4(estin* to be ?f(rnis'e) .it' t'e list of names of t'e o osition members of Batasan* ,ambansa .'o .ere able to sec(re a clean loan of ,2 million eac' on *(aranty of Mrs. &mel)a Marcos. >o.ever" -iro ref(se) to )o so an) re lie) t'at a confi)ential relations'i e7ists bet.een t'e GS&S an) all t'ose .'o borro. from it. Ricar)o @almonte et al file) a s ecial civil action for man)am(s .it' reliminary in8(nction invo=e t'eir ri*'t to information an) ray t'at Belmonte to f(rnis' t'e list of t'e names of t'e Batasan* ,ambansa members belon*in* to t'e EN&G1 an) ,G, Laban .'o .ere able to sec(re clean loans an) to allo. etitioners access to t'e (blic recor)s for t'e s(b8ect information. ISSUE: 5'et'er @almonte" et. al. are entitle) as citi9ens an) ta7 ayers to in4(ire ( on GS&S recor)s on be'est loans *iven by t'e former Hirst La)y &mel)a Marcos to Batasan* ,ambansa members belon*in* to t'e EN&G1 an) ,G,-Laban olitical arties. HELD: -'e GS&S is a tr(stee of contrib(tions from t'e *overnment an) its em loyees an) t'e a)ministrator of vario(s ins(rance ro*rams for t'e benefit of t'e latter. En)eniably" its f(n)s ass(me a (blic c'aracter. More artic(larly" Secs. $;b< an) /6of ,G ##/6" as amen)e) rovi)e for ann(al a ro riations to ay t'e contrib(tions" remi(ms" interest an) ot'er amo(nts ayable to GS&S by t'e *overnment" as em loyer" as .ell as t'e obli*ations .'ic' t'e Re (blic of t'e ,'ili ines ass(mes or *(arantees to ay. Consi)erin* t'e nat(re of its f(n)s" t'e GS&S is e7 ecte) to mana*e its reso(rces .it' (tmost r()ence an) in strict com liance .it' t'e ertinent la.s or r(les an) re*(lations. -'(s" one of t'e reasons t'at rom te) t'e revision of t'e ol) GS&S la. .as t'e necessity ?to reserve at all times t'e act(al insolvency of t'e f(n)s a)ministere) by t'e Systems Conse4(ently" as Heliciano Belmonte 'imself a)mits" t'e GS&S ?is not s( ose) to *rant 0clean loans.0? &t is t'erefore t'e le*itimate concern of t'e (blic to ens(re t'at t'ese f(n)s are mana*e) ro erly .it' t'e en) in vie. of ma7imi9in* t'e benefits t'at accr(e to t'e ins(re) *overnment em loyees. Moreover" t'e s( ose) borro.ers .ere Members of t'e )ef(nct Batasan* ,ambansa .'o t'emselves a ro riate) f(n)s for t'e GS&S an) .ere t'erefore e7 ecte) to be t'e first to see to it t'at t'e GS&S erforme) its tas=s .it' t'e *reatest )e*ree of fi)elity an) t'at all its transactions .ere above boar). &n s(m" t'e (blic nat(re of t'e loanable f(n)s of t'e GS&S an) t'e (blic office 'el) by t'e alle*e) borro.ers ma=e t'e information so(*'t clearly a matter of (blic interest an) concern.

,rovince of Cotabato vs -'e GovBt of R, ,eace ,anel GR, *r no. #33$9#

1ctober #/" 2!!3 FACTS: -'e Memoran)(m of A*reement on t'e Ancestral Gomain ;M1A-AG< bro(*'t abo(t by t'e Government of t'e re (blic of t'e ,'ili ines ;GR,< an) t'e Moro &slamic Liberation Hront ;M&LH< as an as ect of -ri oli A*reement of ,eace in 2!!# is sc'e)(le) to be si*ne) in J(ala L(m (r" Malaysia. -'is a*reement .as etitione) by t'e ,rovince of Nort' Cotabato for Man)am(s an) ,ro'ibition .it' ,rayer for t'e &ss(ance of 5rit of ,reliminary &n8(nction an) -em orary Restrainin* 1r)er. -'e a*reement mentions ?Ban*samoro :(ri)ical Fntity? ;B:F< to .'ic' it *rants t'e a(t'ority an) 8(ris)iction over t'e Ancestral Gomain an) Ancestral Lan)s of t'e Ban*samoroK a(t'ority an) 8(ris)iction over all nat(ral reso(rces .it'in internal .aters. -'e a*reement is com ose) of t.o local stat(tes% t'e or*anic act for a(tonomo(s re*ion in M(slim Min)anao an) t'e &n)i*eno(s ,eo leBs Ri*'ts Act ;&,RA<. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e GR, violate) t'e Constit(tional an) stat(tory rovisions on (blic cons(ltation an) t'e ri*'t to information .'en t'ey ne*otiate) an) initiate) t'e M1A-AG an) 5'et'er or not t'e M1A-AG bro(*'t by t'e GR, an) M&LH is constit(tional HELD: GR, violate) t'e Constit(tional an) stat(tory rovisions on (blic cons(ltation an) t'e ri*'t to information .'en t'ey ne*otiate) an) initiate) t'e M1A-AG an) it are (nconstit(tional beca(se it is contrary to la. an) t'e rovisions of t'e constit(tion t'ereof. -'e GR, is re4(ire) by t'is la. to carry o(t (blic cons(ltations on bot' national an) local levels to b(il) consens(s for eace a*en)a an) rocess an) t'e mobili9ation an) facilitation of eo leBs artici ation in t'e eace rocess. Fc'e*aray vs Secretary of :(stice G.R. No. #326!# :an(ary #9" #999 FACTS: 1n :an(ary /" #999" t'e SC iss(e) a -R1 stayin* t'e e7ec(tion of etitioner Leo Fc'e*aray sc'e)(le) on t'at same )ay. -'e (blic res on)ent :(stice Secretary assaile) t'e iss(ance of t'e -R1 ar*(in* t'at t'e action of t'e SC not only violate) t'e r(le on finality of 8()*ment b(t also encroac'e) on t'e o.er of t'e e7ec(tive to *rant re rieve. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e co(rt ab(se) its )iscretion in *rantin* a -em orary Restrainin* 1r)er ;-R1< on t'e e7ec(tion of Fc'e*aray )es ite t'e fact t'at t'e finality of 8()*ment 'as alrea)y been ren)ere) t'at by *rantin* t'e -R1" t'e >onorable Co(rt 'as in effect *rante) re rieve .'ic' is an e7ec(tive f(nction. HELD: No. Res on)ents cite) sec #9" art @&&. -'e rovision is sim ly t'e so(rce of o.er of t'e ,resi)ent to *rant re rieves" comm(tations" an) ar)ons an) remit fines an) forfeit(res after conviction by final 8()*ment. -'e rovision" 'o.ever" cannot be inter rete) as )enyin* t'e o.er of co(rts to control t'e enforcement of t'eir )ecisions after t'eir finality. -'e o.ers of t'e F7ec(tive" t'e Le*islative an) t'e :()iciary to save t'e life of a )eat' convict )oes not e7cl()e eac' ot'er for t'e sim le reason t'at t'ere is no 'i*'er ri*'t t'an t'e ri*'t to life. Hor t'e (blic res on)ents t'erefore to conten) t'at only t'e F7ec(tive can rotect t'e ri*'t to life of an acc(se) after 'is final conviction is to violate t'e rinci le of co-e4(al an) coor)inate o.ers of t'e t'ree branc'es of o(r *overnment.

