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 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

Lack of Democracy, Lack of Equality

Political analysis of Constitutional Principles
Laid down by the SLORC National Convention

Internet Version (Burmese)

November, 2002

English-Burmese Dual Version

October 1995

THE BURMA LAWYERS' COUNCIL

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rsm; atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyxm;onf?)

(2-4)? tcsKyftjcmtm%m vlxkxHrS oufqif;onf

tjcm;aom 'Drdkua&pDtajccHOya'rsm;rSmuJhodk@yif e0w. tajccHrlrsm;u “jynfol
vlxkxHrS tcsKyftjcmtm%moufqif;onf” [laom rludk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf?
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vlxkuusifhoHk;cGifh&Sda&;[laom t,ltqonf 'Drdkua&pDxGef;
um;aom urBmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD oDtdk&D. A[dkcsufrwGifae&m,lvsuf&Sdonf?
jrefrmjynfolwdk@tzdk@vnf; tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vlxku usifhoHk;a&;&mwGif wkdif;jynf
twGif;rnfodk@aom EdkifiHa&;pepfudk usifhoHk;rnf[laom qHk;jzwfcsufudk jynfolwdk@ csydkif
cGifh&Sd&ayrnf? EdkifiHawmf. EdkifiHa&;pepfudk vlxku qHk;jzwfrnfavm? rdrdwdk@zmom tm
%m&,lxm;onfh tpdk;&u qHk;jzwfrnfavm? EdkifiHawmf twGuf EdkifiHa&;pepfudk vlxk
uqHk;jzwfa&;qdkonfrSm ±dk;±dk;&Sif;&Sif;ESifhyif vufcH&rnfhudpPjzpfonf? ,cktajctaewGif
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf EdkifiHa&;pepfukd e0wu ‚if;zmom ‚if;qHk;jzwfaeonf? xdkupd Ponf
jrefrmjynfolw&yfvHk;twGuf vufcHEdkifaom udpPr[kwfay? tu,fI e0w u ‚if;
wdk@. tajccHrlwGifazmfjyxm;onfh twdkif; “tcsKyftjcmtm%m vlxkxHrS qif;ouf&
rnf” [k todtrSwfjyKygu rnfodk@aom EdkifiHa&;pepfudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufcHusifhoHk;
rnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufudk jyKvkyfrnfh tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif e0w u tb,fh
a=umifh jynfolvlxkqENtppftrSeft& yl;aygif;aqmif±u G fcGifhudk jiif;y,fae&ygoenf;?

(2-5)? e0wu vkyfaqmif&efrSm

e0w. rlrsm;u ppfwyf. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾udk aocsmatmifjyKvkyf&ef
&nf&G,faeonf? e0w. trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;OD;wnfcsuf (6)&yfwGif “ppfrSef
aom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf xGef;um;a&;” [lonfh rlw&yfudk twdtvif; a=unmxm;
aomfvnf; e0w. csrSwf+yD;aom rlrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;aeonf? “ppfwyf.
EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾”[laom e0w. awmif;qdkcsufu tjcm;aom tajccH
 6 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

Oya'qdkif&mrlrsm;ESifh twl&Sdaev#if tjcm;aom tajccHrlrsm;onf xdkppfwyf. EdkifiHa&;

OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾[laom rl. vufatmufcHrsm;jzpfoGm;ayrnf? xdkrludk xdxda&muf
a&muftaumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf tajccHOya'jyXmef;csuftm;vHk;wGif twif;
t=uyf xdkoabmw&m;rsm; oGyfoGif;aeayvdrfhrnf? Tpmwrf;Y a0zefqef;ppfwifjyr_
rsm;u ppfom;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcGiu
hf kd jiif;y,f&efr[kwfay? 'Drdku
a&pDonf ppfwyf. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_[laom rlESifhtwl ,SOfwGJI rjzpfxGef;Edkifyg?
a&±SnfwnfwHhrnfh tajccHOya' ay:xGef;a&;vkyfaqmif&mwGif ppfwyf. EkdifiHa&;OD;
aqmifr_tcef;u¾ (odk@r[kwf) 'Drdkua&pD wckckudk tajccHOya'rlrsm;rS z,fxkwf&ay
vdrfhrnf? rnfonfht&mudk e0wu z,fxkwfrnfenf;?

3? EdkifiHawmfzGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufyHk
(3-1)? EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkqdkonfrSm
rnfodk@aom EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkpepfudk a&G;cs,foifhoenf;qdkonfh udpPrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ta&;}uD;vSaom udpPwckjzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;odyH̀ynm±Sifrsm;u “EdkifiH
awmftpdk;&trsdK;tpm;” (Form of national Government) [laom a0g[m&
udk toHk;jyKaeaomfvnf; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tpOftvmrsm;t& jrefrmrsm;tzdk@ “EdkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk” (State structure) qdkaom a0g[m&ESifh ydkI tu|rf;w0if
jzpfaeonf/ 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk[laom a0g
[m&ay:vm+yD;/ ,ckwzef e0w. trsdK;om;nDvmcHuvnf; xdka0g[m&udkyif toHk;
jyKonf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmrsm;u EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkqdkonfrSm wjynfaxmif
pepf/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepf/ jynfaxmifrsm;pkaygif;jcif;wdk@teuf rnfonfh tajccH
ay:wGif EdkifiHawmfudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfrnfenf; [lonfudk &nfn¸ef;ygonf?

(3-2)? e0w u jyXmef;aom EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHk

e0w ujyXmef;aom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_yHkpHudk atmufygtwdkif; tusOf;
csHK;avhvmEdkifonf?
(u) aus;&GmtkyfpkESifh&yfuGuf? ? aus;&Gmrsm;udk aus;&Gmtkyfpktjzpf pkpnf;onf?
aus;&GmtkyfpkESifh &yfuGufrsm;onf tqifhwlrsm;jzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&; ,lepf
(Constituent Unit) rsm;. tedrfhqHk;,lepfrsm;jzpf=uonf?
(c) +rdK@e,f? ? aus;&Gmtkyfpk/ &yfuGufESifh +rdK@rsm;udk +rdK@e,ftjzpf pkpnf;onf?
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 7

(*) c±dkif? ? +rdK@e,frsm;udk c±dkiftjzpfpkpnf;onf?

