Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

LI CM N
Thc tp qu trnh & thit b l c hi nhm sinh vin thc tp chng em tip cn v
tm hiu thc t thng qua nhng kin thc l thuyt hc ti trng trong sut nhng nm
qua.
Tri qua thi gian thc tp ti phng th nghim nng lng sinh hc H Bch Khoa
TP HCM, c tham gia vn hnh mt s thit b, chng em hc hi nhiu kin thc thc
t, nhng kinh nghim qu bu, c tip xc mi trng v iu kin lm vic ni y. C
c nhng kin thc , chng em xin chn thnh cm n s tn tnh gip t thy c v
cc anh ch ti y.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n TS. Nguyn nh Qun. Cm n Thy to iu
kin thun li cho chng em c thc tp ti Xng, truyn t cho chng em nhng
kinh nghim qu bu, gip v hng dn chng em trong sut qu trnh thc tp.
Xin chn thnh cm n ch Nguyn Vn Khanh, Ch Trn Phc Nht Uyn, Ch V L
Vn Khnh, anh L Nguyn Phc Thin, v anh Phan nh ng tn tnh hng dn
chng em trong sut qu trnh thc tp, sn sng gip chng em gii p nhng vng
mc, trao i vi chng em nhng kinh nghim qu bu trong qu trnh lm vic v trong
cuc sng.
Chng em xin cm n khoa K thut ha hc ni chung v b mn Qu trnh &Thit b
ni ring to iu kin chng em c c hi c thc tp ti y, xin cm n thy
Nguyn S Xun n to iu kin v hng dn tn tnh chng em hon thnh t thc
tp ny.

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Nhn xt ca Cn b hng dn:

---------------

Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy........thng..nm 2012.

Cn b hng dn:

Xc nhn ca phng Th nghim.

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn:

----------------

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Tp. H Ch Minh, ngythng nm 2012.
Xc nhn ca b mn.

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

MC LC
I. Nghin cu ethanol t rm r: ................................................................................................. 5
1.Tnh hnh nc ta hin nay................................................................................................. 5
2.Tnh hnh sn xut ethanol t biomass: ............................................................................ 5
II. Tng quan v phng th nghim. ............................................................................................ 6
1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin....................................................................................... 6
2. S t chc mt bng. ..................................................................................................... 8
3. An ton lao ng. ................................................................................................................ 9
4. X l ph thi..................................................................................................................... 11
III. Quy trnh cng ngh. ............................................................................................................ 11
1. Dng nng lng s dng. ............................................................................................... 11
2. S khi quy trnh. ........................................................................................................ 12
2.1. Quy trnh sn xut ethanol t rm r. ........................................................................ 13
2.2.Kh ha tru chy hi hi. ........................................................................................ 26
IV. Thit b. .................................................................................................................................. 28
1. My ct th. ....................................................................................................................... 28
2. My ct mn. ..................................................................................................................... 29
3. My p. .............................................................................................................................. 30
4. Thit b n hi. .................................................................................................................. 32
5. Thit b thy phn v ln men ng thi. ...................................................................... 34
6. Bnh cha. ......................................................................................................................... 36
7. Thp chng ct. ................................................................................................................ 36
7.1.Thp chng ct th. ....................................................................................................... 36
7.2. Thp chng ct tinh. ..................................................................................................... 38
8.Thit b kh ha. ................................................................................................................. 39
9.Bung t kh syngas (burner). ........................................................................................ 39
10. Ni hi. ............................................................................................................................ 40
V. Mt s s c v khc phc trong qu trnh vn hnh. ........................................................ 41
VI. Nhn xt v ngh ca sinh vin. ...................................................................................... 42

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

I. Nghin cu ethanol t rm r:
1.Tnh hnh nc ta hin nay
Theo thng k ca cc c quan chc nng, hng nm, nc ta c sn lng thc khong 40
triu tn. C 1 tn thc thu hoch th c 2 tn rm r, tru. i vi s ph phm ny, nng dn
thng c tp qun t b, hoc x thng ra knh rch, phi ba bi ven ng l gy khi bi,
nhim mi trng,... Khi rm r l ngun to ra cc kh CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, H2O, cc cht
nha bay hi v hng trm hp cht khc c hi cho sc khe con ngi. Rm r thi mc l
ngun sinh kh metan, lm tng lng kh thi vo bu kh quyn, l 1 ngun nhim ng k
gy nn hiu ng nh knh, lm tng nhit ca tri t, bin i kh hu ton cu. Khi t cc
cht hu c c trong rm r v trong t, do nhit cao s bin thnh cht v c lm cho ng
rung b kh, chai cng. Phn tro cn st li khng gip ch my cho cy trng.
Cch x l rm r nh hin nay l mt s lng ph ngun nhin liu v cng ln, gy nhim
mi trng. Do vy vic tn dng ngun nng lng ny mt cch hiu qu rt c quan tm
bi cc nh qun l, nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc. V phng php ang c quan tm c
bit l sn xut ethanol t cc ph phm nng nghip trn.
Ethanol c nh gi l ngun cung cp nhin liu tt cho tng lai v con ngi c kh
nng sn xut vi sn lng ln, khng gy nhim mi trng v c th thay th c cho xng
nhin liu. Ethanol lm nhin liu ny hon ton c th sn sut c t ngun cellulose nh rm
r, tru, b ma,. Theo nh gi s b, lng rm r hng nm, nu c chuyn thnh ethanol,
hon ton c kh nng thay th ton b nhu cu xng du c nc hin nay.
2.Tnh hnh sn xut ethanol t biomass:
Cho n nay, trn th gii vic sn xut ethanol t biomass ni chung v t rm r ni ring
vn cha c thc hin vi quy m cng nghip. L do ln nht ca vn ny l hiu qu kinh
t mang li ca vic sn sut nhin liu ethanol so vi nhin liu truyn thng nh xng du
khng cao. cc nc c ngun biomass ph phm nng nghip di do nh Canada v M,
Nht nhng d n sn xut ethanol t rm r vi quy m bn cng nghip (vi chc tn mt
ngy) ang dn c nghin cu v trin khai. Cc nc bc u nh H Lan, Thy in cng
ang c cc d n xy dng nh my sn sut v tinh ch ethanol dng cho ng c. Trong khi
i vi nhng nc ang trn pht trin v c ngun rm r di do nh Vit Nam th vic
sn xut ny cng ang dn c quan tm. Vit Nam, ethanol cng c sn sut vi sn
lng khong 25 triu lt mi nm. Trong ch yu l lm t mt r, ng, go v khoai m, ch
yu phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip thc phm v ha cht. Tuy nhin, tnh hnh lng thc
ang ngy cng khan him. Vi dn s tng cao v qu t dnh cho sn xut nng nghip ngy
cng b thu hp th vic sn xut cn t cc nguyn liu truyn thng trn rt kh c m rng
p ng cho nhu cu nhin liu ngy mt tng cao nh hin nay. Ngy nay s l thuc vo du
m ca con ngi ngy cng cao dn n tnh trng suy thoi kinh t khi xy ra khng hong du
m. Chnh v th nn ngy cng nhiu nhng d n nghin cu v trin khai s dng nng lng
a phng thay th dn du m. Trong tnh hnh ethanol l mt gii php c nh gi

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

cao cho kh nng thay th nhin liu ha thch trong tng lai. Tim nng ln v thn thin vi
mi trng l 2 u im ln ca loi nhin liu ny.