C'ave9 vs ,CGG G.R. No. #3!7#6 Gecember 9" #993 FACTS% ,etitioner Hrancisco &. C'ave9" in 'is ca acity as ta7 ayer" citi9en an) a former *overnment official as=e) t'e co(rt to ro'ibit an) en8oin res on)ents ,CGG an) its c'airman from rivately enterin* into" erfectin* an)+or e7ec(tin* any a*reement .it' t'e 'eirs of t'e late ,resi)ent Her)inan) F. Marcos relatin* to an) concernin* t'e ro erties an) assets of Her)inan) Marcos locate) in t'e ,'ili ines an)+or abroa) incl()in* t'e so-calle) Marcos *ol) 'oar). C'ave9 assaile) t'e vali)ity of t'e General an) S( lemental A*reement e7ec(te) by t'e *overnment t'ro(*' ,CGG an) t'e Marcos 'eirs on Gecember 23"#99 ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e com romise a*reement entere) into by t'e ,CGG an) t'e Marcos 'eirs .'ic' committin* to e7em t from all forms of ta7es t'e ro erties to be retaine) by t'e Marcos 'eirs is vali). HELD: 6FS. En)er item no. 2 of t'e General A*reement" t'e ,CGG commits to e7em t from all forms of ta7es t'e ro erties to be retaine) by t'e Marcos 'eirs. -'is is a clear violation to t'e constr(ction. -'e o.er to ta7 an) *rant ta7 e7em tion is veste) in t'e con*ress an) to a certain e7tent" in t'e local le*islative bo)ies. Section 23 ;/<" Article @& of t'e Constit(tion" s ecifically rovi)es% ?No la. *rantin* any ta7 e7em tion s'all be asse) .it'o(t t'e conc(rrence of a ma8ority of all t'e Member of t'e Con*ress.? -'e ,CGG 'as absol(tely no o.er to *rant ta7 e7em tions" even (n)er t'e cover of its a(t'ority to com romise ill-*otten .ealt' cases.

SSSFA vs. CA G.R. No. 3$279 :(ly 23" #939 FACTS: -'e etitioners .ent on stri=e after t'e SSS faile) to act ( on t'e (nionBs )eman)s concernin* t'e im lementation of t'eir CBA. SSS file) before t'e co(rt action for )ama*es .it' rayer for .rit of reliminary in8(nction a*ainst etitioners for sta*in* an ille*al stri=e. -'e co(rt iss(e) a tem orary restrainin* or)er en)in* t'e resol(tion of t'e a lication for reliminary in8(nction .'ile etitioners file) a motion to )ismiss alle*in* t'e co(rtBs lac= of 8(ris)iction over t'e s(b8ect matter. ,etitioners conten) t'at t'e co(rt ma)e reversible error in ta=in* co*ni9ance on t'e s(b8ect matter since t'e 8(ris)iction lies on t'e G1LF or t'e National Labor Relations Commission as t'e case involves a labor )is (te. -'e SSS conten)s on one 'an) t'at t'e etitioners are covere) by t'e Civil Service la.s" r(les an) re*(lation t'(s 'ave no ri*'t to stri=e. -'ey are not covere) by t'e NLRC or G1LF t'erefore t'e co(rt may en8oin t'e etitioners from stri=in*. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not SSS em loyers 'ave t'e ri*'t to stri=e.

HELD: -'e Constit(tional rovisions ens'rine) on >(man Ri*'ts an) Social :(stice rovi)es *(arantee amon* .or=ers .it' t'e ri*'t to or*ani9e an) con)(ct eacef(l concerte) activities s(c' as stri=es. 1n one 'an)" Section #/ of F.1 No. #3! rovi)es t'at Ct'e Civil Service la. an) r(les *overnin* concerte) activities an) stri=es in t'e *overnment service s'all be observe)" s(b8ect to any le*islation t'at may be enacte) by Con*ressD referrin* to Memoran)(m Circ(lar No. 6" s. #937 of t'e Civil Service Commission .'ic' states t'at C rior to t'e enactment by Con*ress of a licable la.s concernin* stri=e by *overnment em loyees en8oins (n)er ain of a)ministrative sanctions" all *overnment officers an) em loyees from sta*in* stri=es" )emonstrations" mass leaves" .al=-o(ts an) ot'er forms of mass action .'ic' .ill res(lt in tem orary sto a*e or )isr( tion of (blic service.D -'erefore in t'e absence of any le*islation allo.in* *ovt. em loyees to stri=e t'ey are ro'ibite) from )oin* so.

@ictoriano vs. Ro e G.R. No. L-2$2/6 Se tember #2" #97/ FACTS: Ben8amin @ictoriano" a member of i*lesia ni cristo 'a) been in t'e em loy of t'e Fli9al)e Ro e factory &nc since #9$3. >e .as a member of eli9al)e ro e .or=ers (nion .'ic' 'a) .it' t'e com any a CBA containin* a close) s'o rovision .'ic' rea)s as follo. CMembers'i (nion s'all be re4(ire) as a con)ition of em loyment for all ermanent em loyees .or=er covere) by t'is a*reement.D RA 33$! .as enacte) intro)(cin* an amen)ment to ara*ra ' ;/< s(bsection ;a< of section / of RA 37$ as follo.s C b(t s(c' a*reement s'all not cover members of any reli*io(s sect .'ic' ro'ibit affiliation of t'eir member in any s(c' labor or*ani9ationD Ben8amin @ictoriano resents 'is resi*nation to a ellant (nion t'ere( on t'e (nion .rote a formal letter to se arate t'e a ellee from t'e service in vie. of t'e fact t'at 'e .as resi*nin* from t'e (nion as member of t'e com any notifie) t'e a ellee an) 'is co(nsel t'at (nless t'e a ellee co(l) ac'ieve a satisfactory arran*ement .it' t'e (nion t'e com any .o(l) be constraine) to )ismiss 'im from t'e service . A ellee file) an action for in8(nction to en8oin t'e com any an) t'e (nion from )ismissin* 'im. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not RA 33$! is (nconstit(tional HELD: t'e constit(tion rovision only ro'ibits le*islation for t'e s( ort of any reli*io(s tenets or t'e mo)es of .ors'i of any sect" t'(s forestallin* com (lsion by la. of t'e acce tance of any cree) or t'e c'osen form of reli*ion .it'in limits of (tmost am lit()e. RA 33$! )oes not re4(ire as a 4(alification on con)ition in 8oinin* any la.f(l association members'i in any artic(lar reli*ion on in any reli*io(s sect neit'er )oes t'e act re4(ires affiliation .it' a reli*io(s sect t'at ro'ibits its member from 8oinin* a labor (nion as a con)ition on 4(alification for .it')ra.in* from labor (nion RA 33$! only e7em ts member .it' s(c' reli*io(s affililiation from t'e re4(ire) to )o a ositive act L to e7ercise t'e ri*'t to 8oin or to resi*n from t'e (nion. >e is e7em te) from form t'e covera*e of any close) s'o a*reement t'at a labor (nion may 'ave entere) into. -'erefore RA 33$! is never an ille*al evasion of constit(tional rovision or ro'ibition to accom lis' a )esire) res(lt .'ic' is la.f(l in itself by verin* or follo.in* a le*al .ay to )o it.

