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T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 1

BN CHT CA S PHC
Thy: inh Cng Minh
LI NI U
Trong chng trnh ton THPT KHI LP 12, hc sinh bit n s phc nh mt biu thc c
dng: z a bi = + , ta gi l dng i s ca s phc, trong :
- ae gi l phn thc ca s phc z .
- be gi l phn o ca s phc z .
- i l n v o, mt con s l lm vi tnh cht b him:
2
1 i = .
Cch tip cn s phc di dng z a bi = + gip cho hu ht hc sinh u c th lm c cc
php ton s hc cng, tr, nhn, chia, lu tha, khai cn s phc vi mt suy ngh rt t nhin l:
Lm ton vi s phc hon ton ging nh lm ton vi s thc, ch c mt iu c bit cn nh l:
2
1 i = .
V c bn th c th ni l hu ht hc sinh phn no cng chm c vo s phc.
Tuy nhin, hc sinh kh m hiu c bn cht ca s phc, thm ch l c th tin rng s phc l
con s c tht cng nh l s t nhin, s nguyn, s hu t hay s thc.
S phc trong ton hc ngy nay thuc v mt lnh vc rng ln nh lnh vc s thc. Vi kh
nng hn ch ca mnh, ngi vit bi ny hy vng rng c th gip ngi c thy ra c vi iu
th v v s phc, trong iu quan trng nht l thy ra c bn cht ca s phc. Ni dung ca
bi vit bao gm:
- S ra i ca s phc
- Vic xy dng s phc
- Cch biu din s phc.
- S lc v hm s bin s phc.
Bi vit ny khng i vo cc ng dng a dng ca s phc.
Chc chn l bi vit khng trnh khi c sai st, tc gi xin chn thnh n nhn mi ng gp
ca ngi c gip cho tc gi c dp t iu chnh v hc hi thm.
Mi kin ng gp xin gi v:
GV: inh Cng Minh, T ton tin trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang
Email: tuminhkhoi@yahoo.com Phone: 0958.040.525.
Trng THPT Chuyn Tin Giang, ngy 05 thng 02 nm 2012.
inh Cng Minh.
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 2
S PHC (COMPLEX NUMBER)
--------------------------------------------
1. S RA I CA S PHC
1.1. S n v o (Imaginary Unit Number), con s gi tng v tnh cht b him ng ng
ca n
S phc ra i t gia th k 16.
Ta bit rng phng trnh bc hai:
2
1 x = (1.1) khng c nghim thc, tc l n v nghim khi
xt trn trng s thc ( ) , , + .
Cc nh ton hc mong mun rng phng trnh ny c nghim, h cn mun rng mi phng
trnh a thc u phi c nghim, v nu iu ny xy ra th nghim khng th l s thc m phi
thuc mt loi s no . iu ny lm ny sinh tng l phi m rng trng s thc thnh mt
trng s ( ) , , + no trn trng s ny th phng trnh (1.1) c nghim.
Nm 1545, nh ton hc Italia l G.Cardano gii quyt vn nghim ca phng trnh (1.1)
bng cch dng k hiu 1 , hin nhin l 1 e, th hin nghim hnh thc ca phng trnh
ny.
Tip tc phng php hnh thc nh vy, G.Cardano k hiu nghim hnh thc ca phng trnh:
( )
2 2
x b b = e l 1 b . Cui cng, G.Cardano k hiu nghim hnh thc ca phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2
2
, x a b a b = e l 1 a b + .
G. Cardano gi i lng ( ) 1 , a b a b + e l i lng o, ngm rng n l i lng
khng c thc, tc l mt i lng gi tng.
Nm 1572, nh ton hc Italia l Bombelli nh ngha cc php ton s hc trn cc i lng o
m ng gi l cc s o (tn gi s phc l do nh ton hc ngi c l K.Gauss t ra vo nm
1831). ng c xem l ngi sng to nn l thuyt cc s o, v cng l ngi u tin thy c
ch li ca vic em s o vo ton hc nh mt cng c hu ch.
Qu trnh tha nhn s phc nh mt cng c ton hc din ra rt chm chp: nm 1545,
G.Cardano a ra k hiu 1 th mi n nm 1777, nh ton hc ngi Thy S l L.Euler t tn
cho k hiu 1 l s n v o (Imaginary Unit Number) li . iu c ngha l:
2
: 1, 1 i i = = .
Tn gi n v o v k hiu : 1 i = cng gy ra nhiu tranh ci v nghi ng trong gii ton
hc. Chng hn, nh ton hc I. Newton khng tha nhn s o.
ng thc ng ng nht chnh l tnh cht l lm n b him:
2
1 i = (1.2) bi v n ph v
quan h th t trn tp hp s quen thuc l .
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T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 3
2. VIC XY DNG S PHC
Nh ton hc ngi c l K. Gauss l ngi u tin, nm 1831, s dng thut ng s phc
ch cc i lng o. Tuy nhin, nh ton hc ngi Irland l W.Hamilton mi l ngi c cng lao
bin s phc t mt con s gi tng vi tnh cht b him:
2
1 i = thnh mt con s c tht.
Nm 1837, G.Hamilton xy dng l thuyt s phc mt cch cht ch theo phng php tin
ha t s phc tr thnh mt s cng quen thuc vi ngi lm ton nh l s t nhin, s
nguyn, s hu t hay s thc.
G.Hamilton xt tp hp ( ) { }
, / , z a b a b = = e gm cc cp s thc ( ) , z a b = v trn trang
b hai php ton cng v nhn tha bn tin ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
, , , T T T T di y.
Khi , mi cp s thc ( ) , z a b = c gi l mt s phc, v nh vy th dng v ca s phc
chng cn xa l g vi ngi lm ton na bi v n da hon ton trn cc s quen thuc l s thc.
Vi mi ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , , z a b z a b = = e, ta c:
( )
1
: T (Tin ng nht hai s phc)
1 2
1 2
1 2
a a
z z
b b
=