II. Tng quan v phng th nghim.

1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin.
Hin nay, cng ngh sn xut xng sinh hc t ethanol vi nguyn liu sn, ng,
khoai rt ph bin, nhng nhiu quc gia cnh bo rng, iu ny s nh hng n an ninh
lng thc th gii. tm ngun thay th, nhiu nghin cu ang hng n vic tn dng
ph phm trong nng nghip nh rm, r, v tru, b ma sn xut ethanol.
nc ta, d n Kt hp bn vng nn nng nghip a phng vi cng nghip ch
bin biomass do JICA (C quan Hp tc Quc t Nht Bn) ti tr, c nhim v xy dng v
pht trin cng ngh sn xut bioethanol t cc ngun biomass l ph thi nng nghip nh:
rm, r, v tru, b ma bc u thnh cng quy m phng th nghim. Sn phm s
c ng dng vo mc ch lm nhin liu cho ng c v cc thit b t cng nghip.
D n JICA c thc hin trong khun kh hp tc nghin cu gia trng i hc
Bch Khoa Tp.HCM v Vin Khoa hc Cng nghip thuc trng i hc Tokyo. D n
hng n xy dng phng php lun nhm kt hp bn vng nn nng nghip a phng
vi nn cng nghip ch bin sinh khi, thit lp quy trnh tinh ch bng phng php sinh
hc quy m nh ti khu vc. T , xy dng chu trnh t cung t cp cc nhin vt liu
sinh hc. Trong khun kh d n, hai m hnh th im v T hp th nghim qu trnh ch
bin sinh khi v M hnh xng thc nghim kt hp bn vng nn nng nghip a
phng v nn cng nghip ch bin sinh khi c thit lp.
Mc tiu nghin cu ca xng thc nghim l phn hi li mc tiu chung ca d n,
trin khai nhng kt qu th nghim t c quy m phng th nghim, hiu c ton b
quy trnh v h thng, ci tin v pht trin cc trang thit b.

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 1: Phng th nghim nng lng sinh hc

D n bt u nm 2009 v kt thc vo nm 2014. T nm 2009 ti cui nm 2010 l

gian on lp t nh xng v cung cp thit b, my mc. u nm 2010 phng th nghim
bt u i vo hot ng.
a im xy dng: Xng thc nghim vi tn gi l phng th nghim nng lng
sinh hc, c xy dng trong khun vin trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp. HCM. Xng nm
sau lng ta nh C4 v C5, t cng 3 trng HBK (ng T Hin Thnh) i thng vo
khong 100m s thy xng nm bn phi.

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 2: a im xy dng phng th nghim.

2. S t chc mt bng.
Phng th nghim nng lng sinh hc gm c 2 lu.Lu 1 v lu 2 l c s dng lm
phng th nghim v phn tch.Tng trt l xng thc nghim v phng lm vic, ngh ngi ca
nhn vin.

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 3: Xng thc nghim.

Cc cm thit b chnh ca xng:
1/ My n hi rm (cng sut 350 kg/h)
2/ Bn ln men (th tch 800 L)
3/ Thp chng ct th (thp mm xuyn l, cng sut 100 L/m)
4/ Thp chng ct tinh ch (thp m, cng sut 100 L/m)
5/ My lc p
6/ L hi (thu nhit t qu trnh than ha tru)

3. An ton lao ng.

An ton lao ng c xem l yu t quan trng hng u khi lm vic trong bt k mi
trng sn xut no, nm c cc nguyn tc v an ton lao ng s trnh c nhng tai nn
ng tic cho bn thn v hn ch c nhng h hng gy ra cho thit b. Khi lm vic trong
xng thc nghim cn nm vng cc yu cu an ton:
- Khng phn s min vo.
9

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

- Khi vn hnh thit b phi nm r cc thao tc vn hnh v gii hn an ton ca thit b
trnh xy ra s c cho thit b v ngi vn hnh. c bit, vi ni hi l thit b lm vic p
sut v nhit cao nn rt nguy him, v vy, ngi vn hnh nn c t nht 2 nm kinh
nghim.
- S dng dng c v thit b ng chc nng trnh h hng v tng tui th ca dng c v
thit b.
- Tt c cc van trong h thng cn c ci t v kim tra k cng bi hi ng trc khi vn
hnh.
- Giai on ct rm: phi mc o bo h, eo mt knh, khu trang chng bi rm, mang gng
tay bo v tay khng b nga khi bc rm b vo my ct, chn mang giy khng c mang
dp phng chng ri ro c th xy ra nh b nga d ng vi bi rm. c bng hng dn an
ton s dng thit b ct trc khi tin hnh lm vic.

Hnh 4: Mt s h khi s dng my ct rm.

Giai on ngm kim, trung ha acid: phi eo bao tay chng thm, mc o bo h, mang tp
d bng nha do pha trc ngi, eo khu trang, i ng cao su bo v chn, i m c tm
king bo v mt trnh ha cht ri trng mt, vo mt, v.v
-

Giai on chng ct: cho lng nguyn liu vo thit b chng ct sao cho khng vt

mc quy nh an ton ca thit b.

-

Nhng thit b ang vn hnh nhit cao c treo bin cnh bo.
10

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

4. X l ph thi.
- Than tru: l ph thi sinh ra trong qu trnh t l bng tru nhm cung cp nhit cho hi
nc un nng thit b chng ct. Sau qu trnh t l, than tru c em ra sn cha, cng ty
mi trng v mt s dch v khc (chm sc cy king, v.v) s thu nhn hoc thu mua v
lm phn bn.v.v
- X l kh thi: cn nghin cu nng CO2 thi ra mi trng t tiu chun hay khng.
- Rm r: trong qu trnh ln men, lng rm khng c ln men hon ton s c em ra
sn phi nng cng vi lng rm b tha thi trong qu trnh ct, qu trnh n hi nh, v.vv
c cng ty mi trng thu nhn dng lm phn bn cho cy trng.
- Dung dch kim dng thy phn rm r: sau qu trnh p rm r, nc thi s c trung ha
bng dung dch acid, lng acid c cho vo t t n khi pH ca nc thi t khong
6-7 s thi ra ng cng.
- Dung dch trung ha: sau khi p t 1 cho ra nc thi kim, rm r s c trung ha bng
acid. Sau mt khong thi gian trung ha nht nh, rm r c p t 2, nc thi ny
c o pH trong qu trnh trung ha rm bng acid, v vy khng cn o li pH, thi trc tip
ra ng cng.
- Ph phm sinh ra trong qu trnh chng ct: thi trc tip ra ng cng.

III. Quy trnh cng ngh.

1. Dng nng lng s dng.
in: c dng thp sng, chy cc ng c my ct, bm, qut v cc h thng iu
khin t ng.
Gas: dng to hi nc cp nhit cho bnh phn ng v thp chng ct khi khng vn
hnh h thng kh ha tru. Ngoi ra cn dng t mi trong qu trnh t chy syngas ti
bung t kh syngas (burner).
Syngas: l dng nng lng sinh hc c sn xut t tru, dng trong quy trnh to hi
nc cung cp cho thit b ln men v thp chng ct.
Nc: Ly t h thng my bm, cung cp cho hu ht qu trnh ti xng: lm mt, cung
cp cho ni hi, my n hi
Kh nn: Dng iu khin t ng mt s chi tit thit b.