&n t'e Matter of t'e &B, Members'i G(es Gelin4(ency of Atty. MARC&AL A. FG&L&1N A.M. No. #923 A(*(st 3" #973 FACTS: -'e res on)ent Marcial A. F)illon is a )(ly license) racticin* attorney in t'e ,'ili ines. -'e &B, Boar) of Governors recommen)e) to t'e Co(rt t'e removal of t'e name of t'e res on)ent from its Roll of Attorneys for Cst(bborn ref(sal to ay 'is members'i )(esD to t'e &B, since t'e latterBs constit(tion not.it'stan)in* )(e notice. F)ilion conten)s t'at t'e rovision rovi)in* for t'e &B, )(es constit(te an invasion of 'is constit(tional ri*'ts in t'e sense t'at 'e is bein* com elle)" as a re-con)ition to maintainin* 'is stat(s as a la.yer in *oo) stan)in*" to be a member of t'e &B, an) to ay t'e corres on)in* )(es" an) t'at as a conse4(ence of t'is com elle) financial s( ort of t'e sai) or*ani9ation to .'ic' 'e is a)mitte)ly ersonally anta*onistic" 'e is bein* )e rive) of t'e ri*'ts to liberty an) ro erty *(arantee) to 'im by t'e Constit(tion. >ence" t'e res on)ent concl()es" t'e above rovisions of t'e Co(rt R(le an) of t'e &B, By-La.s are voi) an) of no le*al force an) effect. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e ayment of &B, )(es s(ffers constit(tional infirmity. HELD: N1. All le*islation )irectin* t'e inte*ration of t'e Bar 'ave been (niformly an) (niversally s(staine) as a vali) e7ercise of t'e olice o.er over an im ortant rofession. S(c' com (lsion is 8(stifie) as an e7ercise of t'e olice o.er of t'e State. -'e ri*'t to ractise la. before t'e co(rts of t'is co(ntry s'o(l) be an) is a matter s(b8ect to re*(lation an) in4(iry. An)" if t'e o.er to im ose t'e fee as a re*(latory meas(re is reco*ni9e" t'en a enalty )esi*ne) to enforce its ayment" .'ic' enalty may be avoi)e) alto*et'er by ayment" is not voi) as (nreasonable or arbitrary.

R(tter vs Fsteben G.R No. L-37!3 May #3" #9$3 FACTS: 1n A(*(st 2!"#9/#" R(tter sol) to Fsteban t.o arcels of lan) sit(ate) in t'e Manila for ,9"6!! of .'ic' ,/"3!! .ere ai) o(tri*'t" an) t'e balance .as to be ai) on installment. 5'en Fsteban faile) to ay t'e t.o installments" R(tter instit(te) an action to recover t'e balance )(e" t'e interest )(e an) t'e attorney0s fees. Fsteban claims t'at t'is is a re.ar obli*ation contracte) an) t'at 'e is a .ar s(fferer" 'avin* file) 'is claim .it' t'e ,'ili ine 5ar Gama*e Commission for t'e losses 'e 'a) s(ffere) as a conse4(ence of t'e last .arK an) t'at (n)er section 2 of RA 3/2;moratori(m la.<" ayment of 'is obli*ation cannot be enforce) (ntil after t'e la se of ei*'t years. -'e com laint .as )ismisse). A motion for recon .as ma)e .'ic' assails t'e constit(tionality of RA 3/2. ISSUE: 5'et'er or Not RA 3/2 (nconstit(tional on non-im airment cla(se *ro(n)s.

HELD: 6es. -'e moratori(m is ost onement of f(lfillment of obli*ations )ecree) by t'e state t'ro(*' t'e me)i(m of t'e co(rts or t'e le*islat(re. &ts essence is t'e a lication of olice o.er. -'e economic interests of t'e State may 8(stify t'e e7ercise of its contin(in* an) )ominant rotective o.er not.it'stan)in* interference .it' contracts. -'e 4(estion is not .'et'er t'e le*islative action affects contracts inci)entally" or )irectly or in)irectly" b(t .'et'er t'e le*islation is a))resse) to a le*itimate en) an) t'e meas(res ta=en are reasonable an) a ro riate to t'at en). >o.ever base) on t'e ,resi)entBs *eneral S1NA an) consistent .it' .'at t'e Co(rt believes to be as t'e only co(rse )ictate) by 8(stice" fairness an) ri*'teo(sness" )eclare) t'at t'e contin(e) o eration an) enforcement of RA 3/2 at t'e resent time is (nreasonable an) o ressive" an) s'o(l) not be rolon*e) s'o(l) be )eclare) n(ll an) voi) an) .it'o(t effect. -'is 'ol)s tr(e as re*ar)s F7ec(tive 1r)ers Nos. 2$ an) 32" .it' *reater force an) reason consi)erin* t'at sai) 1r)ers contain no limitation .'atsoever in oint of time as re*ar)s t'e s(s ension of t'e enforcement an) effectively of monetary obli*ations.

1rti*as vs Heati Ban= M -r(st Co. G.R. No. L-2/67! Gecember #/" #979 FACTS: ,laintiff is en*a*e) in real estate b(siness" )evelo in* an) sellin* lots to t'e (blic" artic(larly t'e >i*'.ay >ills S(b)ivision alon* FGSA. >e an) A(*(sto ,a)illa an) Nativi)a) An*eles" as ven)ees" entere) into se arate a*reements of sale on installments over t.o arcels of lan) of t'e S(b)ivision. -'e ven)ees transferre) t'eir ri*'ts an) interests over t'e aforesai) lots in favor of one Fmma C'ave9. Fvent(ally sai) lots .ere bo(*'t by )efen)ant. Lot $ )irectly from C'ave9 an) Lot 6 from Re (blic Hlo(r Mills by )ee) of e7c'an*e" .it' same restrictions. ,laintiff claims t'at restriction is for t'e bea(tification of t'e s(b)ivision. Gefen)ant claime) of t'e commerciali9ation of .estern art of FGSA. Gefen)ant be*an constr(ctin* a commercial ban= b(il)in*. ,laintiff )eman) to sto it" .'ic' force) 'im to file a case b(t it .as later )ismisse)" ( 'ol)in* olice o.er. ISSUE: 5'et'er or Not non-im airment cla(se violate). HELD: No. Resol(tion is a vali) e7ercise of olice o.er. FGSA" a main traffic artery .'ic' r(ns t'ro(*' several cities an) m(nici alities in t'e Metro Manila area" s( orts an en)less stream of traffic an) t'e res(ltin* activity" noise an) oll(tion are 'ar)ly con)(cive to t'e 'ealt'" safety or .elfare of t'e resi)ents in its ro(te. >ealt'" safety" eace" *oo) or)er an) *eneral .elfare of t'e eo le in t'e locality are 8(stifications for t'is. &t s'o(l) be stresse)" t'at .'ile non-im airment of contracts is constit(tionally *(arantee)" t'e r(le is not absol(te" since it 'as to be reconcile) .it' t'e le*itimate e7ercise of olice o.er.

