Prosveta I Kultura

From Serbia to Serbia ...................................................................................
13

1941.

Partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941,
according to International law ........................................................................ 45

,

The Ecumenical Patriarchy, the Serbian Orthodox Church and
Church Reforms Between the Two World Wars ............................................ 63
-
20.
Women and the Family in Serbia in the Second Half of 20th Century............ 102

19181941.
National Minorities in the Eyes of the Serbian Elite 19181941 .................... 118

O 19431945.
Soviet Citizens in the German Occupation Forces in Serbia and
Yugoslavia 19431945 .................................................................................. 144

19181929.
Agriculture in South Serbia Within the Yugoslav Framework 19181929 ..... 163

(19892000)
The Socio-economic Mode of Privatisation in Serbia (19892000) .............. 181

(19181929)
Images and stereotypes on Serbia among Serbs in Croatia
(19181929) ....................................................................................... 225
-
, (19181921)
France, the Serbs and the Croat Question (19181921) .............................. 267

1938.
Speeches of Milan Stojadinovi During the Parlamentary
Election Campaign in 1938............................................................................ 282

19441950.
The Communist Strategy Toward the Serbian Intelligentia 19441950......... 293

High-Schools in Serbia in the Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes ..................................................................................... 313

O 19451958.
Education System of the Czechs and Slovaks in Serbia 19451958 .............. 327

19191941.
On Certain Aspects of Functioning of Serbian Emigrant Schools
in the United States of America 19191941 .................................................. 351

19451956.
Emigration from Serbia to Egipt 19451956.................................................. 364
.

19481953.
What the Official Yugoslavia Knew About the Situation of the
Serbian National Minority in Hungary and Romania 19481953 .................. 378

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, , 2006.
Summary
From Serbia to Serbia
Key words: Serbia, Kingdom of SHS, Yugoslavia, Republic, Autonomous Provinces
Unlike most other countries in Europe, Serbia changed several times

and considerably its borders, territory as well as its status during 20th century. It
almost doubled its territory after the Balkan Wars. From being an independent
and internationally recognized nation, the largest country in the Balkan Peninsula
and a war victor, it willingly switched to being only a province of the newly
founded Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia after the end
of the First World War, losing eventually even that status, by ceasing to exist
as an administrative and geographical entity. After the end of the Peoples
Liberation Struggle and the Socialist Revolution, it became a unified area again
as Peoples/Socialist Republic of Serbia, a federal unit within the Yugoslav
federation although with drastically changed territory. Namely, the Republic of
Macedonia was carved out of the Southern Serbia, but the Vojvodina (Syrmium,
the Banat and the Batcha) were added to Serbia. The New Serbia was not only
internationally unrecognized (not being an independent state), but was not even
a completely integrated administrative and territorial area, since the Republic
of Serbia comprised two autonomous provinces the Autonomous Province of
the Vojvodina and the Autonomous Kosovo-Metohija Region, later called the
Autonomous Province of Kosovo. After the constitutional amendments in the late
1960s, and particularly after the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia of 1974, both became de facto quasi-republics, as constituent
members of the Federation.
With the break-up of Yugoslavia, Serbia together with the Republic of
Montenegro, founded a new federal entity in 1992, the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia, and in 2003 the State Community of Serbia and Montenegro, only
to become an independent state again after the declaration of Montenegrin
independence, in the follow-up to the referendum in that republic in May 2006.
So it took 88 years to come from Serbia to Serbia.
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
1941. ...
341.218.4(497.1)1941
94(497.1)1941
1941.

: ,
,
,

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,
.
: , , e, ,
1941.
.
27. : , , , .1

,
, , ,
1940.
1941. . Prof. dr Branko Petranovi, mr Nikola uti, 27. mart 1941, Beograd,
1990, str. 7. :
,
, . , . . ,
25. 1941, , 2007, . 2930.
45
.2 .3 ,
, ,
,
.4
,
,
,
.

,

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2
46
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6. 1941,
: (
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,

. : 27.
. (),
. , 335, . 24.
Zakljuci sa savetovanja vojnog i politikog vrha Rajha u Berlinu 27. marta 1941, Aprilski rat
1941, Zborni dokumenata, Beograd, 1987, dok. 125, str. 342344.
. , . , . ., . 204205.
1941. ...

.
1941.
.

18.
.
,
.
.5 19.

,
.6

20. , (occupatio bellica)
,
a
.7
,
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;
;
.8

,
, (
)

.9

1907. .
5
7
8
9
Milo M. Radojkovi, Rat i meunarodno pravo, Beograd, 1947, str. 86; Dr Smilja Avramov,
Dr Milenko Krea, Meunarodno javno pravo, Beograd, 1996, str. 565.
, , ,
19. . S. Avramov, M. Krea, n. d., str. 565.
.
.
; Gavro . Perazi, Meunarodno ratno pravo, Beograd, 1986, str. 230235.
47

(
)
,
(
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.
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, .10
.
.11

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10
11
48
.
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1941. ...
. 1940.
. 1940.
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.
1939. , , ,
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.13

. ,
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, ,

. (Joackim von Ribbentrop)
- .14
:

.
...
.15
12
13
14
15
, (1940), , I, , 1970, . 710.

(Deutscher verlag) 3. 1939. , , Sto dokumenata za predistoriju rata,
.
Sto dokumanata za predistoriju rata..., str. 14.
, . 15.
49

,
27. .
.16
.17

, , ,
, . ,
,

.

( ),

.
, 1941. ,
-.

25. , , , .
. 27. ,
,

. 6. , ,
.

16
17
50
, (Victor von Heeren)

7,30
II . Bogdan Krizman, Vanjska politika Jugoslavenske drave 19181941, Zagreb,
1975, str. 129.
9,30 .
,
. Pismo regenta Maarske Horti Mikloa od 3. aprila 1941. predsedniku italijanske vlade Benitu Musoliniju, Aprilski
rat, 2, dok. 145, str. 446.
, 27. 13 14,30 .
. , , : 27. 14,30,
, 25,
. Jacob B. Hoptner, Jugoslavija u krizi 19341941, Otokar Kerovani, Rijeka,
1972, str. 260.
1941. ...
.18 ,
, ,
.19 ,
, .

,
1919. ,
.

,
. , ,

.20
,
,
.21
.22
18
19
20
21
22
19411945, 2004,
. 1; B. Krizman, Vanjska politika..., str. 129130.
: , 19141945, , 1995, .
2, . 670684.
: . , . , . ., . 2829.
18. ,
,
, 22. , ,
,
. ivko Avramovski,
Britanci raljevini Jugoslaviji 19391941, knj. 3, dok. 348, str. 68; B. Petranovi, N. uti,
27. mart 1941..., str. 169171; Duan Luka, Trei Rajh i zemlje Jugoistone Evrope 1937
1941, Beograd, 1982, knj. II, str. 477.
, , ,
(Ulrich von Hassel)
. :
22. 3. 1941. . (25. .
.) .
-, .
25. 3. 1941, , (
) , ,
.
.
27. 3. 1941, ,
, .
:

, . ..
, .
Ulrich von Hassel, O drugoj Njemakoj (Vom anderen Deutschland), Svjedoanstva o Drugom svjetskom ratu..., str. 7374. : D. Luka, n. d., str. 476478.
51
.23

.24
.

-.25
, , ,

25. . 26 ,
.
, 27. , :
,
.27

.

.
, , .
28
, 23
24
25
26
27
28
52
Zakljuci sa savetovanja u Berlinu 27. marta..., Aprilski rat 1941..., dok. 125, str. 342343.
27. , , : . , ,
. a .
Zakljuci sa savetovanja u Berlinu 27. marta, Aprilski rat 1941..., dok. 125, str. 343.
. : .
, . J. Hoptner, Jugoslavija u krizi..., str. 284.
Ninrberka presuda, Arhiv za pravne i drutvene nauke, Beograd, 1948, str. 77.
7. 1941:
( . .)
. Svjedoanstva o Drugom svjetskom ratu...
Aprilski rat 1941..., dok. 125, str. 343.
17.
1941. ...
.29
,
. 1. ,
,

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3. .31

.32

,
,
.33 1939. , .

.
.
4. .34
, , . o
.
,
.
29
30
31
32
33
34
11. 12.
.

,
. , , . . , 335, . 102.
Pismo Regenta Maarske Horti Mikloa od 3. aprila predsedniku italijanske vlade Benitu Musoliniju, Aprilski rat 2, dok. 145, str. 446447.
, ,
. .
Telegram nemakog poslanika iz Budimpete od 4. aprila 1941. Ministarstvu spoljnih poslova
Nemakog Rajha, Aprilski rat 2, dok. 146, str. 448449.
, , 1941. , , , 1973, . 557
559.
Fikreta Jeli-Buti, Ustae i NDH, Zagreb, 1978, str. 6465.
53

.35

, .

2122.
1941. .36

,
.37
, 17. ,
(Runderlass des Auswrtigen Amts)
.38
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35
36
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39
40
41
54
F. ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela..., str. 50//51.

18. . ,
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, . : , , , 2002, . 126128.
F.ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela..., str. 73.

(Werner von Schmieden) . .
, . 74.
, , , , , . , 335, , . 24.
19411945, ,
2004, . 3233.
1941. ...

1941.
.
(Gafencu Grigore).42
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43
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45
.

. 22. 1941.
-
. -, , 1943.
(Preliminares. De la guerre
lEst...) : Svjedoanstva o Drugom svjetskom ratu...
B. Krizman, Svjedoanstva..., str. 32.
, . 33; Branko Petranovi, Sava Dautovi, Jugoslovenska revolucija i SSSR 1941
1945, Beograd, 1988, str. 3637.
G. Gafencu, n. d., str. 34.
55
,
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, ,
.
. : .

,
.

,
.

,
. : Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi!
( ).47
, , , .
9.
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, .
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.48
, , , .49
, ,
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46
47
48
49
50
56
, . 33.
.
, . 35.
Ljubo Boban, Kontroverze iz povjesti Jugoslavije, knj. 2, Zagreb, 1989, str. 287.
, 11. 1929.
( ),

. Petar S. Leposavi,
Papstvo, IGAM, Beogad, 2005, str. 343.
1941. ...
,
.51
.
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51
52
53
54
55
19411945, . 86;
Ljubo Boban, Kontroverze..., str. 286290.
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, 27.
1941,
. :
. ( ) . Zakljuci sa savetovanja u Berlinu 27. marta
1941, Aprilski rat..., dok. 125, str. 342344.
Ferdo ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela...
57
.56
.
, 15. 1941. .57
.

, 10. 1943.
, .58
, ,
, .59

. , , , ,
.
,

.

: ,
1. 31. 1941. ,
1. 1941. 1944. .
56
57
58
59
58
1941. , .
Meudravni ugovor, Zagreb, 1941. F. ulinovi, Okupatorska
podjela..., str. 239245.
, 335, . . , . 28, .
, .
,
1.
, 27. 1940.
, .
2.
, . 4 ,
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, 335, . . , . 28.
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1941. ...

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1907.
.

, , . , 1907,
,
,
.61
(Stab des Militrbefehlshabers Serbiens)

.62
.

.63

.
60
61
62
63
: Jovan
Marjanovi, Ekonomska politika nemakih nacistikih okupatora u Jugoslaviji 19411945,
Jugoslovenski istorijski asopis, br. 4, Beograd, 1963; . ,
..., . 213216, 343348; : Problem radne snage u industriji
i rudarstvu Srbije u Drugom svetskom ratu, Tokovi istorije, 34, 1997, str. 89110.
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, , , , 30. 1941.
59

.

,
.64

.
.
. ,
, .
Summary
Partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941,
according to International law
Key words: April War, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, partition of Serbia, ocupation,
International law
Main problem of research is effort of Germany to break Kingdom of

Yugoslavia and to present splitting of its territory like a legitimate act in accordance
to rules of international law. Intensive diplomatic activity made by Nazis after the
military overthrow in Belgrade, March 27th 1941. Point has been made on failure
of German diplomacy in their efforts to acquire Vlatko Maek, leader of the
strongest political party in Croatia, to make the secession of Banovina Hrvatska,
which would give Axis reason for aggression. Characteristic examples of political
opportunism, in which base was politic of non-confronting to Germany, are
shown by USSR and Vatican, that didnt even react about splitting of Yugoslavia,
although they had diplomatic relationship with her, on embassy level. Negation of
Yugoslavian state existence in period after April 18th 1941, although the internal
act have been accepted only by the Axis and their satellites, the Nazis were trying
to make legally stronger, by giving state attributes to Independent state of Croatia
(NDH), and by involvement of this state among Axis. Condition of occupied
Serbia is shown only in first faze of occupation, in time of commissary rule by
Milan Aimovi, when occupation goverment, in basics, respected main rules of
occupation doctrine, accepted in international law.
64
60
, 335, . . , . 66.
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271.2192
271.222(497.11)192

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1
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65

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Step on the Path Towards Apostasy, Orthodox Life, No. 12, 1994.
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247255. 2. 1924.

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, 411-21-42-45.
, , . 12, 1927, . 63.
, 1932, .
Professor Constantine Cavarnos, Blessed Elder Gabriel, Modern Orthodox Saints, Belmont,
MA: Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1999; Hosios Gregorios, Vol. V, No.
26 (MayJune), 1968, str. 10161022; Orthodox Tradition, Vol. XVII, No. 23 (2000), str.
1215.
89
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Cavarnos, Blessed Elder Philotheos Zervakos, Modern Orthodox Saints, Vol. XI, Belmont,
MA: Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1993; Orthodox Tradition, Vol. XIV,
No. 1, str. 6769; The Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius Metaxakis (18711935): a) the Masons,
b) the Innovators, c) the Ecumenists, OEM, 1990, IXII, Chaps. 1821, str. 149.
, , . 8/25. 11. 1923. 1/14. 12. 1923. , 411-21-42-45; , .
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12. 1. 1935).
, . 3, 1931, . 229.
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: , .165
Summary
The Ecumenical Patriarchy, the Serbian Orthodox Church and
Church Reforms Between the Two World Wars
Key words: Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia, Serbian Orthodox Church, Ecumenical
Patriarchy, church reforms
The demands for reforms in many matters occurred in the Orthodox

Churches after the First World War. One of the most important of them was
the matter of the calendar. Representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchy were
leading proponents of the reformist tendencies within Orthodoxy. This was a
direct consequence of the political changes in Turkey in 1920s. They convened an
all-Orthodox congress in Constantinople in 1923, which was attended also by the
representatives of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Neither all Orthodox Churches
nor the majority of their representatives were represented at the congress, so
its legitimacy soon became disputed. The decisions which were reached were
not put to practice by most Orthodox Churches, and even where they were, it
was not done in the same way, which led to serious splits within the Orthodox
world. Although it had its representatives at the congress, the Serbian Orthodox
Church did not apply its decisions (the calendar, the second marriage of priests
etc.). Diverging opinions about the congresss decisions caused serious polemics
among theologians and priests in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Attempts at solving the questions which divided the orthodox world at the
ecumenical congress yielded no results until the Second World War, and they
remained open even later.
164
165
, , , XII, 1, ,
1937, . 3339.
, , 411-8-324.
101
316.811/.815(497.11)195/...
305-055.2:314.5(497.11)195/...

20.
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20. , , .
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(67,8%)
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2 5 34 .
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,
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1939.
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103
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28,9 .10
,
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1.154.558 1948. 5.321.364 1991. .
16,7 1948.
51,2 1991.12 ,
, 54%.
8
9
10
11
12
: . , ,
, . , . , Clio, 2006, . 125.
. -, . ., . 54.
. , , , 1987, . 110.
2000, . 61.
, . 60.
104
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20.
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K. K, . ., . 447.
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(18441946), 19. 20. , . 1125.
6. 1941. ,
1844. , . 12.
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106
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20.
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15 .20
1

1948.
1953.
1961.
66,4 %
67,1 %
70,7 %
62 %
62,7 %
67,4 %
.
66,5% .21

.
,
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,
, .
.
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(24%), (22,1%), (18,9%)
(9,8%). (25,9%), (23,8%), (20,3%)
20
21
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, 298, . 91.
15 , 66,5% . . ,
. , . , . -, , , , 2001, . 20.
. 13 ,
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, 27
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107
(17,9%). ,
(35,2%),
(12,4%), (12%), (11,9%)
(8%).23
4,4
1948. , 3,6 1991.
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3,4 ( 4,5
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. 1.000
1992. , 0,1, 1997. 1,8.
1952. 16,7
23
24
25
26
27
28
, 19861996, ,
, 1998, . 35.
1997, , , , 1999, . 27; The World`s Women 2000, . 50.
. , . , . 34.
. , , 2006,
, www.awin.org.yu/srp/text/elbtext14.htm. : , , , ,
.
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1950. 1.000 29,5, 1997.
12,3. 1997, . 58.
108
. -
20.
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1989. .29 ,
.
1.

, 1997.
0,73, 0,76.30
2
1.000
1950.
1960.
1970.
1980.
1990.
1997.

16,1
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( 28,13, 29,92), 1997. 36,57 (
35,58, 37,54).33
, ,
60
29
30
31
32
33
1997, . 58 59.
, . 78.
. , . ., . 329330.
. , , , 2001, . 166.
1997, . 31.
109
19 .34 16 60 .35
,
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58,77 74,27.38
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15 .
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69,87 1986/1987.
67,80 1996/1997.
.
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34
35
36
37
38
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, . 50. 1948.
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. , , , 9. , 2002.

. 540.000 150.000 . 15 , .
. . ,
, , 5. 2003.
. , , , 2001, . 71.
1997, . 30. 195254. 199092.
. 1986/87. 1996/97.
.
110
. -
20.
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1950.
26,7 . , 1997. ,
30,18 . 1950. 23,76 .
, (1997) 26,41 .

30,64 , 31,15.
26,73 , 27,44.

,
.
3

1950.
1960.
1970.
1980.
1990.
1997.

23,76
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26,41

23,56
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. 1997,
27,7 .
24,3.40 ,
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.
40
1997, . 134.
111
1956.
1960.
1970.
1980,
1990.
1997.

22
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24,26
,
.41
5

1952. 1953. 1954. 1955. 1956. 1957. 1958. 1959. 1960. 1961
18
27
30
29
32
33
31
30
33
29

. 1987.
1,2, 0,7.42
,
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.

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.

, 1962. ,
41
42
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1997, . 58; . , . , . , . -, . ., . 20.
112
. -
20.
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(1952),
33,69 ,
1997. 39,42.
30,54 1952, 35,87 1997. .45

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.
,
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.
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43
44
45
46
. , . ., . 526. , ,
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, 196266, . 5, , 1962.
1997, . 141.
, ..., . 5, , 1966.
113

. , .

.
,
, , ,
.47
,

.
,
, ,
.48 .

. .

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.
, ,
.
.
.

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.
. , ,
,
. ,
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.50
47
48
49
50
: ,
,
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. , ,
19. 20. , 2. 600
.
.
.
114
. -
20.

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.

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115
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.

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a
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52
53
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. , . ., . 448.
116
. -
20.
Summary
Women and the Family in Serbia in the Second Half of 20th Century
Key words: Serbia, woman, family, marriage, gender equality, urbanisation
Modernization measures of the socialist state and the changes occurring

within the family after the Second World War influenced the situation of women
and were reflected in their lives. The situation of women was strongly influenced
by full legal equality between men and women, extended education and increased
economic independence based on the fact that the proportion of employed
women was much larger than previously. The process of family nuclearization,
liberalization of divorce and the possibility of birth control were also important
determinants of the status of women in socialism. All this did not suffice to
completely overcome traditional ways of thinking about female being and social
function, to overcome the traditional values and change the deep ingrained roles
of man and woman within the family. Women still did most of the housework,
and they took unto themselves care of children, even when they were employed.
Despite all the changes which took place during the after-war years, the perceptible
differences that marked the ways of living of men and women in town and in
the country in the inter-war period were not disposed of. The system of norms
and behaviour typical for patriarchal ideology was more important and exercised
greater influence in the country than in towns and cities. Many signs point to the
fact that the modernization process of rural families and changes within them
are neither clear-cut nor that they completely overcame the patriarchal system.
Together with pronounced differences in the status and way of life of women in
urban and rural areas, in various types of families, with the echo of emancipation
on the one hand, and the strong influence of tradition on the other, as well as
with all the changes which came about during the socialist modernization, female
inferiority remained a constant, particularly within the framework of traditional
family roles.
117
323.15:316.647.8(497.1)1918/1941(093.2)
323.15:930(497.1)1918/1941(093.2)

19181941.

: , ,
.
.