11

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

2. S khi quy trnh.
Quy trnh chnh ca phng th nghim l sn xut ethanol t rm r. p ng ti a
mc ch ca d n l tn dng ph thi nng nghip nn h thng pilot c ng dng ng
thi quy trnh kh ha tru to syngas cung cp nng lng cho vic sn xut ethanol.

Nc

Nc + NaOH

Rm r

Tru

Ct rm

Than ha v
kh ha

Than
tru

N hi
Syngas
X l bng NaOH

Lc p

Oxy ha

Ni hi

B rn
Nc + HCl
Nm men

Nhn ging

Trung ha

Lc p
B rn
Thy phn v ln
men ng thi

Enz cellulase
Chng ct

Nc thi

Ethanol

Trung ha v thi b

12

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

2.1. Quy trnh sn xut ethanol t rm r.
2.1.1. Nguyn liu.
Rm la:(ging Tru Nm Mi) c thu mua t x Thi M (huyn C Chi, Tp.HCM)
trong 2 tun sau khi gt v phi di nng. Rm c ng trong cc ti 25 kg v gi ni
kh ro.

Thnh phn ha hc ca rm: Thnh phn ho hc chnh ca rm bao gm: Hydrat cacbon,
lignin- l nhng thnh phn cu to nn thnh t bo nguyn liu.
Trong hydrat cacbon gm 2 thnh phn ch yu l cellulose v hemicellulose, chng khc nhau
v trng lng phn t, cu trc, tnh cht ho hc.
- Cellulose
L hp cht cao phn t, n v mt xch l D glucopyrano lin kt vi nhau bng lin
kt -1,4-glucoxit. Cc n v mt xch cha ba nhm hydroxyl, mt nhm ru bc
mt, hai nhm ru bc hai.

Cu trc cellulose theo Haworth

S monomer c th t t 2 000 n 10 000, trng hp ny tng ng vi chiu di
mch phn t t 5,2- 7,7mm. Sau khi thc hin qu trnh nu g vi tc cht, trng
hp cn khong 600-1500. Cellulose khng tan trong nc, trong kim hay axit long,
nhng c th b phn hu v b oxy ho bi dung dch kim c nhit >150o C.
nhit thng n c th ho tan trong mt s dung mi nh dung dch phc ng
amoniac Cu(NH3)4(OH)4, cuprietylendiamin(CED), cadimietylediaminMt s axit cng c
th ho tan cellulose nh H2SO4 72%, H3PO4 85%...
- Hemicellulose
Cng l nhng hydrat cacbon nhng l loi polysaccarit d th. Cc n v c s l ng
13

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

hexose hoc ng pentose. bn ho hc v bn nhit ca hemicellulose thp hn so
vi cellulose, v chng c kt tinh v trng hp thp hn ( trng hp <90). c
trng ca n l c th tan trong dung dch kim long. So vi cellulose n d b thu
phn hn trong mi trng kim hay axit.
- Lignin
Lignin l nha nhit do, mm i di tc dng ca nhit v b ha tan trong mt s tc cht
ha hc. Trong g, bn thn lignin c mu trng. Lignin c cu trc rt phc tp, l mt
polyphenol c mng khng gian m, n v c bn l phenyl propan v trong phn t lun cha
nhm metoxyl (OCH3). Cc n v mt xch ny c lin kt vi nhau bngmt s kiu lin kt
nh: -O-4 (chim ch yu 40 60 %), -O-4 (chim 5 10 %), CO-C, C-CLignin c lin kt
cht ch vi hydrat cacbon c bit l c lin kt ho hc vi hemicellulose. Trong qu trnh ch
bin bt giy, ngi ta dng tc ng c hc hoc ho hc ho tan lignin hoc bin tnh lignin
gii phng cc b si cellulose.

Vi sinh ln men ng thnh ru: chng S. Cerevisiae l mt sn phm ca hng Ethanol

RedTM, Php.

14

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Saccharomyces c khong 40 loi (Van Der Walt, 1970) v cc loi trong ging ny c
bit nhiu do chng c ng dng trong lm ni bnh, bia, ru....Chng hin din nhiu
trong sn phm c ng, t, tri cy chn, phn hoa.... Nm men cu to gm v t bo
thnh phn l carbohydrat, lipid, protein dy khong 0,5 m, mng t bo cht, t bo cht v
nhn. S. cerevisiae thng c cu to hnh elip, ng knh ln t 5-10nm v ng knh nh
t 1-7nm, t bo gia tng kch thc theo tui. Th tch t bo n bi l 29 mm3 v t bo
lng bi l 55 mm3. Cc t bo ca nm men mang cu trc v chc nng ca eukaryote bc
cao, c s dng nh l mt m hnh hu ch i din cho cc t bo eukarylote. Cc thnh
phn cu trc v ha hc ca t bo c c minh ha theo bng 1 v bng 2
Bng 1 : Thnh phn cc cht c trong cu trc ca nm men c lnh ng kh

Phn trm khi lng kh

Thnh phn trong cu trc

m

2-5%

Protein

42-46%

Carbohydrate

30-37%

Acid nucleic

6-8%

Lipid

4-5%

Cht khong

7-8%

Bng 2: Cc thnh phn ha hc trong nm men ng kh

Phn trm khi lng kh (%)

Thnh phn
Cacbon

48.2

Hydro

6.5

Oxy

33.8

Nit

6.0

Phospho

1.0

Magi

0.04

Kali

2.1

15

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 5 : Nm men Sacchromyces cerevisiae di dng bt kh.

T nhng thnh phn trn Rosen cho rng nm men c s hnh thnh cu trc ca
C4.02H6.5O2.11N0.43P0.03. Cc phn t carbonhydrate l thnh phn cu trc: thnh t bo v cc
hp cht lin quan n ngun dinh dng d tr, kh nng khng stress, nh l glycogen v
trehalose.
Vch ngn bao ph t bo cht (plasmalemma) chim khong 15-25% trn tng khi lng
t bo. Thnh t bo nm men c cu trc thay i ty bin ph hp vi cc iu kin ngoi cnh
v cc giai on khc nhau ca chu k sng. Ty theo cu trc v iu kin tng trng v qu
trnh trao i cht, thnh t bo cha nhng enzyme c kh nng to iu kin thun li cho vic
vn chuyn cc phn t vo trong t bo cht. Khong khng gian gia mng trong v mng
ngoi (periplasme) ca thnh t bo t 25-45A.
Cc t bo S. cerevisiae cha 1 lng chitin rt nh ( khong 1% khi lng kh) tp trung
nhiu nht ti cc im ny chi, ni ng vai tr quan trng trong s phn bo (khi chi va
chm n). Trong nm men. mng li cc si 1,3--glucan chim ti 40% khi lng kh ca
vch t bo, c nh hng chnh n c ch cn bng ca vch t bo. 1,3--glucan c tng
hp ti b mt ca t bo v cha nhng chui hp trung bnh khong 1500 n v glucose. 1,3-glucan c cu trc si v v nh hnh. S hnh thnh ny ch ra kh nng gi vng hnh dng
v cu trc vng chc ca vch t bo cng nh tnh n hi. Cc si glucan khng tan trong
nc, kim v acid acetic trong khi phn v nh hnh ha tan trong nc v acid nhng
khng ha tan trong kim. Hai polysacharide khc nhau,1,6--glucan v chitin c lin kt
vi 1,3--glucan v c nhng chc nng khc vt tri hn l ch n nh hnh dng v tnh bn
vng cho vch t bo.
Mt lng nh lipid v phophate v c l thnh phn trong mng li vch t bo. Lng
lipid cha trong S. cerevisiae cha khong 2-15%. i vi t bo khe mnh b mt t bo mang
li c in tch m, c cho rng cc chui phosphate nm trn lp mannoprotein ngoi. B
16

