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TESTING SIGNIFICANCE CHI SQUARE, T-TEST, CORRELATION In descriptive statistics, we explored our data using various methods such as frequencies analysis as well as explore. Such tests provide an early indication of relationship and/or differences amongst variables in our research. Nevertheless, we do not know for sure both the relationship and differences amongst variables are statistically significant unless we test them. In S SS there are a number of statistical techniques to do so. !ere, we are going to discuss basic tests " chi#square, t#test, correlation and regression " which are use in business research. Chi-Square $hi#square statistics is used for non#metric data %nominal and interval& of independent two or more independent variables. 'he chi#square statistic usually introduced in elementary statistics course is the earson $hi#square. 'o confirm our observation we need to test them using chi#square test. (e need to open our data) research_qualit *. $lick on +naly,e menu, select -esrciptive Statistics and $lick on $rosstabss...to open the $rosstabs dialogue box .. $lick on qua/frien, qua/clean, qua/time and qua/food and click on the arrow button to move the variables into the 0ow%s&) box. $lick on sex variable on the arrow button to move the variable into the $olumn%s&) box 1. $lick on the $ells button and click on observed button on the count2s box and click on both $olumn and 'otal boxes of the percentage box. $lick on the $ontinue button and click on 34

5. $lick on Statistics...to open $rosstabs) Statistical box and click on $hi#square box

6. $lick on $ontinue button and click on the 34 'he statistics produced are shown below)

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'o interpret the chi#square output you need to look at the earson $hi#Square. 3f the four service quality items of the fast food outlet we found only cleanliness shows significant differences between male and female students. 'he $hi#Square of cleanliness is *7.5., its significant level is 8.881, less than 8.86 probability level. 'hrefore, we can conclude that there is significant difference in terms of cleanliness between male and female students in our research. (hen presenting results we should always include the chi#square statistics, the number of degree of freedom and the significat figure, 9 . %5& : *7.5., p:8.881. 3n the other hand, other items of service quality do not shown any differences between genders. t-Test t#test compares sample means by calculating Student2s t and displays the two#tailed probability of the difference between the means. In other words, t#test determines whether the two means are significantly from another one. 'here are three types of t#test) *. 'he single sample t#test .. 'he independent t#test 1. 'he paired t#test 'he single sample t#test determines whether the observed mean is different from a set value. 'he independent t#test is used when comparing means from two independent groups of individuals. ;eanwhile, the paired t#test is used when comparing the means of two sets of observations fro the same individuals. 'here are three generic assumptions of t#test) *. Scale of measurement " the data should be at the interval or ratio level of measurement

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.. 0andom sampling " the scores should be randomly sampled from the population of interest 1. Normality " the scores should be normally distributed in the population <et us look at each type of t#tests. O!e sa"#le t-test 'he one sample t#test is used when we have data from a single sample of participants and we wish to know whether the mean of population from which the sample is drawn is the same as the hypothesised mean. 'o conduct one sample t#test we are going to use our research/quality data. 'o conduct one sample t#test) *. Select the A!al $e menu .. $lick on C%"#are &ea!s and then O!e-Sa"#le T Test''' 1. Select t#visit variable and click on the arrow button to move the variables into the 'est =ariable%s&) box. In the 'est value) box, type the mean score i.e... (e hypothesised students on the average would make two visits per week to the fast food outlet

5. >inally, click on 34. 'he following output is produced)

Now let us examine whether a difference exists between the mean sample and the hypothesised mean by consulting the t#value, the degree of freedom %df& and two#tail significance. If the value for two tail significance is less than 8.86 %p ? 8.86&, then the difference between means is significant. 'he output indicates that there is a significant different in time or frequency visit between the mean sample %..@1& and the hypothesised mean %..88& with its two tail significance 8.88 which is less than 8.86. It shows us that on the average students in our research made 1 times visit and not . times visit per week to the fast food outlet "t%.A&:5.5.B, p ? 8.86. Independent group t#test (e can test the significance of the difference between the two group means by using a t#test for independent groups. *. Select the +naly,e menu .. $lick on $ompare ;eans and then Independent#Sample ' 'est...

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1. 'ransfer t#visit and m#spent variables into 'est =ariables%s& box, following sex variable into the Crouping =ariable) box

5. $lick on the -efine Croups...button and you will need to define which categories of sex variable you wish to compare. In this case there only two categories and they take the values * and .. 'ype * in the Croup *) box and . in the Croup .) box

6. $lick on $ontinue, followed by 34. 'he following result is produced)

>irst let us look at the means of time or frequency visit between male and female students. ;eans of time visit for male and female students are ..1 and 1.8 respectively. Is the difference is significantD Eou need to refer to Independent Sample t#'est to answer this. If you look at the table, as for the 'ime/frequency visit the <evene2s 'est for Fqual =ariance has a probability %8.511& greater than 8.86, you can assume that the population variances are relatively equal. 'herefore, you can use the t#value, df and two#tail siginificance for the equal variance estimates to determine whether differences exist between male and female students. 'he two#tail significance for sex indicates that p : 8.85@, p ? 8.86 and therefore significant. (e therefore reGect the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis

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that there is significant different between male and female students pertaining to frequency of visit to the fast food outlet per week " t%.B& : ..8B., p ? 8.86. earson2s r test of $orrelation Fven though when we investigate the scatterplots and notice theremight be correlation with two variables, we could say either the relationship is significant or not. (e need statistically test it. Suppose the hypothesis tested were) !o*) 'here would be negative correlation between age of students and frequency of visit to the fast food outlet 0eGection of the null hypothesis will lead to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. 'o perform a pearson2s test, *. $lick on analy,e menu, select $orrelate and click on Hivariate... .. !ighlight age variable and click on the arrow button to move the variable into the =ariables) box. !ighlight the t#visit variable and then click on the arrow button to move the variable into the =ariables)box

1. Fnsure that the earson correlation option is selected. In the 'est of Signifinace box, click 3ne#tailed button. 5. $lick 34.

<et us examine the coefficient and its associated significance value %p&. 'he output reveals that a significant positive relationship exists between age of students and frequency visit to the fast food outlet %r : 8.5B8, p ? 8.86&. +s so we reGect our null hypothesis and accept our alternative hypothesis. .