.
: /, ,
() , ,
. ,
. ,1

.
, , .
,
.2 1
Olivera Milosavljevi, U tradiciji nacionalizma, ili stereotipi srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o

nama i drugima, Beograd, 2002, str. 2224.
Iz ovog rada e biti izostavljeni udbenici istorije koji su i te kako vani za kreiranje istorijske
slike o drugima. Njihovo prikazivanje ovde spomenutih narodnosti je s jedne strane bilo vrlo
turo, a s druge je odraavalo stavove veine autora koje smo obradili u ovom lanku. (Up.
Zoran Janjetovi, National Minorities and Non-Slav Neighbours in Serbian Textbooks, Internationale Schulbuchforschung, XXIII, 2, 2001, str. 201213).
118
19181941.
,
,
.
,

.3 ,
.
,

.
XIX
.4
.

.5
,
(, , ),
. - , , ,
-, , , ,
, .6

.
, .
( ) .7
,
,
3
4
5
6
Milosavljevi, n. d.; Predrag J. Markovi, Ethnic Stereotypes: Ubiquitous, Local or Migrating

Phenomena? The Serbian-Albanian Case, Bonn, s. a.; Marco Dogo, Kosovo. Albanesi e serbi:
le radici del conflitto, Lungro di Cosenza, 1992.
Markovi, n. d., str. 47.
Isto, str. 48.
Markovi, n. d., str. 5051; Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 222223; Dogo, n. d., str. 22, 2628. Slinu
tezu je pod pseudonimom zastupao i slovenaki propagandista u srpskoj slubi Niko upani
(Up. K. Gersin, Altserbien und die albanseische Frage, Wien, Leipzig, 1912, str. 26, 29, 40)
Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 218, 225228; Dogo, n. d., str. 5153. Istu tezu je zastupao i upani
koga Olivera Milosavljevi ne citira. (Up. Gersin, n. d., str. 3741, 4446.).
119
,
.8
,
.
XVII
XIX XX .9

,
.
,10 , XVIII
, . , , , ,
, .11 ,
1912, ,
.12

13
.14
, , . XVIII .15 XIX (, , , )
, ,
.
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
U njih je iz politikih razloga, pre svega zbog elje za izlaskom Srbije na more, ukljuivana
i severna Albanija. U prilog opravdanosti srpskih zahteva u toj oblasti navoeni su toponimi,
navodno poreklo stanovnitva i jo postojee srpske enklave.
Dogo, n. d., str. 2527. Ovakvu osnovnu sliku je prihvatio i Dimitrije Tucovi, ali za razliku
od drugih srpskiha autora u potiskivanju Srba nije video nita tragino ni neuobiajeno. On je
albansku ekspanziju i srpsko uzmicanje objanjavao begovskim sistemom (Dimitrije Tucovi,
Srbija i Albanija. Jedan prilog kritici zavojevake politike srpske buroazije, Sabrana dela,
8, Beograd, 1980, str. 2224). Pljaku albanskih gortaka je pravdao skuenim teritorijalnim i
ekonomskim uslovima u kojima su iveli (Isto, str. 30).
Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 284.
Isto, str. 285287.
Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 287; Tucovi, n. d., str. 22.
Dotation Carnegie pour la paix internationale. Enquete dans les Balkans. Rapport present aux
directeurs par les membres de la Commission, Paris, 1914, str. 129, 131.
Up. Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 2226.
Antal Hegedi, Josif II o svom putovanju u Banat 1768, Istraivanja, 11, 1986, str. 214, 221;
Felix Milleker, Geschichte der Banater Militrgrenze 17641873, Panevo, 1925, str. 47.
120
19181941.
.16 ,
. , , ,
. ,
.
,
XIX . . XVIII
,
.17 XIX
. 1864,18 ,
.
- .19 ,
,
.20 ()
XX ,21 .22
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 295296. Zanimljivo je da su maarski autori tog doba Srbe videli kao
lenje, temperamentne u ljubavi i mrnji, sklone piu i psovanju, prljave, sujeverne i rastrone.
Od dobrih osobina pripisivali su im velikodunost, pobonost, privrenost porodici i gostoljubivost. (Up. Mariann Nagy, Nineteenth Century Hungarian Authors on Hungarys Ethnic Minorities, u: Lszl Kontler (ed.), Pride and Prejudice. National Sterotypes in 19th and 20th
Century Europe East to West, Budapest, 1995, str. 4244)
Keith Hitchins, The Rumanian National Movement in Transylvania 17801849, Cambridge,
Mass. 1969, str. IX.
I. D. Suciu, Gr. Popiti, Relations serbo-roumaines dans lempire autrichien entre 1780 et
1850, Revue roumaine dhistoire, IX, 2, 1970; Nikola Gavrilovi, Jurisdikcija Karlovake
mitropolije nad pravoslavnim Rumunima u Banatu, Kriani i Erdelju, Srbi i Rumuni. Srpskorumunske veze kroz vekove, Beograd, Novi Sad, 1998; Keith Hitchins, Orthodoxy and Nationality. Andreiu Saguna and the Romanians of Transylvania 18461873, Harvard, 1977; Isti,
Andreiu aguna and the Restoration of the Rumanian Orthodox Metropolis in Transylvania
18461868, Balkan Studies, VI, 1, 1965, str. 1618.
Svetislav Bradvarevi, Nae hijerarhijsko-deobne parnice sa Rumunima u vrakoj i temivarskoj eparhiji, Novi Sad, 1913.
Isto, str. 7, 20.
Tih[omir] R. orevi, Kroz nae Rumune. Putopisne beleke, Beograd, 1906, str. 65.
Isto, 66.
121
,
.23
,
, ,
. ,
, , .24
,
. ,
.
,

.

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.25 ,
, ,
.26

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1918. .27 , .
,
.

.
23
24
25
26
27
Srbi su pak prema Rumunima navodno oseali samo izvesno nipodatavanje koje su izraavali
alama i vicevima (Isto, str. 67).
Radoslav Markovi, Srpska pravoslavna parohija u Iniji krajem 1900, (reprint izdanje), Inija,
1997, str. 34, 47, 64; Isti, O raskou (modi) i ostalim tetnim obiajima i navikama naim, Zagreb, 1912, str. 67.
Milan B. Koljanin, Jevreji i antisemitizam u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji (19181941), (doktorska
teza u rukopisu), Beograd, 2006, str. 101; eni Lebl, Do Konanog reenja. Jevreji u Beogradu 15211942, Beograd, 2001, str. 117, 127, 152.
Lebl, n. d., str. 153; Koljanin, n. d., str. 114115, 131. Kratak pregled evropskog antisemitizma
videti u: Dord L. Mos, Istorija rasizma u Evropi, Beograd, 2005.
Andrej Mitrovi, Jugoslavija na konferenciji mira 19191920, Beograd, 1968, str. 96.
122
19181941.

. ,

,28 .29
:
,30

.31 ,
( )
, .32
, ,
.33
.
()
,
.34
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Arhiv Jugoslavije (dalje: AJ), Fond 398, f. 1; Politisches Archiv des Auswrtigen Amtes (dalje:
PAAA) Abt. IIb, Nationalittenfrage, Fremdvlker in Jugoslawien, Politik 6, Jugoslawien Bd.
4; Association yougoslave pour la Socit des Nations, La Serbie de Sud depuis 1918, Belgrade,
1926, str. 1; Association yougoslave pour la Socit des Nations, Bulgares et Yougoslaves.
LangueReligionTraditionsAspect politiqueEtat actuelConclusion, Belgrade, 1928, str. 9;
Leopold Lenard, Narodne manjine u SHS, Jubilarni zbornik ivota i rada SHS 19181928,
Beograd, 1928, str. 733; Isti, Slovenske narodne manjine u Jugoslaviji, Narodna odbrana, 52,
29. XII 1929, str. 857; ivko Avramovski, Britanci o Kraljevini Jugoslaviji. Godinji izvetaji
britanskog poslanstva u Beogradu 19211938, I (19211931), Zagreb, Beograd, [1986], str.
161, 147; Ewald Ammende (Hrsg.), Die Nationalitten in den Staaten Europas. Sammlung von
Lageberichte, Wien, Leipzig, 1931, str. 373.
PAAA, Abt. IIb, Nationalittenfrage, Fremdvlker in Jugoslawien, Politik 6, Jugoslawien Bd. 4
Up. G. Bajdaroff, La question macdonienne dans le pass et le prsent, Sofia, 1926, str. 43;
George P. Genoff, The Minority Question and Revision of Treaties, Bulgaria and the Balkan
Problem, Sofia, 1934, str. 25.
Uprkos slubenom jugoslovenskom negiranju, dobar deo svetske javnosti je usvojio bugarsko
stanovite to je imalo korena u predratnim shvatanjima i propagandi. (Up. P. de Azkarate,
League of Nations and National Minorities. An Experiment, Washington, 1945, str. 49)
, , IV.
(19121941), , 2000, str. 175185.
Zoran Janjetovi, Deca careva, pastorad kraljeva. Nacionalne manjine u Jugoslaviji 1918
1941, Beograd, 2005, str. 18.
Mi i Rumuni, Narodna odbrana, 27, od 5. jula 1936. U jednom dopisu Ministarstva unutranjih
poslova Ministarstvu prosvete od 30. avgusta 1932. anonimni autor se ali da je od 21 optine
boljevakog sreza 12 rumunsko i da se Srbi asimiluju u Vlahe (Vlahinja udata u srpsku kuu
povlai celu kuu), (AJ, 66 (pov.), 71/185). Slino je 1. septembra 1925. tvrdio predsednik
Komisije za razgranienje pukovnik Nekovi koji je za rumunizaciju Srba najvie optuivao
rumunske svetenike (AJ, 66 (pov.), 71/185). Neuspelu asimilaciju u Homoljskim planinama
konstatuje 24. maja 1938. i Sreten Jani u jednom poduem referatu o Rumunima u Banatu i
severoistonoj Srbiji (AJ, 38, 109/247).
123
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, XIX .

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35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Jovan Cviji, Jovan Radoni, Stanoje Stanojevi, Ilarion Zeremski, La question du Banat, de la
Batchka et de la Baranya. Le Banat, Paris, 1919, str. 11.
Tihomir orevi, The Truth Concerning the Rumanes in Serbia, Paris, 1919, str, 31.
Isto, str. 24. Naravno da nije u tom propagandnom spisu ni pretpostavio da su slava i predanja
o srpskim junacima mogli biti preuzeti u Srbiji, kao ni to da srpska prezimena svakako potiu
od meanja sa Srbima. to se navodnog davnog srpskog porekla nekih porodica tie, moda se
radilo o svojevrsnom umiljavanju vlastima.
Andrej Mitrovi, Razgranienje Jugoslavije sa Maarskom i Rumunijom 19191920. Prilog
prouavanju jugoslovenske politike na konferenciji mira u Parizu, Novi Sad, 1975, str. 99.
Dragia Lapevi, Cincarstvo u Srbiji u Beogradu i srbijanskim gradovima, Beograd, s. a.
Lapevi je osporavao Cincarima duhovne sposobnosti da postanu voe Srba (n. d., str. I) za ta
ih je sa hrvatskih pozicija optuivao crnogorski otpadnik Sava Markovi tedimlija. (Up. S. M.
tedimlija, Cincari, Kulturnopolitika razmatranja, I, Zagreb, 1939, str. 57)
Duan J. Popovi, O Cincarima, Prilozi pitanju postanka naeg graanskog drutva, Beograd,
1937.
Popovi, n. d., str. 3143.
Popovi, n. d., str. 166, 168, 175, 179.
124
19181941.
.43 ,
.
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de jure .48

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) .49
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Balkansko poluostrvo i junoslovenske zemlje, Beograd, 1967, str. 118, 453.

Radivoj Simonovi, Etnografski pregled Vojvodine, Novi Sad, [1924], str. 12. Simonovi je,
meutim, prevideo da se moderna srpska kultura i istorja ne bi mogle ni zamisliti bez velikana
cincarskog porekla. (Up. Pribislav Marinkovi, Velikani. Znamenite linosti cicnarskog porekla
u istoriji Srba, Beograd, 2005; Zoran Janjetovi, Uloga Cincara u stvaranju srpske elite i modernizaciji srpskog drutva, u: Hans-Georg Fleck, Igor Graovac (ur.), Dijalog povijesniara
istoriara, 6, Zagreb 2002)
AJ, F. 398, f. 1.
Isto.
Aleksa Jovanovi (ur.), Spomenica dvadesetpetogodinjice osloboenja June Srbije 1912
1937, Skoplje, 1937, str. 398, 406.
Zoran Janjetovi, Pitanje zatite nacionalnih manjina u Kraljevini SHS na konferenciji mira u
Parizu 19191920, Istorija XX veka, 2, 2000.
Cviji, Radoni, Stanojvi, Zeremski, La question, Le Banat, str. 11, 2529.
125
.50 ,51
.52

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(sic!).
,
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XIX XX ,
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-
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. ,
,56
, ,
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Delimitation entre les Serbes et les Roumains dans le Banat (AJ, 69, 9/22); Bogdan Krizman,
Bogumil Hrabak (ur.), Zapisnici sa sednica Delegacije Kraljevine SHS na mirovnoj konferenciji u Parizu 19191920, Beograd, 1960, str. 338340. Argumentacija jugoslovenske delegacije
je bila samo delom istorijsko-etnografska, dok je drugim delom sadrala strateke, privredne,
politike i kulturne argumente. Rumunska delegacija je odgovorila pozivanjem na ugovor sa
Antantom kojim im je obean ceo Banat, na injenicu da Banat sainjava celinu, da su Rumuni
veinsko i uz to starosedelako stanovnitvo dok su Srbi navodno doli tek u XV veku, a u
veem broju tek od XVIII (Mitrovi, Razgranienje, str. 5859).
Mitrovi, Razgranienje..., str. 97; Krizman, Hrabak (ur.), n. d., str. 60.
Jovan Radoni, The Banat and the Serbian-Romanian Frontier Problem, Paris, 1919, str. 8; Isti,
Histoire des Serbes en Hongrie, Paris, Barcelone, Dublin, 1919, str. VIII, 56.
Gregoire Yakchich, Le Banat, Paris, 1915, str. 4; Iov[an] Radonitch, Le droit historique des
Roumains et des Serbes sur le Banat, Revue des tudes Historiques, OctobreDcembre 1916,
str. 7, 10.
AJ, F. 336, f. 5.
Up. Ladislaus Gldi, Ladislaus Makkai (Hrsg.), Geschichte der Rumnen, Budapest, 1942, str.
V, 2460; Paul Hunfalvy, Ethnographie von Ungarn, Budapest, 1877, str. 345.
Cviji, Radoni, Stanojevi, Zeremski, La question, Le Banat, str. 2223; Bogdan Krizman,
Pitanje granica Vojvodine na parikoj mirovnoj konferenciji 1919. godine (diplomatsko-historijska skica), Zbornik Matice srpske za drutvene nauke, 24, 1954, str. 4344.
126
19181941.
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.57 XIII 1716.58
.59
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,
1922. 1928,
.67

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Up. Vojvodina, I. Od najstarijih vremena do Velike seobe, Novi Sad, 1939, str. 129.
Simonovi, n. d., str. 2223.
Mita Klicin, Kratka istorija srpskog Elzasa od VIXX veka, Beograd s. a., str. 9, 11.
Isto, str. 16, 20.
Isto, str. 3334.
Dobrivoj Nikoli, Srbi u Banatu u prolosti i sadanjosti, Novi Sad, 1941, str. I, 142.
Isto, str. 132, 141, 152.
Isto, str. 151152. Pal Hunfalvi je bio maarizovani Nemac i u svom delu iz 1877. je dao karakteristike svih naroda tadanje Ugarske sa naravno vrlo maarskog stanovita (Up. Hunfalvy,
n. d.).
Isto, str. 50, 143, 151.
Jovan Erdeljanovi, Srbi u Banatu. Naselja i stanovnitvo, Novi Sad, 1992 (2. izd.), str. 59.
Isto, str. 71, 85, 95, 130, 242, 290, 334.
127
, .68

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.75

76
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Stereotip o velikoj asimilacionoj snazi Rumuna je delio jo jedan strunjak za vojvoanska

pitanja, dr Vladimir Margan (AJ, 37, 87/495).
Duan Popovi, Naseljavanje Vojvodine, Glasnik istorijskog drutva u Novom Sadu, sv. 35,
knj. XII, sv. 1, Novi Sad, 1939, str. 29, 32.
Predsednik komisije za razgranienje, pukovnik Nekovi je 1925. navodio pet sela uz granicu
koja su potpuno porumunjena, kao i sedam sela u kojima navodno do pre 30-40 godina uopte
nije bilo Rumuna a koja su u njegovo vreme imala dosta rumunskih stanovnika, od kojih su se
neki jo uvek prezivali na i. On je za rumunizaciju krivio pre svega rumunske svetenike i
uitelje. I on je tvrdio da Rumuni mrze Srbe (AJ, 66 (pov.), 71/185).
Toa Iskruljev, Raspee srpskog naroda u Sremu 1914. godine i Madari. Sa madarske granice. Bajski trokut. Sent Andrija, Novi Sad, 1936, str. 191192.
Toa Iskruljev, O Vojvodini i njenoj kolonizaciji, Novi Sad, 1925, str. 9.
AJ, F. 398, f. 1.
Daka Popovi, Banat, Baka i Baranja. Savremeni nacionalni, politiki i drutveni problemi,
Novi Sad, 1935, str. 26.
Daka Popovi, n. d., str. 3334; La minorit hongroise en Yougoslavie et son orientation, nepotpisani elaborat (verovatno od Ilije Pria) od 14. oktobra 1937. (AJ, F. 398, f. 1). Isto je krajem
tridesetih godina zapazio i britanski strunjak za srednju Evropu Makartni (C. A. Macartney,
Hungary and Her Successors. The Treaty of Trianon and its Consequences 19191937, London, New York, Toronto, 1937, str. 431, 433).
Jovan Cviji, Jovan Radoni, Stanoje Stanojevi, Ilarion Zeremski, La question du Banat, de
la Batchka et de la Baranya. La Batchka, Paris, 1919, 3; Isti, n. d., Le Banat, 19; Radoni, Histoire..., str. 56; Mitrovi, Razgranienje..., str. 24.
128
19181941.
.77
,
() XVIII .78
, e .79
,80
.81
.
( )

,
XVIII XIX ,82
. ,
,
, ,
, .83
: , , , , ,
84 .
,
(
) .85
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Up. Pter Hank (Hrsg.), Die Geschichte Ungarns von den Anfngen bis zur Gegenwart, Budapest, 1991, str. 1824; Bla Kpeczi (Hrsg.), Kurze Geschichte Siebenbrgens, Budapest,
1990, str. 109114; Istvn Lzr, Hungary. A Brief History, Budapest, 1993, str. 3147; Ervin
Pamlnyi (Hrsg.), Die Geschichte Ungarns, Budapest, 1971, str. 1516; Histoire de la Hongrie
des origines nos jours, Budapest, 1974, str. 4748.
Krizman, Hrabak (ur.), n. d., str. 30, 340, 345; Mitrovi, Razgranienje..., str. 24, 39, 66, 70; Cviji,
Radoni, Stanojevi, Zeremski, La question ..., La Batchka, str. 2021; Isti, n. d., Le Banat, str. 7.
Petar Peki, Povijest osloboenja Vojvodine, Subotica, 1939, str. 1215; Lazar Stipi, Istina o
Maarima (po maarskim podacima), Subotica, 1929, str. 910, 32; Klicin, n. d., str. 6; Vojvodina, I, str. 129; Radoni, Histoire..., str. 56. Zanimljivo je da su istu, moda ak i goru sliku
maarskih doljaka naslikali i slovenaki autori u memorandumu za mirovnu konferenciju pod
naslovom The Most Western Branch of the Jugoslavs and Its Neighbours (AJ, F. 336, f. 7).
Istorija naroda Jugoslavije, I, Beograd, 1953, str. 150151; Pamlnyi (Hrsg.), n. d., str. 35;
Laslo Katu, Istorija veza maarskog naroda sa narodima Jugoslavije, u: Katu, Kropilak,
Siracki, Petrike (ur.), Istorija veza maarskog, slovakog i rumunskog naroda sa narodima
Jugoslavije. Prirunik za nastavnike, Novi Sad, 1969, str. 714; Lszl Ksa, Die Ungarn, ihre
Geschichte und Kultur, Budapest, 1994, str. 51.
Peki, n. d., str. 34.
Cviji, Radoni, Stanojevi, Zeremski, La question, La Batchka, str. 611, 21; Isti, n. d., Le
Banat, str. 7, 21; Radoni, Histoire.., str. 81100; Klicin, n. d., str. 3538; Stipi, n. d., str. 28,
38, 43.
Stipi, n. d., str. 47.
Isto, str. 1223, 2832.
Milorad Ekmei je skrenuo panju na veliki doprinos asimilanata istoriji jugoslovenskih naroda (M. Ekmei, Internacionalni i interkontinentalni migracioni pokreti iz jugoslovenskih zemalja od kraja XVIII vijeka do 1941, Godinjak Drutva istoriara BiH, XX, 1974, str. 110).
129

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.
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88 , .
89
.
, 90
.
, .
.
.91
,