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

mt t bo c cu trc k nc, cc lin kt trn lp mng ch yu l lipid, nm trn lp vch
ngoi phc tp.
Nhng tc ng ca pH thp, hm lng ng cao v kh nng chu p sut thm thu ca
t bo l nhng yu t nh gi cho mng t bo. Khi nm men lm quen vi mi trng cha p
sut thm thu cao th kt qu mang li sau qu trnh ln men l nng ethanol t 12-15% khi
li tr thnh tc nhn c hi cho nm men. Ngoi ra s thiu ht cc cht dinh dng cng gy
ra nhng bin ng ng k cho s sinh trng ca nm men. Do phi cn nhc trong cc
phng php v k thut ln men.
Qu trnh sinh sn ca nm men thng thng qua sinh sn v tnh, phn chia t bo bt i
xng (ny chi) t bo con c hnh thnh ging ht t bo m. Di iu kin thch hp t bo
con s pht trin khe mnh nh t bo m. Qu trnh ny ko di n khi cc t bo b lo ha
v cht dinh dng b cn kit, sau t bo cht. Chu trnh sinh trng ca nm men c
nghin cu ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip cng nh l i din cho t bo
eukaryote. Trn thc t nm men c mt h gen nh tun theo nhng k thut di truyn v chu k
t bo c xy ra nhanh chng cho thy kh nng ng dng trong phng th nghim.

Hnh 6: Chu k sinh sn ca t bo nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae

17

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Enzyme: Enzyme ng ha cellulose (cellulase) c t mua t cng ty Meiji Seika (Nht).
Enzyme l nhng cht xc tc sinh hc c bn cht protein v rt khng n nh, hot ng
vng pH trung tnh hoc gn nh trung tnh (72), kim loi nng v nhit cng nh hng
ln n enzyme.
Enzyme l nhng cht xc tc sinh hc, c nhiu trong c th sng. Vic iu ch chng
bng phng php ha hc vi s lng ln l vic lm rt kh khn v y tn km nu khng
mun ni l iu khng tng, nn ngi ta thng thu nhn chng t cc ngun sinh hc. Mc
d enzyme c trong tt c cc c quan, m ca ng vt thc vt cng nh trong t bo vi sinh
vt, song vic tch enzyme p ng yu cu v mt kinh t ch c th tin hnh khi nguyn liu
c cha mt lng ln enzyme cng nh cho php thu c enzyme vi hiu sut cao v d dng
tinh ch chng. Vic phn b ca enzyme trong t bo cng khng ng u, trong mt loi t
bo cng c th c nhiu enzyme ny song khng c enzyme khc. Lng enzyme li thay i
ty theo giai on sinh trng pht trin ca sinh vt v ty theo loi nn chng ta phi chn
ngun nguyn liu thch hp cho vic chit rt v tinh ch enzyme. C ba ngun nguyn liu sinh
hc c bn: cc m v c quan ng vt, m v c quan thc vt, t bo vi sinh vt.
Ha cht: NaOH (pellet, 99.9 %), acid HCl (37 wt. %), H2SO4 m c (72 wt. %), cn
tuyt i (99+ %), L-lactic acid (99%), kh helium (99.999 %) l nhng sn phm c mua
t Cng ty Ha cht Cng nghip Vit Nam. Nc ct kh ion c mua t khu Cng ngh
cao (Th c).

2.1.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh.

Tm gn th quy trnh sn xut ethanol t rm r g 3 bc: tin x l, thy phn v ln
men, cui cng l chng ct.
Tin x l bao gm nhiu cng vic : x l c hc gm ct v n hi, x l ha hc. Tin x
l bao gm rt nhiu cng on khc nhau vy v sao li phi tin x l v liu c th b qua
cng on ny hay khng?

chuyn ha cc carbohydrate (cellulose v hemicellulose) trong lignocellulose thnh ethanol,

cc polymer phi b b gy thnh nhng phn t ng nh hn trc khi vi sinh vt c th hon
tt qu trnh chuyn ha. Tuy nhin, bn cht ca cellulose li l rt bn vng trc s tn cng
18

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

ca enzyme, nn bc tin x l l bt buc qu trnh ng ha glucose c th din ra tt.
Cellulose ban u c th b ph hy bi acid m khng cn c tin x l. Tuy nhin, ngy nay
ngi ta thng dng enzyme thy phn lignocelllulose.
Nhng yu t v cu trc v thnh phn nh hng n kh nng chng li s tn cng
ca enzyme ca lignocellulose gm c :
-

S bao bc ca lignin quanh cellulose: lignin cng vi hemicellulose to thnh cu

trc m vng chc cc k. Nhng m c bn ha vi lignin tng t nh nha
c gia c bng si, trong lignin ng vai tr kt dnh nhng si cellulose. Trong
thin nhin, lignin bo v cellulose khi nhng tc ng ca mi trng v kh hu.
Lignin l yu t ngn cn s tn cng ca enzyme n cellulose c cng nhn nhiu
nht. Tuy nhin qu trnh loi b lignin thng km theo s phn hy hemicellulose.
Ngay c trong phng php tin x l nguyn liu bng kim nhit thp, loi b
c 70% lignin th cng c 5% hemicellulose b ha tan.

B mt tip xc t do ca cellulose: lin quan n b mt tip xc ca cellulose vi

enzyme, v th tch xp. Tuy nhin, b mt tip xc t do ny c lin quan n kt
tinh v s bo v ca lignin.

S hin din ca hemicellulose: cng nh lignin, hemicellulose to thnh lp bo v

xung quanh cellulose.

Mc acetyl ha ca hemicelluloses: y l yu t t c quan tm, xylan, loi

hemicellulose chnh trong g cng v cy thn c b acetyl ha vi t l rt cao. nh
hng ny tn ti n khong 75% hemicellulose b deacetyl ha.

Ni tm li, qu trnh tin x l nhm :

-

Tng vng v nh hnh ca cellulose

Tng kch thc l xp trong cu trc si biomass

Ph v s bao bc ca lignin v hemicellulose i vi cellulose.

2.1.2.1.Ct rm: Rm ban u c ct 2 ln qua my ct th v my ct mn ra rm sn

phm c chiu di t 2-3 cm lm tng b mt tip xc v thun li cho qu trnh n hi.