=

=

.
( )
2
: T (Tin php cng hai s phc) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, z z a a b b + = + + .
( )
3
: T (Tin php nhn hai s phc) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
, z z a a b b a b a b = + .
( )
4
: T (Tin ng nht s thc v s phc) ( ) ,0 , a a a e.
Ta hy xem bn tin ny ni ln iu g v lm c g.
Tin ( )
1
T thc cht ch l s lp li nh ngha s ng nht hai phn t ca tch Descartes ca
hai tp hp.
Tin ( )
2
T v ( )
3
T v c bn cho thy cc php ton cng v nhn hai s phc hon ton c
xc nh: cc php cng v nhn hai s phc u c kt qu l mt s phc.
Vi ba tin ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
, , T T T , ta c th kim tra c rng cu trc i s ( ) , , + l mt trng
gi l trng s phc.
Trng s phc l ( ) , , + c cc tnh cht c bit sau y:
(1) Phn t khng i vi php cng l ( ) 0, 0 .
(2) Phn t i ca ( ) , z a b = i vi php cng l ( ) , z a b = .
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T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 4
Do , trn ( ) , , + ta c th nh ngha php ton tr hai s phc nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
, , , , , , , a b a b a b a b a b a b a a b b = + = + = (

. (1.3)
(3) Phn t n v i vi php nhn l ( ) 1, 0 , tc l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1, 0 . , , . 1, 0 , , , a b a b a b a b = = e.
(4) Phn t o ca ( ) ( ) , 0, 0 z a b = = i vi php nhn l
1
2 2 2 2
1
,
a b
z
z a b a b

| |
= =
|
+ +
\ .
Do : ( ) ( ) { }
1
1, 0 , \ 0, 0 zz z

= e .
Do , ta c th nh ngha php chia s phc ( )
1 1 1
, z a b = cho s phc ( ) ( )
2 2 2
, 0,0 z a b = = nh
sau:
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
1
1 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
,
, , , , ,
,
a b
a b a a b b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b a b a b

| | | | +
= = =
| |
+ + + +
\ \ . .
. (1.4)
Tin ( )
4
T l mt tin kh c bit m ta cn kho st k lng v n.
Trc tin, ta thy rng nh x sau y l n nh:
( )
2
,0 a a