Lo9ano vs Martine9 G.R. No. L-63/#9

Gecember #3" #936 FACTS: A motion to 4(as' t'e c'ar*e a*ainst t'e etitioners for violation of t'e B, 22 .as ma)e" conten)in* t'at no offense .as committe)" as t'e stat(te is (nconstit(tional. S(c' motion .as )enie) by t'e R-C. -'e etitioners t'(s elevate t'e case to t'e S( reme Co(rt for relief. -'e Solicitor General commente) t'at it .as remat(re for t'e acc(se) to elevate to t'e S( reme Co(rt t'e or)ers )enyin* t'eir motions to 4(as'. >o.ever" t'e S( reme Co(rt fin)s it 8(stifiable to intervene for t'e revie. of lo.er co(rt0s )enial of a motion to 4(as'. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not B, 22 is constit(tional as it is a ro er e7ercise of olice o.er of t'e State. Held: -'e enactment of B, 22 a vali) e7ercise of t'e olice o.er an) is not re (*nant to t'e constit(tional in'ibition a*ainst im risonment for )ebt. -'e offense (nis'e) by B, 22 is t'e act of ma=in* an) iss(in* a .ort'less c'ec= or a c'ec= t'at is )is'onore) ( on its resentation for ayment. &t is not t'e non- ayment of an obli*ation .'ic' t'e la. (nis'es. -'e la. is not inten)e) or )esi*ne) to coerce a )ebtor to ay 'is )ebt. -'e la. (nis'es t'e act not as an offense a*ainst ro erty" b(t an offense a*ainst (blic or)er. -'e t'r(st of t'e la. is to ro'ibit" (n)er ain of enal sanctions" t'e ma=in* of .ort'less c'ec=s an) (ttin* t'em in circ(lation. An act may not be consi)ere) by society as in'erently .ron*" 'ence" not mal(m in se b(t beca(se of t'e 'arm t'at it inflicts on t'e comm(nity" it can be o(tla.e) an) criminally (nis'e) as mal(m ro'ibit(m. -'e state can )o t'is in t'e e7ercise of its olice o.er. Gan9on vs &nserto G.R. No. L-$6/$! :(ly 2$" #933 FACTS: AGee) of Real Fstate Mort*a*e .'ic' covers a resi)ential lan) locate) at Gistrict of Molo" &loilo City .as e7ec(te) bet.een Fsteban -a8anlan*it as mort*a*ors an) Ro)olfo Gan9on as mort*a*ee to sec(re t'e ayment by t'e -a8anlan*its of a romissory note amo(ntin* to ,/!" !!!.!! in favor of Gan9on. -'ereafter" etitioner Gre*orio Lira" in 'is ca acity as e7-oficio rovincial s'eriff of &loilo serve) ersonal notice of t'e foreclos(re rocee)in*s on t'e rivate res on)ents. ,rivate res on)ent t'en so(*'t to )eclare t'e e7tra8()icial foreclos(re rocee)in*s an) all rocee)in*s ta=en in connection t'ere.it' n(ll an) voi). ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'ere is a violation of t'e non- im airment of contracts. HELD: 6FS. -'e 4(estione) or)ers violate t'e non-im airment of contracts cla(se *(arantee) (n)er t'e Constit(tion. S(bstit(tion of t'e mort*a*e .it' a s(rety bon) to sec(re t'e ayment of t'e ,/!" !!!.!! note .o(l) in effect c'an*e t'e terms an) con)itions of t'e mort*a*e contract. Fven before trial on t'e very iss(es affectin* t'e contract" t'e res on)ent co(rt 'as )irecte) a )eviation from its terms" )iminis'e) its efficiency" an) )is ense) .it' a rimary con)ition. Gamboa vs Cr(9 G.R. No. L-$629# :(ne 27" #933

FACTS C'risto 'er Gamboa .as arreste) for va*rancy" .it'o(t .arrant of arrest" by ,atrolman Art(ro ,alencia. G(rin* t'e line( of five )etainees incl()in* etitioner Gamboa .'o .as i)entifie) by com lainant Frlin)a B. Bernal as one of t'e com anions in t'e commission of t'e crime of robbery. An information for robbery .as file) a*ainst 'im b(t 'e .as arrai*ne). ,etitioner file) a Motion to Ac4(it re)icate) on t'e *ro(n) t'at t'e con)(ct of t'e line- ( " .it'o(t notice to" an) in t'e absence of" 'is co(nsel violate) 'is constit(tional ri*'ts to co(nsel an) to )(e rocess. -'e lo.er co(rt )enie) t'e Motion to Ac4(it" 'ence" t'e instant etition for certiorari an) ro'ibition. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not etitionerBs constit(tional ri*'ts to co(nsel an) to )(e rocess .ere violate) )(rin* t'e con)(ct of olice line- ( . HELD: Police line- ( .as not art of t'e c(sto)ial in4(est. >ence" etitioner .as not yet entitle) at s(c' sta*e to co(nsel. 5'en t'e rocess 'a) not yet s'ifte) from t'e investi*atory to t'e acc(satory as .'en olice investi*ation )oes not elicit a confession t'e acc(se) may not yet avail of t'e services of 'is la.yer. Since etitioner in t'e co(rse of 'is i)entification in t'e olice line- ( 'a) not yet been 'el) to ans.er for a criminal offense" 'e .as" t'erefore" not )e rive) of 'is ri*'t to be assiste) by co(nsel beca(se t'e acc(satory rocess 'a) not yet set in. -'e olice co(l) not 'ave violate) etitionerBs ri*'t to co(nsel an) )(e rocess as t'e confrontation bet.een t'e State an) 'e 'a) not be*(n. ,eo le vs Macam G.R. Nos. L-9#!##-#2 November 2/" #99/ FACST: A ellants Frnesto an) Ganilo Ro4(e" to*et'er .it' Macam" Ce)ro an) Ca.ilan" :r." .ere acc(se) of Robbery .it' >omici)e. -'ey cons ire) to rob Benito Macam an) =ill Leticia Macam. -'e a ellants .ere arreste) .it'o(t a .arrant. 5'en t'ey ref(se) to a)mit t'e robbery an) =illin*" an) t'ey .ere bro(*'t to t'e IC General >os ital before t'e s(rvivin* victims in 'an) c(ffs an) ma)e to line ( in 'an)c(ffs to*et'er .it' some olicemen in civilian clot'es for i)entification. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'eir .arrantless arrest an) (nco(nsele) i)entification by t'e rosec(tion .itnesses )(rin* t'e olice line-( at t'e 'os ital are violative of t'eir constit(tional ri*'t. HELD: No. t'e ri*'t to co(nsel is e7ten)e) to critical sta*es of rosec(tion .'ic' incl()e olice line-( . After t'e start of t'e c(sto)ial investi*ation" any i)entification of an (nco(nsele) acc(se) ma)e in a olice line-( is ina)missible. >o.ever" t'e rosec(tion )i) not resent evi)ence re*ar)in* a ellantsB i)entification at t'e olice line-( . >ence" t'e e7cl(sionary sanctions a*ainst t'e a)mission in evi)ence of c(sto)ial i)entification of an (nco(nsele) acc(se) cannot be a lie). 1n t'e ot'er 'an)" a ellants )i) not ob8ect to t'e in-co(rt i)entification ma)e by t'e rosec(tion .itnesses. -'e rosec(tion .itnesses" .'o ma)e t'e i)entification of a ellants at t'e olice line-( at t'e 'os ital" a*ain i)entifie) a ellants in o en co(rt. &n t'e absence of s(c' ob8ection" t'e rosec(tion nee) not s'o. t'at sai) i)entifications .ere of in)e en)ent ori*in. -'e arrest of a ellants .as ma)e .it'o(t t'e benefit of a .arrant of arrest. >o.ever" a ellants are esto e) from 4(estionin* t'e le*ality of t'eir arrest. -'is iss(e is bein* raise) for t'e first time by a ellants before t'is Co(rt. -'ey 'ave not move) for t'e 4(as'in* of t'e information before t'e trial co(rt on t'is *ro(n). -'(s" any irre*(larity atten)ant to t'eir