(C) wkdif;a'o}uD;ESifh jynfe,f? ? c±dkifrsm;udk wdkif;a'o}uD; (odk@r[kwf)
jynfe,frsm;tjzpfpkpnf;onf? wdkif;a'o}uD;ESijhf ynfe,fwkd@onf tqifhwlrsm;jzpf
=u+yD; EdkifiHawmf pkzGJ@a&;,lepfrsm;teuf tqifhtjrifhqHk;jzpfonf?

txufyg (4) rsdK;wdk@onf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfsm;. tqifhtedrfhtjrifh tpD

tpOfjzpfonf? xl;jcm;aom 0daoorsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepf
ESpfrsdK;vnf;&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm-
- udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o? ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifaom +rdK@e,f tcsdK@udk
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'otjzpfpkzGJ@onf? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'otwGif;&Sd +rdK@e,frsm;
wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkpkaygif;aexdkifaomfvnf; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'ocH,l
cGifh&aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;u vlOD;a&trsm;pkjzpf&rnf?
- udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wdkif;? ? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifaom c±dkiftcsdK@udk
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wdkif;tjzpf pkzGJ@onf? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wdkif;twGif;&Sd c±dkifrsm;wGif
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifEdkifaomfvnf; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wdkif; cH,l aom wdkif;
&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;u vlOD;a&trsm;pkjzpf&rnf?
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'oESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wdkif;wd@k onf tjcm;aom c&dkif rsm;
ESifh twl wdkif;a'o}uD; (odk@r[kwf) jynfe,fwGif yg0ifzGJ@pnf;onf?

e0wu jyXmef;aom edkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;rlrsm;onf wjynfaxmif

pepftajccHaom rlrsm;omjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif [efjyr#jzpfaom zuf'&,ftaqmif
ta,miftcsdK@udk aygif;pyfxm;onf? e0wonf tcsdK@EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&rsm;udk jrefrm
bmomjyefqdk&mwGif rl&if;t*Fvdyfa0g[m&. t"dy`m,fESifh v$JrSm;apEdkifaom qifwl&dk;
rSm;jrefrma0g[m&rsm;udk wDxGiftoHk;jyKaeonfukd owdjyKtyfayonf? e0wonf zuf
'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfudk vufcHav[ef txifcH&ap&ef r[mAsL[majrmuf&nf&G,fcsuf
jzifh tcsdK@a0g[m&rsm;udk toHk;jyKaeonf/ vufawG@wGifrl t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmom
t=um; bmomjyefqdkr_udk twdtus jyKvkyfygu vGJrsm;aom teufudk a&mufaponf?
jrefrma0g[m& “jynfaxmifpk”udk t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkygu Federal [laom
t"dy`m,f&onf? odk@aom zuf'&,f[laom a0g[m&udk roHk;0Hhojzifh ‚if;tpm;
Union udk toHk;jyKonf? xdk Union [laom a0g[m&onf e0w twkta,mif
zuf'&,fpepf. t"du EdkifiHa&;tajccHtkyfjrpfjzpfvmonf?

EdkifiHawmfudk A[dku jyXmef;aomrlrsm;t&om zGJ@pnf;+yD; tkyfcsKyfaom pepftjzpf

e0w. jynfaxmifpk (Union) u &nf!$ef;onf? e0w tygt0if jrefrmEdkifiHY tkyf
csKyfcJhzl;aom ppftpdk;&tqufqufu zuf'&,fqdkonfrSm ekdifiHawmf+ydKuGJa&;jzpfa=umif;
tpOftquf0g'jzef@cJhojzifh e0w ukd,fwdkifu zuf'&,fedkifiHa&;pepfudk vufcH&ef
 8 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

a=umuf±GH@aeonf? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;tm;vHk;u zuf'&,fpepfonf jrefrm

jynf jynfwGif;ppftqHk;owfa&;. xGuf&yfvrf;tjzpf ±_jrifum xdkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfudk
wnfaqmuf&ef wnDw!$wfwnf;awmif;qdkaecsdefwGif e0w taejzifh zuf'&,f udk
ajymifajymifwif;wif; jiif;y,fjcif;rjyKawmhay? twkta,mif zuf'&,f pepfw&yfudk
azmfaqmifonfh taejzifh e0wu jynfaxmifpk (Union ) [lonfudk usifhoHk;vmjcif;
jzpfonf?

vufawG@wGif e0w. jynfaxmifpk qdkonfrSm wjynfaxmifpepfxufxl;jcm;aom

edkifiHa&;tESpfom& ryg0ifacs? e0w rlrsm;t& EdkifiHawmfudk wdkif;a'o}uD; ckESpfck ESifh
jynfe,fckESpfckwdk@jzifh pkzGJ@xm;onf? wdkif;a'o[lonfrSm 1974 wjynfaxmifpepf
tajccHOya't& azmfaqmifcJhaom ArmvlrsdK;rsm;t"duaexdkif&mwdkif; (Division)
rsm;udk trnfajymif;vJxm;jcif;omjzpfonf? tjcm;jynfe,fckESpfckwGifum; t"dutm;
jzifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;ckESpfrsdK;aexdkifonf? e0w azmfaqmifaom pepfonf 1974
tajccHOay't& jyXmef;cJhaom pepfESifhtwlwlyifjzpfonf? ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;u wdkif;
ckESpfwdkif;&&Sd+yD; tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ jynfe,fwckpDom&&Sdjcif;udkaxmuf
jy+yD; wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u 1974 tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;aom
wdkif;ESifh jynfe,frsm;qdkonfudk a0zef=uonf? toifhawmfqHk;jzpfrnfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;
a&; ,lepfrsm;cGJa0a&;rlrSm tqifhwl,lepftwGuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wrsdK;v#if ,lepf
wrsdK;omcGifhjyKa&;jzpfonf? tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u vlrsdK;wrsdK;v#if wjynfe,fom
&&SdcsdefwGif ArmvlrsdK;wrsdL;wnf;u wdkif;ckESpfck&Sdaejcif;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
tcsif;csif;t=um; tcGkifhta&;rnDr#r_. xif&Sm;aom om"uwckjzpfonf? ,ckwzef
e0wtrsdK;om;nDvmcHu wdkif;a'o}uD; (7) ckESifh jynfe,f (7) qdkonfudk xyfrHjyXmef;
aejyefonf?

(3-3)? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf vdktyfaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;r_yHkpH

jrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkpkaygif;aexdkifonfh EdkifiHwckjzpfae&um;
EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufyHkonf ‚if;t&Sdw&m;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfoifhonf?
tqufquftkyfcsKyfcJhaom tpdk;&rsm;ESifh t"duusaom wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm;tm;vHk;
vdkvdkt=um; jzpfyGm;aeaomjynfwGif;ppfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pHk jrefrmEdkifiH (odk@r
[kwf) A[k0k'fvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifhudkufnDaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk rwnfaqmufEdkifI
jzpf&onfrSm xif&Sm;onf? jrefrmEkdifiHuJhodk@aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk&dSaom EdkifiH
rsm;tzdk@ trsdK;om;a&;ESifh oufqdkifonfh (wEdkifvHk;ta&;ESifhoufqdkifonfh) EdkifiHa&;ESifh
ywfoufv#if tkyfpktm;vHk;onf tnDtr#tcGifhtvrf;&Sdoifhonf? rnfonfhtkyfpkur#
trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;udkvuf0g;}uD;tkyfEdkifonfhtcGifhta&;rsdK;r&,ltyfay? twluGJjym;aom
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 9

wkdif;&if;om;rsm;. pnf;vHk;nDn¸wfr_qdkonfrSm ‚if;wdk@tcsif;csif;t=um; tcGifhtvrf;

nDr#r_&Sdonf[k ‚if;wdk@rS ±_jrifaomtcgrSom jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&Sdonf?

EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_u ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeaom EdkifiHa&;

pepfw&yfudk tkyfpkuGJrsm;tm;vHk; tcGifhta&;nDr#r_udk azmfaqmifay;Edkif&ef wnfaqmuf
xm;oifhonf? tajccHOya'u ta&;}uD;qHk;aom tcef;u¾rSyg0ifonfh w&m;Oya'
pepfonfh trSwfwu,f nDr#r_udk tmrcH&ef ta&;}uD;qHk;u¾rS ae&m,lvmonf?

