Hi ngh Khoa hc k nim 35 nm Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam H Ni, ngy 26/10/2010

TIM NNG RONG BIN LM NGUYN LIU SN XUT ETHANOL NHIN

LIU TI VIT NAM
L Nh Hu, V Duy Trit, Nguyn Bch Khoa, V Thnh Trung, Ng Thanh Trc,
Trn Quang Thi, V Xun Mai, Trn Mai c, Nguyn Vn S, Lm Thu Ngn
Vin Nghin cu v ng dng Cng ngh Nha Trang
02 Hng Vng, Nha Trang, Khnh Ha
Email: lenhuhau2003@yahoo.com
Tm tt / Abstract:
Vit Nam c n 800 loi rong bin c xc nh. Trong nhiu chi
c sn lng t nhin ln Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (rong Nu); Gracilaria,
Hydropuntia, Hypnea (Rong ); Ulva, Chaetomorpha, Cladophora (Rong Lc) v mt s
loi khc ang c nui trng trong ao a, vnh, bi triu ven bin. c tnh din tch mt
nc c tim nng nui trng v khai thc rong bin trong thi k 2010-2015
l 900,000 ha vi sn lng 600-700,000 tn kh/nm.Trong , nhm rong
Lc c tim nng ln nht v din tch v sn lng nui trng.
Rong bin c hm lng carbohydrat cao, ph hp cho qu trnh ln men sn xut
ethanol. V vy, c th sn xut ethanol nhin liu sinh hc t rong bin.
Kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy bc tranh ton cnh v tim nng rong bin lm
nguyn liu sn xut ethanol sinh hc,gp phn vo tm nhn chin lc cho s pht bn
vng nng lng ti to ti Vit Nam
In Vietnam, about 800 species of seaweed have been identified. Among them, many genera
have high natural production as Sargassum, Turbinaria, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus
(phaeophytes); Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea (Rhodophytes) and, Ulva, Chaetomorpha,
Cladophra (Chlorophytes) and several other species are cultivated in the land-based ponds,
bays, coastal tidal flats as Gracilaria, Gracilariopsis, Kappaphycus, Eucheuma. Estimated
distribution area of 500,000 ha of seaweed and the standing crop of 600-700,000 dry
tonnes/year in the period of 2010-2015 . Among them, the green seaweed group have the

largest potential in area and aquaculture production.

Seaweed have high carbohydrate contents which are suitable materials for
fermentation to produce ethanol. Therefore, it is possible to produce bioethanol from seaweeds.
In this research shows that overall picture of the potential of seaweed for
feedstock of bioethanol production as a strategic visionary for the sustainable
development of renewable energy in Vietnam.
1. M u
p lc ca nn kinh t ton cu ngy cng tng, cng vi suy gim ngun nhin liu ha
thch, kh hu nng ln v nhim mi trng trn phm vi ton cu mt phn do s dng
nhin liu ha thch thc y cc nh khoa hc tm ngun ngun nhin liu ti to mi
thay th. tho g vn ny, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc nhn thy rng sinh khi rong
bin c th s dng lm ngun nguyn liu thay th sn xut ethanol sinh hc.
Trc nay, Ethanol sinh hc c sn xut u da trn nguyn liu t cc loi cy
trng nng nghip (nh ng, ht ng cc, ph thi nng nghip) u nh hng n gi
lng thc v thc phm, ngun nc ngt, t canh tc, cng nh n s ngho kit v xi
mn t. Nhng rong bin c nui trng mi trng nc mn, khng s dng t nng
nghip, nc ngt, phn bn. So snh vi thc vt cn rong bin c tc sinh trng rt
nhanh 4-6 ln trong nm, nng sut 565 tn/ha. Hn na rong bin s dng lng CO 2 cho
pht trin sinh khi khong 36,7 tn/ha cao hn 5-7 ln so vi thc vt cn (Bng 1).
1

