Cu 2 Ph thuc vo loi giao thc RIP tnh metric da trn hop count Metric ca IGRP l t hp ca cc thnh phn : bandwidth,

h, delay, load, reliability. Mc nh ca metric l bandwidth v delay. Ta c th tng tng lin kt d liu (data link) nh l mt ci ng th bandwidth nh l chiu rng ca ng cn delay nh l chiu di ca ng. Ni cch khc bandwidth l thc o kh nng mang thng tin v delay l tr cn thit mt bt truyn n ch. Bandwidth: c bit din vi n v l kbps, l mt thng s c s dng IGRP s dng chy thut ton Bellman-Ford. N l mt thng s tnh c th thay i bi ngi qun tr khng lin quan g n bandwidth tht ca ng truyn. BW = [10000000/(bandwidth in Kilobits per second)] Delay: ging nh bandwidth l mt thng s tnh c th c cu hnh bng tay. Delay = [Delay in 10s of microseconds] Reliability: l mt thng s ng, c biu din bi mt s 8bit. c tnh s lng gi tin n ch m khng b hng. Reliability c gi tr 255 c ngha l 100% gi tin khng b hng, gi tr nh nht l 1. Load: l mt phn bng thng s dng trn ng truyn, c biu din bi mt s 8 bit. Load c gi tr l 255 ngha l s dng 100%, 1 l gi tr nh nht. Mc nh: K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = 0, K5 = 0. Cc hng s trn c th c thay tu theo mc ch ca ngi qun tr. Nn v vy theo mc nh th metric = bandwidth + delay

* Nh i bandwidth thnh Kbps ri mi a vo cng thc nh, rt nhiu ngi qun nn a c Mbps vo Cu 3 Static Routing v Dynamic Routing. 1. Static routing l vic chng ta s dng cc Static Route dn ng cho gi tin. nh tuyn tnh (Static Routing) l ngi qun tr mng phi nhp cc thng tin v ng i cho router. Khi cu trc mng c xy ra bt k s thay i no th chnh ngi qun tr mng phi xa hoc thm cc thng tin v ng i cho router. ng i nh vy c gi l ng c nh. i vi h thng mng ln th cng vic bo tr bng nh tuyn cho router nh vy tn rt nhiu thi gian. Nhng i vi h thng mng nh, t c thay i th cng vic ny mt cng hn. Chnh v nh tuyn tnh i hi ngi qun tr phi cu hnh mi thng tin v ng i cho router nn n khng c tnh linh hot nh nh tuyn ng (Dynamic Routing). 2. Dynamic routing l vic chng ta da vo cc giao thc nh tuyn ng - Dynamic Routing Protocol dn ng cho gi tin. Cu 4 Link-state: Linkstate khng gi routing-update, m ch gi tnh trng [state] ca cc ci link trong linkstate-database ca mnh i cho cc router khc, ri t mi router s chy gii thut shortest path first (bi vy mi c OSPF - open shortest path first) , t build bng routing-table cho mnh . Sau khi mng hi t , link-state protocol s khng gi update nh k nh Distance-vector , m ch gi khi no c mt s thay i nht trong topology mng (1 line b down , cn s dng ng backup) u im:

- Scalable: c th thch nghi c vi a s h thng , cho php ngi thit k c th thit k mng linh hot , phn ng nhanh vi tnh hung sy ra. - Do khng gi interval-update , nn link state bo m c bng thng cho cc ng mng .

Khuyt im:

- Do router phi s l nhiu , nn chim nhiu b nh ln CPU , ->tng delay . - Mt khuyt im kh ng na l : linkstate kh kh cu hnh chy tt , nhng ngi lm vic c kinh nghim lu th mi cu hnh tt c , do cc k thi cao cp ca Cisco ch trng kh k n linkstate

Distance Vector: RIP, IGRP. Hot ng theo nguyn tt "hng xm", ngha l mi router s gi bng routing-table ca chnh mnh cho tt c cc router c ni trc tip vi mnh . Cc router sau o so snh vi bn routing-table m mnh hin c v kim xem route ca mnh v route mi nhn c, route no tt hn s c cp nht . Cc routing-update s c gi theo nh k (30 giy vi RIP , 60 giy i vi RIP-novell , 90 giy i vi IGRP) . Do , khi c s thay i trong mng , cc router s bit c khc mng no down lin. u im : D cu hnh . router khng phi s l nhiu -->CPU v MEM cn rnh lm vic khc . Tuy nhin nhc im th hi b nhiu :

- Th nht: h thng metric qu n gin (nh rip ch l hop-count ) nn c th sy ra vic con ng "tt nht" cha phi l tt nht (^-^) . - Th 2: Do phi cp nht nh k cc routing-table , nn mt lng bandwidth ng k s b chim , lm trong thoughput s mt i (mc d mng khng g thay i nhiu) . - Cui cng v trm trng nht l do cc Router hi t chm , s dn n vic sai lch trong bng route-->Routing LOOP!!!!!!.

Cu 5

R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 R2(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 R2(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

R3(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 R3(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 R3(config)#ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2

Cu 6

m hnh ca bn nh sau: SW-E0----->----E1_Router1_S1------>-----S1_Router2_E0--->---LANA Khi th tng min broadcast(xc nh bi cc interface ca router) phi s dng cc a ch subnet khc nhau. Vic t a ch v chia subnet nh no mnh khng ni y v rt nhiu ti liu CCNA ni ri. Mnh ch xt 1 v d vi cc a ch nh sau: SW_E0:192.168.1.1 /24, E1_R1:192.168.1.2/24 R1_S1: 192.168.2.1/24, S1_R2:192.168.2.2/24 R2_E0:192.168.3.1/24, LANA: 192.168.3.0/24 Nh vy, nu s dng nh tuyn ng, chng hn l RIP, th bn cu hnh nh sau: Trn router 1: (config)#router rip (config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 (config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 Trn Router 2: (config)#router rip (config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 (config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 Nu dng nh tuyn tnh bng lnh IP route, xc nh route n LAN A:

R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 S1

hoc R1(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2 (C php lnh ip route: ip route destination_Network_Address subnet_mask_of_Destination_network Next_hop_Address/Local_Interface) NGc li, trn router 2: R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 S1 hoc R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1