“A[k0k'fvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh 'Drdkua&pD”pmtkyfudk a&;om;aom Arend Lipo-

hart . wifjycsufrsm;u A[k0k'fvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfonf
toifhawmfqHk;jzpfa=umif; t}uHjyKxm;onf? zuf'&,fpepfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk;ESifh
oufqdkifaom EdkifiHawmftqifh (National level) ESifhEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf
a&;,lepfrsm;t=um; tm%mcGJa0usifhoHk;&ef ysufuGufcJhjcif;onf jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;.
t"duta=umif;w&m;jzpfonf? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;u|rf;usifolrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHudk ppfrSef
aomzuf'&,fpepftjzpfodk@ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;jcif;u jrefrmjynfjynfwGif;ppftqHk;owfa&;
udktaxmuftuljyKEdkifa=umif; t=uHay;=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;t=um;
tcGifhta&;nDr#r_tajccHay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtm; zuf'&,fppfppfEdkifiHawmftjzpf jyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;&ef wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;vdkvdku awmif;qdk=uonf?

zuf'&,fpepftajccHt& EdkifiHawmfudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufjcif;onf jrefrmjynf jynf

wGif;ppftqHk;owfa&;udk trSefyif taxmuftuljzpfayvdrfhrnf? zuf'&,fa&;&mv_yf
&Sm;r_wGif “&Srf;rl”[k vlodrsm;aom 1962 ckESpfwGif &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wifoGif;onfh
pmwrf;onf jrefrmEdkifiHzuf'&,fv_yf&Sm;r_wGif twdk;wufqHk;jzpfonf? xdkpmwrf;u
jrefrmEdkifiHtm; zuf'&,fppfppfrlt& jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdkxm;onf? jrefrmh
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&;wGif jynfwGif;ppfjy\emudk OayuQmrjyKygu
xdkjy\emajz&Sif;a&;twGuf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;qdkonfrSm ‚if;t
wGuf toifhawmfqHk;enf;vrf;jzpfonf[laom tcsufudk oabmwl=uayvdrfhrnf? a':
atmifqef;pk=unfOD;aqmifaom trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftygt0if twdkuftcHtm;
vHk;u tqdkygoabmxm;tay: oabmwl+yD;jzpf=uvdrhfrnf?

(3-4)? EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;owfrSwfa&;/
tajccHOya'opftwGuf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifowfrSwf
&rnfrSm rSefaomfvnf; xdo
k kd@,el pfrsm;udk rnfonfh tajccHrlrsm;tay: rlwnfjyKvkyf
rnfenf;[lonfudk pOf;pm;&ayrnf? TudpPonfvnf; jrefrmjynf&Sd rwluGJjym;aom
 10 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

vlrsdK;rsm;/ jy\emrsm;teuf t±_yfaxG;qHk;rsm;rS wckjzpfonf/ TudpPESifh ygwfouf

I ,wdjywfajymEdkifaom rlr&Sdaomfvnf; e0w u csrSwfcJh+yD;jzpfaom tcsdK@rlrsm;rSm
tajccHrltjzpfrpOf;pm;oifhaomrlrsm;jzpfonf?
rwluGJjym;aom vlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifr_a=umifh zuf'&,fpepfudk usifhoHk;aom edkifiHwkdif;
vdkvdkwGif tqifhjcm;em;r_&Sdaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;udk owfrSwf=uonf?
jrefrmuJhodk@aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk pkaygif;aexdkifaomEkdifiHwcktzdk@ tqifhjcm;
em;r_&Sdaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;owfrSwfa&;rludk vufcHusifhoHk;&ayrnf? xdkodk@
jyKvkyf&mwGif OD;pGmyxr pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrS rwluGJjym;aomvlrsdK;rsm;t=um; nDr#r_
&Sda&;yifjzpfonf? rnfonfhvlrsdK;urS tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf tcGifhta&;rydkoifhay? tjcm;
vlrsdK;rsm;udk vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ jynfe,fwe,fomowfrSwfay;csdefwGif vlrsdK;wrsdK;omjzpfaom
Armrsm;udk wkdif;a'o}uD; (8)ckowfrSwfay;jcif;jzifh ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;udk e0w.rlrsm;
u tcGifhta&;ydkay;xm;onf? nDr#r_udk xdef;n‡d&eftwGuf vlrsdK;wrsdK;twGuf wdkif;a'
o}uD; (odk@r[kwf) jynfe,fwckpDom&Sdoifhonf? wdkif;a'o}uD; (odk@r[kwf) jynfe,f t
qifhwGif yl;aygif;rnfh tjcm;tqifh,lepfowfrSwf a&;onf? oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'o}uD;/
jynfe,f. vkyfydkifcGifhjzpfonf/ em*wkdif;&if;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o/ “"ekwdkif;&if;
om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o/ ytkd@0fwdkif;&if;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o/ yavmif
wkdif;&if;om;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o/ udk;uef@wdkif;&if;om; ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o/
0wdkif;&if;om; wdk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wkdif;wdk@udk e0w. trsdK;om;nDvmcH 1995 ckESpf/
rwfv u aemufqHk;&yfem;jcif;rjyKrSD e0w u qHk;jzwfay;cJhr_tm; oufqdkif&mwdkif;&if;
om;rsm;. oabmqENudk axmufxm;r_r&SdbJ e0wu jyKvkyfcJhonf? xdktwGuf xdkwkdif;
&if;om;rsm;u e0wudk a0zefvsuf&Sdonf?

(3-5)? rqDavsmfaomEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;r_usifhoHk;jcif;. tusdK;quf

vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;u ,lepftrsm;tjym;udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif;jzifh trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;
wGif ydkI tcGifhta&;&onf? ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;udk udk,fpm;jyKaom wdkif;a'o}uD; (7)
cku tjcm;wdkif;&if;om; (7) rsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKaom jynfe,f (7) ckESifh tcGifhta&;wlnD
aeonf? xdktajctaeatmufwGif Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wrsdK;. tcGihf
ta&;onf Armwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tcGifhta&;. ckESpfyHkwyHkomjzpfonf? vlrsdK;wrsdK;
wnf;aexdkifaom EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@ EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;udk cGJa0&mwGif tqdkyg
tajctaersm;onf jy\emr[kwfEkdifaomfvnf; A[k0k'fvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd EdkifiHtzdk@rl
jy\em}uD;w&yfyifjzpfonf? TudpPESifhygwfoufI trsdK;om;Oya'jyKtzGJ@zGJ@pnf;a&;
wGif jy\em&Sda=umif;qef;ppfr_rsm;wifjyxm;onfudk aemufydkif;wGif qufvufazmfjy
xm;onf?
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 11