arrest .as c(re) .'en t'ey vol(ntarily s(bmitte) t'emselves to t'e 8(ris)iction of t'e trial co(rt by enterin* a lea of not *(ilty an) by artici atin* in t'e trial. ,eo le vs :()*e Ayson G.R No. 3$2#$ :(ly 7" #939 FACTS: Heli e Ramos .as a tic=et frei*'t cler= of t'e ,'ili ine Airlines" assi*ne) at its Ba*(io City station. &t .as alle*e) t'at 'e .as involve) in irre*(larities in t'e sales of lane tic=ets. -'e ,AL mana*ement notifie) 'im of an investi*ation to be con)(cte). -'at investi*ation .as sc'e)(le) in accor)ance .it' ,AL0s Co)e of Con)(ct an) Gisci line" an) t'e Collective Bar*ainin* A*reement si*ne) by it .it' t'e ,'ili ine Airlines Fm loyees0 Association ;,ALFA< to .'ic' Ramos ertaine). A letter .as sent by Ramos statin* 'is .illin*ness to settle t'e amo(nt of ,76" !!!. -'e fin)in*s of t'e A()it team .ere *iven to 'im" an) 'e ref(te) t'at 'e mis(se) rocee)s of tic=ets also statin* t'at 'e .as revente) from settlin* sai) amo(nts. >e roffere) a com romise 'o.ever t'is )i) not ens(e. -.o mont's after a crime of estafa .as c'ar*e) a*ainst Ramos. Ramos lea)e) not *(ilty. Fvi)ence by t'e rosec(tion containe) RamosB .ritten a)mission an) statement" to .'ic' )efen)ants ar*(e) t'at t'e confession .as ta=en .it'o(t t'e acc(se) bein* re resente) by a la.yer. Res on)ent :()*e )i) not a)mit t'ose statin* t'at acc(se) .as not remin)e) of 'is constit(tional ri*'ts to remain silent an) to 'ave co(nsel. A motion for reconsi)eration file) by t'e rosec(tors .as )enie). >ence" t'is a eal. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e res on)ent :()*e is correct in ma=in* ina)missible as evi)ence t'e a)mission an) statement of acc(se). HELD: No. Section 2! of t'e #937 constit(tion rovi)es t'at t'e ri*'t a*ainst self-incrimination is only to .itnesses ot'er t'an acc(se)" (nless .'at is as=e) is relatin* to a )ifferent crime c'ar*e)- not resent in case at bar. -'is is accor)e) to every erson .'o *ives evi)ence" .'et'er vol(ntarily or (n)er com (lsion of s(b oena" in any civil" criminal" or a)ministrative rocee)in*. -'e ri*'t is not to ?be com elle) to be a .itness a*ainst 'imself.D &t rescribes an ?o tion of ref(sal to ans.er incriminatin* 4(estions an) not a ro'ibition of in4(iry.? t'e ri*'t can be claime) only .'en t'e s ecific 4(estion" incriminatory in c'aracter" is act(ally (t to t'e .itness. &t cannot be claime) at any ot'er time. &t )oes not *ive a .itness t'e ri*'t to )isre*ar) a s(b oena" to )ecline to a ear before t'e co(rt at t'e time a ointe)" or to ref(se to testify alto*et'er. &t is a ri*'t t'at a .itness =no.s or s'o(l) =no.. >e m(st claim it an) co(l) be .aive). Ri*'ts in c(sto)ial interro*ation as lai) )o.n in Miran)a v. Ari9ona% t'e ri*'ts of t'e acc(se) incl()e% #< >e s'all 'ave t'e ri*'t to remain silent an) to co(nsel" an) to be informe) of s(c' ri*'t. 2< Nor force" violence" t'reat" intimi)ation" or any ot'er means .'ic' vitiates t'e free .ill s'all be (se) a*ainst 'im. 3< Any confession obtaine) in violation of t'ese ri*'ts s'all be ina)missible in evi)ence.

-'e in)ivi)(al may =no.in*ly an) intelli*ently .aive t'ese ri*'ts an) a*ree to ans.er or ma=e a statement. B(t (nless an) (ntil s(c' ri*'ts an) .aivers are )emonstrate) by t'e rosec(tion at t'e trial" no evi)ence obtaine) as a res(lt of interro*ation can be (se) a*ainst 'im.