.92 ,
.93 ,
,
- .94

(),
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
Up. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (revised ed.), London, New York, 1991; Antoni D. Smit, Nacionalni identitet, Beograd, 1998, str. 3771, 115155.
Klicin, n. d., str. 13. (Enciklopedija Jugoslavije govori o vlako-slovenskom poreklu.) Sa svoje strane, nacionalistika rumunska istoriografija je Hunjadija proglaavala za Rumuna ini
se sa ipak vie osnova (Up. N[colae] Iorga, Histoire des Roumains et de la Romani orientale,
Vol. IV. Les Chevaliers, Bucarest, 1937, str. 8596, 203211). Taj stav je ostao preovlaujui i
posle Drugog svetskog rata (Up. Andrei Oetea (ed.), Storia del popolo romeno, Roma, 1981,
str. 163, 166167).
Daka Popovi se alio da se o nacionalnim manjinama uopte premalo pie (D. Popovi, Banat,
Baka i Baranja, str. 3)
Nikoli, n. d., str. 165.
AJ, F. 398, f. 1.
Daka Popovi, Banat, Baka i Baranja, str. 3334.
Isto, str. 35.
Isto, str. 37.
130
19181941.
.95 ,
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,

.96
, .97

.98

.99
. ,

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( )
.101
XVIII , , - ,102
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102

Peki, n. d., str. 29.
Isto, str. 54.
Po popisu iz 1921. Nemci su bili najbrojnija manjina sa 505.790 pripadnika; na popisu 1931.
najbrojniji su bili Albanci sa 508.259 ljudi, dok su Nemci pali na drugo mesto sa 499.969 pripadnika (Janjetovi, Deca careva..., str. 65).
Krizman, Hrabak (ur.), n. d., str. 30; Mitrovi, Razgranienje..., str. 24, 41, 66.
Cviji, Radoni, Stanojevi, Zeremski, La question, Le Banat, str. 11, 20; Isti, n. d., La Batchka, str. 46; Krizman, Hrabak (ur.), n. d., str. 113, 341, 345; Simonovi, n. d., str. 89; Nikoli,
n. d., str. 143, 169; Daka Popovi, Elaborat o nacionalnim manjinama u Vojvodini (AJ. 66,
72/195); Iskruljev, O Vojvodini, str. 1011; Radoslav Markovi, Inija. Prilog za prouavanje
naselja u Vojvodini, Novi Sad, 1923, str. 67. Slavko Stani ne kae da je cilj bio oslabiti Srbe,
ali kae da su Nemci u mnogim mestima kolonizovani na tetu Srba i Hrvata (Slavko Stani,
vabe u Vojvodini, Letopis Matice srpske, knj. 330, sv. 12, 1931, str. 116).
Handwrterbuch des Grenz- und Auslanddeutschtums, (dalje: HWBGAD) I, Breslau, 1933, str.
220; Sonja Jordan, Die kaiserliche Wirtschaftspolitik im Banat im 18. Jahrhundert, Mnchen,
1967, str. 22; andor Mesaro, Poloaj Maara u Vojvodini 19181929, Novi Sad, 1981, str.
7; Andreas Dammang, Die deutsche Landwirtschaft im Banat und in der Batschka, Novi Sad,
1931, str. 10; Pamlenyi (ed.), n. d., str. 199; G[eza] C. Paikert, The Danube Swabians. German
Populations in Hungary, Rumania and Yugoslavia and Hitlers Impact on Their Patterns, The
Hague, 1967, str. 16; Josef Wolf, Entwicklung der ethnischen Sturktur des Banats 18901992,
Wien, 2004, str. 32; Nikola Gaea, Agrarna reforma i kolonizacija u Banatu, 19191941, Novi
Sad, 1972, str. 810.
131
.103 XVIII
,
.104 XIX
, , ,
.

,
105 .106
,
. ,
,
.107
.
, , , , .108
( ),
.109
, .110

,
.111
, , ,
. ( )
.112
,
, , 103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
HWBGAD, I, 231; Milutin Perovi, Nacionalni pokret kod Slovaka od kraja 18. do poetka
20. veka, Godinjak Drutva istoriara Vojvodine 1981, Novi Sad, 1983, str. 53; B. M.
Drobnjakovi, Feliks Mileker, Letopisi optina Podunavske oblasti, Panevo, 1929, passim;
Branislav Bukurov, Naselja u junom Banatu, Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke,
39, 1970, str. 35, 57; Milo M. Ratkovi, Mramorak. Geografski prikaz sela i blie okoline,
Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, 24, 1962, str. 90.
Klicin, n. d., str. 21; Radoni, Histoire..., str. 171.
Simonovi, n. d., str. 10; Klicin, n. d., str. 23.
Duan J. Popovi, Srbi u Vojvodini, II. Od Karlovakog mira 1699. do Temivarskog sabora
1790, Novi Sad, [1990], str. 4344; Borislav Jankulov, Pregled kolonizacije Vojvodine u XVIII
I XIX veku, Novi Sad, 1961, str. 23; Gerhard Seewann, Serbische Sd-Nord Migrationen als
Voraussetzung fr die deutsche Ansiedlung im 18. Jahrhundert, u: A Krpt-medence vonzsban, Pcs, 2001, str. 433, 436.
Stani, n. d., str. 114.
Isto, str. 120122.
Isto, str. 122125.
Iskruljev, Raspee..., str. 367368, 441.
132
19181941.
.113 ,
,

, . ,
.114
, ,
,
, ,
.115 1935,

,
116
.117
.118 , ,
, .119
,
, .120
.121 , ,
.
,
. , ,
.
.
: ,
,
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
AJ, F. 398, f. 1.
Isto.
Isto, str. 10.
Up. Janjetovi, Deca careva..., passim; Duan Biber, Nacizem in Nemci v Jugoslaviji 1933
1941, Ljubljana, 1966; Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien, Augsburg, 1994, str.
15E44E.
Isto, str. 14.
Janjetovi, Deca careva..., str. 145150. Tridesetih godina je fama o veliini nemakog zemljoposeda prerasla u paranoju delimino uslovljenu njegovim stvarnim irenjem, a delimino
usponom Treeg rajha (Up. Zoran Janjetovi, O irenju zemljoposeda vojvoanskih Nemaca
izmeu dva svetska rata, Godinjak za drutvenu istoriju, V, 13, 1998, str. 101111).
Daka Popovi, Banat, Baka i Baranja, str. 4042; Iskruljev, Raspee..., str. 635636.
133
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,123
.124 ,
.125
,126 ,
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.129
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, , : .
,

, , ( ), .
, , .130
,
.131
.
.132 .
.133
,
.134
1940.
,
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Bogumil Hrabak, Autonomizam u Vojvodini kao reakcija na finansijsko iscrpljivanje i

politiko zapostavljanje pokrajine, Godinjak Drutva istoriara Vojvodine 1982, Novi Sad,
1982, str. 72; Branislav Gligorijevi, Politika istupanja i organizacija Slovaka i eha u Kraljevini SHS, Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju, 24, 1981, str. 141, 145.
Gligorijevi, n. d., str. 153154; Elaborat Dake Popovia o nacionalnim manjinama u Vojvodini
od 24. februara 1934. (AJ, 66, 72/195)
Gligorijevi, n. d., str. 138, 143, 150; Nikola L. Gaea, Vojvoanski Slovaci u agrarnoj reformi posle Prvog svetskog rata, u: Isti, Radovi iz agrarne istorije i demografije, Novi Sad, 1995,
str. 270285.
Daka Popovi, Elaborat o nacionalnim manjinama u Vojvodini, 24. februar 1934. (AJ, 66, 72/195)
Iskruljev, Raspee..., str. 368.
Lenard, Slovenske narodne manjine, str. 855.
Koljanin, n. d., str. 156.
Neboja Popovi, Jevreji u Srbiji 19181941, Beograd, 1997, str. 160.
Koljanin, n. d., str. 198, 207212, 299300.
134
19181941.
, . ,
, .
.135
, ,
. 1933. 1941.
,
.136 , . . ,
- . . 1940. ,
.
.
1940.
.137

.
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.
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, , ,

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,
.
(sic),
.138
, ,
.
,
.139
135
136
137
138
139
Koljanin, n. d., str. 300; Neboja Popovi, n. d., str. 164. I neki autori koji se nikako ne bi mogli
nazvati antisemitskim dele slino miljenje o jevrejskom ekskluzivizmu (Up. Roger Garaudy,
The Founding Myths of Modern Israel, (2nd ed.), Newport Beach, CA, 2003, str. 1831).
Nataa uka, Antisemitizam i kritika antisemitizma u beogradskim brourama 19331941,
Godinjak za drutvenu istoriju, I, 3, 1994; Koljanin, n. d., str. 258.
Nikolaj Velimirovi, Kroz tamniki prozor. Poruke srpskom narodu iz logora Dahau, Beograd, 2005. Iako je ovo delo nastalo tek tokom Drugog svetskog rata, Velimirovi je bio blizak
bogomoljakom pokretu koji je bio antisemitski nastrojen (Koljanin, n. d., str. 268). Jevreji nisu
glavni cilj Velimirovieve kritike ve pre svega antika paralela sa dekadentnom zapadnoevropskom kulturom. U njegovom delu se uprkos tome moe nai stara hrianska optuba da su
Jevreji razapeli Hrista (str. 5556, 225226), da se vekovima bore protiv njega (str. 77, 212,
227), da su otpali od boga (str. 156, 206, 214, 216, 241), da ele da pokore svet (s pozivom na
zloglasne Protokole sionskih mudraca str. 171) te da im je avo otac (str. 243).
135
. .
, .
, . ,
( ),
.140
.141 ,
1933.
, Napl-,
.142
, ,143

. ,
.
.
, .
,
. , ,
.
. , ,
.
- .
,
144
.
. .145 ,
, ,
. ,

140
141
142
143
144
145
Daka Popovi, Banat, Baka i Baranja, str. 2627; Elaborat o nacionalnim manjinama u Vojvodini (AJ, 66, 72/195).
Up. izvetaje s poetka aprila 1933. dopisnika Centralnog pres-biroa Trive Militara koji se zalagao da vojvoanski Jevreji prestanu da koriste maarski jezik i da ponu da se slue srpskim
(AJ, 38, 7/78).
Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog instiuta (dalje: AVII), pop. 17, k. 21, f. 2, d. 19; AJ, 63 (pov.), 1939, f. 2;
andor Mesaro, Maari u Vojvodini 19291941, Novi Sad, 1981, str. 369.
Enik A. Sajti, Hungarians in the Vojvodina 19181947, Boulder, Col. 2003, str. 41, 155;
Lszl Rehak, tampa u Vojvodini, Vojvodina 19441954, Novi Sad, 1954, str. 355; AJ, 14,
111/415.
Jovan Hadi-Vasiljevi, Muslimani nae krvi u Junoj Srbiji, Bratstvo, XIX, 1925, str. 2294.
Rista T. Nikoli, irenje Arnauta u srpske zemlje, Beograd, 1938.
136
19181941.
.

.146

.147

, .148
,149
.150
,151
. 1939.
:

.152
.153
, , 1923.
.
(.
) .

:
, , .154 -
,
,
.155

146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
Isto, str. 31.

Aleksa Jovanovi (ur.), n. d., str. 225226, 338, 407, 410411, 431.
Isto, str. 412, 422, 431432.
Isto, str. 819.
Isto, str. 413, 420, 432
Isto, str. 398.
edomil Mitrinovi, Kolonizacija junih krajeva, Beograd, 1939, str. 27.
Up. Josef B. Schechtmann, European Population Transfers 19391945, New York, 1946; Eugen
M. Kulisher, Europe on the Move. War and Population Changes 19171947, New York, 1948.
Stenografske beleke Narodne skuptine Kraljevine SHS (dalje: SBNS), Vanredan saziv za
1923. godinu knj. I, Beograd, 1923, str. 336.
Isto, str. 338.
137
19081912. :

(sic),
?
, ,
:
. [1878]
:
.156 ,
,

.
. :
...

...
, ,
. , ,

.
,
, ,
.157
.158
156
157
158
Isto, str. 340341. Vukosavljevi je u vie navrata pisao u ovom smislu (up. Bogumil Hrabak,
Sreten Vukosavljevi politiki aktivista i narodni poslanik 19191927, Simpozijum Seoski
dani Sretena Vukosavljevia, XVIII, 1996, Prijepolje, 1998, str. 11).
SBNS, Vanredan saziv za 1923. g. knj. I, str. 823.
Nacionalistike organizacije ORJUNA i SRNAO su 20-ih godina videle nacionalne manjine
kao remetilaki faktor i elele su njihovo uklanjanje iz zemlje (Mladen orevi, Organizacija jugoslovenskih nacionalista (ORJUNA) (diplomski rad u rukopisu), Beograd, 1998, str.
25, 30; Branislav Gligorijevi, Srpska nacionalistika omladina (SRNAO). Prilog izuavanju
nacionalistikih organizacija u staroj Jugoslaviji, Istorijski glasnik, 23, 1964, str. 1920).
etnika organizacija se tridesetih godina nosila milju o uklanjanju Jevreja i nacionalnih manjina. (Nusret ehi, etnitvo u Bosni i Hercegovini (19181941). Politika uloga i oblici djelovanja etnikih udruenja, Sarajevo, 1971, str. 124).Vasa aleti, upravnik Saveza agrarnih
zadruga u Junoj Srbiji je u jednom elaboratu od 29. septembra 1936. takoe okvalifikovao Albance kao uzurpatore i predloio njihovo iseljavanje (AJ, 37, 22/175). Isto se predlae i u referatu Srpskog kulturnog kluba Problem narodnosti u Junoj Srbiji od 16. maja 1938. (AVII, pop.
17, k. 69, f. 4, d. 1), kao i u ve uvenom predavanju Vase ubrilovia Iseljavanje Arnauta,
odranom u Srpskom kulturnom klubu 7. marta 1937. (AVII, pop. 17, k. 69, f. 4, d. 2). Notorni
Cicvariev dnevnik je pisao 1. septembra 1920: Po naem miljenju nema drugog izlaza nego
raseljavanje i istrebljivanje muslimana. Ako dravna vlast nije u stanju da im doskoi, mora
se dopustiti da se organizuju srpski etnici. (Citirano u: Bojan Korsika (ur.), Srbija i Albanci.
Pregled politike Srbije prema Albancima od 1913. do 1945, II, Ljubljana, 1989, str. 22).
138
19181941.

200.000 1938,
.159
( )
.

.
, 26.
1924. ,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
. ()

.
,
,
. .160

5. 1930. 5.
, ,
( ),
(
),
( ),
(
159
160
Vie o tome: Avdija Avdi, Jugoslovensko-turski pregovori o iseljavanju muslimanskog

stanovnitva u periodu izmeu dva svetska rata, Novopazarski zbornik, 10, 1991; Hakif Bajrami, Konventa jugoslavo-turke e vitit 1938 pr shprnguljen e shqipetarve, Gijurmine albanolgjike. Seria s shkencave historike, XII, 1982; Vladan Jovanovi, Iseljavanje muslimana iz
Makedonije (19181941) (Rukopis predavanja odranog na naunoj tribini Instituta za noviju
istoriju Srbije 19. novembra 2003), str. 811; Isti, Interministerijalna konferencija Kraljevine Jugoslavije o iseljenju neslovenskog elementa u Tursku (1935), Prilozi, 35, 2006, str.
119122.
AJ, 305, 8/18.
139
).161
. ,
, .162

.163
, ,
.
, 164

.
, ,
, .
.
28. 1924.
,
.165
- .
,
.
, ,
, ,
. , 161
162
163
164
165
AJ, 305, 8/18; Dogo, n. d., str. 271273. O svakako skromnom izdavatvu u Albaniji v.: Armin
Hetzer, Geschichte des Buchhandels in Albanien. Prolegomena zu einer Literatursoziologie,
Berlin, Wiesbaden, 1984. O albanskom alfabetu v.: Roux, n. d., str. 203207; Stavro Skendi,
The History of the Albanian Alphabet. A Case of Complex Cultural and Political Developments, Sdost-Forschungen, XIX, 1960, str. 269283; Stjepan Antoljak, Prilog historijatu
borbe Albanaca za svoj alfabet, Gjurmime albanologjike, 1, 1969; Pollo, Puto (eds.), n. d.,
str. 263. Ilija Pri, koji je moda i sam uestvovao u pisanju odgovora, navodi u jednom svom
elaboratu (verovatno iz 1929) o nacionalnim manjinama da Albanci jo nisu spoznali potrebu
kulturnog, ekonomskog, prosvetnog, humanitarnog ili drugog udruivanja (AJ, F. 398, f. 1).
Janjetovi, Deca careva, str. 396397.
Up. npr. Henry Baerlein, A Difficult Frontier (Yugoslavs and Albanians), London, 1922, str.
25, 41, 48, 50, 65, 67, 76, 8687, 8990, 117, 121, 146, 154155; G. B. Smith, Outlines of
European History 17891922, (3rd ed.), London, 1928, str. 95. Zanimljivo je da je i hrvatski
albanolog Milan uflaj koji se ne moe optuiti za ni neprijateljstvo prema Albancima ni za
preveliko prijateljstvo prema Srbima, u prilinoj meri delio sliku Albanaca i njihovog prodiranja na Kosovo, u Metohiju i zapadnu Makedoniju koju je slikala veina srpskih autora. Tako
on npr. kae da se pria da su aljani do pre sto godina iveli u peinama, dok poetke njihovog
irenja prema severoistoku stavlja u XVII vek. On kae da su se tada uglavnom bavili pljakom,
te da su nasiljem potisli Srbe (Milan ufflay, Povijest sjevernih Arbanasa (socioloka tudija),
Arhiv za albansku starinu, jezik i etnologiju, knj. II, 1924, str. 237238).
Markovi, n. d., str. 6566.
Korsika (ur.), n. d., str. 71. Pisanje srpske tampe o Albancima bi tek trebalo sistematski istraiti.
140
19181941.
.
166

( ).167
. -

,
.
.168 ,
:
,169 .

. , , , ,
,
, , .170 - 1934.
, .
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
:
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,
.171 ,
166
167
168
169
170
171
Jovanovi, Iseljavanje, str. 7.

AJ, 37, 51/315; 54/352; 9/55; F. 66 (o.n.), f. 88.
Milosavljevi, n. d., str. 290291.
Ivo Andri, Razvoj duhovnog ivota u Bosni pod uticajem turske vladavine, [Beograd, 1997],
str. 41 52. Pokuaji da se Osmanska imperija prikae kao nekakvo carstvo verske slobode,
kako to ine savremeni turski istoriari, u najmanju ruku su jednostrani (Up. npr. Halil Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire. The Classical Age 13001600, London, 1973, str. 7). Verska tolerancija
je postojala samo uslovno reeno ako se uporedi sa jo veom verskom netolerancijom u
tadanjoj hrianskoj Evropi.
AJ, F. 398, f. 1.
Pismo senatora Spire Hadi-Ristia ministru unutranjih poslova ivojinu Laziu iz 1934. (AJ,
37, 54/352).
141
,
.