Ngoi ra:
Do ( ) ( )
2 4
, T T nn ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,0 , 0 ,0 a b a b a b a b + = + = + = + .
Do ( ) ( )
3 4
, T T nn ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) , 0 . 0.0, .0 0. , 0 , 0 ab ab a b a b a b a b = = + = = .
Do , l mt n cu trng nn n l mt php nhng trng s thc ( ) , , + vo trng s
phc ( ) , , + . Ni cch khc:
Trng s thc ( ) , , + ng cu vi mt trng con ca trng s phc ( ) , , + .
Do , ta c th ng nht:
Trngs thc ( ) , , + lmt trngconcatrngs phc ( ) , , + .
Nh vy th php ng nht s thc a vi s phc ( ) ,0 a ca tin ( )
4
T l hon ton c ngha.
Khi :
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 5
- Phn t khng ca php cng s phc chnh l s thc 0.
- Phn t n v ca php nhn s phc chnh l s thc 1.
Phng php tin ho xy dng khi nim mi bng mt h tin i hi cc tin trong
h phi c lp vi nhau v tng thch vi nhau, ngha l chng ch c th h tr ln nhau ch khng
c mu thun vi nhau v nht l khng c mu thun vi khi nim c c bao hm trong
khi nim mi c xc nh bng h tin .
V c bn, m cng l quan trng nht, iu ny phi c th hin ch: ccphptons hc
cng, tr, nhn, chiahai s phc ( )
1 1
, 0 z a = v ( )
2 2
,0 z a = phi ckt qu trngvi kt qu ca
ccphptons hccng, tr, nhn, chiahai s thc
1
a v
2
a .
Ta s thy rng yu cu ni trn cng c nh ton hc W.Hamilton p ng y trong h
tin ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
, , , T T T T xy dng trng s phc.
Tht vy:
+ Theo cc tin ( ) ( )
2 4
, T T , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
, 0 , 0 , 0 a a a a a a + = + = + (php cng s thc c bo ton).
+ Theo cc tin ( ) ( )
3 4
, T T , ta c:
( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, 0 , 0 0.0, .0 0. , 0 a a a a a a a a a a = + = =
(php nhn s thc c bo ton).
+ Do ( ) ( ) , , a b a b = v ( )
1 2 1 2
z z z z = + nn cng vi cc tin ( ) ( )
3 4
, T T , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, 0 ,0 , 0 , 0 ,0 0 , 0 a a a a a a a a a a = + = = =
(Php tr s thc c bo ton).
+ Do: ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1
2 2 2 2
, , , , \ 0,0
a b
a b a b
a b a b
| |
= e
|
+ +
\ .

v:
( )
( )
1 1
1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
,
,
,
a b
a a b b a b a b
a b a b a b
| | +
=
|
+ +
\ .
nn cng vi cc tin ( ) ( )
3 4
, T T , ta c:
{ }
( )
( )
1
1 2 2 1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
, 0
00 0 0
, \ 0 : , , 0
,0 0 0
a
a a a a a a
a a
a a a a a
| | | | +
e e = = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .

(Php chia s thc c bo ton).
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 6
Ngoi ra, do cc tin ( ) ( )
1 4
, T T , ta cn c:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, 0 , 0 a a a a = = (php ng nht s thc c bo ton).
By gi, ta s thy rng s gi tng i , s n v o, vi tnh cht b him:
2
1 i = c cp
trc y th khi qua h tin ca W.Hamilton, n tr thnh con s rt tht, rt quen thuc v tnh
cht trn ca n cng rt l ng n, rt th v ch khng c g l b him na c!
Xem ( ) , i a b = th
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 1
1 , , 1,0 , 1, 0
1 2 0
a a b
i a b a b aa bb ab ba
b ab
= =
= = + =