19

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

2.1.2.2. N hi.
C ch
Phng php n bng p lc hi nc l mt qu trnh tc ng c hc, ha hc v nhit
ln hn hp nguyn liu. Nguyn liu b ph v cu trc di tc dng ca nhit, hi v p
lc do s gin n ca hi m v cc phn ng thy phn cc lin kt glycosidic trong nguyn
liu. Qu trnh n hi nc gm cc giai on sau: Lm m nguyn liu, gim p t ngt

Hnh 7: C ch ca qu trnh n hi.

Cc yu t nh hng

Qu trnh n bng p lc hi nc chu nh hng ln bi 2 yu t: nhit v thi gian.

Thi gian lu: thi gian lu nh hng n s thy phn ca hemicellulose. Thi gian lu
ca nguyn liu trong thit b phn ng cng di th hemicellulose c thy phn cng nhiu.
Nhng nu gi nguyn liu trong thit b qu lu s dn n s phn hy cc sn phm thy
phn to ra cc sn phm khng cn thit. Vic thy phn hemicellulose gip cho qu trnh thy
phn cellulose din ra thun li hn.
Nhit : nhit c mi quan h cht ch vi p sut trong thit b. Nhit cng cao th p
sut cng cao v ngc li. S gia tng p sut lm tng s chnh lch gia p sut trong thit b
v p sut kh quyn. T nh hng n lc ct ca m kh ha hi.

20

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 8: Cu trc ca rm sau khi qua qu trnh n hi.

Hnh 9: Rm sau khi qua thit b n hi nc.

u nhc im ca qu trnh n hi nc:
Tm tt li, theo qu trnh n hi nc c my tc ng sau ln cu trc nguyn liu
lignocellulose:
(1) Tng s kt tinh ca cellulose bng cch thc y s kt tinh ca vng v nh hnh.
(2) Hemicellulose b thy phn trong qu trnh n hi.
(3) S n hi thc y vic kh lignin.
Cng vi vic gia tng kch thc l xp, tc ng (2) v (3) l 3 u im ca qu trnh n hi.
Tuy nhin, tc ng (1) li gy ra kh khn cho qu trnh thy phn. Ngoi ra nhng nhc
im chnh ca qu trnh n hi l:
21

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

-Tn chi ph, nng lng vn hnh.
-i hi thit b chu c nhit , p sut rt cao.
-C th lm phn hy cellulose.
-Mt i ng t hemicellulose.
-Lm sinh ra fufural v 5-hydroxymethyl fufural gy c ch qu trnh ln men.
2.1.2.3. X l bng NaOH: rm sau khi c ct v n hi s c ngm trong dung dch
NaOH 0.1N trong vng 24 gi. Mc ch qu trnh ny NaOH thy phn lignin bao bc
cenluloso, gip cho vic tip cn cenluloso ca em zim thun li hn.

Hnh 10: Rm ngm trong dung dch NaOH

2.1.2.4. Lc p: Rm sau khi ngm qua m bng dung dch kim s c mang i lc p
bng my p pittong, nhm loi b dch cha lignin.

2.1.2.5. Trung ha: Rm sau khi lc p s c chnh pH ti 5-6 bng acid HCl.

22

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

2.1.2.6. Lc p: Cui cng rm c lc p ln cui loi b dung dch acid, b rn s c
bo qun trong t lanh (khi cha dng ti) trnh s pht trin ca nm mc.

Hnh 11: Rm sau khi lc p (kt thc tin x l).

2.1.2.7. Thy phn v ln men ng thi: Rm qua giai on tin x l s c cho vo thit b
phn ng SSF (bnh phn ng khuy lin tc, c bc v o). Thi gian thy phn v ln men
khong 5 ngy, cp nhit bng hi nc duy tr nhit bnh phn ng 350C n 400C. Lu
khi nhp liu khng nn nhp mt ln m nn chia ra.
Trong bnh phn ng xy ra ng thi 2 qu trnh thy phn v ln men.

a/ Thy phn.
Qu trnh ny s dng enzyme cellulose thy phn cellulose thnh ng:
-Enzyme endo_cellulose tn cng ngu nhin vo mch cellulose nh to lin kt tng tc
gia CBD vi cellulose to thnh oligosaccharide
-Enzyme exo-cellulose tn cng vo cellulose v c oligomer t u ng kh v khng
kh thng qua tng tc ca CBD vi cellulose thnh ca cellobiose v glucose.
- -glucosidase tn cng cellobiose v oligosaccharide tan to glucose.
23

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

b/ Ln men.
S to thnh ru t glucose phi tri qua nhiu giai on, s hnh thnh ru t glucose
c biu din nh sau :

24

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Sau , pyruvate s chuyn thnh ethanol theo cc phng trnh sau :

u im ca ln men thy phn ng thi: Glucose to thnh trong qu trnh thy phn c
tiu th ngay lp tc bi nm men v vy, lng cellobiose v glucose tch t trong h thng l
rt t. iu ny s gii quyt vn c ch enzyme nh tc to glucose s c tng ng
k, lng enzyme cn dng cng nh i. S thit b cn cho qu trnh thy phn v ln men
ng thi cng t hn s cn cho phng php truyn thng v c qu trnh thy phn v ln men
c tin hnh trong cng mt thit b. iu ny gip gim vn u t. Vic ethanol to thnh
trong sut qu trnh s lm gim kh nng pht trin ca vi sinh vt cng nh tp cht, rt c li
cho cc quy trnh lin tc.
2.1.2.8. Chng ct.
Sn phm sau khi ln men c a qua lu tr bn cha v c em i chng ct thu
c ethanol tinh khit. Vic chng ct c thng qua 2 thp chng ct: chng ct th (50
60%v/v) v chng ct tinh (97% v/v).
Thp chng th gm c 8 bc chng ct, mi bc chng ct s c mt mm chp nm di v
mm xuyn l nm trn, nh hiu qu chng ct tt hn. Thp chng th c nhim v chnh l
tch h lng rn, thu hi trit lng ethanol b hp thu vo pha rn. Nng ethanol thu
c sau qu trnh chng th khong 50 65 % (v/v).
Thp chng ct tinh l thp m. Nhim v chnh ca thp ny l lm tng nng ethanol
thu hi. Nng ethanol thu c sau qu trnh chng ct tinh l 97%. Nu khi lng rm kh
np liu vo bn ln men 100kg th sau qu trnh chng th s thu c trung bnh khong 30kg
ethanol 65%, v qua qu trnh chng ct tinh s thu c khong gn 20kg ethanol 97%.