,
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,
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.
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,
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,
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,
()
,
.
142
19181941.
Summary
National Minorities in the Eyes of the Serbian Elite 19181941
Key words: Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia, Serbia, national minorities
The paper deals with the picture of members of various peoples which
would become national minorities in Yugoslavia after WWI: Albanians, Turks,
Romanians, Vlachs, Magyars, Germans, Slovaks, Ruthenians and Jews. The
author analyzes the works of the Serbian writers, historians and politicians who
dealt with these nationalities, ascribing them various characteristics. He tries to
establish continuities and discontinuities in the picture of the others before and
after the creation of Yugoslavia and to explain why they came about.
The Serbian authors saw Albanians and partly Hungarians too, as peoples
with worst characteristics, ascribing to them at the same time predominantly
Serb origin. Both were seen as latecomers. Albanians were seen as savages, and
Magyars as a patchwork of peoples. The Romanians were above all credited with
great assimilationist power, but were also labeled recent newcomers in Serbia and
the Banat. So were Germans. They, together with Slovaks and Ruthenians were
seen as hard working and thrifty, and therefore as an economic threat to Serbs.
The Jews were usually depicted in the tradition of European Anti-Semitism, with
an anti-Hungarian tinge, added after WWI. The animosity toward Turks cooled
down already before WWI. Between the two world wars, they were even credited
with some sympathetic traits stemming from necessities of domestic and foreign
policy.
143
94(497.1)1943/1945
355.486(497.1)1943/1945
355.355(161.1)(497.1)1943/1945

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(. . , . ,
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Popovi, Koreni kolaboracionizma, Beograd,1991; Kolaboracija u Srbiji 19411945 : zbornik
grae, (prir. . Jovanovi), Beograd, 2001; O. Milosavljevi, Potisnuta istina: kolaboracija u
Srbiji 19411944, Beograd, 2006.
. -, 19331945 , , 2002, . 342.
. . , . . 19411945, , 2005.
M. Cooper, Nazi war against soviet partisans, New York, 1979, str. 120.
D. Littlejohn, Foreign legions of the Third Reich, IIV, San Jose, 1987, str. I/330.
. . , , , 2004, . 287.
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N. Thomas, The German army in World War II., London, 2002, str. 63
J. Thorwald, Illusion: Soviet soldiers in the Hitlers armies, London New York, 1975, str. 233.
. , , (. . . ), -, 2005.
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i kozaki dobrovoljci u sastavu Vermahta, Orden, 5/2005. -
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. erkezi, Vojna enciklopedija, 2,
Beograd, 1971, . 248.
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-, . XII, . 3, , 1978, . 646.
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. 7448772 7448793.
153
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NAV-T-314, . 563, . 338; NAV-T-314, . 1545, . 788 794; NAVT-314, . 1546, . 445446 461464; ..., . 137139; ...,
. 761762; F. Schraml, Kriegsschauplatz Kroatien. Die deutsch-kroatischen Legions-Divisionen - 369., 373, 392. Inf. Div. (kroat.) ihre Ausbildungs- und Ersatzformationen, Neckargemnd, 1962, str. 187188.
154
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. ,
.64
.65
,
(703. 233. , 23. , 59
60
61
62
63
64
65
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 383, 403; -, . V, . 28,

, 1979, . 141; -, . V, . 29, , 1979, . 12, 18;
NAV-T-314, . 1545, . 832838; NAV-T-314, . 1546, . 264; ...,
. II, . 161; ..., . 793.
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 383, 871; -, . V, . 28,
, 1979, . 93, 94, 95, 108, 142; -, . V, . 29, , 1979, . 9,
10, 109, 117, 119; NAV-T-314, . 1545, . 834 842; ..., . 794.
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 437.
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 899.
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 932.
. . , , , 1988, . 248.
. . , ,
. , , 2005 . 105141.
155
684. , - )
32. 10. .
: 3. , 5.
, 6. . 9
5. ,
703.
.
233. ,
703. ,
684.
.
. 6. 12.00
, ,
.
3. 5. .

. 15 703.
.
!, 66
.67 17
. 21 703.
.
,
.
27.
. , .
: 204 136 .
200 .68 ,
, 60
.
. 12
,
.69
66
67
68
69
..., . III/126.
. . , ..., . 123.
: -, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 771, 1124, 1126; -,
. V, . 37, , 1979, br. 14, 17.
H. Detloff v. Kalben, C. Wagner, Die Geschichte XV. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps, s. l., 1987; H.
Detloff v. Kalben, Zur Geschichte des XV. Kosaken-Kavallerie-Korps, Deutsches Soldatenjahrbuch, s. l., 1970.
156
...
2.
,
.

5. .
2. ,70
, 6. ( )

.71 (78. ) 1.
72
2.
.

. 1944.
,
.
4. 1944.
-,
.73 , 25. 1945, 1.
15. C-,74
1. 2. l. 2.
. 25. 1945. 25
.

: ( ),
, .75 1945.
,76
.77 15.
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 771, 1133;

-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 1133, 1135.
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 1131.
,
, .
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 792, 793, 796, 800.
-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 832834, 927, 1110.
E. Kern, General von Pannwitz und seine Kosaken, Gottingen, 1964.
Samuel J. Newland, Cossacks in the German Army 19411945, London, 1991.
Samuel J. Newland, Cossacks in the German Army 19411945, London, 1991; -,
. XII, . 4, , 1979, . 829.
157
.
1. .
(6. ) 2. .78
,79 -
. 1945.80
. 24. 1945.

. . ,
.81
:
; - ;82
;
. ;
;
.83 (
) . 20. 1945.
.
28. 1945.
.84
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
N. Tolstoy, The Minister and the Massacres, London, 1986.

15. / 15.
: Panther (720. 12. 1943) , Weihnachtsmann (2530. 12. 1943) , Cannae (1719. 3. 1944)
, Dunkirchen I (27. 6. 2. 7. 1944) Dunkirchen II (817. 7.
1944) , Arras (23. 7. 1944) , Werwolf (4 21. 2. 1945)
, Waldteufel (68. 3. 1945) , Bergwind (817. 3. 1945)
.
-, . V, . 37, , 1979, . 14, 18.
. . , ..., . 165.
Hauptverwaltung der Kosakenheere
30. 4. 1944. .
.
, .
. . .
.
. , ..., . 189.
30. 04. 45 // . , . ,
..., . 150151.
(. 119120).
158
...
( ), () , , .
( ) , ,
, , ,
, -
.85
( )

. ,
.
,
,
.86
,
.87
, 1943. .
( -),
.

.
.88

,
, .
, . . ,
.89

,90
.
,
85
86
87
88
89
90
. . , ..., . 3258, 6972.

. . , ..., . 8081.
. . , ..., . 75.
. . , , 2001, 10. ,
http://www.cadet.ru/library/litera/belo/gl_10.htm
. . , 19431945 ., , 1/1992, . 4445.
, 7/1943, . 3.
159
, - ;
-
.
, , ,
, ,
.
19431945.

.91
Summary
Soviet Citizens in the German Occupation
Forces in Serbia and Yugoslavia 19431945
Key words: Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Serbia, World War Two, colaboration,
ozacs
Due to the centrifugal forces immanent to every multinational state, the

red terror, forced collectivisation, dictatorship of bureaucratic apparatus and
poor living standards, part of the Soviet citizens took up arms and fought on
the side of Nazi Germany. The number of armed collaborationists in the USSR
totaled 1.2 million. After Hitlers order of October 10, 1943 eastern batallions
were transferred to France, Italy and the Balkans. Slavic (cossac), Turkestani and
Caucassian units were sent to the Balkans, being the largest and the best suited for
combating the partisans. These were the notorious Caucassian Bergmann Unit,
the I/125th and 814th Armenian batallions, 842nd and 843rd North-Caucassian
semi-batallions, 162nd Turkestani Division , the strong 1st Cossac Division of
general von Pannwitz which was transformed into the 15th Cossac Cavalery
Corps. The Germans did not deploy the Turkestani and Caucassian units only
for fighting the partisans. After the withdrawal from the territory of the USSR
they turned the West-Balkans into a concentration center for all kinds of their
abbettors. The third reason for bringing these troops to Yugoslavia was combined
with the attempt at utylizing these numerous newcomers from the USSR for antiCommunist propaganda.
91
1994.
XV
, 1996.
, 2001.
160
...
338.43(497.1-13)1918/1929

19181929.

:
1918. 1929.
() . .
,
. ,
.
: , , /,
, ,
, ,
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,
- , .1 (, , ),
. ,2
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, 19181988, . 1, , 1988, . 6061.

.
, , , :
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , .
163
, .3 ,
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.
, ,
. , , ,
.

.5

.
***

. 1921.
2 32,3 ,
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48,8).6 ,
23% , (
, ).7 1931. ,
3
5
6
(: ), (74), . 51, . . 71,

- 10. 1. 1929: (: ), . 12.
1919. 960 , 70, (
1918. 24 ).
, , 14-179-664, 20. 4. 1921.
. , . ., . 64.
AJ, . . (335), . 26,
, . 9192; 31. 1921, , 1924, . XVII. - , , , - .
, . 32, 10. 2. 1924, . 2.
164
...
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.
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.
19. 20.
. ,

.8
1921. 74%
,
(76%).9 79%
,
4% (
12,8%). ,

.10
(15
64 1559 ),
1921. 51,6%
, 48,4%.
1931. 53,7%
,
53,9% .
.
,
,
.11 ,
42% 58%
. (
), 92%
.12
8
9
10
11
12
, , 38-716-895, , 26. 10. 1937.

Joso Lakato, Privredni almanah Jugoslovenskog Lloyda, Zagreb, 1929, str. 6.
, (
31. 1931. ), , 1999, . 1011.
, 1921
1961. , , ,
, 1964, . 105106.
. , ..., . 3637.
165
, . 1928.
225.397 , 111.602 , . 173 419 , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, .
. (
)
, , , ,
,
.13
1929. 8.219 .14
,
, .
***
, ,
,

.

.15 .
1926. ,
84% ( ),
.
: 350.457
97% (95% 99%
),
(97%).16
(.
13
14
15
16
, , 96-14-51, 52; 96-13-49; , , , 1928, . 26.

1929. , . 1, , 1932, . 452453.
, , , . 56, , 1937,
. 912. - 83% ,
, (
, , , , ,
, , , ).
1929. , . 1, , 1932, . 7879.
166
...
).17 ,
,
.18
,
,
34% ( 2 ).19 1928.
22,7% ,
.20 ,
,
,
( 4).
,

, . .21
, .
.

, , , .

.
, .
, .22
, ,
( )!23 ,
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 9293. -

20% 18,3% :
, 54. . , 1. 3. 1926, . 94.
AJ, , 65-159-504. - .
. , ..., . 176.
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 9394.
, . 9496.
, . 97. - , ,
,
.
Nova Evropa, knj. XVII, br. 1011, Zagreb, 1928, str. 361.
167
8% .24
, 19221931. .25
,
, . (, , ) 1920
1929. . ,
1927. (15,4 ) (18,8 ),
202
.26 1929.
,
, .
20 ,
.27

,
.
.

, .
19261928. 8,5
, 15,9 /.28
,
.
,
. ,
.29

,

(,
, , , , ).
24
25
26
27
28
29
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 97.

,
19211953. , , 1962, . 268.
AJ, 74-51-71, 10. 1929.
. . , , , 1933, . 1314. - 1929.
270
, .
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 99.
, , , 1923, . 813.
168
...
,
1918. (
, .). ,
1921.
1,9%,
1,5% .
,

. .

, 6,4% (1920. )
2,5% (1923).30
,
-
() : ,
, ,

.31 ,
6,4%
.32
,
.
1
1923. %
,

19,06
6,92 0,30
27,28
33,86
7,05
3,89
1,63

14,95
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48,90
11,95
8,17
0,59
4,33

4,17
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39,12
8,85 13,00
30,19
2,61

6,44 27,76 0,15
0,44
34,63
9,18
4,95
10,29

1,77
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7,75
19,28 11,12
8,20
7,42
-
8,83
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54,05
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8,72
0,71

35,99
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22,47
6,87
9,39
6,56
12,06
4,14
4,14 0,66
20,69
8,28 20,69
20,69
20,69
20,78
6,53 0,30
27,56
24,22
8,54
7,30
4,75
: . . , . . , . , . , . . ,
, , 1927, . 5455.
30
31
32
. . , , . 2933, 3839.
, 74-51-71, , . 2.
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 97; , 19181925, ,
1994, . 124125.
169
, , . , 13%
.33 ,
, . ,
, 1922. .34

.
,
.
(
). ,
,
.35
,
.
, (, ).
(1929)
,
, .36
. 19201923.
,
, ,
.37 -
73% ,
. , ,
, .
, .
33
34
35
36
37
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 97. - 7,8%,

4,6%, 16%, 8,5%, 67,7%, 17,9%, 54%
.
, 1919
1922 , , . 1, , 1974, . 6976.
, 19181929. , , , , 2002, . 240.
. . , , . 5354.
, ,
19181928, . 1, , 1929, . 329.
170
...
1918. ,
.
,
(46 100 ).38

, 1925.
.
,
.39
100 14 , ,
.40 6,6%.41 ,
, .42
11%, .
27%.43
2
(1923)
.
.
.
/.
% %
28,18
32,95
48,50
9,47
45,23
7,15
52,03
13,47
87,56
12,64
50,50
30,06
58,50
29,00
25,67
40,59
42,24
26,56
%
16,36
18,28
24,54
13,48
29,50
0,58
0,80
6,09
9,92
%
2,94
9,06
12,99
7,08
13,64
0,69
0,52
0,03
3,40
%
1,61
2,95
1,87
4,59
0,72
4,89
1,41
8,13
4,03
%
16,59
7,45
6,28
8,04
14,31
12,00
9,01
18,58
12,46
% %
1,37
100
4,29
100
1,94
100
1,31
100
1,79
100
1,78
100
0,76
100
0,91
100
1,39
100
: . , 19181941, . 1, 1, , 2000, . 232.

38
39
40
41
42
43
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 99, 101; . . , , . 5556.

, 1928/9, , 1928, .
2932.
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 99.
J. Lakato, n. d., str. II/33.
. , . ., . 329; . . , . ., . 7172.
. . , . ., . 98101. -
8.549 ,
9.895 , 9.542, ,
9.456, 8.304, 8.145 5.773 .
171

. , 19251932.
60%,

60%.44
***

, , .45 1931. ,
,
(78%), ( )
9,4% .46 , ,
92% .47
, ,
11.307 (1925. ) 30.289 (1929), , ,
.48 , , : ,
, ,
. ,
,
.49
.50
1929. 2.360 9.527

, .
104 (
),
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
, , , 1934, . 102. - 1,3 0,52 , 1,78 0,71 .

, ..., . 101102.
31. 1931, . 4 (
), , 1940, . 292293.
. , ..., . 37.
Radnika zatira. 15 godina SUZOR 19221937, br. 89, Zagreb, 1938, str. 644.
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 87.
AJ, , 14-39-143.
172
...
. ,

.51
, 1. 1929.
, .
, !52
,
,
, . , ,
, , 1923.
.53
***

.
, ,

. 52%

.54
,
, 55%
. ,
,
37 .55
,
,
240 , 80 .56
,
51
52
53
54
55
56
AJ, 74-51-71, 10. 1. 1929.

AJ, 65-159-504, 20-21. (1929).
, , , 1932, . 457459;
. , 19181941, . 1, 1, . 128; . , . ., .
203204.
19211926, , 1927, . 35. -
(98%) ,
4% .
1926/27. , , 1926, . 7.
, 25. . , 10. 12. 1925,
. 2526.
173

.
.57

,
. 3.125 , 100 2
9 , .58
1926.
40% ,
.
() 24%
!59
19261932.
.
***
- , ,
.

, 1913. ,
1919.
0,1%. 19191922.
, . 0,5%, 1926. 1%.60

: ,
.
,
.
57
58
59
60
, 68. . , 15. 3. 1926, . 71.

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 103.
19211926, . 3637.
. , . , . , , ,
19021941, , 1971, . 5657, 6566, 164; .
, , , 1931, . 2228.
174
...
1928.
. -
,
.61
1927. .
. .
( ),
.62
,
, ,
( 4).

:
3
1930.
(%)
(%)
51.155
(48,40) 270,6
(34,34)
5.289,8
10.919
(10,33) 43,2
( 5,48)
3.956,4
3.637
( 3,44) 14,5
( 1,84)
3.986,8

15.987
10.673

8.006
5.258
50
105.685
(15,13)
96,4
(12,23)
6.929,8
(10,10) 267,0
(33,89)
25.016,3
( 7,57)
56,7
( 7,20)
7.082,1
( 4,97) 38,5
(0,05)
0,7
(100) 787,9
( 4,89)
(0,09)
(100)
7.322,1
14.000
7.455,1
: . , 19181941, . 95.
,

.

. ,
.63
61
62
63
. . , . ., . 170.
, . 4, , 4. 1. 1924, . 1.
AJ, 65-159-504.
175
,
1924. .
( , ) .
1924.
39%,
55% .64

, , (1928)
. 1929.
107 ,
4,5 !
,
,
95% .65
, 1927.
47% .66

. , 100%
,
.67 -

, , , .68
.

,
64
65
66
67
68
AJ, 335-26, ..., . 86; , , , . 1, , 1936, . 2; , 47. . , 8. 3. 1927, . 163.

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 86; , 19181941, , . 1, , 1961, . 85; , , ,
. 1/1972, . 49.
(1928), . 32; AJ, 335-26, ..., . 86.
. , ( ),
, 1940, . 8; . . , . ., . 2728.
AJ, 74-51-71.
176
...
. ,
, ,
. ,

.69
(
) , .
,
.

, , ,
, .70

.71

1929. . . ,

1932.
.

,
.
,
. .72 69
70
71
72
. , . ., . 383.
. - ,
.
AJ, 65-159-504, 20-21. (1929). -
1928. 2.6003.200 ,
7-8 ,
700 900 . 700 :
6 /, 400 .
.
A, 335-26, ... -
100, (100). , .
.
177
,
. ,

.
4

. .
.

100
.

1

1
. 100
.
.

100 2
100 2

135,0
129,4
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101,0
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46,5 114,4
29,6
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113,6
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120,9 103,3
75,3
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52,6
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57,4
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90,3
58,0
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306,1
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254,4
170,0
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126,7
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86,2
62,8
63,8
86,1
: A, . . (335), . 26, , . 91103; J. Lakato, n. d., str. 6.

. , , , (
, , ). , -
178
...
,
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,

.73 , , ,
, , , , .
73
. , . ., . 384.
179
Summary
Agriculture in South Serbia Within the Yugoslav
Framework 19181929
Key words: Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia, Serbia, agriculture, peasantry
The long Ottoman rule turned the territory of the Old Serbia and
Macedonia into an economically extremely passive area. Although conditions for
more free flow of goods and capital were created after the liberation, remnants of
the feudal system and neglected agriculture aggravated by wartime devastations
of 19121918, were felt in the later decades too. For that reason the attempt of
the Yugoslav state to put an end to the economic depression called for a more
comprehensive action. Lack of an adequate legal framework, monetary chaos,
feudal mentality, primitive agriculture and semi-nomadic cattle-breeding, anahronistic transportation infrastructure, demographic instability of the region and
poor security were only some of the circumstances which nailed this province to
the very bottom of all statistical presentations of the interwar Yugoslav economy.
The evident economic lagging behind of the development of the Southeast of
the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as compared to the rest of the
state, was caused by several more unpropitious factors: constant splitting of land
possessions, slow recovery and inadequate war indemnification, destimulating
customs policy, bad credit conditions etc. The state of agriculture of Southern
Serbia was illustrated by statistical surveys and the so-called index of economic
strength which was deemed a relevant measure of economic situation, based on
the following parameters: population density, literacy of the population, the ratio
between the arable land and intensive cultures in comparison with the total land
surface, the state of the dead and unused livestock, crops of wheat and maize, the
state of the cattle fund, characteristics of industrial population, length of railway
tracks and roads, as well as the amount of savings and credits per inhabitant.
Such geographical and numerical picture of the economic situation made a more
balanced insight into the relations between certain parts of Yugoslavia possible,
but it also confirmed the conclusion that the policy of an unstable agrarian state
in a clumsily integrated area could hardly produce serious results.
180
...
330.341
338.246.025.88(497/11)198/199

(19892000)

: - 19892000.
: , , , ,

. ,
20. , -. , ,
20. , -

(failed state).
, ,
, 20. , . - .

,
-- ().
,
181
( , 18631911,
, Der Moderne Kapitalismus,19021927).
, ,
,

.1
, ,
, ,2 1
250 1
2, , , 1 16.
, . ,

, , ( ).
,
,
.
, , .

, 22.
24. 1793. , . 22.
1793.
, , .
,
. .
14. 1789, .
, 1793,

.
. 10. 1793.
, . (14. 1789, 10. 1792, 21. 31. 1793)
.
8. 1794.
,
. , . Albert
Soboul, Francuska revolucija. Historijski pregled, Naprijed, Zagreb, 1989, . 286, 287, 288.
, .
, ,
, . , , .
,
, ;
, , ,
. , , , , 1963, . 191.
182
...
,
,
, 1989. .

,
,
.
,
( ) . (...)

, . ,
,
.
. (...)

,
, ( . .)
,
:
, ,
, . , , , , . ,
,
, ,
,
.3
, ,
. - , .
, ,
- .
20. .
3
Nenad Dimitrijevi, Ustavna demokratija shvaena konstekstualno u: Zoran ini: Etika

odgovornosti, uredila i uvod napisala dr Latinka Perovi, Helsinki odbor za ljudska prava u
Srbiji, Beograd, 2006, . 168, 169, 170.
183
, , , .

,
.
,
. , -
.4
,
,
, - .
-
.
:
, , , ,
, , , ; .
. .
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(the mornig
after) .
4
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1997. , , ,

.
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2006, . 23, 3744, 5051, 107.