4? EdkifiHawmftpdk;& trsdK;tpm;
(4-1)? e0w u jyXmef;aom EdkifiHawmftpdk;&trsdK;tpm;
e0w trsdK;om;nDvmcHrS csrSwfrlrsm;t& edkifiHawmftpdk;&onf orRw OD;aqmif
tpdk;&jzpfonf? xdktpdk;&wGif orRw udk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;ESifhywfoufv#if wrlxl;
jcm;aom pepfukdrS a&G;cs,fusihfokH;&ef e0wu jyXmef;xm;onf? EdkifiHa&;taqmuf
tOD;w&yfudk a&G;cs,f&mwGif oufqdkif&m EdkifiH. aemufcHordkif;a=umif;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;
pm;&rnfqdkaomtcsufrSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdacs? orRw OD;aqmiftpdk;& (odk@r[kwf)
ygvDrefudk tajccHaom tpdk;&pepfwkd@ rnfonfu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf oifhawmfonf
[laom tcsufudk a0zefaqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKrSD tb,fa=umifh e0wu orRw ODaqmiftpdk;
&udk a&G;cs,f&jcif;jzpfa=umifh owdjyKoifhonf? e0w. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk axmufxm;rnfh
tpdk;&w&yfzGJ@pnf;ay:aygufa&;wGif e0w onf ‚if;wdk@ pdwfóudufjyXmef;aom a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufyHkpepfrS wqifh xdef;csKyfr_vG,fulapa&;udk e0wu pOf;pm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh
e0wtaejzifh tjcm;aom orRw OD;aqmiftpdk;&pepfrsm;wGif usifhoHk;avhr&Sdaom a&G;
cs,fwifajr‡mufyHkpepf (a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@jzifh a&G;cs,faompepf) udk e0w.
orRw OD;aqmiftpdk;&pepfu usifhoHk;jcif;jzpfonf?

(4-2)? orRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@

orRwudk orRwa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;pepfjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? xdka&G;cs,f
wiffajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@wGif ppfwyfu cef@tyfaom tzGJ@0ifrsm;u 25µyg0ifvsuf&Sdonf? a&G;
cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@wGifyg0ifaomudk,fpm;vS,f tkyfpkrsm;ESifh tcsdK;tpm;rSmatmuf
ygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
-vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf (0g) txufv$wfawmf. a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHudk,fpm;vS,f rsm;/
Tv$wfawmfwGif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ppfwyfu cef@tyfaom
udk,pf m;vS,frsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;onf?
-jynfol@v$wfawmf (0g) atmufv$wfawmf. a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
Tv$wfawmfwGif a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ppfwyfu cef@tyfaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;onf?
-v$wfawmft&yf&yftwGuf ppfwyft}uD;tuJu cef@tyfaom ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;
a&ESifh nDr#aom ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;?

rSwfcsuf? ? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzG@J zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf e0w u tkyfpk (3) pk

owfrSwfay;onf? ppfwyfu cef@tyfaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf v$wfawmf t&yf&yf
 12 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

wGif 25µuspDjzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;aeonf? xdk@a=umifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@twGuf

tkyfpk (3) pkowfrSwf apumrl tESpfom&rSm v$wfawmft&yf&yfwGif ppfwyfyg0ifr_tcsKd;
tpm; 25µtwdkif;a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@wGif yg0ifaeonf?

(4-3)? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;jcif;. trSm;rsm;

orRwudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@jzifh a&G;cs,f&mwGif trSm;}uD; (3) &yfyg0ifae
onf? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@ESifh orRwa&G;cs,fjcif;onf orRwOD;aqmiftpdk;&ESifh
udkufnDr_&Sdr&Sdudk xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;bJ e0wu a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@udk usifhoHk;
onf? oG,f0dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;pepfjzifh orRwudk a&G;cs,fjcif;onf e0w.
yxrtrSm;yifjzpfonf? 'kwd,trSm;taejzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@wGif ppfwyf
udk,pf m;vS,frsm;yg0ifywfoufr_onf 'Drdkua&pDrusjcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyfu vdkvm;
aom &vm'fay:xGufvmEdkifatmifxdef;csKyffzdk@twGuf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@wGif
ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaejcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyfu cef@tyfaom a&G;cs,fwif
ajr‡mufa&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@0ifrsm;u tiftm;aumif;aom ppfwyftzGJ@tpnf; wck
wnf;u qif;oufvmaomfvnf; t&yfom;a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;url uGJ
jym;jcm;em;aom vlrsdK;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;rS qif;oufvm&onf? t&yfom;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
wGif tqdkygtwdkif; ausmaxmufaemufcHuJGjym;jcm;em;r_a=umifh tm;vHk;oabmwlnD
aom orRwwa,mufudk a&G;cs,f&ef tcuftcJ&SdEdkifonf? xdktcsdefwGif ppfwyfudk,f
pm;vS,ftzGJ@0ifrsm;url waoG;/ woH wrdef@wnf;jzifh ‚if;wdk@wifoGif;aom orRw
avmif;udk orRwtjzpf pkpkpnf;pnf;a&G;cs,fedkifonf? orRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@
wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;u tnDtr#udk,fpm;jyKyg0ifcGifhr&jcif;rSm wwd,trSm;jzpf
onf? v$wfawmft&yf&yfzGJ@pnf;&mwGif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;. udk,fpm;jyKr_ rnDr#jzpfae
onf? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@wGifwnf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;rnDr#udk,fpm;jyKae=u&
onf? (v$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufI atmufpmydk'f 5 wGif±_)

(4-4)? orRwavmif; vsmxm;a&;

orRwavmif;vsmxm;a&;rlrsm;onfvnf; wrlxl;+yD; vHk;0vufcHEdkifzG,f&mr&Sday?
orRw a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufa&;tzGJ@tjzpf yg0ifzGJ@pnf;aomtpktzGJ@ (3)cku orRwavmif;
wOD;pDukd tqdkjyKwifjycGi&hf o
dS nf? xdk@a=umifhppfwyfuvnf;orRwavmif;wOD;udktqdkjyK
cGifh&Sd+yD; xdkolwdk@onf orRwtjzpf ta&G;rcH&onfhwdkifatmif 'kwd,orRw &mxl;
udkum;&&Sd+yD;om;jzpfonf? e0w.orRwavmif;vsmxm;a&;rlrsm;teufa':atmifqef;
pk =unf. EdkifiHa&;Yyg0ifr_tcef;u¾udk wm;jrpf&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pDenf;rusonfh t
a&;}uD;qHk;rlESpf&yfxnfhoGif;xm;onf? orRwavmif;tjzpf vsmxm;cHrnfholonf EdkifiH
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 13

a&;tjrif/ pD;yGm;a&;tjrif/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tjrifwdk@tjyif ppfa&;tjrifyg&Sd&rnf[k e0wu

owfrSwfxm;onf? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHjcm;om;wOD;OD;udk vufxyfxm;ol (odk@r[kwf) EdkifiH
jcm;om;wOD;OD;ESifh wenf;enf;ESifh aqGrsdK;eD;pyf&Sdolrnfolrqdk orRwavmif;tjzpf vsm
xm;cH&jcif;r&Sdap&[k qdkxm;onf?

e0w.rlrsm;u orRwESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;t=um; EdkifiHa&;tquftoG,fudkwm;

jrpfxm;onf? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfwckwGif t"duusaom tkyfcsKyfa&;&mxl;ae&mtm;
vHk;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tquftoG,f&Sdae&ef vdktyfonf? tb,fh
a=umifhqdkaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf t"du tkyfcsKyfa&;&mxl;
ae&mtwGuf ,SO+f ydKifta&G;cHaom a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfonf? t"dy`m,fjynfh0aom ygwD
pHk'Drdkua&pDpepfw&yfjzpf&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;&mxl;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ
0ifpOfu ‚if;wdk@ a=unmcJhaom a&G;aumufyGJrJqG,fa=unmpmwrf;udk wm0efcH&ayrnf?
tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkpmwrf;a=umifh xdkolwdk@tm; vlxkurJay;cJhjcif;a=umifhjzpf
onf?