Tiu ban: Tiu ban khoa hc cng ngh bin

Hu ht sinh khi t thc vt cn l g c cha nhiu lignin, m hin nay phng php
thy phn lignin ny cn gp nhiu kh khn. Rong bin khng c lignin, do qui trnh sn
xut nhin liu t rong bin n gin v thun li hn. Rong bin cha thnh phn
carbohydrate cao t 25-90% trng lng kh (Bng 2) c th thy phn v chuyn ha thnh
glucose v fructose bng enzyme hoc acide, v sau ln men sn xut ethanol. c
nhng cng trnh sn xut ethanol t rong , t rong Nu, t rong Lc vi hiu sut 1 lt cn
sinh hc/5 kg rong kh hoc tng ng 500 lt/ tn rong kh [4,8].
Trong khi , vi to bin cha 28-63% protein, 4-57% carbohydrate, v 2-40% lipids, c
th s dng lipid v acid bo sn xut biodiesel [8]. Tuy nhin hin nay gi sn xut
biodiesel t vi to cn cao, 5 USD/lt, do chi ph u t h thng nui, thu hoch v cng
ngh chit du t t bo to [8]. Do , vic s dng rong bin lm nguyn liu sn xut
ethanol thay th cho cc ngun nguyn liu t cy nng nghip c nhiu ha hn [4,8].
Vit Nam l mt nc nhit i c iu kin t nhin thun li cho rong bin pht trin.
Thnh phn loi rong bin ca Vit nam c xc nh khong 800 loi. Mt s loi
c s dng lm thc phm, ch bin cc loi keo rong bin[6], nhng nhng loi c gi tr
kinh t thp cha c khai thc s dng, gy lng ph c th s dng lm nguyn liu sn
xut bioethanol. V nhng i tng c kh nng nui trng vi nng sut cao gi thnh thp,
cng l ngun nguyn liu tim nng cho cng ngh sn xut cn sinh hc ti Vit Nam.
Chng c th thay cho ngun nguyn liu sn, ma hin ang s dng ti cc nh my sn
xut cn nhin liu sinh hc Tam Nng, Bnh Phc, Dung Qut c cng sut 100.000m3
ethanol/nm/nh my, tiu th khong 240.000 tn sn lt kh/nm/nh my.
Bi bo ny tng kt mt phn kt qu bc u trong ti Nghin cu nh gi tim
nng rong bin Vit Nam s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut ethanol nhin liu (Biofuel) ca
B Cng thng (2009-2011) nhm pht trin pht trin nhin liu sinh hc n nm 2015,
tm nhn n nm 2025 Vi t N a m .
2. Ti liu v phng php
2.1. Ti liu: Tham kho cc bo co Quy hoch tng th nui trng thy sn ca cc tnh
ven bin thi k 2001-2015 (www.agroviet.gov.vn)[11], bo co cc chuyn ca ti
Nghin cu nh gi tim nng rong bin Vit Nam s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut
ethanol nhin liu (Biofuel) [1,2], s liu t bo co Quy hoch nui tm 2015-2020 ca
Vin nui trng Thy Sn 2 [10], cc ti liu cng b v rong bin Vit Nam [3,5,6,7].
2.2. Phng php: iu tra ngun li rong bin theo Quy phm tm thi iu tra tng hp
bin (phn Rong bin) ca U ban KH & KT (1981) [9], ti 28 tnh, thnh ph ven bin
(Bng 1) vi s mu 700 (28 tnh x 5 trm/tnh x 5 khung sinh lng/trm).
3. Kt qu
3.1. Thnh phn loi
Vit Nam c khong 800 loi, trong nhiu loi c sn lng t nhin ln thuc cc chi nh
Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (Ngnh rong Nu); Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea (Rong ); Ulva,
Chaetomorpha, Cladophora (Rong Lc). Nhng loi phn b cc bi triu ven bin gm Sargassum,
Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus, Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea. Chng tm thy t vng triu cho n phn trn
vng di triu, ni c nn y san h hoc . Nhng loi phn b trong cc ao m, vng vnh nh cc loi
rong Cu (Gracilaria), rong Bn (Enteomorpha), rong Mn (Chaetomorpha), rong Lng cng qun
(Cladophora), vi nn y ct bn, su 0,20-1,5 m.
3.2. Hin trng v tim nng ngun li rong bin: Gm cc nhm chnh sau:
3.2.1. Nhm Alginophyte
Nhm rong M, l ngun li t nhin ln nht ca Vit Nam. Khong 73 loi phn b dc
ven bin, trong nhng loi u th l Sargassum mcclurei, S. polycystum, S. crassifolium, S.
2