25

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

2.2.Kh ha tru chy hi hi.
2.2.1. Nguyn liu: Tru l lp v ngoi cng ca ht la v c tch ra trong qu trnh xay
xt. Trong v tru cha khong 75% cht hu c d bay hi s chy trong qu trnh t v
khong 25% cn li chuyn thnh tro. Cht hu c ch yu cellulose, lignin v Hemi-cellulose
(90%), ngoi ra c thm thnh phn khc nh hp cht Nito v v c. Lignin chim khong 25
30% v cellulose chim khong 35 40%.
Cc cht hu c ca tru l cc mch polycarbohydrat rt di nn hu ht cc loi sinh vt
khng th s dng trc tip c, nhng cc thnh phn ny li rt d chy nn c th dng lm
cht t. Sau khi t, tro tru c cha trn 80% l silic oxyt.
Khi t v tru to ra nhit lng khong 15 MJ/kg

2.2.2. Khi nim: Kh ha l mt qu trnh chuyn i nhin liu c ngun gc cacbon hu c

hoc nhin liu ha thch thnh hn hp kh CO, H2, CO2 v CH4 t phn ng ca vt liu
nhit cao (>7000C) m khng t vi lng oxy hoc hi nc c kim sot. Hn hp kh
c gi l kh tng hp (syngas), l mt loi nhin liu. Nng lng t qu trnh kh ha sinh
khi v t kh tng hp c coi l mt ngun nng lng ti to. Cc qu trnh kh ha ca
vt liu nhin liu ha thch khng c coi l nng lng ti to.

2.2.3. Quy trnh:

2.2.3.1. Than ha v kh ha: tru c nhp vo bung kh ha, ti y xy ra cc giai
on:
- Giai on sy: xy ra nhit 1000C, hi nc thot ra, vt liu b kh dn. Thng thng,
hi nc c trn vo dng chy kh v c th tham gia phn ng ha hc tip theo, c bit
l cc phn ng nc kh nu nhit cao.
- Giai on nhit phn: xy ra nhit khong 200 3000C, vt liu b phn hy theo nhng
qu trnh ta nhit. Cc sn phm hu c thot ra, than c to thnh, lm cho khi lng vt
liu gim cn khong 70% so vi ban u. Giai on ny ph thuc vo thnh phn v tnh cht
26

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

ca nguyn liu ban u, thnh phn ca than c to thnh m sau s xy ra cc phn ng
kh ha.
- Giai on chy: giai on ny cc sn phm d bay hi v phn ln than phn ng vi oxy
to thnh CO2 v mt lng nh CO, cung cp nhit cho phn ng kh ha tip theo. Phn
ng ch yu trong giai on ny:
C + O2 = CO2
Hydro trong nhin liu phn ng vi oxy trong khng kh, tao ra hi nc:
H2 + O2 = H2O
- Giai on kh ha: xy ra cc phn ng gia cacbon vi hi nc sn xut kh CO v H2,
thng qua phn ng:
C + H2O = CO + H2
C + O2 = CO
- ng thi, xy ra cc phn ng khc:
CO2 + C = 2CO
CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O
C + 2H2 = CH4
Hn hp kh lc ny gi l syngas c thnh phn
h qu trnh

Thnh phn

h qu trnh

Thnh phn

H2

25 30

H2S

0,2 1

CO

30 60

COS

0 0,1

CO2

5 15

N2

0,5 4

H2O

2 30

Ar

0,2 1

CH4

05

NH3 + HCN

0 0,3

2.2.3.2. t kh syngas: kh t bung kh ha c dn vo bung t. Kh syngas c oxy

ha hon ton to ra khi l.
27

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

2.2.3.3. Ni hi: s dng nhit ca khi l un si to hi nc nhm cp nhit cho thit
b phn ng v cc thp chng ct.
u im ca kh ha so vi t tru trc tip: t to tro, hiu qu hn v kh syngas c th chy
nhit cao hn, loi b cc yu t n mn

IV. Thit b.
L d n lin kt gia Nht Bn v Vit Nam nn hu ht trang thit b my mc do Nht Bn
cung cp.
1. My ct th.

Hnh 12: My ct rm th.

Cng dng: ct rm thnh nhng on ngn hn khong 7-8 cm.
Nguyn l lm vic: Rm c nhp liu bng tay, nh 2 chuyn ng ca 2 trc p s c
vn chuyn ti li ct c ct v y ra ngoi.

28

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 13: V tr nhp liu rm .

u im: lm vic tng i nhanh
Nhc im: qu trnh lm vic bi nhiu.
2. My ct mn.

Hnh 14: My ct mn (gm thit b ct v b phn nng ).

29

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Cng dng: ct ngn rm qua my ct th thnh nhng on di khong 2-3 cm.
C cu to kh n gin: gm ca nhp liu, bn di ca l h thng bnh rng ct. H thng
bnh rng c gn vi trc ni vi m t quay.
Nguyn l lm vic: Rm sau ct th c a v ca nhp liu, a t t, tng t mt trnh
b kt. Hai li ct bnh rng quay, va to lc ct ngn rm va vn chuyn rm v ca tho
liu. Rm qua my ct mn khong 2 ln s t c chiu di mong mun.
u im: Lm vic gn nh, d dng, t tn nhn cng. Ngoi ra my ct mn cn c c ch
quay bnh rng ct theo chiu ngc li khi b kt nguyn liu.
Nhc im: bi nhiu.
3. My p.
L thit b lc p khung bn.
Cng dng: Dng tch p dung dch ra khi phn b rm, c th l dung dch NaOH ha tan
hemi cenlulose hay dung dch HCl sau khi trung ha.
Nguyn l lm vic: My p khung bn l mt my cng c s dng ngun lc l ng c 3 pha.
Khi moto trong ng c hot ng quay s truyn lc cho h thng xi-lanh y khung p xung.
Sau my s p tch NaOH ra khi rm qua mt bn c l lc, cht lng c thi ra ngoi qua
mt ng ng c van ng m.
u im:
- My p lm vic m, ko n. Cho p lc cc i theo lc danh ngha v c th duy tr p lc
trong sut qu trnh cng ngh.
- C kt cu n gin, s dng cc b phn c tiu chun ha cao, v vy gi thnh sn phm
h.
- Khng b lc p hn ch, c th iu chnh cho ph hp yu cu.
- My p c c cu an ton, chnh v vy lc p khng bao gi vt qu gii hn cho php.
- My p c lp nhiu dng iu khin khc nhau, m bo tnh chnh xc.
- Kt cu my c th theo kiu ng, kiu nm, ng thi kt cu gn nh hn so vi kt cu
cc my c kh.
30

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Nhc im:
- D b n mn ha hc v do cc tc ng ca mi trng
- D gy nhim mi trng
- Khi ng knh l lc ln, cht lng sn phm lc b gim.