(4-5)? rnfonfh tpdk;&u jreffrmedkifiHtwGuf ydkoifhawmfoenf;?

e0w. orRw OD;aqmiftpdk;&ESifhygwfoufI trSm;rsm;udk a0zefaqG;aEG;cJh+yD;jzpf
onf? tjcm;aom orRwOD;aqmiftpdk;&EdkifiHrsm;uJhokd@yif e0wtaejzifh orRwa&G;cs,f
&mwGif wdkuf±dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJpepfudk usifhoHk;&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnf? odk@r[kwf
tenf;qHk; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm usifhoHk;ouJhodk@ wdkuf&dkufrJay;a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf
yGJvkyfief;pOfESifh tESpfom&wlnDaom pepfodk@ ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfonf? xdk@tjyif 'Drdku
a&pDusaom orRw OD;aqmiftpdk;&jzpf&eftwGuf tjcm;aom rSm;aeonfh rlrsm;udk
vnf; jyifqif&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf? tqdkygtrSm;rsm; tm;vHk;jyif+yD;onfhwdkifatmif orRw
OD;aqmiftpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHESifh udkufnDr_&Sd/ r&Sdudk a0zefydkif;jcm;&ef vdktyfao;onf?
t"duxm;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrSm wdkuf±dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJpepfusifhoHk;v#if xdkpepf
a=umifh jrefrmedkifiH. wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifr_tay: rnfodk@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_
&Sdrnfenf;[lonfh tcsufjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodk@aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkae
xdkifaom edkifiHwcktwGuf EdkifiHa&;pepfudka&G;cs,f&mwGif vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;aexdkifaom
A[k0k'f vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh jcm;em;r_&SdEdkifonfudk owdrlvsuf wdkuf±dkufa&G;cs,fwif
ajr‡mufyGJonf jrefrmedkifiHESifh udkufnDr_&Sd/ r&SdudkoHk;oyf&ef ta&;}uD;onf? uGJjym;aom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;. vlOD;a&onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif xdkvlrsdK;uay;Edkifaom
rJjym;ta&twGufyifjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfaom ArmvlrsdK;rsm;u
wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJpepf&vm'fudk v$rf;rdk;Edkifaom tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf?
vlOD;a&uGJjym;jcm;em;r_&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;t=um; orRwudk wdkuf±dkufa&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufjcif;onf vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;=um;nDr#r_udk tmrcHEdkifrnfr[kkwfay? xdk@a=umifh
 14 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

orRwudk wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fwifajrmufaom pepfESifh wGJzuf&rnfh orRwOD;aqmiftpdk;&

pepfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pHkaom jrefrmEdkifiHESihf udkufnDr_r&Sdacs?

orRw OD;aqmiftpdk;&pepfESifh E_dif;,SOfv#if ygvDref tajccHtpdk;&pepfonf EdkifiHawmf

tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;wGif vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk ydkI tcGifhta&;&&Sdaponf? ygvDref
tajccHtpdk;&pepfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;&mxl;rsm;onf ygvDrefrSmvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ygvDrefwGif
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;trsm;tjym;yg0ifaeonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
1947 tajccHOya't& ygvDreftpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;aom tawG@tóuH&SdcJhzl;onf?
1947 tajccHOya'. tm;enf;csufrsm;tay: a0zefr_&Sdvifhupm; xdka0zefr_rsm;u ygvD
reftajccHtpdk;&pepf. tm;enf;csufrsm;tay: a0zefjcif;r[kwfay?

5? Oya'jyK v$wfawmfzGJ hpnf;jcif;

(5-1)? e0wtqdkjyKxmaom Oya'jyKv$wfawmfrsm;zGJ@pnf;a&;rl
e0wtqdkjyKxm;aom trsdK;om;ESifh a'oE W&tqifh v$wfawmfrsm;zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh
ywfoufonfhrlrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;tusOf;csKyfazmfjyygonf?
-jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf udk jynfol@v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf)ESihf vlrsdK;pkvw $ f
awmf (txufv$wfawmf) ESpf&yfjzifh zGJ@pnf;onf?
-jynfol@v$wfawmf udk vlOD;a&udk tajccHI cGJjcm;owfrSwfaom rJqENe,frsm;rS a&G;
cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufonfh jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;onf?
-vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmf udk wdkif;a'o}uD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rS tnDtr#a&G;cs,fay;
vkdufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;onf?
-ppfwyfucef@tyfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; onf jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,f (3) OD; v#if
‚if;wdk@u wOD;usE_H; (odk@r[kwf) pkpkaygif;trwfae&mY 25 µjzifh v$wfawmf t&yf&yf
wGif yg0ifzJG@pnf;onf?
-ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; onf wdkif;a'o}uD;ESifh jynfe,ftoD;oD;. v$wfawmf
rsm;wGif txufygtcsdK;tpm;twdkif; tzGJ@0iftjzpf yg0ifzJG@pnf;aeonf?

(5-2)? nDr#r_qdwfoOk f;jcif;

e0wonf zuf'&,ftwkta,miftpdk;&taqmuftOD;tcsdK@yg0ifaom edkifiHawmf
zGJ@pnf;r_yHkpHudk zefwD;aeaomfvnf; Oya'jyKv$wfawmf zGJ@pnf;jcif;wdk@ESifh ygwfoufaomrl
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 15

rsm;onf vlrsdK;pHk zuf'&,fEdkifiHwcktwGuf vdktyfaom rlrsm;ESihfum;rsm;pGm tvSrf;uGm

a0;aeao;onf? e0w. Oya'jyKygvDrefzGJ@pnf;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;t& jrefrmedkifiHwdkif;&if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;tcsif;csif;=um;wGif EdkifiHa&;nDr#r_tcGifhta&;uif;rJhaeonf? v$wfawmf
ESpf&yfOya'jyKygvDrefpepf usifhoHk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI wjynfaxmifpepfEdkifiHESifh zuf'&,f
jynfaxmifpkpepfEdkifiHwdk@t=um; uGJjym;jcm;em;aom pOf;pm;csufESifh edkifiHa&;aemufcH&SdEdkif
onf? zuf'&,fjynfaxmif;pkEdkifiHwcktzdk@ v$wfawmfESpf&yfpepfonf zuf'&,frlrsm;wGif
qufpyfae&rnfh vdktyfcsufjzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;t=um; nDr#r_twGuf
vnf; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfcsufjzpfonf?

e0wu jyXmef;aom tajccHOya'rlrsm;onf wjynfaxmifpepfEdkifiHtzdk@ jy\em

r[kwfEdkifaomfvnf; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwcktzdk@rl jy\emw&yfyifjzpfonf?
txufv$wfawmfjzpfaom vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif Armwdkif;&if;om;wrsdK;wnf;u wkdif;
a'o}uD; (7) ckudk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om; (7) rsdK;/ jynfe,f (7) ckudk
udk,fpm;jyKaom udk,fpm;vS,fta&twGufESifhwlnDaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifae
onf? atmuf v$wfawmfjzpfaom jynfol@v$wfawmfonf jynfolw&yfvHk;udk udk,fpm;
jyK&+yD; ‚if;v$wf awmfudk vlOD;a&tajccHt& cGJjcm;owfrSwfaom rJqENe,frsm;rS a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufonfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;onf? xdk@a=umifh Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm;
onf wEdkifiHvHk;wGif vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm jynfol@v$wfawmfwGif
vnf; ‚if;wdk@.udk,fpm;vS,frSm vlrsm;pkjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf. v$wfawmf
ESpf&yfvHk;twGuf Arm wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;Edkifonf?