Hi ngh Khoa hc k nim 35 nm Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam H Ni, ngy 26/10/2010

henslowianum, S. siliquosum, S. oligocystum, S. serratum. Phn ln chng phn b b ven

cc o pha Bc vnh Bc B, ven bin min Trung v vnh Thi Lan. Ma v tt nht t
thng 12 n thng 8. Ma v thu hoch tt nht t thng 4 n thng 7. Sn lng hng nm
khong 15.000 tn kh (Bng 1). Hin nay, mt phn nh sn xut phn bn, ph gia cho
thc n gia sc, thc phm chc nng trong nc [6].
3.2.2. Nhm Agarophyte
Vit nam c 20 loi rong Cu, a s phn b cc bi triu ven bin nh Gracilaria
arcuata, G. tenuistipitata, G. firma, G. salicornia, G. bailiniae, Hydroputia edulis, H.
eucheumomatoides, H. divergens, H. ramulosa. Tuy nhin ch c 3 loi G.tenuistipitata, G.
bailiniae, G. firma, hin ang c nui trng lm nguyn liu cho cc nh my sn xut agar
trong nc. Do iu kin sinh thi Vit Nam m nhng loi rong ny c hm lng v cht
lng agar khng cao, nn gi nguyn liu rt thp khong 2.300-2.500 /kg kh. Nn cng
c xem nh l nguyn liu ch yu cho sn xut ethanol, hoc cng c th l ngun nguyn
liu cho sn xut ethanol sau khi chit agar. Theo thng k, tim nng din tch cho nui trng
rong Cu khong 5.000ha vi sn lng l 14.000 tn kh, phn ln tp trung pha cc tnh
pha Bc (Bng 1). Sn lng rong Cu khng cao mt phn do tiu chun nguyn liu phi
sch khng ln tp. Tuy nhin khi s dng rong nguyn liu sn xut cn sinh hc vi tiu
chun thun chng l khng cn thit, khi sn lng s gia tng ng thi gi thnh thp
hn do gim chi ph cng thu hoch v p ng vi tiu ch gi ca nguyn liu sn xut
cn sinh hc.
3.2.3. Nhm rong Carrageenophyte
Bn cnh cc loi Kappaphycus (K. cottonii, K. enerme) Eucheuma arnoldii and
Betaphycus gelatinum v cc loi rong ng (Hypnea) tm thy dc ven bin Vit Nam vi
sn lng t nhin 5 tn kh, l nhng loi ny c gi thnh cao (25.000-30.000 /kg kh)
c ngi dn s dng lm thc phm. Ring rong Sn (Kappaphycus alvarezii) ang c
nui trng ph bin cc tnh min Trung, sn lng hin nay khong 2.150 tn kh/nm, m
phn ln c xut khu. Trin vng din tch nui trng c th tng ln n 7.700 ha vi sn
lng d kin t 47.000 tn kh/nm (Hunh Quang Nng, 2008)[10]. Bn cnh , cn c
nhng i tng rong khc, khng c khai thc bao gm cc loi thuc chi Laurencia,
Gigartina, Gymnogondrus, Hypnea. Nhng loi rong ny phn b trn cc bi triu, nhiu
nht vo cc thng 3-5 trong nm vi sn lng c tnh khong 14810 tn kh, nhiu nht
cc tnh min Trung t Thanh Ha n Ninh Thun (Bng 1).
3.2.4. Nhm Chlorophyte
Gm cc loi trong cc chi Ulva, Caulerpa, Chaetomorpha, Enteromorpha, Cladophora. Mt s loi
Ulva recticulata, Caulerpa racemosa, Enteromorpha intestinalis phn b cc bi triu c nn y ct bn xen
k san h cht c sn lng hng nm khng ln (khong 1.000 tn kh). Trong khi c cc loi
Chaetomorpha linum, C. capilaris, C. aerea, Enteromorpha flexuosa, E. torta, Cladophora crispula, C. socialis,
C. prolifera phn b vng nc cn hn c nn y mm (ct, ct bn, bn ct...) trong cc m, ph,
vnh v c trong cc ao nui tm b hoang c mn 5-50, nhit t 20-45 0C. Chng pht trin rt nhanh,
sinh lng ln n 0,5 kg kh/m2, sn lng rong Lc khong 42056 tn kh (Bng 1).

