5 Homework

P. 5.1. Let G be a group and ρ an equivalence relation on G, such that for any x, y, z ∈ G the following
implication holds:
x ρ y =⇒ x · z ρ y · z .
Show that the equivalence class [1]ρ is a subgroup H of G, and that G/ρ = (G/H)r .
P. 5.2. A function f : N∗ −→ Z is called multiplicative if for any m, n ∈ N∗ such that (m, n) = 1 the
equality
f (m · n) = f (m) · f (n)
holds. We shall denote by M the set of all multiplicative functions. On M we define the convolution
product ∗ by X n
(f ∗ g)(n) = f (d) · g .
d
d|n

a) Show that (M, ∗) is a monoid, with the unit element u : N∗ −→ Z defined by


1 , if n = 1 ;
u(n) =
0 , if n > 1 .

b) If c : N∗ −→ Z : n 7−→ 1 is the constant 1 function, show that c ∈ U (M) and determine a formula for
its inverse c−1 .
c) Use the identity X
n= ϕ(d)
d|n

(where ϕ is Euler’s function) to show that id = ϕ ∗ c. Deduce another formula for ϕ(written in terms of
the inverse of c).