(5-3)? vlxkudk ukdk,fpm;jyK&ef ,lepfrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyK&ef

zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwckwGif v$wfawmfESpf&yfwGif EdkifiHa&;t& ukd,fpm;jyKjcif;
ESifh ywfoufI jcm;em;aom t"dy`m,frsm;&Sdaeonf? atmufv$wfawmfonf jynfol
vlxkukd wckvkH;taejzifh udk,pf m;jyK&efjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh atmufv$wfawmfukd vlxk
v$wfawmf (Popular House) [lI vnf;ac:=ujcif;jzpfonf? txufv$wfawmf
jzpfaom vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfrSmum; jrefrmedkifiHuJhodk@aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pHkaexdkif
onfh zuf'&,fEdkifiHwckwGif vlrsdK;udk tajccHum owfrSwfaom EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,l
epfrsm;udk ukd,fpm;jyK&efjzpfonf? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwckwGif jynfolvlxktaejzifh ‚if;
wdk@. 'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;udk atmufv$wfawmftwGuf jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
a&G;cs,faom a&G;aumufyGJwGif usifhoHk;ayvdrfhrnf? xdak &G;aumufyGrJ sm;udk taxGaxGa&G;
aumufyJGrsm;[k vlodrsm;=uonf? txufvGwfawmfukd,pf m;vS,frsm;a&G;cs,fa&;onf
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;,lepfrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf xdkv$wfawmf
zGJ@pnf;r_onf ,lepfrsm;tay:wGifom tajccHIjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
 16 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

EdkifiHwckwGif txufv$wfawmfonf ,lepfrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyK&efjzpfonf? odk@aomf,lepf

rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;wckwnf;onf txufv$wfawmf. tqHk;pGefaom edkifiHa&;wm0ef
r[kwfao;acs? ,lepfrsm;t=um; EdkifiHa&;nDr#r_udk xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;onf txufv$wf
awmf. tE WdrEdkifiHa&;wm0efjzpfonf? ArmvlrsdK;rsm;u vlOD;a&rsm;ojzifh atmufv$wf
awmfwGif trwfae&m trsm;pkudk xdef;csKyfxm;edkifonf? v$wfawmfESpf&yft=um; Oya'
jyKa&;udk xdef;nd‡Edkif&eftwGuf txufv$wfawmfwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; nDwlnDr#
udk,fpm;jyKcGifhay;xm;jcif;jzifh Armudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aom atmuf
v$wfawmfrS twnfjyKvkdufonfh Oay'=urf;rsm;udk txufv$waf wmfu jyefvnfxdef;
n‡dEdkifonfh tm%m&Sdvmonf?

e0wrlrsm;t& txufv$wfawmfjzpfaom vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfwGif wdkif;a'o}uD;ESifh

jynfe,frsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xmaomfvnf; xdkukd,fpm;jyKr_onf ,lepf
rsm;t=um;nDr#r_udk xdef;n‡day;Edkifonfh ukd,fpm;jyKr_rsdK;r[kwfacs? e0w. rnDrr#udk,f
pm;jyKapaomrlrsm;t& Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u v$wfawmfESpf&yfpvHk;. Oya'jyKvkyfief;
pOfwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;Edkifonf? Todk@aomrnDrr#udk,fpm;jyKr_rsdK;udk 1974 tajccH
Oya't& usifhoHk;pOfu wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;u a0zef=uonf?

e0w. Oay'jyKv$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;a&;qdkif&m rlrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pktcsif;

csif;=um;nDr#r_uif;rJhvsuf&Sdonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um;rnDr#udk,fpm;
jyKpepf&Sdonfh e0wzefqif;aom tajccHOya' a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifrnfavm? rwluGJjym;
aomwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_udk jzpfapEdkifrnfavm? xdkpnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_
onf trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufv#if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;t=um; nDr#r_&Sd
a=umif; oufqdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u ,Hk=unfygrS jzpfEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf?

6? EdkifiHom;wdk h. tcGifhta&;rsm;
(6-1)? ppfwyfOD;aqmifr_ESifh vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;
vlxk. ppfrSefaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk cGifhjyK&ef e0wu jiif;qefaeoa&G@ trsdK;
om;nDvmcHu rnfodk@aom EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m rlrsm;udk csrSwfonf jzpfap/
xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf? rloufoufomjzpfaeayvdrfhrnf? rnfodk@aom tcGifhta&;rsm;
onf? rdrdwdk@. tcGifhta&;jzpfa=umif; EdkifiHom;rsm;u vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaqG;aEG;jcif;udk
cGifhjyKoifhonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcGifh
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 17

ta&;omjzpfonf? tm%m&tpdk;&. tcGifhta&;rsm;r[kwfay? xdk@twGufa=umifh EdkifiH

om;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udkyg xnfhoGif;azmfjyrnfh tajccHOya'twGuf rlrsm;csrSwf&mwGif
vlxkuyg0ifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef e0wu vrf;zGihfay;&efvdktyfonf? xdk@tjyif ppfrSefaom
vlxkyg0ifaqmif&Gufr_jzpf&ef w&m;r0iftrdef@rsm;ESifh uef@owfcsKyfcs,fa&;Oya'rsm;udkyg
e0wu &kyfodrf;ay;&ef vdktyfayvdrfhrnf? xdkodk@r[kwfygu EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;tyg
t0iftjcm;aom tajccHOya'qdkif&mrlrsm;udk “ppfwyf. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾
qdkonfudkyg ±kwfodrf;ay;&ayrnf?