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Socijalno ekonomske grupe Instituta za filozofiju i drutvenu teoriju, na temu: Od komunizma
do postkomunizma u socijalno ekonomskoj strukturi sa posebnim osvrtom na Srbiju, str. 4.
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Cerovi, Centar za izdavaku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu, Beograd, 2006, str.
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1996. godine na sastanku Socijalno ekonomske grupe Instituta za filozofiju i drutvenu teoriju,
na temu: Od komunizma do postkomunizma u socijalno ekonomskoj strukturi sa posebnim
osvrtom na Srbiju, . 1, 2, 3.
2000. 2005.
.
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26
European Social Charter (Revised), Council of Europe, European Treaty Series

- No. 163, Strasbourg, 3. V. 1966.
218
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, ,
.
(the right to work)
(. 1).
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and consultation in collective redundancy procedures).
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right to housing).
219
Summary
The Socio-economic Mode of Privatisation in Serbia (19892000)
Key words: Serbia, economy, working class, ellit, nomenclature
The basic purpose of this article is to study economy of transition, and

thereby the problems posed by their structure and evolution.
My aim is to arrive, if possible, at the scientific establishment of a certain
number of concepts essential to knowledge of economy of transition, and of the
law of development to which it is subject. It is clearly impossible to say whether
this aim can be realised, since, for the moment, we possess, in this field, mainly
descriptions and practical concept.
Such practical concept points out to us where the problems are that we
have to solve, within the old ways of seeing the problems and on the plane of
theoretical practice. If we do not take care, these practical concept can seem to be
solutions of problems which in fact they merely describe.
The objects described by the term economy of transition are obviously
among that scientific awareness of which is essential to the understanding of our
epoch, since this appears to us precisely as an age of transition.
Transition from the socialist mode of production to the capitalist mode
of production, that is, a countrys passage from one period of the history to
another, through an upheaval in production-relations and class relations and
the replacement of one state machine by another with a different class nature.
Where this form of transition is concerned it is essential to undertake an analysis
which is not confined to the ideological sphere but which reveals the nature of the
transformations that are actually taking place in class relations and production-relations. This also brings up the question of the class nature of the state.
If we wish to give the term economy of transition a specific meaning
and this seems to me to be essential we must ask ourselves what these residues
are that we find to difficult to describe, since we refer to them by means of all
sorts of metaphors like impurities, survival, and so on which is a sign that
there is as yet no scientific concept with which to think these objects.
It is not necessary to work out forthwith the scientific concepts demanded
by this way of seeing the problem, but only to offer some considerations which
may perhaps help to us to find a road that will lead to the establishment of these
concept.
When, indeed, we set about studying an actual economy independently
of the very idea of transition we have to think of this economy as a complex
structure which is structured in dominance.
220
...
Finally, each of these complex structures constitutes not a simple juxtaposition of modes of production, but a complex structure which is unique,
endowed with its own structural causality. At the same time, this unique structure
is subject, in general, to the dominance of a specific structure, which corresponds
to that of a given mode of production, the capitalist mode of production.
This therefore means that the world economy itself is a complex structure
of complex structures. Now, the world economy is the ultimate economic reality.
Thus, when we study the working of a particular national economy in
which a certain mode of production seems to be dominant we ought not, if
we want to arrive at meaningful conclusions, consider this economy otherwise
than in its mode of relations with the modes of production which are dominant
on the world scale; because we cannot understand this national economy if
we do not grasp that it is a part of world production-relations. It is thus as an
integrated structure, that the specificity of development of this economy can be
understood.
Similarly, the transformations of structures and the different stages of
transition that a national economy can undergo cannot be analysed in a valid way
except by potting these transformations beck into the world structural totality.
When we speak of the concept of economy of transition, as a historical
framework of the process of privatisation, this expression call up the ideas of
passing from one mode of production to another, from the socialist mode of
production (based on state ownership of the means of production and planed
economy) to the capitalist mode of production (based on private ownership
and market economy); of the constitution of a mode of production and of the
transformation of an economic system.
Economy of transition is characterised by the complex structures
of national economies that development is conditioned by a world economic
system. The economy of transition of Eastern European countries can be
analysed only in the framework of the capitalist world system, as dominant
mode of production on the world scale, i.e. the capitalist world system witch
structures were established during the long-term social-historical processes of
globalisation. The integration of national economies through the world market
has been carrying out by this process.
221
...
323(=163.41)(497.1)1918/1929(093.2)
323.1(=163.41)(497.5)1918/1929(093.2)

(19181929)

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Veliki uspjeh u Sarajevu, Rije SrbaHrvata-Slovenaca, (Zagreb), br. 80, 19. II 1919, str. 1.
Za Jugoslavensku demokratsku stranku. Izjave ministra Svetozara Pribievia, Rije Srba
HrvataSlovenaca, br. 42, 28. I 1919, str. 1.
226
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Narodna propovijed o jedinstvu, Puke novine, (Zagreb), br. 3, 21. I 1919, str. 13.
, 69-110, - , 25. VII
1921.
227
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Svetozar Pribievi, Sporazum ili jedinstvo, Rije, br. 212, 16. IX 1922, 1.
, 13484/1090-7, : ,
, 7. III 1922.
, 13484/1090-8, : ,
, 23. III 1922.
, 13484/1090-7, : ,
, 7. III 1922.
G. Nikoli, Korijen, stablo, pavetina. Memoari, Zagreb, 1981, str. 76.
228
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229
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Gradski izbori u Zagrebu. Izborna skuptina demokratske stranke, Govor J. Banjanina, Izborni prilog Slobodne tribune, (Zagreb), br. 607, 9. V 1925, str. 2.
Jovan Banjanin, Razbijajmo stvaranje plemenskih frontova!, Slobodna tribuna, br. 20, 15. V
1921, str. 2.
Jovan Banjanin, Tko je nosilac dravne misli?, Slobodna tribuna, br. 367, 23. XII 1922,
Boini prilog.
232
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., Pitanje odgovornosti za Rat, , . XI, . 16, 1. VI 1925, . 464. , , .
. . , ,

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[...]. (ore Stankovi, Nikola Pai i
parlamentarizam u Srbiji i Jugoslaviji: teorijske osnove i istorijska praksa 19141926, Istorija
20. veka, br. 2, 1996, str. 24)
1887. 1889. - :
, -, , , 1995.
: ., Jugoslavija pod radikalskim reimom, , . XIII, . 12, 22. VI
1926, . 381386.
233
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., Demokrati, ujedinite se!, , . XVI, . 7, 11. X 1927, . 233.
234
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str. 359.
. , , Nova Evropa, knj. XII, br. 19, 21. XII 1925, str. 543.
L., Pogledi uprti u Beograd, , . X, . 17, 11. XII 1924, . 523.
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: Mira Radojevi, Ljubomir Stojanovi u Prvom svetskom ratu, Istorija
20. veka, br. 2, 2000, str. 17 i dalje.
236
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Triumfalni duhovski zborovi SDS, Rije, br. 117, 26. V 1926, str. 2.
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SDS je tvrdi granit, Rije, br. 124, 31. V 1927, str. 1.
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1928, str. 3.
. , : , , ( ), . 31.
Mai Branko, Tri specijalna srbijanska zla, Naa sloga, br. 32, 4. IX 1928, str. 1,
: edomir Vinji, Srbi u Hrvatskoj 19181941: anotirana bibliografija, Zagreb, 2000,
str. 190.
Mai Branko, Dvije kulture i dva odgoja, Naa sloga, br. 34, 6. IX 1928, str. 1,
: . Vinji, n. d., str. 190191.
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., Smrt Stjepana Radia, Nova Evropa, knj. XVIII, br. 4 i 5, 26. VIII 1928, str. 146.
., Izbori za Skuptinu, Nova Evropa, knj. VII, br. 10, 1. IV 1923, str. 305.
256
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140144.
, 14331-5 I (21), : ,
, 21. X 1922.
: Branka Prpa-Jovanovi, Jugoslavija kao moderna drava u
vienjima srpskih intelektualaca 19181929, doktorska disertacija u rukopisu, str. 291 i dalje.
257

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str. 34.
. ., , , . 7267, 25. VII 1928, . 5. .:
Branko Petranovi, Momilo Zeevi, Jugoslavija 19181988: tematska zbirka dokumenata,
Beograd, 1988, str. 283. , , ,
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istorije, br. 34, 2000, str. 15)
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Ekonomska podloga hrvatskog pitanja, Zagreb, 1938)
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drave?), Beograd, 1937)
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S. Galogaa, Kajmakalan u Narodnoj Skuptini, Kritika, br. 3, jul 1928, str. 7179.
260
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: Dr Bogdan Krizman, Vanjska
politika jugoslavenske drave 19181941, Zagreb, 1975, str. 4951.
: , . 72637268/1928.
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St. Pavlovi, Vojislav Marinkovi i njegovo doba (18761935), knjiga trea, str. 103)
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264
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Iz SD koalicije, Rije, br. 269, 21. XI 1928, str. 4.
Stojan Pribievi, Odabrane velikosrbijanske teorije, Rije, br. 297, 25. XII 1928, str. 10.
, , . 7273, 31. VII 1928, . 5.
265
Summary
Images and stereotypes on Serbia among Serbs in Croatia (19181929)
Key words: Kingdom of SHS, Serbia, Croatia, Serbs from Croatia, Serbian ellite
The article explores the relations between the Serbs in Croatia and Serbia
in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The results of the research indicate that the Serb
people from the Croat territories, not having lost the feeling of spiritual unity with
the Serbs of Serbia even under the Habsburgs, remained loyal to Serbia in the
new state too. Not only the Radical, but also the Democrat/Independent-Democrat
part of the Serb community cherished the awareness of Serbias greatness and
importance. It seems the Serb national entity perceived in Yugoslavism no
obstacle to attachment to Serbia, which had to be borne in mind even by that
part of its political leadership which joined the Croats in their struggle against
Belgrade in the second half of 1920s. However, when Serbian politicians and
intellectuals from Croatia are in question, or at least those of their representatives
who were active in public life, they left a number of interesting and provoking
opinions about Serbia, mentality of its inhabitants and its leaders. These attitudes
well reflect certain split between the political and intellectual elites from Serbia
and Croatia. From a gamut of different views, ideas, experiences and reactions,
the most representative have been picked out. Among them are the attitudes of
politically independent intellectuals (Ljubomir Maci for example). Particularly
critical attitude toward Serbia was shared above all by members of the circle
around Svetozar Pribievi, as well as those who were democratically inclined.
No harsh words about Serbia were to be heard from the ranks of the Radical
politicians; on the contrary, they were prone to defend it, appreciating the victims
and sufferings of Serbia and its contribution to the liberation and unification of
all Serbs and other Yugoslav peoples. They were denouncing as irrational and
unproductive the division into the Serbs from Serbia and from without it.
The existence of two different political options, one of which siding with
Zagreb, threatened to spoil not only the relations within the Serb community
in Croatia, but also to weaken the feeling of loyalty of the Serbs from Croatia
toward Serbia and to sever the ties binding them fast to their conationals from the
Serbian mainland.
266
. -
, (19181921)
327(497.1:44)1918/1921(093.2)
323.1(=163.42)1918/1921(093.2)
, (19181921)
-
: / / ,
, ,
, , .
.
: , , ,
.
1918. ,

. 1916. 1917.
, .1
, , (, , ,
.)
. , ,

, .
, 1
Miro Kova, Francuska i hrvatsko pitanje 1914.1929., Dom i svijet, Zagreb, 2005, str. 68, 83,
8788, 90, 96, 104, 144146, 167, 181, 188, 190, 191. (Georges Clemeneau)

.
1917, 1920.
. : Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, Clemaneau, Fayard, Paris, 1989.
267
, ,
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).
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) 20.
187071.
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19. 20. .
(Emile Haumant)
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1914
1918.
,

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2
, 1914. (
), , , , 2002,
. 191219, 191. Emile Haumant, La culture franaise en Russie;
Paris, 1910, p. 519.
, . 192193.
268
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4
Ministre des Affaires Etrangres Archives Diplomatiques (MAE AD); Srie Z Europe
19181940, Sous-srie Yougoslavie, Vol. 40, doc. No 175. Belgrade 26 Avrile 1919: Le Ministre de la Rpublique Franaise auprs du Gouvernement Serbe Son Excelence Monsieur
Pichon, Ministre des Affaires Etrangres, Paris, (, , , 19.
1919).
M. Kova, n. d., Drugo poglavlje Prvog dela pod naslovom Hrvatsko-srpska suradnja: put
prema junoslavenskom ujedinjenju (od poetka XX . stoljea do 1914.), str. 3553.
270
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271
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Mirjana Gross, Vladavina Hrvatsko-srpske koalicije 19061907, Institut drutvenih nauka.

Odelenje za istorijske nauke, Serija I Monografije, Beograd, 1960, str. 248; M. Gross, Hrvatska uoi aneksije Bosne i Hercegovine, Istorija XX veka, Zbornik radova III, Beograd,
1962, str. 153277.
B. Krizman, Hrvatska u prvom svjetskom ratu: hrvatsko-srpski politiki odnosi, Globus, Zagreb, 1989. (Knjiga je korisna ali ne prua odgovore na mnoga vana pitanja, pogotovo ona
koja se odnose na poloaj Srba u Monarhiji tokom rata. Takoe ne prua odgovor o vanim
drutvenim i politikim procesima koji su obeleili ratne godine u malim drutvenim miljeima
irom Hrvatske, Slavonije (pa i Dalmacije)).
272
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14. 1918. , 31. 1918. .

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MAE AD: Srie Z..., Youg., Vol. 40, doc. sns N (R 1722): Secret, La politique en Croatie,
12 Septembre 1918.
275
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MAE AD, Srie Z, Youg., Vol. 40, doc. 372 (RV 83, R 84): Belgrade, 27 Julliet 1919,
Fontenay Pichon, Paris. (Incidents dans lArme S.H.S.). M. Bjelajac, Vojska Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 19181921, Beograd, 1988, str. 171197. (Talijanska opasnost u
okviru Tree glave Vojska u zatiti jugosloveskog prostora od vanjske opasnosti).
Kosta St. Pavlowich, The First World War and the Unification of Yugoslavia, in Yugoslavism.
Histories of a Failed Idea 19181992, Hurst&Company, London, 2003, pp. 2742.
276
. -
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MAE AD, Srie Z, Youg., Vol. 40, Rapport N 148 et le suite de a, R 76-82.
Etat Major de lArme, 2 e Bureau I, Section de Renseignements
Au Sujet des Relations entre les Serbes et Croates.
.
MAE AD, Europe, Youg., Vol. 40, doc. N 439 (RV 117): Belgrade, 21 Aout 1919, Fontenay Pichon (Au Sujet du Bolchevisme); Isto, doc. N 4.221/2 (R 121, R 122): Berne le
23 Dcembre 1919, Source Informateur Hongrois. A. s. de lagitation anti-serbe en Croatie.
277
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MAE AD, Europe 19181929, Yougoslavie, vol . 40 doc., N 439 (RV 117), Belgrade 21 Aout
1919, Fontenay Pichonu; Isto, doc. N 4.221/2 (R 121,R 122); M. Bjelajac, Vojska Kraljevine
Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca 19181921, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1988.
MAE AD, Europe 19181929, Yougoslavie, vol. 40, doc. N 85, Difficults avec Croates. Fontenay le Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres Paris.
278
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MAE AD, Srie Z..., Youg., Vol. 40, doc. N 4, (RV 139, RV 140, R 141), Zagreb, le 14 Mars
1920. Le Consul de France Zagreb Son Excellence Monsieur le President du Conseil (Le
nouveau Gouvernement Croate: Le Ban Laginja).
279
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MAE AD, Srie Z, Yuog., Vol. 40, doc. N 7, (RV 191, R 192), Zagreb 5 Mars 1921, Le
Consul de France Zagreb Son Excellence Monsieur le Prsident du Conseil (Le Docteur
Tomljenovic, Ban de Croatie et Slavonie, Le Dr Bosnjak nomm Vice-Ban).
MAE AD, Srie, Yuog., Vol. 40, doc. N 566, Fontenay Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres
Paris. Converstion avec le prince.
280
. -
, (19181921)
Summary
France, the Serbs and the Croat Question (19181921)
Key words: Kingdom of SHS, France, Serbs, Croatian question
The Croat question in the newly created Yugoslav state reapeared on the
basis of the old unrealised ideas and concepts of the strengthened Croat statehood
which was to take as independent a position as possible in the Habsburg Monarchy.
During the first wartime years members of the old political elite who grew up with
such ideas, made connections with Radis Croat Peasants Party, which built up
its profile, together with its leader, during the First World War. With its nature and
events this war taught Radi that every turn was possible, that all ideas in most
unlikely combinations were possible, that even the defeated ones could survive
and realise some of their projects and plans. The new political grouping, basically
exclusively nationalist and anti-Yugoslav, acquired a new revisionist, bolshevik
or similar garb, thanks to its connections outside the country. The policy of the
Croat-Serbian coalition was not continued after the war. France supported that
policy ever since it countered by its project of Greater Yugoslavia all other
plans for reorganization of the Habsburg Monarchy which were aimed at being
an avant-garde of Germany in its penetration of the Southeast, as well as the
project of Greater Hungary without the Monarchy, supported by Italy. The
French project saw Belgrade and Serbia as the centre of Yugoslav unification,
and it saw the aggressive attack on the Serbs in the Monarchy (abolition of their
rights and existence) in the run-up to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in
1908/9 as the point at which the predominant part of the Yugoslav population of
the Monarchy was turned from loyal subject into its adversaries. The last shows
of loyalty toward the old Monarchy occured during the war 19141918 and they
had a Croat variety. The French stuck to their basic attitudes about Yugoslavism
as a state and national idea which would enable a reasonable policy of harmony
between the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes during the founding of that state and
during its existence, albeit the reality was much bleaker than had been projected.
Such Yugoslav state was in keeping with French interests. It should have been
capable enough to fulfill the expectations both of its own and of its wartime ally,
to prevent the descent of Germanism to the Adriatic coast and to prevent Italy
from joining the Germanic world with a long frontier, in order to be the means of
spreading democracy, French culture and French influence in general in that part
of the Slavic world. With its appearance and contents, the Croat question was not
attuned to this.
281
324(497.1)1936(093.2)
32:929 .
323(497.1)1936(093.2)

1938.

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. V. Vinaver, Jugoslavija i Maarska 19331941, Beograd, 1976, str.
313314.
, 7. a 1938. .
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. , 37-101-140.
286
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24
Memorandum Siton-Votsona iz 1936. godine u: B. Petranovi, M. Zeevi, Jugoslovenski

federalizam, Ideje i stvarnost, Tematski zbornik, I, Beograd, 1987, str. 435.
. Bjelajac, Generali i admirali Kraljevine Jugoslavije 19181941, Beograd, 2004, str. 60.
-a

. , 37-4-256/257. 10. 1939. .
: , ,
- . :
(19351939), , 12/2006, . 146156.
290
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, 37-8.
291
(1.643.783 :
1.364.524 . )

.26
.
(, , )
.
Summary
Speeches of Milan Stojadinovi During the Parlamentary
Election Campaign in 1938
Key words: Kingdom of Yugoslavia, oratory of Milan Stojadinovic, Parlamentary
election campaigne, propaganda
The paper analyzes the oratory of the Prime Minister of the Government of
the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Milan Stojadinovi during the parliamentary election
campaign in 1938. During the campaign Stojadinovi held speeches at nine large
rallies. In most of them certain composition can be detected. The first part comprized
praises of the people and the area where the rally was being held. The sceond part
explained what the situation in the country had been at the time the Stojadinovi
government took over. The third part presented the results of the governments
policies, the fourth was the critique of the opposition. The final part contained a
call to vote for the Stojadinovi ticket, seasoned with new promises. The speeches
were atuned to the audience and were full of demagogry, but also of cleverly used
phrases and popular proverbs. The legth of certain parts of speeches depended on
the proximity of the elections. Thus the critique of the opposition, which originally
comprized smaller part of the talks, became the central part of speeches at the last
rallies. The topics about which the Prime Minister spoke were constantly brought
up to date with the current situation in the country and in the world.
Milan Stojadinovi posessed considerable gift of oratory but it could not
ensure his staying in power under the difficult political and economic conditions
prevailing in the then Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
26
: ,
1938.
1939. , . ,
, . . ,
, III, , 2002, . 182. :
D. Biber, O padu Stojadinovieve vlade, Istorija 20. veka, Zbornik radova VIII, Beograd, 1966,
str. 566. . , 19351939, , 1997, .
389401.
292
...
316.344.32:329.15(497.11)1944/1950(093.2)
316.663:316.343.652(497.11)1944/1950(093.2)

19441950.

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L. Dimi, Agitprop kultura. Agitpropovska faza kulturne politike u Srbiji 19451952, Beograd, 1988; D. Bondi, Beogradski univerzitet 19441952, Beograd, 2004; . ,
19451958,
( ), , , 2006; . ,
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1, , 1996; . , .
19441952, , 1997, V. Mili, Revolucija i socijalna
struktura, Beograd, 1978.
LJ. Dimi, Agitprop kultura..., str. 9598; . , . ,
1, . 199200.
294
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Duan Bilandi, Historija Socijalistike Federativne Republike Jugoslavije. Glavni procesi

19181985, Zagreb, 1985, str. 112; Lj. Dimi, Agitprop kultura..., str. 21.
295
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Janiijevi, Stvaralaka inteligencija meuratne Jugoslavije, Beograd, 1984, str. 84; Lj. Dimi,
Agitprop kultura..., str. 96).
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B. Kidri, Sabrana dela, IV, Beograd, 1985, str. 516519, , 1946.
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iskustvo sa multietnikom armijom 19181991, Beograd, 1999, str. 48).
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Zapisnici i izvetaji univerzitetskog komiteta KPS 19451948, (priredili . Stankovi, M.
Mitrovi), Beograd, 1985, str. 26; Zapisnik sa savetovanja lanova partije sa Univerziteta, 30.
avgust 1945.
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Problemi gimnazija u sistemu srednjih kola, sv. 2, Savezni zavod za prouavanje kolskih i
prosvetnih pitanja, Beograd, 1955, str. 2122.
304
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( 6,8% 3,4%). ,
, , , (6,4%). 1945/46.
:
( 24% 1938/39. 9%
1945/46).
,
(1948/49. 19,3%).
,
1945/46. , 1948/49. (1938/39. 27,4%
1948/49. 25,7%).