= =

.
Vy, c th chn ( ) 0, 1 i = hoc ( ) 0,1 i = .
W.Hamilton t tn cho ci m ta gi l n v o i bi: ( ) 0,1 i = .
Vy, s n v o i ch n gin l cp th t hai s thc v cng quen thuc 0 v 1.
Tht th v l vai tr ca hai s thc 0 v 1 y: 0 l phn t khng ca php cng s thc, v 1
l phn t n v ca php nhn s thc!
Tnh cht b him:
2
1 i = ca s n v o i c ho gii, c a ra nh sng!
K n, cng t cc tin ( ) ( )
3 4
, T T , ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , 0 0, ,0 0,1 a b a b a b a bi = + = + = + .
y chnh l dng i s ca s phc m trong chng trnh ton 12 THPT n c dng lm
nh ngha ca s phc.
Dng i s ca s phc rt tin li trong cc php ton s hc v s phc. Ta s ni sau v vn
ny.
Nh vy l mi s phc ( ) , a b bng tng ca s thc th nht a vi tch ca s thc th hai b
vi n v o i . Tip na, theo cc tin ( ) ( )
3 4
, T T , ta c:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) , , 0 , 0. , 0. a b a b a b b a = = + ,
tc l: ( ) ( ) ( ) , , : , , a b a b a b e e = .
Cc php tnh s hc i vi cc s phc c thc hin nh i vi s thc
Trong phn ny, ta s bn v cc php tnh s hc cng, tr, nhn , chia cc s phc di dng i
s ( ) a bi + c thc hin nh th chng l cc s thc m hc sinh THPT ang c hc.
Ta s thy rng:
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T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 7
Ccphptons hctrns phcchnhlccphptontrnccbiuthcthccabin i ,
trong
2
1 i = .
chng minh iu ny, ta s i chiu kt qu ca vic tnhtonmt cchhnhthccc php
ton s hc i vi cc s phc c dng ( ) a bi + vi kt qu ca vic tnh ton bng h tin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
, , , T T T T v hai kt qu (1.3), (1.4).
Tnh ton hnh thc php cng: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
a b i a b i a a b b i + + + = + + + .
Tnh ton hnh thc php tr: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
a b i a b i a a b b i + + = + .
Tnh ton hnh thc php nhn:
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
a b i a b i a a a b i a b i b b i a a b b a b a b i + + = + + + = + + .
Tnh ton hnh thc php chia:
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b i a b i a a b b a b a b i
a b i
a b i a b i a b i a b
+ + +
+
= =
+ + +
.
R rng, kt qu ca vic tnh ton hnh thc i vi cc s phc c dng i s ( ) a bi + hon
ton trng khp vi cc tnh ton cc s phc c dng ( ) , a b theo h tin W.Hamilton.
3. BIU DIN S PHC
Ca cn ng
Khng mt ai vo c
Ca m ri
Mi ngi c t do.
(inh Cng Minh)
Qu vy, nh c h tin ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
, , , T T T T ca nh ton hc W.Hamilton m s phc t bng
ti b him bc ra ngoi nh sng rc r: Ca m!
Bao nhiu p lc, c ch, hoi nghi v s tn ti s phc v cu trc s phc ca cc nh ton hc
c gii to. Cc nh ton hc tm cch trang im cho s phc theo nhiu kiu cch., ni tm li
l cc nh ton hc a ra rt nhiu cch th v biu din s phc di cc dng: cp s thc c
th t, dng i s, dng lng gic, dng vector, dng m, dng ma trn.
3.1. Biu din s phc bng cp s thc c th t
y l cch biu din t nhin nht theo ng tinh thn ca h tin v s phc ca W.
Hamilton, tc l mi s phc z e l mt cp s thc c th t ( )
2
, a b e tha mn h tin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
, , , T T T T .
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3.2. Biu din s phc ( ) , z a b = e di dng im ( ) , z a b mpOxy e .
V mi s phc l mt cp s thc c th t ( ) , z a b = nn c th biu din hnh hc s phc thnh
mt im ( ) , z a b mpOxy = e .
Khi :
- mpOxy gi l mt phng phc.
- Trc honh l tp hp cc im ( ) ,0 a a e gi l trc thc.
- Trc tung l tp hp cc im ( ) ( ) 0, . 0,1 b b bi = = gi l trc o.
- Phn t khng l gc ta O.
- Phn t n v l im ( ) 1, 0 .
- S n v o i l im ( ) 0,1 .
- Hai s phc lin hp ( ) , z a b = v ( ) , z a b = c biu din bi hai im i xng qua
trc thc.
3.3. Biu din s phc ( ) , z a b = di dng i s z a bi = + .
y chnh l nh ngha s phc trong chng trnh ton THPT l dng rt tin li trong cc php
ton s hc v s phc.
3.4. Dng lng gic ( ) cos sin r i + ca s phc ( ) , z a b = .
Gi ( ) , r l ta cc ca im ( ) , z a b th hin s phc ( ) , z a b = th:
cos , sin a r b r = = ,
nn ta c dng biu din sau y gi l dng lng gic ca s phc:
( ) cos sin z r i = + .
Ch rng:
-
2 2
r a b z = + = l module ca s phc z .
-
( )
, Ox Oz =

gi l argument ca s phc z , k hiu l arg z .
Argument c cc tnh cht ging nh tnh cht logarit sau y:
- ( )
1 2 1 2
arg arg arg z z z z = + .
- ( )
1
1 2 2
2
arg arg arg 0
z
z z z
z
= = .
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 9
Dng lng gic ca s phc rt tin li trong cc php tnh nhn, chia, ly tha, khai cn s
phc.
3.5. Biu din s phc ( ) , z a b = di dng vector ( ) , Oz a b =

trong mpOxy.
Khi , module
2 2
. z z z a b = = + ca s phc ( ) , z a b = chnh l module ca vector
( ) , Oz a b =