(6-2)? vHkjcHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufjzifh vlxktm; zdtm;ay;apcdkif;jcif;

EdkifiHawmf. vHkjcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;udk xdef;odrf;&efvdktyfaomtcg jynfolvlxk
u tjynfht0 yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvmap&ef wyfrawmfrSpDpOfaqmif&GufcGifh&Sda=umif; ppf
wyf. EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾ESifh ywfoufaomrlrsm;teuf rlw&yfwGif azmfjy
xm;onf? Trlt& tpdk;&onf ‚if;. jynfolvlxktay: trsdK;rsdK;aom vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_rsm; usL;vGef&ef tm%mtyfESif;jcif;cHvdkuf&onf? Todk@tpdk;&taejzifh xif
&mpdkif;vkyfcGifh&oGm;ojzifh 1962 ckESpf yxrt}udrf ppfwyftm%modrf;r_uwnf;u
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_trsdK;rsdK;udk usL;vGefcJhonf? wdkif;jynf+ydKuGJrnfh tE W&m,frS um
uG,faeonf [laom qifajcjzifh jynfwGif;ppfwGif jynfolrsm;udk ay:wmrsm;tjzpf zdtm;
ay;apcdkif;onf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m v$wf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@/ tm&Svl@tcGifhta&;apmifh
=unfha&;tzGJ@wdktygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u jrefrmjynfwGif;ppfumv
twGif; e0w. vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifr_rsm; jyKpkwifjycJh+yD;jzpf
onf? aomif;usef;r_ESdrfeif;a&; ppfqifa&;[kac:aom ppfqifa&;umvrsm;twGif; ay:
wmrsm;udk ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;jci;f/ trsdK;orD;rsm;udk rk'def;usifhjcif;/ aus;&Gmrsm;udk rD;&d_@zsuf
qD;jcif;/ jynfolwdk@. OpPm"ersm;udk vk,ljcif;/ tp&Sdonfwdk@udk ppfwyfuusL;vGefcJhonf?
e0wonf tajccHOya'jyXmef;csufrsm;rS wqifh tqdkyg vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk
tcGifhta&;t& usL;vGefcGifh&&ef qEN&Sdaeonf?

(6-3)? w&m;&Hk;cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ rnfonfhEdkifiHom;udkr# zrf;qD;cGifhr&Sd

e0w. tajccHOya'qdkif&mrlrsm;u w&m;&Hk;. cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ EdkifiHom;rsm;tm;
zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sdap&[k tumtuG,fay;xm;onf? xdkrlonf vufawG@wGif tvkyfjzpf/
rjzpfa0zefydkif;jcm;&ayrnf? a':atmif;qef;pk=unfudk w&m;±Hk;. pD&ifcsuf/ qHk;jzwfcsuf/
cGifhjyKcsufwpkHw&mr&SdbJ ajcmufESpfwm aetdrfY tusOf;cscHxm;jcif;onf xif&Sm;aom
om"uwckjzpfonf? wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd tusOf;om;trsm;tjym;udk wpHkw&m ppfaq;
pD&ifjcif;r&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;tcGifhtm%mt& zrf;qD;tusOf;csxm;onf? “w&m;±Hk;cGifhjyK
 18 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

csufr&SdbJ rnfonfh EdkifiHom;udkr# zrf;qD;cGifhr&Sd” [laom rl&Sdvifhupm; EdkifiHawmf vHkjcHK

a&;udk xdyg;aprnfholrsm;. tE W&m,frS umuG,fonfhOya'atmufwGif EdkifiHom;wdkif;
zrf;qD;jcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;jcif;cH&Edkifonf? EdkifiHa&;ESifhqufpyfr_&Sdaom tr_udpPrsm;udk
ppftpdk;&u zrf;qD;tusOf;csxm;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyfaer_wGif w&m;±Hk;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpHkw&m od&Sdjcif;r&Sday? odk@jzpfI Oya'onf jynf
olvlxk. vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&rsm;udk uef@owfonfhtm%mudk usifhoHk;aom tpdk;&
t&m&Sdrsm;. vufatmufcHjzpfoGm;onf? Todk@aom tpdk;&u ‚if;bmom ‚if;wdk@
Oya'udk t"dy`m,faumuf,laeor# “w&m;&Hk;. cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ rnfonfh EdkifiHom;udkr#
zrf;qD;cGifhr&Sd” [laom rlatmufwGifyif vHkjcHKr_r&SdbJjzpfaernfom/ Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
av;pm;r_r&Sdaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;0,frnfonfh EkdifiHom;r# vHkjcHKr_r&Sday?

7? w&m;a&;
(7-1)? jrefrmEdkifiHESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;

Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk av;pm;vdkufemr_r&Sdaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif 'Drdkua&pD &SifoefEdkif

rnfr[kwfyg? 1962 ckESpf/ yxrt}udrf ppfwyftm%modrf;onfrSpI ,ae@wdkif jrefrm
EdkifiHY Oay'pdk;rdk;a&;udk av;pm;r_rjyocJhay? wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf 1947 ckESpf tajccH
Oya't& tqifhqifhaom w&m;±Hk;rsm;. w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf tm%m&ygwDjzpfaom
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv)rS qif;oufvmonf? Tpepft& rqvygwDu
om t+rJwrf;vdkvdk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmeonf w&m;a&;Xmeudk
v$rf;rdk;vsuf&Sdonf? 1947 tajccHOya't& jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh
w+ydKifeuf usif;yaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSwqifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fonf? wOD;
wa,mufonf rqvygwD0ifr[kwfygu w&m;a&;Xmetygt0if rnfonfh tpdk;&Xme
&mxl;twGufudkr# a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifhr&Sdacs? odk@jzpfI w&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpf&ef w&m;Oya'
A[kokwrvdktyfbJ rqv ygwD0ifjzpf&efom vdktyfavonf? w&m;a&;pepfvnfywf
a&;udk taxmuftuljyK&ef w&m;Oya'e,fy,fI u|rf;usifaom Oya't&m&Sdrsm;udk
w&m;±Hk;rsm;wGif yl;wGJxm;onf/ odk@&mwGif tr_wcktwGuf qHk;jzwfcsufonf w&m;
ol}uD;rsm;. vuf0,fY&Sd+yD; xdkw&m;ol}uD;onf rdrd. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufxuf rqv
ygwDESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme. oabmxm;udk av;pm;ae&onf? 1974 tajccHOya'atmuf
wGif w&m;a&;pepfwckvHk;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeESifh rqvygwDu xdef;csKyfxm;onf? xdk t
ajctaersdK;wGifOya'pdk;rkd;a&;oabmw&m;onf jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh tpdk;&,E W,m;
wdk@. jyifyYom&Sdaeonf?
 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif; 19

(7-2)? e0wESifh Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;

,ckwzef e0wvufxufwGif w&m;a&;pepftajctaerSmydkI qdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf?
1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fudk taumiftxnfazmfay;&ef jiif;qefr_onf Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;
csdK;azmufr_. txifu& om"ujzpfonf? Oya'opfrsm;tm;vHk;ukd e0w uzefqif;
onf? Oya'jyKtzGJ@[lI vHk;0r&Sdacs? wcgu e0w. yxrqHk; OuUX Adk,fcsKyf}uD;
apmarmifu ppfOya'qdkwm Oya'vHk;0r&Sdjcif;[k ajymzl;onf? e0w. trsdK;om;
nDvmcHrS csrSwfvdkufaom w&m;a&;qdkif&mrlrsm;onf tjcm;aom tajccHOya'rsm;wGif
ygavhygx&Sdaom a,bk,srlrsm;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif ‚if;wdk@ukd jynfhpkHreS fuefonf[k
t"dy`m,faumuf,lIum;r&ay? tajccHOay'tm%mwnfvmaomtcgrsm;wGif xdkrl
rsm; vufawGtvkyfjzpfrjzpfudk apmifh=unfh&rnfomjzpfonf? e0w. vuf&Sdtcsdef
txd tjyKtrlrsm;ukd axmuf&_jcif;jzifh e0wonf Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk av;pm;&ef r&Sd
a=umif;ay:vGiaf ponf? e0wu tajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI
wpHkw&m ajymqdkr_r&Sdao;ay? ‚if;wdk@udk rnfolu pD&ifqHk;jzwfrnfenf;?