,eo le vs ,inlac G.R No. 7/#23-2/ Se tember 26" #933 FACTS: Koji Sato, 27 years old, married and a mechanical engineer by profession an) Saeki Osamu, 35 years old are a :a anese nationals an) nei*'bor in San Lorenzo Village, Makati, Metro Manila. Sato 'as a housemaid name of Irene Jandayan and a cook y the name of !elia Marcelino .'o are livin* .it' 'im. G(rin* t'e )ay-off of :an)ayan" Sato0s 'o(se .as robbe). 1sam( also .as =ille). :an)ayan re"ealed that she sa# $inlac enter the house. -'e acc(se) .as later" convicte) of robbery an) robbery .it' 'omici)e. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e e%tra&'udicial confession of ,inlac is a)missible bein* o tained thru force, torture, "iolence and intimidation, #ithout ha"ing een a((rised of his constitutional rights and #ithout the assistance of counsel. HELD: 6FS. At the time a (erson is arrested, it shall e the duty of the arresting officer to inform him of the reason for the arrest and he must e sho#n the #arrant of arrest. )e shall e informed of his constitutional rights to remain silent and to counsel and that any statement he might make could e used against him. *he (erson arrested shall ha"e the right to communicate #ith his la#yer, a relati"e, or anyone he chooses y the most e%(edient means y tele(hone if (ossi le + or y letter or messeng er. -he accused #as not assisted y counsel and his alleged #ai"er #as made #ithout the assistance of counsel. *he record of the case is also re(lete #ith e"idence #hich #as not satisfactorily re utted y the (rosecution, that the accused #as maltreated and tortured for se"en solid hours efore he signed the (re(ared e%tra&'udicial confession. ,eo le vs Balonas G.R. No. #!#3!3 :(ly 3" #992 FACTS: 1scar ,a*)alian .as m(r)ere) in Marble S( ly" Bala*tas B(lacan. Accor)in* to ,at. Rolan)o Alcantara an) Hrancisco Gayao" )ecease) .as .it' t.o com anions on t'e revio(s ni*'t" one of .'om t'e acc(se) .'o 'a) a )rin=in* s ree .it' t'e )ecease). 5'en t'ey a re'en)e) t'e acc(se) t'ey fo(n) t'e firearm of t'e )ecease) on t'e c'air .'ere t'e acc(se) .as alle*e)ly seate). -'ey boar)e) acc(se) alon* .it' Ma*tibay" ot'er acc(se) on t'e olice ve'icle an) bro(*'t t'em to t'e olice station. 5'ile in t'e ve'icle Bolanos a)mitte) t'at 'e =ille) t'e )ecease). R-C convicte) 'im. >ence t'e a eal. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not acc(se)-a ellant )e rive) of 'is constit(tional ri*'t to co(nsel.

HELD: 6es. Bein* alrea)y (n)er c(sto)ial investi*ation .'ile on boar) t'e olice atrol 8ee on t'e .ay to t'e ,olice Station .'ere formal investi*ation may 'ave been con)(cte)" a ellant s'o(l) 'ave been informe) of 'is Constit(tional ri*'ts (n)er Article &&&" Section #2 of t'e #937 Constit(tion" more artic(larly ar. # an) ar. 3. >ence" 'is constit(tional ri*'ts are bein* violate). ,eo le vs An)an G.R No. ##6/37 Marc' 3" #997 FACTS% Marianne G(evarra" 2! years ol) an) a secon)-year st()ent at t'e Hatima Sc'ool of N(rsin*" left 'er 'ome for 'er sc'ool )ormitory in @alen9(ela" Metro Manila to re are for 'er final e7aminations. Marianne .as .al=in* alon* t'e s(b)ivision .'en a ellant invite) 'er insi)e 'is 'o(se. >e (se) t'e rete7t t'at t'e bloo) ress(re of 'is .ife0s *ran)mot'er s'o(l) be ta=en. Marianne a*ree) to ta=e 'er bloo) ress(re as t'e ol) .oman .as 'er )istant relative. A ellant t'en (nc'e) 'er in t'e ab)omen" bro(*'t 'er to t'e =itc'en an) ra e) 'er. -'e follo.in* )ay" t'e bo)y of Marianne .as )iscovere). A ellant lea) not *(ilty .'en arrai*ne). A ellant .as )etaine) at t'e olice 'ea)4(arters. -'e ne7t t.o )ays" more ne.s a er" ra)io an) television re orters came. A ellant .as a*ain intervie.e) an) 'e affirme) 'is confession to t'e mayor an) reenacte) t'e crime. >e .as fo(n) *(ilty by t'e trial co(rt. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e alle*e) a)mission of t'e acc(se)-a ellant to t'e olicemen" t'e mayor an) t'e ne.s re orters is ina)missible not bein* assiste) by t'e co(nsel in violation of 'is constit(tional ri*'t. HELD: A ellant .as alrea)y (n)er c(sto)ial investi*ation .'en 'e confesse) to t'e olice. &t is a)mitte) t'at t'e olice faile) to inform a ellant of 'is constit(tional ri*'ts .'en 'e .as investi*ate) an) interro*ate). >is confession is t'erefore ina)missible in evi)ence. A ellant0s confessions to t'e me)ia .ere li=e.ise ro erly a)mitte). -'e confessions .ere ma)e in res onse to 4(estions by ne.s re orters" not by t'e olice or any ot'er investi*atin* officer. 5e 'ave 'el) t'at statements s ontaneo(sly ma)e by a s(s ect to ne.s re orters on a televise) intervie. are )eeme) vol(ntary an) are a)missible in evi)ence. Navallo vs San)i*anbayan G.R No. 972#/ :(ly #3" #933 FACTS: Acc(se) .as t'e Collectin* an) Gisb(rsin* 1fficer of t'e N(mancia National @ocational Sc'ool .'ic' sc'ool is locate) at Gel Carmen" S(ri*ao Gel Norte. &nformation for malversation of (blic f(n)s .as file) a*ainst 'im. 1n #! Gecember #973" ,resi)ential Gecree No. #6!6 too= effect creatin* t'e San)i*anbayan an) conferrin* on it ori*inal an) e7cl(sive 8(ris)iction over crimes committe) by (blic officers. Navallo .as finally arreste) an) 'e .as release) on rovisional liberty ( on t'e a roval of 'is ro erty bail bon). 5'en arrai*ne) by t'e R-C" 'e lea)e) not *(ilty. E on motion of t'e rosec(tion" t'e R-C transferre) t'e case an) transmitte) its recor)s to t'e San)i*anbayan. A ne. or)er for Navallo0s arrest .as iss(e) by

t'e San)i*anbayan. Navallo file) a motion to 4(as'" conten)in* t'at t'e San)i*anbayan 'a) no 8(ris)iction over t'e offense an) t'e erson of t'e acc(se) an) t'at since t'e acc(se) 'a) alrea)y been arrai*ne) by t'e R-C" t'e attem t to rosec(te 'im before t'e San)i*anbayan .o(l) constit(te )o(ble 8eo ar)y. >o.ever t'is .as )enie) an) trial ens(e) an) 'e .as fo(n) *(ilty. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e constit(tional ri*'t a*ainst )o(ble 8eo ar)y an) in c(sto)ial investi*ations in favor of t'e acc(se) violate). HELD: No. Go(ble 8eo ar)y re4(ires t'e e7istence of t'e follo.in* re4(isites% ;#< -'e revio(s com laint or information or ot'er formal c'ar*e is s(fficient in form an) s(bstance to s(stain a convictionK ;2< -'e co(rt 'as 8(ris)iction to try t'e caseK ;3< -'e acc(se) 'as been arrai*ne) an) 'as lea)e) to t'e c'ar*eK an) ;/< -'e acc(se) is convicte) or ac4(itte) or t'e case is )ismisse) .it'o(t 'is e7 ress consent. -'e R-C .as )evoi) of 8(ris)iction .'en it con)(cte) an arrai*nment of t'e acc(se) .'ic' by t'en 'a) alrea)y been conferre) on t'e San)i*anbayan. Moreover" neit'er )i) t'e case t'ere terminate .it' conviction or ac4(ittal nor .as it )ismisse).