Bng 1. Din tch v sn lng ti thi im kho st (2009) v d kin n nm 2015

Alginophyte
Hin trng &
tim nng
Din
Sn
tch
lng
(ha)
(Tn

Agarophyte
Hin trng
Din
tch
(ha)

Sn
lng
(Tn

Chlorophyte

Tim nng
Din
tch
(ha)

Hin trng

Sn
lng
(Tn

Din
tch
(ha)

Sn
lng
(Tn

Carrageenophyte

Tim nng
Din
tch
(ha)

Sn
lng
(Tn

Hin trng
Di
n
tch

Sn
lng
(Tn

Tim nng
Din
tch
(ha)

Sn
lng
(Tn

Tiu ban: Tiu ban khoa hc cng ngh bin

kh)

kh)

kh)

kh)

kh)

(ha)

kh)

kh)

Qung Ninh

70

50

196

183

310

514

334

160

4388

5276

50

35

445

2672

Hi Phng

81

12

223

39

436

796

399

139

3146

3495

30

15

211

1264

Thi Bnh

187

37

460

708

702

88

4067

4176

Nam nh

161

171

425

799

481

160

4331

4853

Ninh Bnh

219

341

265

443

308

38

2175

2308

Thanh Ha

120

98

490

103

122

136

495

96

120

131

60

130

66

393

Ngh An

145

133

1090

241

241

394

1110

132

1580

1897

120

140

140

842

H Tnh

60

36

365

24

95

128

375

174

274

326

55

120

49

295

Qung Bnh

67

110

190

139

89

125

176

172

523

646

38

180

75

448

Qung Tr
Tha Thin
Hu
TP. Nng

127

200

32

10

32

38

23

16

296

381

56

160

86

518

88

50

71

29

172

326

90

89

1938

2370

60

180

60

180

83

35

40

14

40

30

65

23

90

79

35

70

35

70

Qung Nam

61

320

212

103

212

280

96

74

1526

1887

420

1325

420

1325

Qung Ngi

356

2500

188

94

188

109

61

60

264

332

560

3560

560

3560

Bnh nh

83

500

185

100

185

319

204

211

109

89

320

1545

1050

6220

Ph Yn

60

120

300

113

300

451

270

245

1570

1894

200

1220

635

3970

Khnh Ha

356

4000

300

126

300

333

155

164

264

332

300

2830

1120

6660

Ninh Thun

149

169

262

80

262

204

84

81

968

1152

619

2800

974

6300

Bnh Thun

64

33

148

43

148

154

176

105

188

223

22

150

22

10

Vng Tu

94

75

42

10

42

84

197

207

5249

6229

15

50

1420

8740

4600

5520

Long An
Tin Giang

2480

2976

Bn Tre

9671

5503

107400

65880

Tr Vinh

7470

7444

249650

149970

Sc Trng

8455

8956

72250

43650

Bc Liu
C Mau
Kin Giang

165
2229

1048
9488

11198

7300

107400

65880

5780

577

1850

3699

18570

9674

249650

149970

207

773

207

773

1534

745

72319

43786

350

300

1420

8740

6382

1084
2

62699

42056

898814

565709

3310

14810

8788

52206

10889

3350

Thng k s liu o t kho st thc t v din tch phn b rong v sn lng hin ti
(2009) cho thy kh nng khai thc t nhin v nui trng c th t din tch 79126,32 ha v
sn lng thu hoch c l 69703,26tn kh (Bng 1).
Tuy nhin, ch mt lng nh rong ny c s dng lm phn bn cho hnh ti, C chua,
khoai lang vi a phng, gi khong 1-2.000 /kg kh, cn phn ln cha c khai thc.
Hin nay vic nui Tm S c phn gim bt do dch bnh. Theo nh hng ca B nng