Hnh 15: My p lc khung bn

31

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

4. Thit b n hi.
Qu trnh n hi nc l mt qu trnh c ha nhit. l ph v cu trc cc hp phn vi
s gip ca nhit dng hi (nhit), lc ct do s gin n ca m (c), v thy phn cc lin
kt glycosidic (ha).
S m t qu trnh lm ni bt tm quan trng ca vic ti u hai yu t: thi gian lu v nhit
. Nhit c lin quan n p sut hi trong thit b phn ng. Nhit cng cao th p sut
cng cao, do cng lm gia tng s khc nhau gia p sut trong thit b phn ng so vi p
sut kh quyn. S chnh lch v p sut t l vi lc ct ca m ha hi.Thi gian cng di
cng thc y s phn hy cellulose v to thnh cc cht gy c ch cho vic ln men

Hnh 16:H thng thit b n hi

Cu to:
Input container: thng nhp liu rm
Detector of material : u d mc nhp liu
Weight feeder : trc vit nhp liu
Detector of blocking: u d phn phi nguyn liu, kim tra mc ng u

32

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Main screw: trc vit chnh, cp rm r cho qu trnh n hi
Detector of water pressure: u d p sut hi nc
Water service control valve: thit b iu khin p sut hi nc
Water supply: cung cp nc
Inclination CV: trc vit tho liu
Sequencer: bng iu khin
Vt liu ch to: thp CT3
C ch hot ng :
Rm r sau khi ct nh c a n thit b puffing. Rm c cho vo thng np liu, c
vn chuyn bng vt ti n b phn puffing. B phn puffing c cu to l mt trc vt vi
ng knh cnh vt gim dn, nh vy rm s c nn v ch xt vi nhau v vi thit b, khi
nhng si rm s b x bung ra v c cu trc xp hn. Trong b phn ny, nc c cho
vo phi trn vi rm r nhm mc ch trnh cho rm r b chy trong qu trnh nn p v ch
xt. Mc khc, do lc nn ca trc vt lm p sut tng nh v s ch xt vi thit b lm nhit
rm trong b phn ny ln n khong 150oC, nc lc ny trng thi hi. Khi rm c
y ra ngoi, p sut gim t ngt, hi nc c nng lng cao nhanh chng thot ra khi khi
rm gy ph v cu trc, phn hy mt phn hemicellulose v lignin, do cng to ra nhng l
xp bn trong cu trc rm r. Qa trnh ny thc hin bi thit b thay i p sut to hi
nc.p sut thay i to ra qu trnh n hi,bin thin trong khong 40-50 atm .Rm sau khi
qua b phn puffing s c vn chuyn ln trn bng mt vt ti v ri vo thng cha t bn
di.
Nhn chung, qua thit b puffing, cu trc rm tr nn xp hn nh 2 tc ng: s ch xt
v n hi nh. Cui qu trnh puffing, rm tr nn mm v tng kh nng thm nc. Tc
puffing l 200 450 kg rm/h, 15 17% nc. m rm sau khi puffing l 37 % (w/w).
Mc ch ca qu trnh n hi l to ra nhng l xp bn trong cu trc rm r qu trnh
thy phn sau ny din ra thun li hn.
33

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Nng sut, hiu sut ph thuc vo qu trnh tin hnh th nghim
Nhp liu: Detector of material
Tho liu: Inclination CV
Cng dng ca my: ph v cu trc, phn hy mt phn hemicellulose v lignin, do cng
to ra nhng l xp bn trong cu trc rm r, tng xp ca rm,ph v cu trc lignin trong
b mch cellulose.
Ni sn xut: Nht Bn
u im ca thit b: H thng trc vit nhp liu gip vn chuyn rm d dng ng b vo b
phn n hi. p sut hi nc c iu khin t ng to p sut thch hp kch thch qu trnh
n hi to sn phm ti xp
Nhc im: Thit b to, cng knh, to nhiu bi, tiu tn nhiu nng lng do s dng nhiu
m t cho qu trnh ti nhp liu v tho liu, i hi nhiu kinh nghim vn hnh trong qu
trnh iu khin.
5. Thit b thy phn v ln men ng thi.
Cu to: l thit b hnh tr, v o c lm t inox SUS304. Thn t trn 3 chn cao
khong 1.2m, bn trong thit b c 1 tm chn v 1 cnh khuy mi cho 2 tng gn vi ng c
quay cnh khuy t trn np thit b. Thn hnh tr ng ng knh d=900mm, chiu cao
h=1388.8mm, dung tch 800L. Np thit b c 1 ca nhp liu v 1 knh quan st, thn c gn 1
knh quan st v ca tho sn phm y tht b. V o c ng knh d=1010mm. cnh khuy
c ng knh d=450mm. ng c in quay cnh khuy c cng sut 2.2KW, tc quay 150
vng/pht

34

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 17: Bnh thy phn v ln men ng thi.

Nguyn l hot ng: thit b hot ng gin on, nhp liu nhiu ln. Nguyn liu sau khi c
x l s b c nhp v thit b bng th cng. Cp nhit bng hi nc vo v o 2 giai on:

35

Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

giai on u tit trng, giai on sau duy tr nhit bnh thch hp cho phn ng. Sau
khong thi gian thy phn v ln men cn thit, sn phm c bm trc tip vo b cha.
6. Bnh cha.
Cng dng: tn tr sn phm sau khi ln men (dung dch hn hp enthanol khong 5% v r
rm cn li) trong iu kin him kh. V dung tch lm vic ca thp chng ct th nh hn
nhiu so vi bnh ln men v vy phi c thit b cha tm thi m bo cht lng ca sm
phm sau ln men.
Cu to: Bnh cha cu to gm mt hnh tr rng, c t trn cc chn , v ng ng
ni vi bnh phn ng. Th tch bnh cha 480l. ng knh 900mm, chiu cao bnh (khng tnh
phn ) l 950mm, c 1960mm. Bnh cha c lm bng thp SUS304, vi vi 3 chn ,
cch mt t tm 1.2m, gm 1 v tr nhp v tho liu. Nhp liu hon ton t ng: khi sn
phm ln men t yu cu , ton b sn phm s c bm chuyn qua bnh cha v d tr.
7. Thp chng ct.
7.1.Thp chng ct th.
l loi thp chng ct gin on, dng ct sn phm ln men (hn hp ethanol 5% v cn
rm) thnh ethanol vi nng dao ng t 30 60 .
Chng loi, ni sn xut: l loi thp mm xuyn l. Sn xut ti Tokyo, Nht Bn.
- Cu to: thit b hot ng gin on gm phn v thp chng ct.
+Phn : dng nng ton b thit b, thun tin trong vic vn hnh, v sinh, bo dng.
+Phn thp chng: gm ni un y thp, cc mm xuyn l, v thit b ngng t nh thp.
Ton b thn thit b c bc lp cch nhit.
Phn ni un y thp:Cp nhit bng hi nc qua ng rut g. C 1 l nhp liu pha trn
ni un (c ng knh 72.3mm), bn hng ni un l 2 ca i din nhau (ca ln c ng
knh 267.4mm, ca nh c ng knh 150mm) ta quan st mc cht lng trong ni v v
sinh ni. Pha di y ni c ng tho sn phm y (ng knh 72.3mm). Ngoi ra cn c
ng h p o p sut trong ni, v u o nhit ca dung dch.

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Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Phn cc mm xuyn l: thp gm 8 mm. Mi mm u c l gn knh ta quan st bn
trong. Mm c 17 l, ng knh mi l 25.4mm c b tr theo kiu tam gic u. ng chy
trn c ng knh l 38.1mm.Chiu cao mi mm l 250mm.
Thit b ngng t nh thp: hnh ng tr, c chiu di 0.67m, truyn nhit ng lng ng ngc
chiu, nc lnh chy bn ngoi ng t di ln, hi t thp chng i t trn xung. Ngoi ra
cn b tr thm thit b ngng t ph.

Hnh 18: Thp chng ct tinh v th.

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Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

- Nguyn l hot ng: Nhp liu gin on vo ni un y thp. c cp nhit bng hi
nc dung dch s si. Cc cht rn v nc c nhit si cao s thu y. Ethanol c nhit
si thp hn s dn bay hi ln nh thp qua thit b ngng t. Mt phn s c hon lu
v thp ngng t, phn cn li l sn phm ta thu c. Khi nhit dung dch t 980C th ta
dng qu trnh.