,eo le vs Gy G.R No. 7/$#7 Hebr(ary 23" #933 FACTS: ,at. ,a)illa .as re orte) alon* .it' Benny Gy" as s(s ect to t'e s'ootin* inci)ent at ?Benny0s Bar"? Sitio An*ol" A=lan .'ic' ca(se) t'e )eat' of C'ristian Lan*el ,'ili e" a 2/ years ol) to(rist an) a S.iss national. >e .as c'ar*e) .it' t'e M(r)er .it' t'e Ese of Enlicense) firearms. A ellant alle*es t'at 'e carrie) t'e victim to t'e s'ore to be bro(*'t to t'e 'os ital to save t'e latter" an) .'o facilitate) t'e s(rren)er to ,at. ,a)illa" a *(n .'ic' 'is 'el er fo(n) t'e follo.in* mornin* .'ile cleanin* t'e bar. Acc(se) oste) bail .'ic' .as *rante). -'e acc(se) )enie) 'avin* ma)e any oral confession alle*in* t'at 'e .ent to ,at. ,a)illa not to re ort t'e inci)ent b(t to state t'at a boy 'el er in t'e bar 'a) fo(n) a *(n on t'e san) floor .'ile cleanin* an) t'at ,at. ,a)illa ic=e) ( t'e *(n from t'e bar at 'is re4(est. -'e Acc(se) ar*(es t'at even if 'e )i) ma=e s(c' a confession" t'e same .o(l) be ina)missible in evi)ence. >e .as fo(n) *(ilty in t'e R-C. >ence" t'e a eal. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e lo.er co(rt correct in sayin* t'at t'e constit(tional roce)(re on c(sto)ial interro*ation is not a licable in t'e instant case. HELD: 6FS. A ellant0s assertion t'at t'e *(n 'e 'a) s(rren)ere) .as merely fo(n) by a boy 'el er .'ile cleanin* t'e bar )eserves no cre)ence for" if it .ere so" it .o(l) 'ave been abs(r) for 'im to 'ave lace) 'imself (n)er olice c(sto)y in t'e early mornin* after t'e inci)ent. S.orn Com laint for ?M(r)er .it' Ese of Enlicense) Hirearm? si*ne) by t'e C'ief of ,olice also attests to A ellant0s oral confession. -'at Com laint forms art of t'e recor) of t'e rocee)in*s before t'e M(nici al Circ(it -rial Co(rt of B(r(an*a" A=lan" an) is rima facie evi)ence of t'e facts t'erein state). A ellant0s vol(ntary s(rren)er im lies no violation as ?no

.arrant of arrest is iss(e) for t'e a re'ension of t'e acc(se) for t'e reason t'at 'e is alrea)y (n)er olice c(sto)y before t'e filin* of t'e com laint.? 5'at .as tol) by t'e Acc(se) to ,at" ,a)illa .as a s ontaneo(s statement not elicite) t'ro(*' 4(estionin*" b(t *iven in or)inary manner. No .ritten confession .as so(*'t to be resente) in evi)ence as a res(lt of formal c(sto)ial investi*ation.

,eo le vs Alilcan)o G.R. No. ##7/37 Gecember #2" #99$ FACTS: Romeo ,enecilla" fat'er of t'e fo(r year ol) victim J'a9ie Mae" .as )rin=in* li4(or .it' Ramil Ro)ri*(e9 an) Rem(s Ga))i in 'is 'o(se at Baran*ay Ri9al" &loilo .'en a ellant 8oine) t'em b(t every no. an) t'en .o(l) ta=e leave an) ret(rn. A ellant .as livin* in 'is (ncle0s 'o(se some five arm0s len*t' from ,enecilla0s 'o(se. At abo(t /%3! .m." ,enecilla0s *ro( sto e) )rin=in* an) left. At abo(t $%3! .m. " L(isa Reba)a .'o lives in t'e ,enecilla nei*'bor'oo) at abo(t one an) a 'alf arm0s len*t' from t'e 'o(se of a ellant sa. t'e victim at t'e .in)o. of a ellant0s 'o(se. S'e offere) to b(y 'er ?yemas? b(t a ellant close) t'e .in)o.. Soon s'e 'ear) t'e victim cryin*. S'e a roac'e) a ellant0s 'o(se an) sa. a ellant an) c'o=e) t'e victim. -'e ne7t )ay" Leo ol)o Santia*o )iscovere) t'e lifeless bo)y of J'a9ie Mae (n)er 'is 'o(se. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e evi)ence offere) in)e en)ently of t'e lea of *(ilt of t'e a ellant .as a)missible. HELD: N1. -'ey are ina)missible evi)ence for t'ey .ere *at'ere) by ,13 Ganilo -an of t'e &loilo City ,N, as a res(lt of c(sto)ial interro*ation .'ere a ellant verbally confesse) to t'e crime .it'o(t t'e benefit of co(nsel. &t is not only t'e (nco(nselle) confession t'at is con)emne) as ina)missible" b(t also evi)ence )erive) t'erefrom. -'e illo. an) t'e --s'irt .it' t'e alle*e) bloo)stains .ere evi)ence )erive) from t'e (nco(nselle) confession ille*ally e7tracte) by t'e olice from t'e a ellant. B(t even ass(min* ar*(en)o t'at t'e illo. an) t'e ts'irt .ere a)missible evi)ence" still" t'e trial co(rt erre) in 'ol)in* t'at t'ey ?stron*ly corroborate) t'e testimony of L(isa Reba)a t'at t'e victim .as ra e).? Hor one" t'ere .as no basis for t'e trial co(rt to concl()e t'at t'e stains on t'e illo. an) t-s'irt .ere '(man bloo)stains. -'e illo. an) t'e t-s'irt .ere not e7amine) by any e7 ert. -o 'ol) t'at t'ey .ere '(man bloo)stains is *(ess.or=. Hor anot'er" t'ere .as no testimony t'at t'e stains .ere ca(se) by eit'er t'e bloo) of t'e a ellant or t'e victim. &n a))ition" t'ere .as no testimony t'at t'e ts'irt .as t'e one .orn by t'e a ellant .'en 'e alle*e)ly committe) t'e crime. &t m(st also be note) t'at it is not (nnat(ral for a ellant to 'ave bloo)stains on 'is s'irt. >e is a b(tc'er by occ( ation. Romeo ,enecilla 'imself" t'e fat'er of t'e victim" testifie) 'e =no.s t'e a ellant ?beca(se 'e (se) to accom any me )(rin* b(tc'erin* of animals.?