. ,
J,
1948/49. (, ,
316-117, -11, - 1945/6.
. 1938/39. 1948/49. : ,
, XIII-k-3 (5-c), , 2930. 1949; , 507-XIII-k-3/8;
, 1938/39. 1948/49. ).
Zapisnici i izvetaji univerzitetskog komiteta KPS 19451948, (priredili . Stankovi, M.
Mitrovi), Beograd, 1985, str. 26; Zapisnik sa savetovanja lanova partije sa Univerziteta, 30.
avgust 1945.
305
.
1948/1949. .42

. .
, 1948. ,
, 1.300 ,
1.000 .
5.000 .
1945. 1948. 12.000
.43
. , -. ( -, ),
, - .44

.
, :
, ,
. , - , , - , .45

,
, , .
42
43
44
45
, , 316-117, -11, - 1945/6. .

1938/39. 1948/49. : , , XIII-k-3 (5-c), ,
2930. 1949; , 507-XIII-k-3/8;
, 1938/39
1948/49 .
: . , 19451958, ( ), , , 2006.
D. Bondi, n. d., str. 207226.
, . 154170.
306
...
. ,

. 1928.
, .
,
.
, ,

.46
, .
, , , , - .47
.
.
,
. , ,

. 5-6% ,
14,28%.

19% (, ).

. 1948.
50% . ,
, , ,
. (),
-, .48
46
47
48
T. Kulji, Birokratija i kadrovska uprava, Beograd, 1989, str. 8990.

. , 19451950, , 1998, . 182183.
V 2128. 1948, , 1949, . 846865;
,
.
43 19 .
, 7 (
(912. 1945), , 1972, . 229233).
307
.

, .49
, . ,
, .
,
. , 1949. , ,

...
1949. (, ,
)
. . ,

.
.50
,
, , 1946. ,

.
: ,
,
;
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
49
50
, , . 153.

;
, ,
;
. (, , - , -3,
, . 5224, 4. 1949).
308
...
Summary
The Communist Strategy Toward the Serbian
Intelligentia 19441950
Key words: Yugoslavia, Serbia, CPY, Serbian intelligentia, communist strategy
The paper analyzes the Communist strategy toward the Serbian intelligentia
which determined its new role, importance and obligations in the first years after
the Second World War. Under the pressure from numerous ideological, political,
economic and cultural factors, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia designed a
complex strategy toward the Serbian intelligentsia. It comprised several strategic
streams which ran parallelly, but which also overlapped. At the same time, they
were mutually contradictory. Four strategic streams can be detected, depending
on the goal, the methods applied, part of the intelligentsia targeted and the role
it was assigned by the Communist Party: annihilation, integration, creation of a
new intelligentsia and the build-up of the Communist Party intelligentsia.
The first two streams had to do mostly with the intelligentsia left over
from the bourgeois society in the period under scrutiny, but not exclusively
with it. In opposition to annihilation which meant riding rough-shod over the
intelligentsia, the integration was marked by gradual acceptance and integration
into the society. In the first case, decisive was the inherited mistrust and suspicion
of the Communist party caused by the bourgeois origin (70%) of the intelligentsia,
as well as by the wartime adherence of its members. The situation facing the
Communist Party after the liberation (small number of intellectuals and lack of
cultural capital, low educational level of the society, almost 45% analphabets)
was decisive in the later case. This was the framework for changing the old
attitudes of the Communist Party toward the intelligentsia. The third stream of
action creation of the new intelligentsia was the most important part in the
Communist strategy toward the intelligentsia in general. Through changes in the
school and educational system (by enabling pupils from vocational secondary
schools to enroll at universities, by introducing mass grants and by changing
curricula at the universities) it was aimed at changing the social make-up of
pupils and students, professors, scientists, and at forging a new identity of the
Yugoslav and Serbian intelligentsia, eventually creating the new identity of
the Yugoslav and Serbian society. The last stream in the Communist strategy
toward the Yugoslav and Serbian intelligentsia concerned measures and acts
undertaken within the Communist Party. It presupposed increasing the number of
intellectuals in the Communist Party membership through suppressing aversion
toward the intelligentsia within the Party, increasing the educational level of the
309
Party faithful, particularly after the difficulties encountered during the fulfillment
of the Five-Year Development Plan of the country.
Depending on the ideological rigidity, political necessity and social
and economic needs during the first several years, it happened that, for a while,
some of these strategic elements overshadowed the others, as was the case with
annihilation and particularly with integration right after the Liberation. In the
later phase, the second two streams would be dominant in the strategy, although
the first two would not be completely given up.
310
373.54(497.11)192

: ,
1921/22. 1926/27. .
: , , ,
14. 1898.
10. 1902. 23. 1912,

1929,

.
: ,
. , ,
;
. ,
. .
, .
(), .
,
.
.
.

.
.

313
.
, ,
. ,
. , .1
1910/1911. 43 2 (21 48,8% 22 51,2% ), 286
443 , 10.701 , 8.842 (82,6%)
1.859 (17,4%) . 20
176 8.132 . 16
413 .
, 32 942 .
14 62 1.214 .
9.790 .
10,
.
, .
,
, , .
,
.3
1
, , 1898, . 35; , , 1911, . 35;

, : , XXXIII, 7, , 1912, . 663665.
: , 1905.1914, , 2004, .
474684.
: (4,6%) 13 (4,6%)
440 (4,1%) ; (9,3%) 19 (6,6%) 661 (6,2%)
; (2,3%) 19 (6,6%) 944 (8,8%) ; (4,6%) 8 (2,8%) 216 (2%) ; (4,6%) 16 (5,6%) 604 (5,6%) ;
(11,6%) 20 (7%) 617 (5,8%) ; (6,9%)
25 (8,7%) 1.132 (10,6%) ; (4,6%) 11 (3,8%) 307 (2,9%) ; (2.3%)
9 (3,1%) 382 (3,6%) ; (4,6%) 17 (5,9%)
619 (5,8%) ; (4,6%) 8 (2,8%)
233 (2,2%) ; (6,9%) 18 (6,3%) 483 (4,5%)
; (2,3%) 4 (1,4%) 107 (1%) ;
(4,6%) 13 (4,5%) 496 (4,6%) ;
(6,9%) 14 (4,9%) 446 (4,2%) ; - 8
(18,6%) 82 (28,7%) 3.007 (28,1%) ; . ,
1910/11. , : , XXXII, 10, 1911, . 835845.
314
,4
, .
, ,
, . , : , ,
,
. .
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
,
.
, , ,
.
1921/22.
36,8% .
700 40% 1.295 38,3% ,
32.303 43,5% .
,
. e .
: , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , .
: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, . , 31. 1921. , , 1924, . VIIIIX,
217.
315
1
1921/22.

, ,

%
63 36,8
700 40,0 1.295 38,3 32.303
43,5
11 6,4
107
6,1
156
4,6 4.521
6,1
14 8,2
198 11,3
373
11 7.899
10,7
19 11,2
144
8,2
298
8,8 5.973
8,1
40 23,4
374 21,4
812
24 15.090
20,4
10 5,8
76
4,4
152
4,5 2.900
3,9
14 8,2
152
8,7
293
8,7 5.492
7,4
171 100 1.751 100 3.379
100 74.178
100
: . , 1921. ,
, XXXIX, 1, , 1922, . 3640; . ,
1921.1922. : ,
, XXXIX, 1, , 1922, . 592605; . ,
1921.1922. : ,
, XL, 3 , , 1923, . 149155; . ,
1921.1922. : , ,
XL, 5 , , 1923, . 318330; . ,
1921.1922. : , , XL,
6, , 1923, . 375385.
1.456 2,
13.778,6 70.276,7 .
, 2.694,6 2 99.469,9
, 355,5 2, 2.335,4 13.124,5
, 171,8 2, 1.128,5
6.342 , 8,6 2, 56,3 316,4 . ,
, 23.564,3.

.
316
2

1921/22.
)

2
. .
1.518,5 11.998,3 65.549,8

878,9
3.765,3 18.168,8
, , 1.407,3 23.564,3 98.600,9
2.694,6 17.699,7 99.469,9
1.095,5 13.911,0 68.489,8
1.273,2 12.043,2 62.142,9
1.156,9 15.411,5 75.461,7

1.456,0 13.778,6 70.276,7

2 . .
136,7
1.079,8 5.899,5
90,3
387,0 1.867,8
99,5
1.666,2 6.971,8
355,5
2.335,4 13.124,5
117,2
1.487,8 7.325,1
167,5
1.584,6 8.176,7
106,5
1.419,5 6.950,4
142,2
1.345,6 6.863,1

, ,

.

2 . .
73,9
583,7
3188,9
62,0
265,5
1281,1
52,8
884,5
3700,8
171,8
1128,5
6342
54,0
685,2
3373,9
83,8
792,3
4088,4
55,3
736,4
3605,7
73,7
697,3
3556,5
2
2,96
2,1
2,5
8,6
2,9
4,4
2,9
3,4

. .
23,4
127,8
9,2
44,2
41,8
174,8
56,3
316,4
36,9
181,5
41,5
214,3
39,3
192,4
31,8
162
: 1.
63 1921/22. ,
58 (92,06%) (7,94%) . 50
(79,4%), , (11,1%)
(9,5%) , .
73 , 38,6%
. 901 40,4%
1.268 37% 36.102 41,1%
.5
15,9%,
10,5%.
5
, 1926/27. 189
2.228 , 3.427 87.938 .
23

. -
, , , 3, , 1927/28, . 8994.
317
,

.6
, , .
28,7% ,
, 11,8%,
, 18,6% .
2,1%,
1,4%.
, ,
, ,
.
- , .

1921/22. 45 ,
554 , 1.024 26.143 , 71,4% ,
79,1% , 79,1% 80,9%
. 1.100 2, 10.874
59.002 , 90 2, 883
4.792 , 49 2, 478 2.593
, 1,91 2, 18,72 101
.
,
3.090 12.415 , 185 745 , 3,91
16 . , ,
, , ,
.
41 2, 567 2.960
, 0,84 2, 11,61
61 .
6
-
. ,
,
. ,
, , .
, .

,
. , 1918
1941, IIII, , 1996, . II/144179.
318
,
. 258 2, 1.569 9.794 , 6,94 2, 42,19
263 .
3
1921/22.
)
%
1
1,6
2
3,2
5
8,2
1
1,6
1
1,6
5
8,2
3
4,8
2
3,2
2
3,2
3
4,8
1
1,6
2
3,2
2
3,2
1
1,6
2
3,2
3
4,8
9
14,2
45
71.4
%
19
2,7
30
4,3
56
8,0
12
1,7
22
3,2
38
5,4
45
6,4
16
2,3
28
4,0
29
4,2
11
1,6
20
2,9
22
3,2
11
1,6
18
2,6
27
3,9
150
21,4
554
79.1

.
.
22.385 133.984
21.070 127.185
6.348 33.154
21.791 105.458
27,210 152.976
6.886 36,792
10.570 62.648
10,266 65.830
16.045 91.179
14.753 72.632
13.872 76.094
11.976 64.109
14.109 67.524
17.255 107.731
11.208 59.521
7.796 40.629
3.090 12.415
10.874 59.002

2 . .
129 1.178 7.052
172 1.405 8.479
41
567 2.960
252 1.816 8.788
123 1.237 6.953
76
906 4.841
57
705 4.176
188 1.283 8.229
127 1.146 6.513
143 1.526 7.514
143 1.261 6.918
64 1.198 6.411
151 1.283 6.138
258 1.569 9.794
183 1.245 6.613
141
866 4.514
0.08
185
745
90
883 4.792
%
29
2,2 1.061
3,3
46
3,6 1.393
4,3
98
7,6 2.733
8,5
20
1,5
484
1,5
35
2,7 1.177
3,6
66
5,1 1.635
5,1
75
5,8 2.187
6,8
33
2,5
771
2,4
54
4,2 1.420
4,4
50
3,9 1.137
3,5
18
1,4
496
1,5
30
2,3
912
2,8
40
3,1 1.116
3,5
20
1,5
409
1,3
38
2,9
872
2,7
46
3,6 1.235
3,8
326
25,2 7.105
22
1024
79.1 26.143
80.9
2.458
2.579
459
3.031
2.710
580
853
1.501
1.775
1.386
1.569
638
1.661
2.839
1.644
1.266

1,33
1.100

2 . .
85 772 4.620
112 916 5.530
23 324 1.692
152 1.90 5.273
77 777 4.371
44 522 2.787
34 423 2.506
91 622 3.990
66 594 3.377
83 885 4.358
87 771 4.227
43 798 4.274
83 705 3.376
142 863 5.386
86 590 3.133
83 508 2.650
0,0
85
343
49 478 2.593
.
2 . .
2,32 21,10 126
3,70 30,25 183
0,84 11,61
61
6.26 45,02 218
2,30 23,12 130
1,77 21,06 112
1,17 14,50
86
3,89 26,63 171
2,50 22.60 128
3,66 38,92 192
3,16 27,97 153
1,40 26,26 140
2,98 25,28 121
6,94 42,19 263
3,77 25,71 136
3,07 18,94
99
0,0 3,91
16
1,91 18,72 101
319
1921/22. , 45 (43
), , 40 ,
32 (71,11%), (15,55%),
(13,33%).
. , , ,
, , , , , , , . : ,
. :
, , , ,
, : , , .
,
( ) .
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, 1926/27. ,
51 , (13,33%) , .
38 (74,51%), (13,72%) (11,76%)
. 44, .
669 , 20,76% , 950
7,23% , 27.757 ,
6,53% .
1926/27. , ,
, . , , : , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
. ,
, : , , , ,
, , .
: , .
: , ,
: , .

. ,
. , .
.
( ),

.
320
, 1926/27,
, , .
, ,
, , .
, : , ,
.

. 1921/22.
19 , 29
1.061 . ,
1926/27. 33 , 54
1.366 . ,
73,68%, 86,21%
28,77%.
1926/27. 13,1
, 18,6 , 544,3 979,4 .

1921/22, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
13,33%, 4%,
.
18,42% , 269 16,45%,
16 24,24%. , ,
,
, 28,57%,
24,07%, 12,11%.
,
, 1926/27.
17 , 23 767 , 54,54%, 15%, 87,53%. ,
, , ,
. 1.015 6.337
321
, 750 4.684 ,
22 140 . ,
1.604 9.118 , 783 4.448 26 146 .

1912. 1913.
: ( ),
,
- .
1918.
1912. 1913. ,
, , .
,
, .7
1921/22. 18 ,
146 , 271 6.160 , ,
, 28,57% , 20,86% , 20,93%
19,07% .
2.540 2, 14.808
81.920 , 313 2, 1.826
10.100 , 169 2, 983 5.441
, 7 2, 43 239
.
, , ,
: , ,
. ,
.
, , 4.956 2,

, 22.664 117.329
. ,
1.403 2, 6.503 30.774 .
,
7
. . , , : , XXXVIII, (II), 78, 1921, . 443449.
322
, . , ,
863 4.716 ,
16 88 ,
5.666 29.332 ,
110 572 .
4
1921/22.
)

%
- - -
3
24
41
981
4,8
3,4
3,2
3,0
1
11
21
412
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,3
1
5
10
190
1,6
0.7
0,8
0,6
2
16
31
688
3,2
2,3
2,4
2,1
1
13
23
571
1,6
1,9
1,8
1,8
1
11
16
352
1,6
1,6
1,2
1,1
1
6
11
287
1,6
0,9
0,8
0,9
1
5
9
103
1,6
0,7
0,7
0,3
1
8
14
286
1,6
1,2
1,1
0,9
2
31
57
1.665
3,2
4,4
4,4
5,2
1
4
11
205
1,6
0,6
0,8
0,6
3
12
27
420
4,8
1,7
2,1
1,3
18
146
271
6.160
28,6
20,9
20,9
19,1

2
.
. 2 . .
1.934 12.038 59.865 242 1.505 7.483
4.956 20.096 104460 450 1.827 9.496
1.810 10.720 70.370 362 2.144 14.074
2.023 13.490 85.541 253 1.686 10.693
3.556 24.439 146.911 273 1.880 11.301
1.956 15.034 69.179 178 1.367 5.321
2.216 16.914 96.773 369 2.819 16.129
1.760 7.682 42.289 352 1.536 8.458
2.828 12.383 72.545 353 1.548 9.068
1.737 13.385 73.102 112 863 4.716
3.609 22.664 117.329 902 5.666 29.332
1.403 6.503 30.774 351 1.626 3.419
2.540 14.808 81.920

2 . . 2 . .
141 881 4.380
6 37 183
236 957 4.974 12 49 253
181 1.072 7.037
9 56 370
130 870 5.519
6 39 249
155 1.062 6.387
6 43 257
122 940 4.324
5 43 196
201 1.538 8.797
8 59 337
195 853 4.699 17 74 410
202 884 5.182 10 43 254
61 470 2.565
2 16
88
328 2.060 10.666 18 110 572
156 722 3.419 10 46 220
313 1.826 10.100 169
983
5.441
43
239
323

1921/22. ,
, , , , ,
, .
, , , ,
, .
. ,
.8

: , , , , , , .
, . . ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , .
.
,
. ,
1926/27. ,
, ,
.
.9
1926/27. , 22
, 20 .

, . 232 318
, 8.345 .10
1921/22. , 22,22%,
86, 58,90%, 47 17,34%,
2.185, 35,47%. , (
, ) ,
8
10
1921. , :
, XXXIX, 1, 1922, . 3640, 592605; . , 1921.1922. : ,
...
, , , 3, 1927/28, .
8994.
.
324
, ,
.

. , .
.

,
. , , .
,
, ,
.11
, , . , : ,
98%,
.12 ,

,
.
Summary
High-Schools in Serbia in the Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes
Key words: Kingdom of SHS, Serbia, education, high-school
A high-school in Serbia in the 1921/22 school-year had on the average 11

classes, 20 teachers and 510 students. It was in charge of a territory comprising
1,518.5 km2, with 11,998.3 households, i.e. of 65,549.8 inhabitants. There were
1,079.8 households and 5,899.5 inhabitants to a class. The only administrative
units surpassing the average number of households and inhabitants to a class were
the City of Belgrade with 185 households and 745 inhabitants, the Kragujevac
11
12
, . ., . 6265, 137139, 321333.

, , :
19181941, , 2005, . 214263.
325
District with 567 households and 2,960 inhabitants, the Ni District with 705
households and 4,177 inhabitants, the aak District with 866 households and
4,514 inhabitants, the Skopje District with 864 households and 4,716 inhabitants,
and the Morava District with 906 households and 4,841 inhabitants per class.
Five years later, thanks to the spread of the high-school network, there was one
high-school to 1,310 km2. Although it had on the average 12.3 classes, it now had
only 17 teachers and 495 students on the average.
The number of state-run high-schools which offered instruction in four
grades, was increased during that five-year period from 53 to 64, i.e. by 11 or by
20.75%.
The non-classical high-school became the general type of secondary
school in Serbia and the whole Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes during
1920s. The basic feature of its network and structure was determined by the
constant position of Belgrade as the educational center. Throughout that period
it had a significant advantage in the structure of high-schools, as compared with
other towns and districts. On the other hand, the structure of high-schools wasnt
unified enough in other districts. It was much better in districts with major urban
centers. Kragujevac, Ni and Skopje are good examples. The share of private
high-schools declined sharply in Serbia during the times of the Kingdom of the
Serbs Croats and Slovenes as compared with the pre-war times. However, their
existence contributed considerably to the balance of the network and the structure
of high-schools in certain districts.
Although the development of the network and the structure of highschools was faster in Southern than in Northern Serbia, it wasnt fast enough to
do away with the obvious differences between the two regions. Furthermore, an
unequal development of high-schools in South Serbia itself was also very much in
evidence, producing significant differences among districts there, some of which
remained with no high-schools throughout that period. This was particularly true
of the those in the territory of Old Serbia.
326
19451958.
371(=162.3/.4)(497.11)1945/1958
19451958.1

:
: ,
, ,
,
, , ,

.
: , , , ,
, , .
, 9.
1946. ,
( ,
, ), ,
.,
1948. ,

1949. . ,
, , , , , , , 1953. -
, .
,
1
Tento lnek vznikl v rmci vzkumnho zmru MSM 0021620827 esk zem uprosted
Evropy v minulosti a dnes, jeho nositelem je Filozofick fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze.
327
. , 120.000 , .
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
.