- Cc thng s k thut:
+Vt liu ch to: SUS304
+Nng sut mi m: 80kg
+Thi gian mi m: ty thuc vo lng hi nc cp cho ni un.
+Chiu cao t nh thp n y l 3800mm.
+Ni un: chiu cao 673.8mm, ng knh 550mm
+Thp c ng knh 267.4mm
+p sut lm vic v p sut hi nc: p sut kh quyn.
- u im: d vn hnh, thit b n gin hn lin tc, quy m ph hp vi phng th nghim.
- Nhc im: nng sut khng cao, cht lng sn phm khng n nh.
7.2. Thp chng ct tinh.
Lm tng nng ethanol thu hi (nng ethanol thu c sau qu trnh khong 97 ).
Cu to: hot ng gin on. Cc b phn chnh nh thp chng ct th: phn v thp chng
ct. Thp c bc lp cch nhit.
-

Ni un y thp: c cu to v kch thc nh ni un y thp ca thit b chng ct

th.

Thp chng ct: thp m gm 4 bc.

Thit b ngng t: kiu chm ng ngc chiu, hi t nh thp ngng t bn trong ng t

trn xung, nc lnh chy bn ngoi ng t di ln. Chiu di ng truyn nhit l 1.3m.

Cc thng s:
-

Nng sut mi m: 80kg.

Chiu cao thp t ti nh 5.8m

Ni un: chiu cao 873.8mm, ng knh 550mm

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Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

-

Thp m c ng knh 165.2mm, chiu cao mi bc l 1040mm.

Thp lm vic p sut kh quyn, cp nhit bng hi nc c p sut khong 5at

8.Thit b kh ha.
Thit b kh ho c s dng kho st qu trnh kh ho l thit b kh ho tng c nh
ngc chiu, hnh tr. Vt liu cch nhit l gch samot. Bung t uc lm bng thp 304.
Khng kh i vo bung t t y thng qua cc ng c qut thi.Vic nh la c thc
hin th cng bng du v giy.V tru c tm du v dng giy t thng qua ca bung
t pha trn.Than tru s c vn chuyn ra ngoi bng trc vt.
Nhit kh syngas i ra khi thit b kh ha lc ny khong 79 840C, nhit than tru l 550
6500C.
Nng sut nhp tru: 55 65 kg/h
Lng than sinh ra: 15 25kg/h
9.Bung t kh syngas (burner).
Bung t kh syngas c s dng t kh sygnas t qu trnh kh ho sinh nhit cp cho
ni hi. Bung t c lm bng thp 304, hnh tr ng. Kh syngas t l than ha c a
vo l t. p sut trong l t l p sut chn khng do qut ht to ra. Qu trnh t kh
syngas c mi bng kh du m ha lng (Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG), khi nhit t
khong 570oC th LPG tt v l t ng chy do Oxy c cp t nhin thng qua cc l thng
vi khng khi bn ngoi (c 9 l thng, nhng ch m 6 l) bt u qu trnh oxy ha. Nu
nhit thp hn 470 oC th ta t thm LPG. Nhit trong l phi c gi mc trn
470oC, nhit thng khong 700 8200C. Dng kh sau khi t chy c a dn qua ni
hi cp nhit cho ni hi. Nhit dng kh vo l hi khong 490 5400C. Mt phn kh
d s c thi ra ngoi, nhit kh thi ra ngoi khong 290 - 3200C.
Hn hp kh syngas bao gm nhiu thnh phn kh nh N2, O2, H2, CO, CO2, CH4Mc ch
ca qu trnh than ha l to ra hn hp kh syngas vi thnh phn CO v H2 cng nhiu cng tt
(hn ch s to thnh CO2), do khi phn ng vi oxy n sinh ra lng nhit ln.

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Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

10. Ni hi.
Chc nng: s dng nhit khi l un si, to hi nc nhm cp nhit cho cc thit b: bnh thy
phn v ln men ng thi, 2 thp chng ct.
Loi thit b: thit b truyn nhit chm ng nm ngang c s chuyn pha, nc i bn trong
chm ng ngc chiu vi khi l bn ngoi.
Cu to: Bao gm 2 chm ng. Nc trc khi bm vo ni un s c x l bng phng
php trao i ion kh tnh cng.
Nhit ca khi l trc khi vo thit b un: 430 5400C. Nhit khi l ra khi thit b l:
165 2500C. Nhit khi thi ra mi trng phi di 2000C. Lng hi nc ti a m thit
b c th cung cp l 100 kg/h.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi vn hnh, lng hi cp cho cc thit b s lm gim p sut hi. Khi p sut hi 0.55MPa,
th ca sp Exhausted (7) ng v ca sp Cooling (6) m, khi t l burner (3) c thi 1 phn
ra ngoi v vy hiu qu nng lng lc ny s thp nhm gim p sut ca hi. Khi p sut hi
0.45 MPa, ca sp Exhausted m v ca sp Cooling ng, khi t l burner s c dn ton b
vo thit b un hi, lc ny hiu qu nng lng s l ti a. Lng hi nc t ti a khi p
sut hi khong 0.4MPa, v vy thng t ch p sut trong khong t 0.4 n 0.55 MPa,

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Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 19: Nguyn l lm vic h thng ni hi.

V. Mt s s c v khc phc trong qu trnh vn hnh.

- B phn sensor ca my bo li v trong khi t nng l nhit t 700 900 oC th lng
tru b bin dng thnh polymer kt dnh li trn sensor lm h thng lun bo full. Tru khng
c tip tc a vo, xut hin li h thng t ng. Cch khc phc: m np loi b cc tro
tru cn trong bung t bng cch dng my ht bi v v sinh li sensor.
- Cc trc khi vn hnh c th b kh du hoc b kt do tru dnh vo h thng. Cch khc phc :
dng my nn hi thi bay cc vt cn v thng xuyn tra du m cho thit b vn hnh tt
hn.
- My bm th tch ca dng hon lu ca thit b chng ct b hng do lm vic trong thi gian
di. Cch khc phc: thay bm mi.
- H thng t ng dng cho c qu trnh vn hnh khi lm vic lu ngy b h mn hnh cm
ng. Cch khc phc: ch cc chuyn gia ngi Nht thay th linh kin.

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Bo co thc tp qu trnh v thit b - Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc

Hnh 19: sensor trong bung t syngas b bn.

VI. Nhn xt v ngh ca sinh vin.

Phng th nghim Nng lng sinh hc ang vn hnh quy m pilot mt quy trnh cng ngh
thit thc i vi i sng. Nu quy trnh ny thun li a vo cng nghip s gip gii quyt
c nhiu vn : gim sc p i vi nhin liu ha thch: c c nhin liu sinh hc m
khng nh hng ti vn an ninh lng thc, syngas thay th cho gas, ph phm nng nghip
c tn dng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hn cho ngnh nng nghip ng thi gim thiu
c vn nhim mi trng do ph phm nng nghip.
Quy trnh sn xut ethanol t rm v tru c ngha ln i vi mt nc c nn nng nghip
la nc nh Vit Nam.

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