,eo le vs Reyes

G.R. No. #733!! Marc' #7" 2!!9 FACTS: -'e 6ao family o.ns an) o erates a o(ltry farm in Baran*ay Santo Cristo" San :ose )el Monte" B(lacan. -'e 6ao family .ent to t'eir o(ltry farm an) .as =i)na e) by t'e res on)ents. Res on)ents release t'e ot'er victims b(t ta=en C'(a 1n* ,in* Sim" Robert" Raymon) an) Aba*atnan an) )eman)e) five million as ransom. Later" C'(a 1n* ,in* Sim an) Raymon) .ere fo(n) )ea) of as 'y7ia by stran*(lation. -'ere( on" a ellant Arnal)o s(rren)ere) an) .it' t'e assistance of Atty. Emin*a" e7ec(te) a .ritten e7tra-8()icial confession narratin* 'is artici ation in t'e inci)ent an) i)entifyin* t'e ot'er a ellants as Reyes an) Hlores. -'ey .ere fo(n) *(ilty for Ji)na in* for Ransom .it' 'omici)e. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not t'e .ritten e7tra-8()icial confessions is vali). HELD: 6FS. &t is tr(e t'at it .as t'e ,A1C-H .'ic' contacte) an) s(**este) t'e availability of Atty. Emin*a an) Atty. Ro(s to a ellants Arnal)o an) Hlores" res ectively. Nonet'eless" t'is )oes not a(tomatically im ly t'at t'eir ri*'t to co(nsel .as violate). 5'at t'e Constit(tion re4(ires is t'e resence of com etent an) in)e en)ent co(nsel" one .'o .ill effectively (n)erta=e 'is clientBs )efense .it'o(t any intervenin* conflict of interest. -'ere .as no conflict of interest .it' re*ar) to t'e le*al assistance ren)ere) by Atty. Emin*a an) Atty. Ro(s. Bot' co(nsels 'a) no interest a)verse to a ellants Arnal)o an) Hlores. &t is also to be note) t'at a ellantBs e7tra8()icial confessions .ere in)e en)ently ma)e .it'o(t coll(sion" are i)entical .it' eac' ot'er in t'eir material res ects an) confirmatory of t'e ot'er. -'ey are" t'erefore" also a)missible as circ(mstantial evi)ence a*ainst t'eir co-acc(se) im licate) t'erein to s'o. t'e robability of t'e latterBs act(al artici ation in t'e commission of t'e crime. -'ey are also a)missible as corroborative evi)ence a*ainst t'e ot'ers" it bein* clear from ot'er facts an) circ(mstances resente) t'at ersons ot'er t'an t'e )eclarants t'emselves artici ate) in t'e commission of t'e crime c'ar*e) an) rove). -'ey are .'at is commonly =no.n as interloc=in* confession an) constit(te an e7ce tion to t'e *eneral r(le t'at e7tra8()icial confessions+a)missions are a)missible in evi)ence only a*ainst t'e )eclarants t'ereof.

,eo le vs -(niaco G.R. No. #3$7#! :an(ary #9" 2!#! FACTS: ,olice officer :aime -ab(con of t'e Central ,olice Station of General Santos City 'omici)e )ivision .as bein* re4(este) to ta=e t'e statement of acc(se) Ale7 Aleman re*ar)in* t'e slayin* of a certain Gon)on Corte9. -ab(con note) t'e resence of Atty. R( erto Besin*a" :r. of t'e ,(blic AttorneyBs 1ffice ;,A1< .'o sai) t'at t'ey .ere .illin* to *ive t'eir statements. Acc(se) Aleman tol) -ab(con t'at t'ey =ille) t'e victim. >o.ever" 'e lea)e) not *(ilty an) raise) instea) t'e )efense of insanity. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not acc(se) AlemanBs e7tra8()icial confession is a)missible in evi)ence. HELD: 6FS. Confession to be a)missible m(st be a< vol(ntaryK b< ma)e .it' t'e assistance of a com etent an) in)e en)ent co(nselK c< e7 ressK an) )< in .ritin*. -'ese re4(irements .ere met

'ere. A la.yer" not .or=in* .it' or .as not be'ol)en to t'e olice" Atty. Besin*a" assiste) acc(se) Aleman )(rin* t'e c(sto)ial investi*ation. 1fficer -ab(con testifie) t'at 'e sa. acc(se) Aleman" before t'e ta=in* of 'is statement" conversin* .it' co(nsel at t'e olice station. Atty. Besin*a )i) not )is (te t'is claim. ,eo le vs La(*a G.R. No. #36223 Marc' #$" 2!#! FACTS: -'e victim .as left alone at 'ome .'en 'er fat'er" t'e a ellant" .as 'avin* a )rin=in* s ree at t'e nei*'borBs lace. At aro(n) #!%!! oBcloc= in t'e evenin*" a ellant .o=e 'er ( an) ra e) 'er. S'e reco(nte) 'er 'arro.in* e7 erience .it' t'eir fat'er to 'er brot'er .'o to*et'er *ran)mot'er an) (ncle .ent to see= t'e assistance of Moises Boy Bantin*. Moises Boy Bantin* invite) a ellant to t'e olice station to .'ic' a ellant obli*e). At t'e olice o(t ost" a ellant a)mitte) to 'im t'at 'e ra e) 'er )a(*'ter beca(se 'e .as (nable to control 'imself. -'e R-C fo(n) 'im *(ilty of ra e) .'ic' .as affirme) by t'e CA. ISSUE: 5'et'er or not a ellantBs e7tra8()icial confession before Moises Boy Bantin* is ina)missible bein* .it'o(t t'e assistance of a co(nsel" in violation of 'is constit(tional ri*'t. HELD: 6FS. -'e Co(rt r(le) t'at baran*ay-base) vol(nteer or*ani9ations in t'e nat(re of .atc' *ro( s" as in t'e case of t'e ?bantay bayan"? are reco*ni9e) by t'e local *overnment (nit to erform f(nctions relatin* to t'e reservation of eace an) or)er at t'e baran*ay level. -'(s" .it'o(t r(lin* on t'e le*ality of t'e actions ta=en by Moises Boy Bantin*" an) t'e s ecific sco e of )(ties an) res onsibilities )ele*ate) to a ?bantay bayan"? artic(larly on t'e a(t'ority to con)(ct a c(sto)ial investi*ation" any in4(iry 'e ma=es 'as t'e color of a state-relate) f(nction an) ob8ective insofar as t'e entitlement of a s(s ect to 'is constit(tional ri*'ts rovi)e) for (n)er Article &&&" Section #2 of t'e Constit(tion" ot'er.ise =no.n as t'e Miran)a Ri*'ts" is concerne).