.
y l cch biu din hnh hc s phc rt tin li trong cc tnh ton cng, tr, nhn, chia cc s
phc.
+ Trc tin, php cng hai s phc chnh l php cng hai vector nh hnh 1.
+ Php tr l php ton ngc ca php cng nn php tr hai s phc chnh l php tr hai
vector.
+ Php nhn hai s phc
1
z v
2
z c cho hnh 3.
Dng im w sao cho tam gic
2
Oz w ng dng thun vi tam gic
1
1 O z .
Ta s chng minh
1 2
w z z = , tc chng minh:
( )
1 2
1 2
arg arg .
.
w z z
w z z
=

.
Tht vy, ta c:
-
1
1 2
2
.
1
w z
w z z
z
= = .
- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 2
arg , , , arg arg arg w Ox Ow Ox Oz Oz Ow z z z z = = + = + = .
+ Php chia ca s phc
1
z cho s phc ( ) 0, 0 z = nh bi
1
1
1
.
z
z
z z
= v do php nhn biu din
hnh hc c nn ta ch cn xc nh c
1
z
l xong.
Hnh 4 minh ha hnh hc cch xc nh im
1
z
vi ( ) 0, 0 z = cho trc trong trng hp 1 z < :
O
O
O
1
z
2
z
1 2
z z +
1
1
z
2
z
w
w
z
t
Hnh 1 Hnh
2
Hnh 3
x
y
x
x
y
y
1
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 10
Dng t l mt trong hai giao im ca ng trn n v vi ng vung gc vi tia Oz. Tip
tuyn vi ng trn ti S ct tia Oz ti w.
Ta s chng minh:
1
w
z
= , tc chng minh:
1
1
arg arg
w
z
w
z

.
- Hin nhin l
1
arg arg w
z
= .
- Hai tam gic Ozt v Otw ng dng nn ta c:
w t
t z
= , hay l
1
w
z
= .
Trng hp 1 z > , ta hon v vai tr ca z v w trong hnh 4 th dng c
1
z
.
Trng hp 1 z = th
2
1
.
z z
z
z z z
z
= = = . Hai s phc lin hip i xng nhau qua trc honh nn
ta cng dng c
1
z
.
3.6. Dng m
i
z re

= ca s phc c dng lng gic ( ) cos sin z r i = + .

y l dng cc k quan trng trong gii tch phc, xy dng v kho st cc hm s bin s
phc.
Trong gii tch phc, hm s bin s phc ni chung l hm a tr, chng hn hm
( ) ( ) *
n
f z z n = e c n gi tr phn bit nu 0 z = .
Cc nh gii tch xy dng cc hm s tng qut nh: ly tha,cn thc, a thc, phn thc,
lng gic, m, loga,... sao cho thu hp cc hm ny trn trng s thc th chng chnh l cc hm
s thc quen thuc ca chng ta.
Cc cng thc khai trin Taylor hm sin, cos, exp trong gii tch thc ch l s thu hp ca cc
cng thc khai trin Taylor cc hm phc cos ,sin ,
z
z z e nh sau y:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 4 6
2
0
3 5 7
1
0
2 3 4
0
1
cos 1 ...
2 ! 2! 4! 6!
1
sin ...
2 1 ! 3! 5! 7!
1 ...
! 1! 2! 3! 4!
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z
n
z z z
z z
n
z z z
z z z
n
z z z z z
e
n

+
=

= = + +

= = + +
+
= = + + + + +

PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 11
T y, ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 6
2 4 6
3 5 7
3 5 7
cos 1 ... 1 ...
2! 4! 6! 2! 4! 6!
sin ... ...
3! 5! 7! 1! 3! 5! 7!
iz iz iz
z z z
z
iz iz iz iz
z z z
i z iz i i i
= + + = + + + +
= + + = + + + +
Do :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4 5
cos sin 1 ...
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
iz
iz iz iz iz iz
z i z e + = + + + + + + = .
Ta c cng thc Euler:
( ) cos sin
iz
e z i z z = + e
l cng thc rt quan trong trong l thuyt hm bin phc.
Tr li vn dng m ca s phc m ta ang bn.
Trong cng thc Euler: ( ) cos sin
iz
e z i z z = + e , chn z = e th c:
cos sin ,
i
e i