8? e0w qEN&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;pepf

(8-1)? tm&S tawG;tac:udk e0wu oHa,mifvdkufjcif;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;yHkpHEdkifiHa&;pepfukd e0wu oabmusaeonf? ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;wGif
yg0ifywfoufr_onf tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh jrefrmESpfEdkifiHpvHk;. t"du0daoojzpfonf? pD;yGm;
a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_u EdkifiHa&;yGifhvif;a&; (Political Liberalisation) xuf ta&;
}uD;a=umif;ajymqdkum tm&SEdkifiHrsm;u ‚if;wdk@. tm&StawG;tac:udk ydkI tajccdkif
atmif zefwD;ae=uonf? vuf&SdtkyfcsKyfaeaom tpdk;&rsm;u ‚if;wdk@tm%mqufvuf
wnf+rJa&;twGuf xdktawG;tac:udk av#mufvJSaejcif;jzpfa=umif; tm&Senf; 'Drdkua&pD
qdkonfudk tcsdK@u a0zef=uonf? e0wuvnf; xdk&nf&G,fcsufjzifhyif xdktawG;tac:
udk oHa,mifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? xdktawG;tac:a'owGif;atmifjrifr_&Sdr&Sdudk tjiif;yGm;
p&mrvdkbJ xdkEdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ausmaxmufaemufcHjcm;em;r_ wckwnf;udk =unfhjcif;
jzifh xdktawG;tac:t,ltq jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ratmifjrifEdkifa=umif; tajzay;Edkifonf?
jrefrmEdkifiH. EdkfifiHa&;jy\emonf a'otwGif; wrlrwlatmif xl;jcm;r_&Sdonf? tm&S
enf;[ef'Drdkua&pDudk av#mufvSJaeaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_ tenf;
i,f&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif&Sdaom wdkif;&if;om;±_yfaxG;r_jyoemrsdK; rnfonfhEdkifiH
wGifrS r&Sday? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkifiH. tpdk;&rsdK; xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif r&Sday? jrefrme0wtpdk;
 20 'Drdkua&pDqdwfokOf;jcif;/ nDr#r_qdwfokOf;jcif;

&onf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;wck zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufatmif pDrHcef@cGJr_ t&nftcsif;r&Sd,Hkomru

ynmwwfrsm;u wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufvmatmif yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif
rnfh vHkavmufaom vrf;zGifhay;r_vnf;r&Sdacs? tm&Senf;'Drkdua&pDukd av#mufvJaom
EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk aps;uGuftajccHrsm;jzifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_&ap&ef vHk
avmufaom tpDtrHrsm;&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_a=umifh xdkEdkifiHrsm;
tzdk@ tm&Senf; 'Drdkua&pDonf jzpfwefaumif;Edkifayonf?

(8-2)? e0wqEN&Sdaom pepf jzpfEdkifzG,fr&Sd/ wdkif;&if;om;jy\em

Tpmwrf;Y t"duqef;ppfwifjyr_rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk ±_yfaxG;r_
ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfudkufnDr_r&Sdjcif; ta=umif;jzpfonf? jynfwGif;ppf t"dut&if;cHjy\em
jzpfaom wkdif;&if;om; yÉdyuQudk ppfa&;enf;jzifhajz&Sif;I r&Edkifa=umif; e0wESifh ‚if;
t&iftpdk;&rsm;u od&+dS yD;jzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. qENyg0ifaom oifhawmfonfh Edkif
iHa&;pepfw&yfudk wnfaxmifEdkifygrS jynfwGif;ppf. tqHk;owftajzudk &&SdEdkfifayrnf?
wkdif;&if;om;±_yfaxG;r_jyoemrsm;u EdkifiHa&;wGif eufeufeJeJyg0ifywfoufaeaom jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif xdkjy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Edkfifao;rSD tm&Senf;'Drdkua&pDonf atmifjrifzG,f&m
r&Sday?

(8-3)? e0wqEN&Sdaom pepfjzpfEdkifzG,f&mr&Sd/ pD;yGm;a&;jy\em

aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdoa&G@ pD;yGm;a&;zG@H+zdK;r_onf jzpfEkdifzG,f
&mr&Sdacs? e0wvufxufwGif tpdk;&toHk;p&dwfwdk;jr‡ifhvmjcif;a=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_
vnf; wdk;jr‡ifhvmcJh&onf? atmifjrifaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;wckjzpfvmap&eftwGuf
aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_jy\emonf ta&;w}uD;ajz&Sif;&rnfh udpPjzpfonf? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;
pepfwGif aps;uGufxJjznfhoGif;aom aiGa=u;yrm%onf trsdK;om;ukefxkwfvkyfr_ESifh csdef
udkufjzpf&onf? odk@aomf jrefrmhppftpdk;&rsm;onf tjcm;aom wygwDtm%m&SifEdkifiH
rsm;Y vkyfavh&Sdaom enf;twdkif; tpdk;&toHk;p&dwfudk umrdap&ef trsdK;om;ukefxkwf
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Burma Lawyers’ Council

B u r m a L a w y e r s ’ C o u n c i l ( B L C ) wa s f o r m e d i n 1 9 9 4 i n M a r n a p l aw, B u r m a .

B L C i s a n o n - g o v e r n m e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n t h at is n e i t h er a l i g n e d n o r u n d e r t h e

a u t h o r i t y o f a n y p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . BL C wa s f o r m e d b y i n d i v i d u a l l a w y e r s

a n d l e g a l ac a d e m i c s jo i n i n g t o g et h e r o f t h e ir o wn f r e e wi l l .

B L C a i m s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t r a n s f o r m i n g B u rm a i n t o a f r e e , ju s t an d p e a c ef u l

s o c i et y wh e r e a l l c i t i ze n s e n jo y p r o t e c t i o n un d e r a f e d e r a l c o ns t i t u t i o n . BLC

wi l l a c h i e v e t hi s ai m by v i g o r o u s l y o p p o s i n g a l l u n ju s t a n d o p p r e ss iv e l a ws , i n

h e l p i n g r es t o r e t h e r u le o f l a w. I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e B L C wi l l :

• p r o m o t e a n d a s s i s t in t h e e d u c at i n g, i m p l e m e n t i n g , r e s t o r i n g a n d i m p r o v -
i n g b a s ic h u m a n r i g ht s , d e m o c r at ic r i g h t s , a nd t h e r u l e o f l a w i n B u r m a ;

• a s s is t i n d r a f t i n g an d im p l e m e n t i n g a c o n s t it u t i o n f o r B u r m a , a n d in a s s o -
ciated matters of legal education; and

• s e e k t h e a s s is t a nc e a nd s u p p o rt of s i m i l a r o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

BLC’s m a i n o f f i c e is i n B a n g k o k , T h a i l a n d. T h e c o nt a ct de t a i ls a r e :

P O B o x 2 9 , H u a M a k Po s t O f f i c e, B a n g k o k 1 0 2 4 3 , T h a i l a n d

t e l e p h o n e ( 6 6 2 ) 3 9 1 0 7 5 9 , f a x ( 6 6 2 ) 3 8 2 21 5 3

e - m a i l < b l c m a i n @ m o z a r t . i n et . c o. t h > , < b l c s an @ k s c . t h . c o m >