. 1953.
.
, .
18. ,
VI, , II
II. , .2
(),
. ,
, , ,
. , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
. XX
. .
, 1837. . 1921. 200
, ( 2.035
1921. ), , , ,
.3 1921.
( ) 115.535 , 1931. 2
Z. Janjetovi, Deca careva, pastorad kraljeva, Nacionalne manjine u Jugoslaviji 19181941,

Beograd, 2005, str. 4157.
J. Vaculk, Balknt ei v 19. a 20. stolet, Studia Balcanica Bohemo-Slovaca VI, Svazek
1, Sekce historie, politologie a etnologie, Pspvky pednesen na VI. mezinrodnm balkanistickm sympoziu v Brn ve dnech 25.27. dubna 2005, Brno, 2006, str. 457, 461; B. Bujoevi
S. Subotin, Povdom vojvodinskch ech o svm pvodu, Studia Balcanica BohemoSlovaca VI, Svazek 1, Sekce historie, politologie a etnologie, Pspvky pednesen na VI.
mezinrodnm balkanistickm sympoziu v Brn ve dnech 25.27. dubna 2005, Brno, 2006,
str. 470.
328
19451958.
129.320 (52.909 76.411 ).

,
138.000 150.000.4 1948.
83.626 39.015 , 122.641.5 31. 1953. ,
, .
(754.245), (512.175) (259.535).
84.990, 34.517, 119.507.
(61.708), (60.364) (35.874). 84.990 ,
75.027 ( 73.460),
(9.570), 34.517 25.954 ,
(5.948), (1.638), (807),
.6 12% 1953.
. 0,5%,
0,2% .7 ,
88% , 10,8% ,
73,5% , 8,8% .
. 1953.
35% .
4,5%

.8

.

. 1938/39. 42
7.480 516 .
.
, , , .
. 1955/56.
19 35 6.319 ,
15 2.842
4
5
Z. Janjetovi, n. d., str. 65, 80, 81.

(AJ), 507/XVIII, , ,
XVIII-k. 11/1-34, 15, ; Jugoslavija 19181988, Statistiki godinjak, Beograd, 1989, str. 44.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 1/1-22, 20,
; Jugoslavija 19181988, Statistiki godinjak,
str. 4549.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 11/1-34,
15, ; Jugoslavija 19181988...
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 5/1-43,
37, , , ; , k.
11/1-34, 5, .
329
56 .9
28. 1946. ,
, 22
41 .
.

,

.10
,
.
, . 1955/56. , ,
.11
1

1955/56.

19
39
903
53
2
6
183
14
-
35
149
5.146
140
15
79
2.659
124
1
3
56
17
: , 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-.
11/1-34, 34, 1955/56.
9
10
11
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 5/1-43,

25, .
Archiv Ministerstva zahraninch vc esk republiky (AMZV) Praha, Teritoriln odbory
- obyejn (TO-o), Jugoslvie, karton 10, slo 18.312./46.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 11/1-34,

34, 1955/56.
330
19451958.
. 1939/40.
105
5.325 126 10 316
. 1945/46. 152
, 7.776 128
664 . 3. 1946. ,
212 . 1952/53. 173
7.200 157 , , 110 ,
24 72
.12 1958,
233 8.050 ,
130 , () 15 ,
( ) 47 .13
,

,

.
.

.
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
.14

(eskoslovensk kola Masarykova v Blehrad).
12
13
14
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, slo 12148/46; 142, , 101/452,

.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 8/1-41,
11, ; , k. 9/1-36,
16, .
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 5/1-43,
15, ; , k. 971-36,
25, - .
331

.
, , , ,
,
, , , , , , ,
,
.
.15
( ,
).
.
, , , , ,

.16
, ,
1945. .
. ,
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
.17
1946. 34 (12 22
). 1944/45.
.
, 56.
. 90% .
( , ),
.
15
16
17
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, s. jed. 284/47, Vc: Zahajovac zprva; Isto, slo:
14.599/47, Vc: s. Masarykova kola v Blehrad , zprva o zahjen kolnho roku.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, s. A 100.605/47-VI/6R, Vc: Inspekce eskch kol v
Jugoslavii.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, slo 3817/46, Vc: s. Masarykova kola v Blehrad,
zprva o innosti v roce 1945.
332
19451958.
(63%) .18
1947. .
,
. 1947/48. 1. 1947,
. 30 (14 16
). 20, 4, 6. 11
, 19 . 18,
10, ,

. 1947. 26 ( 13
).19 ,
1950/51. 26 (14 12 ).
12, 13, ,
, . 17, 4,
5. 13, 10,
, .
10. .
, (
23), .

1944. , ,
6. 1944.
.20

. eskoslovensk obec
.
, ,
. . , 1946, . , .
. . 1947/48.
, (, ), () ( ).21
18
19
20
21
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, s. jed. 25/46, Vc: Zprva za prvn pololet kolnho
roku 19451946; Isto, 10, s. jed. 284/47, Vc: Zahajovac zprva; Isto, slo: 14.559/47, Vc:
s. Masarykova kola v Blehrad, zprva o zahjen kolnho roku.
14.559/47, Vc: s. Masarykova kola v Blehrad, zprva o zahjen kolnho roku.; Isto, s.
jed. 10/48, Vc: Zprva o innosti za prvn obdob kolnho roku 1947/48.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, . 4233/50; Isto, s. jed. 200/50, Vc: Zahajovac zprva.
s. Masarykova kola v Blehrad, zprva o zahjen kolnho roku; Isto, s. jed. 10/48, Vc:
Zprva o innosti za prvn obdob kolnho roku 1947/48.
333

.
.
1947. 158 . 1947/48. 26
647 .
25 ,
.
45 .
. 92 , . 1950/51.
.
421 , 34 , 70
211 .
.22
eskoslovensk obec 1947/48.
, .
7.
1947.
,

,
.23
(
).
.
1946. .
11. ,
.
.
, 17
152 .
1945.
56 . 1946.
16 . , 1946.
22
23
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, . 4233/50; Isto, s. jed. 200/50, Vc: Zahajovac zprva;
Isto, s. jed. 284/47, Vc: Zahajovac zprva; Isto, slo: 14.559/47, Vc: s. Masarykova
kola v Blehrad, zprva o zahjen kolnho roku.
14.559/47, Vc: s. Masarykova kola v Blehrad, zprva o zahjen kolnho roku.
334
19451958.
46 . eskoslovensk
obec ( )
1946. 1.627 , 112
159 , 2.000 .
() .
,
, , ,
, , . . ,
, .
23. 1945. 27. 1946. ,
(
) , ,
. 17 .
, .

. . 20. , ,

,
13. 1946.
,
.
1945. : 28.

.24

,
.
,
.

.
.
24
335
.
, , .
.
.
. ,
.
. 1945.
,
eskoslovensk obec .25

( 1950. 37
).
, ,
.

. ,
, ( ),
(
)
. .
, , , , , ,
. 1945/46.
,

. 16. 1945. 21

4 12 . .
. 1950/51.
( ),
10. 1950.
1.100 .26
25
26
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, . 4233/50; Isto, s. jed. 200/50, Vc: Zahajovac zprva;
Isto, s. jed. 25/46, Vc: Zprva za prvn pololet kolnho roku 19451946; Isto, 10, s. jed.
284/47, Vc: Zahajovac zprva.
336
19451958.
. (28. , 28. ), (20. , 29. ), ( 24. 1.

, 710.
). ,
, . .

.
.
23.
. ,
,
. , , , .

. 1946. . 27.
.
, ,

.
:
.

. ,
,
2. 1946. .
. , , ,
-, .27
1947.

. , , , .
27
337
.
1.500 ,
,

( 250 , , ,
, , , , ). .
, , 64 .
(, ) 21. 1947.
.
( , ,
, .). . 1947/48.

, ( ). 1.
1. 1948. .
,
, ,
.

.28
. ,
eskoslovensk stav zahranini.
( )
1948. 1.581 .

19. . 1893. , 1918. .29
1950. .
28
29
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, slo 2906/48, Vc: esk kola Masarykova v Blehrad,
vnon nadlka; Isto, s. jed. 74/48, Vc: Celkov zprva o vnon nadlce; J. Vaculk, Balknt ei v 19. a 20. stolet, Studia Balcanica Bohemo-Slovaca VI, Svazek 1, Sekce historie,
politologie a etnologie, Pspvky pednesen na VI. mezinrodnm balkanistickm sympoziu
v Brn ve dnech 25.27. dubna 2005, Brno, 2006, str. 461.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, eskoslovensk stav zahranini, v Praze dne 29. 3. 1948,
108602.
338
19451958.

.
1950.
. ,
,
,
.30 , ,
,
eskoslovensk obec,
5. 1950. .
.

eskoslovensk obec. ,

1946.
. . ,
,
,
,
.31 ,
.
.
, .
1951.
: ( ) ( ).
,

.

,
.32

. , 1952.
30
31
32
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, . 4233/50; Isto, s. jed. 200/50, Vc: Zahajovac zprva.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 5, slo 117.146/50, Vc: eskoslovensk obec v Blehrad.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, s. 3250/51-2/5.
339
(-, ).
,

.
.33
.
. ,
. 1959/60.
, 57 13 .
1960/61.
21 . .34
,
. ,

, - .
( , 95%
1958.
), ,
.
600,
1.100 . 1958.
137 , -
67 .35
,
,
. , 37,6% (
)
, . .
, ( 42,7%,
65,3%, 93,1%).36
33
34
35
36
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, s. 148.317/53-ZEO-2, Vc: Pevzet majetku s. koly v
Blehrad.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k 7/1-36,
33, .
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k 7/1-36,
9, ; ,
27, ...; , k. 9/1-36, 12, ...
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 5/1-43,
15, ; , k. 7/1-36,
33, ...
340
19451958.
,
o .
,
.

. ,
. 1947. (.
)
30% .
. , . , 15.
1946.
. .
, ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
1947.

.
.

.
,
( ,
ehoslovenske besede
, ).
1947/1948.
, , , , , . ,
341
.37

,
. ( ) ,
.

1946.
,
.38
,
24. 1947.

,

. ,

.39
, 1948.
.
.
24. 1950.

( , ,
) , -
, .40

, , ,
37
38
39
40
AJ, 315, , . 51, j. 121,

1946-1948, 5347 7402; , . 3, j. 11,
, . . 172; , . 27, j. 65, , 2856,
3442, 4162, 7291, 3944, 6867.

,

. AMZV Praha, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton
10, . 54/46-prez.., Vec: Vysielanie slovenskch uitelov a profesorov na slov. ludov a stredn
koly do Juhoslvie - predben informcie iadna.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, . 180.555/47-h/VI-4, Vc: Juhoslvia, stav slovenskho
kolstva, zkaz preberav itelev.
AMZV, TO-o, Jugoslvie, karton 10, . 12/dv/50.
342
19451958.
,
. ,
,
, , .
. ,
.
.
, ,
.

.41 1952. , ,
. 1952.
, 1956.
.

. ( 2.000),
, , ,
. .
(
1951. ). 1946. 1958. 67
141.580 ,
32.000 .
43%,
85%.42

, .
.
. ,
. 1955/56. 108 156 .
(63), (35), (4),
(3), (2) (1 ),
(105), (32), (11), (5), ,
( ).
41
42
1953.
-. AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 5/1-43,
23, ; , 29, ; , k. 8/1-41, 16,
.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 8/1-41,
10, ...
343
( 57, . ).

. ,
, .43
1955. 27 21
. . ,
,
.

( 48 ,
14 ,
).44

, .
, 1955. 1960.
1.818
5.002, .
, , .
,
, , ,
,
, 1959/60.
,

.
,
1959/1960. ,
, . .
, , ,
.
, ( )
,
43
44
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 11/1-34,

20, 1955/56.
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 11/1-34,
18, .
344
19451958.

. 1958/59. 98 (40 58
), 1959/60. 95 (58 37 ).

.
4,2% , 1,41,9%
1,83,5% . ,
.45

. 11
27. 1947.
.
, 1947.
.

.
. , 1946.
, 1947.

. ,

, ,
.46
. 1947. 15-20

. .
,

.47
45
46
47
AJ, 507/XVIII, , , XVIII-k. 5/1-43,

17, , , , ; , k. 7/136, 28, ...
AJ, 315, , . 6, j. 16, , . br. IX-664; , . 51, j. 121,
19461948, 10190.
, 315, , . 55, . 136,
19461948, . IX-5011.
345
Summary
Education System of the Czechs and Slovaks in Serbia 19451958
Key words: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Serbia, education, Czechs and Slovas
Taken together, the Czech and the Slovak minorities were the third largest
minority group in Serbia and Yugoslavia after the Second World war, only the
Albanian and Hungarian ones being larger. According to the 1948 census, 39.015
Czechs and 83.626 Slovaks lived in Yugoslavia. Out of that number, 6.760
Czechs and 73.140 Slovaks lived in Serbia. As a national minority, the Czechs
and Slovaks had the right to education in their mother tongue in communities they
inhabited. The post-war development of the Yugoslav society brought about also
the increased number of schools of the Czech and Slovak minorities. There were
42 Czech and Slovak elementary schools with 7.480 pupils and one secondary
school with 516 students in 1938/39. There were 19 Czech and 35 Slovak primary
schools in 1955/56 with 6,319 pupils, two Czech and 15 Slovak eight-class and
secondary schools with 2,842 pupils and one Slovak teachers training college
with 56 students. These schools lacked schoolbooks and teachers, some of whom
were insufficiently trained, even though the Yugoslav state tried to train teachers
for minority schools too in its educational system. This lack of teachers was partly
alleviated by bringing teachers from Czechoslovakia. Part of the young Czechs
and Slovaks decided to continue their education after having finished secondary
schools, i.e. they decided to acquire academic education. The place of living
influenced also the place of study. The Czechs turned mostly to Zagreb, and the
Slovaks to Belgrade and Novi Sad. In 1955/56 the largest number of the Czechs
and the Slovaks were to be found in the lecturerooms of the Faculty of Arts,
Economic, Legal and Medical faculties. One of the best known Czech schools in
Serbia was the Masaryk School in Belgrade (eskoslovensk kola Masarykova
v Blehrad) which had its premises in the Czechoslovak House. The importance
of this school went far beyond the number of pupils (some 30) attending it. This
school was a focal point for Czechoslovak children, youths, intellectuals, elite
and diplomats. It contributed to good relations between the Czechoslovak colony
in Belgrade and the Belgrade, Serbian and Yugoslav society, it fostered national
culture, language, music costumes, history, it aided the young Czechs and
Slovaks in preserving their mother tongue, memory of their mother-country and
the history of which they were part, it helped the Czechoslovak community adapt
more easily to great political changes in the post-war Yugoslavia. The headmaster
was a teacher from Czechoslovakia Augustin Streit. The school enjoyed large
346
19451958.
support of the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade and Czechoslovak minority

associations (eskoslovensk obec and Udruenje ehoslovakih ena) and
it also received aid from the Czechoslovak Ministry of Schools and Education
and from several individuals. It was shut down in early 1950s as the YugoslavCzechoslovak relations deteriorated.
347
...
371(=163.41)(73)1919/1941

19191941.

: -
,
.
: , , , ,

, , , , , ()

. XX ,
,
,
.
( ) , .
, ,
, .
. ,
, , .
,
,
351
.
, , , ,
,
,
, , , .1 ,
, ,
, ,
, , , .
, , , , ,
.

. ,
,
, , ,
.

, XIX . , ,
, , . ,
, .
,
.
, , , , .
, ,
.2
1

, :
, , , , . , , , ,

.
.
, ,
18911941, /, 1994, . 297300.
352
...

.

.
,
,
. , ,
, , , , . , . ,
:
, ,
, ,
. , -
,
.3
.
1905,
.4 , 1916,
, 12 , 11 , 653 .5
, , , . , . 60 , .
, .6
.
, ,
,
3
4
5
, , ,
, , 1917, . 6466.
, , . ., . 298.
, (371), . 63, .
.142, , 2. 1928.
, , . ., . 297298.
168.000 . ,
, , ,
100 ,
,
. , . ., . 6466.
353
,
.7
,
. , ,
. ,
, , ,
,
, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
( ), , . , ,
. 1931,
, -, , , , , .
, ,
34, ,
.8 1928, 17 ,
10 497 1926. .9
, ,
7
, , . ., . 298. .
: ,
.
, ,
. , . ., . 6364.
37,
11.896 264 , 17 , 20 , 31
, -, 33 ,
10 . ,
(38), . 111/250, , , 1931.
, 371-63, .. 142, ,
2. 1928.
354
...
,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
- , . .
(),
, . 42 . , , , ,
, , ,
.10
, ,
, 19291932, (South Omaha).
,
,
.
, .11
, ,
, , .
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
,
.12
10
11
12
, 38-738, , ., , ,
12. 9. 1932.
:
, .
. , ,
.

, . ilena otra Gainovi, Vienja
iz iseljenikog ivota u Americi, Beograd, 1990. . 5758.
, 38-738, , ,
, 14. 11. 1932.
355

. ,
,
- .13
,

, . . ,
, .14

, . ,

1921. , . , ,
.
, .
, . ,
,
, .
.
, .
, ,
.15
. ,
,
: ,
,
13
14
15
Milena otra Gainovi, . , . 5758; , 38-738,

, , 14. 11. 1932.
ilena otra Gainovi, . ., . 57.
, . . ,
80 ;
,
. 20
( ) , ,
, . ,
371-58, . , 25. 11. 1921.
356
...
.
.16
,
,
.
( )
, , . , ,
.
(, , , , ),
. ,
.17
, ,
.

, .18
, ,

.19 , ,

. 80 100
, , ,
.
, , .
16
17
18
19
, 371-58, . 852, : ,
, 20. 12. 1937.
- 10.000 , I, II, III IV , , , , . , (66), . 452,
, , 27. 10.
1932.
, 38-738, , ,
, 14. 11. 1932.
, 38-738, , ,
, 14. 11. 1932.
357

, ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
, .20
,

. ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
,
,
. .

. ,

,

. , ,

.

.21 ( )
,
.
.
, ,
:
20
21
22
, 371-58, . 852, : ,
, 20. 12. 1937.
, 66-452, , 3. 10. 1932.
, 66-452, ,
29. 8. 1940.
358
...
,
,
, .22 V
, : , .23 ,
, , ,
, , .
,
,
. .
.
. 1932. , ,
-,
. , - , .

, , ,

, , .
: , ,
,
.24 , , , ,
. - 30. 2. 1938. , , .25

, .
,
, (23
24
25
, 38-738, . . `` ,
, , 8. 9. 1932.
, 38-735, , , , 7.
12. 1931.
: , , . ., . 309311.
359
), .
, ,

.26 ,
, ,
.

, .
,
.
,
, ,
.27
, . ,
, , , ,
, . ,
75 , 50 .28
, .
.
:
, , .
-
.
.

,
. ,
, . , 21. 1938.
26
27
28
, 371-64, - -, 17. (30) 19. (2.

) 1938. .
, 371-64, ...
, 371-64, ...
360
...
, , .
, . ,
, , .
.29
,
, . , , , , ,
, , .
, ,
. III , 28. 8. 1939. ,
-
. , , , .
.30

. , ,
.
. ,

, . 1934.
. ,
,
.
.31 29
30
31
, 371-64, ...
, 371-56, III (),
19. 7. 1939.
, 38-736, , , , 1. 10. 1934.
361
,

,
.32 ,
,
1939, ,
.33 .
, (), 25. 1940. ,
, ,
.34
, , - , ,
.35
. ,
, .

, , , .36
,
, , ,
, ,
, 1940,
.37
, , ,
.
, , .
, ,
32
33
34
35
36
37
, 371-58, . . 11437,
, 7. 6. 1934.
, , . ., . 310311.
, 371-64, . . 111, , 25. 11. 1940.
, 66-452, , 29. 8. 1940.
, 371-58, . , - , 12. 3. 1940.
, 38-736, , , , 7. 8. 1940; ,
38-736, , , , 16. 4. 1940.
362
...
. , .

. ,
, ,
.
, . ,
.