nghip v Pht trin Nng Thn, cc m hnh nui tm hin nay phi theo hng pht trin
bn vng, ngha l phi li 5-10% din tch nui cho ao x l nc trc khi a vo nui
cng nh trc khi thi ra mi trng. V th nhng din tch ny c th c xem l ngun
tim nng cho pht trin nui trng rong bin n nm 2015, c tnh din tch ny khong
916212,78 ha vi sn lng nui trng t c l 638245,26 tn kh/nm (Bng 1).
K thut v quy m nui trng bng m hnh nui trng kt hp hoc lun canh trong cc
ao nui tm c th p ng ngun nguyn liu vi gi thnh thp di 2.000 /kg, ph hp
cho gi nguyn liu ca cc nh my sn xut cn sinh hc trong nc.
4. Kt lun
1. Rong bin Vit Nam gm nhng chi c sn lng ln Sargassum, Hormophysa, Hydroclathrus (rong
Nu); Gracilaria, Hydropuntia, Hypnea, Kappaphycus (Rong ); Ulva, Chaetomorpha, Cladophora (Rong
Lc), hin nay c th khai thc 79.126,3 tn rong kh trn din tch 75.322,0 ha.

Hi ngh Khoa hc k nim 35 nm Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam H Ni, ngy 26/10/2010

2. Din tch mt nc c tim nng nui trng v khai thc rong bin trong thi k 20102015 khong 900.000 ha vi sn lng 600-700.000 tn kh/nm.
3. Rong bin Vit Nam c kh nng p ng ngun nguyn liu cho cng ngh sn xut cn
sinh hc quy m cng nghip, vi gi nguyn liu thp di 2.000 /kg kh, bng khai thc
ngun nguyn liu t nhin v nui trng bng m hnh kt hp hoc lun canh trong cc ao
nui tm v cc bi triu ven bin, vnh.
5. Ti liu tham kho
1. m c Tin. iu tra, kho st, nh gi hin trng v tim nng pht trin ngun
li rong bin c hm lng Carbohydrate cao Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh. Bo co
chuyn , 27 tr.,(2009)
2. m c Tin. iu tra, kho st, nh gi hin trng v tim nng pht trin ngun
li rong bin c hm lng Carbohydrate cao Hi Phng, Qung Ninh, Thi Bnh,
Ninh Bnh, Nam nh. Bo co chuyn , 35 tr.,(2009)
3. Hunh Quang Nng, iu tra qui hoch v xut cc gii php pht trin trng rong
Sn bn vng. Bo co ti cp B Thy sn 2005-2007, 240 tr., (2008)
4. J-I Park, H-C Woo, J-H.Lee, Production of Bio-energy from Marine Algae: Status and
Perspectives. Korean Chem. Eng. Res. 46, 833-844, (2008).
5. Nguyn Hu Dinh, Hunh Quang Nng, Trn Ngc Bt, Nguyn Vn Tin. Rong bin
Vit Nam (phn pha Bc), NXB KH & KT, HCM, 364 tr., (1993)
6. Nguyn Vn Tin. Ngun li Rong bin. Chuyn kho bin Vit Nam, IV. (ngun li
Sinh vt v cc h sinh thi bin), H Ni. Tr. 236-280 (1994).
7. Phm Hong h. Rong bin Vit Nam (pha Nam). NXB Si Gn, 560 tr. , 1969.
8. S. M. Lee, and J. H. Lee, Production of Bio-ethanol from Brown Algae by
Physicochemical Hydrolysis. J. Korean Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(5), 517-521, (2009).
9. U ban Khoa hc & K thut Nh Nc, Quy phm tm thi iu tra tng hp bin
(phn Rong bin). Nxb. Khoa hc & K thut, H Ni. 205 tr., (1981).
10. Vin Nui trng thy sn II, Quy hoch pht trin nui tm nc l Vit Nam n nm
2015 v nh hng n nm 2020. Bo co B NN & PTNT 2007-2009,147 tr. (2009).
11. www.agroviet.gov.vn