= + e.
T y, vi dng lng gic ca s phc: ( ) cos sin z r i = + , ta suy ra:
( ) cos sin ,
arg
i
r z
z r i re
z

=
= + =

=

.
Dng biu din
arg i i z
z re z e

= = gi l dng m ca s phc.
Dng m ca s phc rt tin li trong cc tnh ton v ly tha, khai cn s phc nhng quan
trng hn c l dng m ca s phc c s dng xy dng v kho st cc hm s bin s phc
trong l thuyt hm bin phc.
3.7. Dng ma trn
a b
b a
| |
|

\ .
ca s phc ( ) , z a b = .
S phc c mt dng biu din th v na l dng biu din thnh mt ma trn vung cp hai.
Xt tp / ,
a b
M a b
b a
| |
= e
`
|

\ . )
vi hai php ton cng v nhn ma trn thng thng.
C th chng minh c rng ( ) , , M + l mt trng, trong :
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 12
- Phn t khng l ma trn
0 0
0 0
u
| |
=
|
\ .
.
- Phn t n v l ma trn
1 0
0 1
c
| |
=
|
\ .
.
- Phn t i ca phn t
a b
z
b a
| |
=
|

\ .
l phn t
a b
z
b a
| |
=
|

\ .
.
- Phn t o ca phn t
a b
z
b a
u
| |
= =
|

\ .
l ma trn nghch o
1
2 2
1
a b
z
b a a b

| |
=
|
+
\ .
.
By gi, ta s xc nh gng mt ma trn ca phn t n v o i tha:
2
1 i = .
Mun vy, trc tin ta s tm dng ca mt ma trn
a b
z M
b a
| |
= e
|

\ .
c th ng nht vi mt s
thc.
Xt tp con
0
0
/
0
a
M a M
a
| |
= e c
`
|
\ . )
vi hai php ton cng v nhn ma trn cm sinh trn M.
Nhn xt rng ta c ng cu:
0
0
0
M
a
a
a

| |
|
\ .

Do , c th ng nht mi s thc ae vi ma trn

0
0
0
a
M
a
| |
e
|
\ .
.
Xem
0
0
a
i
a
| |
=
|
\ .
tha
2
1 i = , tc l:
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 0
0 1
1 0 0 1 2
0 1 1 2 2 0
a b a b
b a b a
a a b a b ab
b ab a b ab
| | | | | |
=
| | |

\ \ \ . . .
| = | | = |
=
| |
= =
\ . \ .
C th chn 0, 1 a b = = th c n v o l ma trn
0 1
1 0
i
| |
=
|

\ .
.
Khi , mi s phc z tng ng vi ma trn:
PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON NM HC 2011-2012
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG trang 13
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
a b a b a
z b a bi
b a a b a
| | | | | | | | | |
= = + = + = +
| | | | |

\ \ \ \ \ . . . . .
.
Ta tm li c dng i s ca s phc!
4. S LC V HM S BIN S PHC
Tng t nh s thc, ta cng c cc hm s mt hoc nhiu bin phc nhn gi tr phc.
Mi hm s mt bin phc ( ) w f z = l php t tng ng mi gi tr z D e c vi mt hoc
nhiu gi tr we.
Ni chung, hm bin phc l mt hm a tr.
Vi z x yi = + v w u vi = + , tc l: ( ) ( ) Re , Im , Re , Im x z y z u f z v f z = = = = , ta c th vit:
( ) ( ) ( ) , , w f z u x y iv x y = = + .
Do , vic cho mt hm phc bin s phc ( ) w f z = tng ng vi vic cho hai hm thc hai
bin s thc ( ) , u u x y = v ( ) , v v x y = .
Vic nghin cu v cc hm bin phc thuc lnh vc ca Gii tch phcl mt lnh vc rng ln.
Ta s khng cp y.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nhp mn gii tch phc, TS. Nguyn Hu Anh, H Tng Hp TP. HCM, 1979.
[2] Hm phc v ton t Laplace, TS. V ng Tho, .H.B.K TP. HCM, 2004.
[3] Hm mt bin phc L thuyt v ng dng, TS. u Th Cp, NXB GD, 1999.
[4] Hm bin phc v php bin i Laplace, TS. Phan B Ngc, HBK H Ni, 1996
[5] S phc v ng dng, Nguyn Vn Mu, Trn Nam Dng, Nguyn ng Pht, Nguyn Thy
Thanh, NXB GD, 2009.