.
Summary
On Certain Aspects of Functioning of Serbian Emigrant Schools
in the United States of America 19191941
Key words: Kingdom of Yugoslavia, diaspora, emigration, USA, Serbian schools
The problem of functioning of Serbian emigrants schools in the United States of America between the two world wars constituted not only an
educational and schooling matter, but also as a matter of preservation of national
consciousness, and indirectly also as the problem of ethnic survival of the
Serbian emigration in America. However, even though both the Yugoslav government and the emigrants realized their importance, little was done in order
to secure the necessary conditions for normal functioning of these educational
institutions. Practically from the very beginning, the Serbian schools were plagued
by lack of all school equipment, schoolbooks, adequate rooms for instruction, as
well as by lack of trained teaching personnel. Irregular instruction, temporary
character of their work and inequality of the teaching process were concomitant
elements in the work of these schools.
The main props of the educational process, the Church above all, but
Serbian supportive associations too, tried to improve to certain extent the state in
which education was. In these attempts they sought the support of the Yugoslav
authorities too. However, the beginning of the Second World War would put an
end to these attempts, with wartime events in the fatherland and the world gaining
the uppermost priority in the activities and thoughts of the Serbian emigrants.
363
327(497.1:620)1945/1956(093.2)
314.15(=163.41)(620)1945/1956(093.2)
19451956.

:

, , ,
,
.
- .
: , , , ,
H .
.
.
, , ,
,
, ,
.

.
1 2
1
( : ), (
: ), I 3 b.
, ( : ), I2/4 I2/52.
364
19451956.
, ,
.
3
4
.

5 .6

.
,
, -
.7
, , ,

. ,
.
,
, - ,
, .

XIX .
3
6
7
( :
), ( : ), 1946. , (
: .) 21, 1947. , . 28, 1948. , . 39, 1949. , . 28 29, 1950.
, . 22, 1953. , . 21.
, ( : ), 1949. , . 4, 1950. , . 2.
( : ), 338 ( : 338 ), ( : .) 6.
, 74 ( : 74 ), . 4 192.
K. Kyle, Suez. Britains End of Empire in the Middle East, London, 2003.
365
,
. , , . ,
, .
, , , , .

. ,
1941. , ,
. , , , .
,
, .8 1952. , -
,
,
.9
.
-
1935. 10
.

.

.
. ,11 , 4.000 ,
.
.12 1945. ,

23, 30 8
9
10
11
12
, , I3b/196.
. yle, . ., . 120.
, 383 , . 6, 130.
,
. 1946.
.
, , I3b/198.
366
19451956.
.
, ,

.13
.14

, . 1955. ,
,
31 .15

.
, , .

.16
. ,
.
,
, , ,
.

.
.17 , , . ,
. . ,
.

.
. ,
,
.18
13
14
15
16
17
18
, , 1949. , . 29, 412052.

, , 1949. , . 29, 412055.
, , I2/52, . 74.
. , , , XXI, 210, 1.
1956. , . 3.
, 383 , . 6, 3172.
, 383 , . 6, 3179.
367
.
,
. ,
.19
.
. , , ,
.20
.

. ,
.

, .
,
, , .
, . ,
12 16 .
,
.
.
,
.21

. ,

. ,
.22
19
20
21
22
-
exportation des Slovenes .
, 383 , . 31, 14782.
, , I3b/196.

(, , 1949. , . IV,
2219).
368
19451956.
:
. ,
,
.
1936.
. 12.
1936.
,
, .23

.
.

. . . , . , . , . .
. .

II.24
.

.
.
.

- .

.
,
,
.

.

,

.
.
60%
25 1946. .
23
24
25
, 383 , . 16, 11332.

, 74 , . 4, 12, 123.
, , I 3 b / 196.
369

.
26
27
, 1948.

.28 .

.
,
.29
, .
, .30
1952.

, 1953.
.

.31
- 1948.
.
. 1948. .32
1948, .33 ,
17. 1949. ,
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
: A. ivoti, KPJ/SKJ i egipatski komunisti i socijalisti 19461956, Tokovi istorije, 3/2006, Beograd, 2006, str. 157159.
, 1947. , . 21, 47060.
, , I2/52, . 75.
, , 1948. , . 39, 42757.
, , 1948. , . 39, 49483.
, , 1953. , . 21, 45188.
, , 1948. , . 39, 432272; , , I3b/199.
, , 1948. , . 39, 430736.
370
19451956.

.34
,
21. 1950.
. ,

,

.
, .35

.36
.
, ,
,
.37
T, , 1922.
,
,
. ,

.38

.39

-.40
,
.
, 6. 1955.
.41
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
, , 1949. , . IV, 1544.

, , 1950. , . II, 1471.
, , 1950. , . II, 1679.
, , 1950. , . II, 1254.
, , 1949. , . 29, 419869.
, , 1950. , . 22, 42744.
, , 1949. , . 29, 416614.
, , I2/41635.
371

,
.42
,
1955. 1956.
1956. . ,
,
,

, . ,
,

.

,
.
.
,
.
.
. . : 43 , , ,
, , -, ,

42
43
, , I2/41636.

, 1942.
. :
1) M. Terzi, Jugoslovenska kraljevska vlada, general Dragoljub Mihailovi i savezniko
bombardovanje ciljeva u Jugoslaviji 19421944. godine, Tokovi istorije, 12/2005, Beograd,
2005, str. 81111. 2) . ,
19431944. , , 12/2005, , 2006,
. 77 97.
372
19451956.
,

.44 ,
,

. , ,
.45

Shell,
,
, .
17.
.46
, , ,
.47

. ,

.
1949. 48
,
.
.

,
1950. .49
,
,
,
-44
45
46
47
48
49
, , 1949. , . IV, 2219.

, , 1949. , . IV, 2228.
, , I2/52, . 75.
, , 1949. , . IV, 2229.

,
, .
, , 1949. , . IV, 2219
373

.50
1950.
.
, ,

.51

1952. .
1953. 1954.
. ,
-
.52
1954.
, .

.53

. ,
. ,
. ,
.54
,
. 55

.

.
, 1946.
50
51
52
53
54
55
, , 1950. , . II, 1438.

, , 1950. , . II, 1058.
. yle, , .72.
, , I2/52, . 75.
, , 1946. , . 21, 8138.

. , . ,
1952. , .
374
19451956.
.
.

, ,
.
.56
1948.
,
.
,

.57
,
,

, ,

.58
, 26. 1949.
,

,
.59
, , ,
- ,

.60

, 1962. .61
.

56
57
58
59
60
61
, , 1946. , . 21, 8138.

, , 1948. , . 39, 45963.
, , 1948. , . 39, 49417.
, , 1949. , . 29, 41263.
, , 1949. , . 29, 412052.
. , 19451970, I II, , 2002, . II/615.
375
XIX ,
1941. . , ,
.
,
,
,
1952. .
, , , . ,

,
, .
1946. . - 1952. ,
, ,
. ,
.

? ?

? ?
? ?
376
19451956.
Summary
Emigration from Serbia to Egipt 19451956
Key words: Yugoslavia, Serbia, Egypt, emigration, diaspora
Two groups of emigrants from the Serbian territry found themselves in

the territory of Egypt in the years following the Second World War. The first
group was formed by the emigrants who settled there in several waves since mid19th century, and the second one were the former army officers and diplomats
who fled from Yugoslavia to the Middle East after the collapse of the Kingdom
of Yugoslavia in spring 1941. For larger part, the older emigration, together with
members of other Yugoslav peoples living in the Egyptian teritory, was organized
in several Yugoslav clubs. The Yugoslav Embassy tried to act politically and
propagandistically through these associations. The anti-Communist Egyptian
regme did not tolerate this, so these associations were disbanded and their
members subjected to various kinds of repression which lasted untl the bilateral
relations were improved after the Egyptian revolution in 1952.
The emigrants who arrived in Egypt durng the Second World War tried
to act politically against the newly established regime in Yugoslavia. In that they
enjoyed the support of the Egyptian government, and, according to the opinion of
the Yugoslav diplomats, also of some Western inteligence agencies. The students
of Islamic universities stemming from Serbia who refused to return to Yugoslavia,
were also propagandistically active against the Communist regime in Yugoslavia,
enjoying the support of the Egyptian government and the Arab League in the
process. An incipient collaboration in the common struggle against Communism
in Yugoslavia can be observed between these groups since 1946. Due to speedy
improvement of the Yugoslav-Egyptian relations after the revoluton of 1952,
these groups ceased operating under the threat of arrest and expulsion, whereas
part of their adherants moved out of Egypt.
377
323.15(=163.41)(439)1948/1953(093.2)
323.15(=163.41)(498)1948/1953(093.2)

19481953.
.
: ( )

.
: , , , ,

.

.
,
, . , , .1 1
: King R. R., Minorities under Communism: Nationalities as a Source of Tension among Balkan Communism States, Cambridge, , 1973.
378
. .
...
1948. , .
1953.
,
.
,
,
, .

, (,
) ( ),
1954. .2 ,
1953. , 1948,
,
, ,

,
.

, 19481953. , . ,

( )
.
.

45.000,
150.000 .3 ,

46.464 .4 , ,

.
(: ),
(: ), 1954, 86, 17, -
1954. , . . 18075, , . 5.
(: ), 507, (: 507,
), (: XVIII), 3, 24 (: .3/24),

, 4. 1958. , .1.
.
379
, , 9.000 ( )
( ) , .5 ,
1953.

55.000 (43.000 , 7.500 5.000 ).6 ,

1947.
85,06% 14,96% ,
.7 ,
.

1948.
,
140.000 . ,
( 5.000 )
( 8.500 )
.8
, ,
( )
.

, , ,
. ,
1947. , 90% .
2,68% 1,31% .
,
, 0,32%.9
5
6
7
. , , , ,
, 1996, . 2528; . , ,
, 1953, . 2526.
. , . ., . 9.
, 507, , XVIII .12/57, , 25.
1957. , . 78.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, ,
1958. , . 7.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 910.
380
. .
...
.
(43%
1,5 )
.10 ,
(90%) . , ,
.11 ,
.
, (
)
. , .
, .

, , .12
1948. 1953.
,
(
,
, )
.

1945. ,
. ,

(
1933. ),
- . - -,
, , .13

10
11
12
13
; . , . ., . 3032.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 8 9.
, . 910.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/15, - . , .
. 91905, 20. 1957. , . 3.
381

. -
( , , , , ).14
, , . 1949. , 1952. , . ,

. , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.15 ,

,
.16
, ,
. , ,
1953. ,
, ,
1948.
.
,
, ,
, -
. ,
,

.
23. 1944.

.17 ,
14
15
16
17
.
, . 4.
, . 45.
. , . ., . 73.
382
. .
...
, -
5. 1945. :
.18
-,
-
() (
) .
, ,
(). , 1945.

.19 , 4. 1944. , , ,
,
. , ,
, 1946.

-. , , 5. 1947.

() .20 , ,
.

.
, .
,

.21
18
19
20
21
, . 7578. , 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 4548; . ,

( ),
, XXXIX (LIX), 1986/3, . 114115.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 31.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 4344.
, . 46.
383

.
:
, .22

.23

. ,
,

.24

,

.
1953.
,
,
1948. .
, ,

o , , .

,
1944. 1948. ,
,
. ,

, . , , .
.
22
23
24
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 5253; . , . ., . 102103.

, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 53; . , . ., . 104.
. , . ., . 112115.
384
. .
...
.25

, , ,
, , ,
.
(

), ,
,
,
.26 ,

.

1948. ,
. , , ,

1944. 1948. , - , , .
, 1948. ,
,

, . ,
,

.
, , ,

.27

- K
25
26
27
B. Petranovi, Istorija Jugoslavije 19181988, nj. 3, Beograd, 1988, str. 227.

, . 227228.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 60; . , . ., . 125126.
385
.
: ,

.28 , 50-

, ,

,
.
.
. ,
,
:
, , ( 1.300)
, ,
,

. , 1944. 1948.

.29
,
,
.
,
-.
,
, .
- ,
.
, , ,
: .30
28
29
30
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 60.

, . 6061.
, . 62; . , . ., . 127.
386
. .
...
,
. ,
, -,
-
.31 ,
,
. , . ,
.32
,
, ,
, (
) -. 30.
1948. , -
- ,
- -,
Szabad Nep.
, .33
- 1.
-
,
- -.
.34
,
,
.
, .35 , ,
,

31
32
33
34
35
. , . ., . 131132.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 63.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 50.
.
. , ..., . 116.
387
- -.
,
.36 , -

.37 ,
( ) .
- 3.
( ) ,
,
- .

-, , ,
-,
.38
. ,

,
.39 ,
- . 2. 1948.
-
, ,
, -,
- .40 , -
. ,
. - 7.
. , . - 16.

,
.41 IV 1. ,
36
37
38
39
40
41
, 507, , XVIII .12/57, . 64.

.
, . 65; . , . ., . 129.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 65.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 50.
, . 53.
388
. .
...
, -
- .42
, , . 1948.

, , , . .
, ,

1948. 1949. . ,
.43 ,

, .
, ,

.44
.
-,
. ,
, . .45
, 1948. , , ( )

.46
1949.
,

. , 1949. , ,
42
43
44
45
46
.
, , 1953, . 74, . 4,
1953. -, . . 412828, . 8.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 6566.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 54.
, . 5556; , , 1954, . 50, . 3,
. 6. 1954. , . . 47498, . 34.
389
, -
- . -
, .47 ,
.
1949.
.48
-,
. ,
1950. . .
,
: ,

, , ,
1945.
.
1945. .49
.
, ,
25 .50 1949. 1950. . ,
.

,
.
-
, 1950.

1952. .51
47
48
49
50
51
, . 57.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 67; . , . ., .143.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 68; . , . ., . 144145.
.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 58.
390
. .
...
- ( ), ,
.

-
60 .

90 .52
, ,
.
, -

.
, .

.53 -

.
,
-
.54
, ,
.

, ,
.55 , 1948.
1952.
( ) 100, 5.000,
60 2.200 .56
,

, (
) ,
(, , ).57
52
53
54
55
56
57
, . 5859.
, , 1954, . 51, . 15,
26. 1954. , . . 414936, . 1.
, , 1954, . 50, . 3, . ...,
. . 47498, . 6.
, 507, , XVIII . 13/18, . 60.
.
, . 61.
391
, ,
. , , 11
,
.58

, , , , .

,

.59

, 1951. . ,

1950. , .60 ,
1952.

800 , , .61

10. 20. 1951. .
, ,
,
. 15.
- .62
17. 18. ,

,

.63 , 17. ,
- ,
, -
58
59
60
61
62
63
, . 6162.
. , ..., . 117.
. , . ., . 162.
.
, . 164.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 70; . , . ., . 164.
392
. .
...
, .
17. 18. .

2-3
,
.
.
,
.64
,
, , -,
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
. , ,
,
,
.65

, .
- , 20 35 15.000
, , ,
.66 .
, .

.67
.
, ,
. .68 64
65
66
67
68
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 71; . , . ., . 165171.

, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 72; . , . ., . 172.
. , . ., . 173.
.
, , 1953, . 75, . 16, , . . 417781, . 2.
393
,

.
.

.69
. ,
600 : ,
,
.70
,
, ,
.71
, . 10 15 , 50.000
.72
,
.
.
.73 ,
.

.74 ,

.

,
. 1953.
,
.
, 10.000 ,
.75
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 73.

, , 1953, . 75, . 16, , . . 417781, . 6.
, 507, , XVIII . 12/57, . 74; . , . ., . 186.
. , . ., . 185.
, , 1953, . 75, . 16, , . . 417781, . 7.
.
, , 1953, . 74, . 4, - ,
. . 415820, . 2.
394
. .
...
,
.76
.
.

, .
:
1953. ,
,

. ,
.77
, , ,
.
1953.
,
- ,

.
1953. , .
,

, , .78

29. , , .
,

- .79 ,
,
1954. , . 360
76
77
78
79
, , 1953, . 74, . 4, ,
. . 412828, . 1.
, . 14.
, , 1953, . 50, . 13, .
, . . 417168, 20. 1953. , . 3.
.
395
, :

.80
,
, 1953.
.

.
. ,
,

- . ,
,
,
.
80
, , 1954, . 50, . 3, . ...,

. . 47498.
396
. .
...
Summary
What the Official Yugoslavia Knew About the Situation of the
Serbian National Minority in Hungary and Romania 19481953
Key words: Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, national minorities, Serbian national
minority
The problem of the Serbian and other Yugoslav national minorities in

the neighbouring Hungary and Romania was one of the most important matters
in Yugoslavias relations with these countries after the Second World War. Since
it represented only part of a much broader problem of national minorities in the
Communist world, it reflected not only a crisis in the bilateral relations, but also
a crisis between the newly-formed Communist countries of Eastern Europe. The
Situation of the Serbian national minority, as well as of the Yugoslav minorities
living in Hungary and Romania, was exceedingly difficult in 1953. The legal status
of these minorities was not defined by mutual conventions with Yugoslavia but
only by internal legal acts which provided almost no protection. The rights these
acts guaranteed to the Serbian and other minorities, remained largely on paper. In
contravention of the positive laws the Serbian minority in Hungary and Romania
had neither freedom of movement, nor the right to express political opinions, and
even less the satisfactory education in mother tongue or the freedom to cultivate
its individuality through its cultural and educational institutions and organizations.
Unfortunately, before struggling for these and other minority rights, the Serbian
minority, faced with deportations and economic exploitation, had to conquer the
most elementary right the right to live and to survive physically.
397

: 300
CIP -
,
323.1(=163.41)19(082)
316.334.2/3(497.11)19(082)
314.15(=163.41)19(082)
323(497.1)(082)
: , ,
: / [
]. - :
, 2007 ( : ). - 397 . ;
24 cm. - ( /
[ ])
300. - : . 9-10.
- .
- Summaries.
ISBN 978-86-7005-055-6
) -20 - b)
- - 20 - c) ,
- 20 - d) -
-
COBISS.SR-ID 145332492

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From Serbia to Serbia ...................................................................................

, 17901918, 2, , 1989, . 659.

, , .III, , 2002, . 192.

, 27. 1992. , , 1992, . 4.

Unlike most other countries in Europe, Serbia changed several times

, (1940), , I, , 1970, . 710.

, (Victor von Heeren)

F. ulinovi, Okupatorska podjela..., str. 50//51.

Main problem of research is effort of Germany to break Kingdom of

- 6 1923. . , , 63-14; 15. 5. 1923.

, , , XLVII, , . II, , 1923.

, . 22, 20. 9. 1923; , , . 24, 15.

, , , . 4 78, 1924. III,

. , , , . 23, 1/14. 12. 1924. . 355357.

, , VI, . 89, 1927, .

. , , 10. 11. 1924, . 28; , . 11,

10. 12. 1925.

, . 34, 1927, . 125126.

The demands for reforms in many matters occurred in the Orthodox

Modernization measures of the socialist state and the changes occurring

Olivera Milosavljevi, U tradiciji nacionalizma, ili stereotipi srpskih intelektualaca XX veka o

Milosavljevi, n. d.; Predrag J. Markovi, Ethnic Stereotypes: Ubiquitous, Local or Migrating

Balkansko poluostrvo i junoslovenske zemlje, Beograd, 1967, str. 118, 453.

Stereotip o velikoj asimilacionoj snazi Rumuna je delio jo jedan strunjak za vojvoanska

Stipi, n. d., str. 38.

Bogumil Hrabak, Autonomizam u Vojvodini kao reakcija na finansijsko iscrpljivanje i

Isto, str. 31.

Vie o tome: Avdija Avdi, Jugoslovensko-turski pregovori o iseljavanju muslimanskog

Jovanovi, Iseljavanje, str. 7.

..., . II/26; ..., . III/127; . . ,

, K.22, f.17, d.11.

, Militrarchiv in Freiburg, . 30, . 588.

19411945, , 1965, . 4751;

-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 383, 403; -, . V, . 28,

-, . XII, . 4, , 1979, . 771, 1133;

N. Tolstoy, The Minister and the Massacres, London, 1986.

. . , ..., . 3258, 6972.

Due to the centrifugal forces immanent to every multinational state, the

, 19181988, . 1, , 1988, . 6061.

(: ), (74), . 51, . . 71,

, , 38-716-895, , 26. 10. 1937.

, , 96-14-51, 52; 96-13-49; , , , 1928, . 26.

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 9293. -

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 97.

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 97. - 7,8%,

: . , 19181941, . 1, 1, , 2000, . 232.

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 99, 101; . . , , . 5556.

, , , 1934, . 102. - 1,3 0,52 , 1,78 0,71 .

AJ, 74-51-71, 10. 1. 1929.

, 68. . , 15. 3. 1926, . 71.

AJ, 335-26, ..., . 86; , , , . 1, , 1936, . 2; , 47. . , 8. 3. 1927, . 163.

: A, . . (335), . 26, , . 91103; J. Lakato, n. d., str. 6.

Nenad Dimitrijevi, Ustavna demokratija shvaena konstekstualno u: Zoran ini: Etika

Branko Petranovi, Istorija Jugoslavije, Trea knjiga, Socijalistika Jugoslavija 19451988,

Bela knjiga Miloevieve vladavine, G17 plus, str. 50.

Bela knjiga Miloevieve vladavine, G17 plus, str. 54.

European Social Charter (Revised), Council of Europe, European Treaty Series

The basic purpose of this article is to study economy of transition, and