U y H y U U: Practice Problems On Viscosity

Practice Problems on Viscosity
C. Wassgren, Purdue University Page 1 of 11 Last Updated: 2010 Aug 27

viscosity_01
Determine the magnitude and direction of the shear stress that the water applies:
a. to the base
b. to the free surface

Answer(s):
base:
0
2
yx
y
U
h
t
=
=
free surface: 0
yx
y h
t
=
=

U
y
h
water
u
free surface
2
2 |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
h
y
h
y
U
u

x

viscosity_02
When a vehicle such as an automobile slams on its brakes (locking the wheels) on a very wet road it can hydro-
plane. In these circumstances a film of water is created between the tires and the road. Theoretically, a vehicle
could slide a very long way under these conditions though in practice the film is destroyed before such distances are
achieved (indeed, tire treads are designed to prevent the persistence of such films).

To analyze this situation, consider a vehicle of mass, M, sliding over a horizontal plane covered with a film of liquid
of viscosity, . Let the area of the film under all four tires be A and the film thickness (assumed uniform) be h.
a. If the velocity of the vehicle at some instant is V, find the force slowing the vehicle down in terms of A, V, h,
and .
b. Find the distance, L, that the vehicle would slide before coming to rest assuming that A and h remain constant
(this is not, of course, very realistic).
c. What is this distance, L, for a 1000 kg vehicle if A =0.1 m
2
, h =0.1 mm, V =10 m/s, and the water viscosity is
=0.001 kg/(ms)?

Answer(s):
V
F A
h
=
0
MhV
L
A
=
L =10,000 m ( ~ 6.2 miles)


viscosity_03
Magnet wire is to be coated with varnish for insulation by drawing it through a circular die of 0.9 mm diameter. The
wire diameter is 0.8 mm and it is centered in the die. The varnish, with a dynamic viscosity of 20 centipoise,
completely fills the space between the wire and the die for a length of 20 mm. The wire is drawn through the die at
a speed of 50 m/s. Determine the force required to pull the wire.

Answer(s):
2
i
o i
R L V
F
R R
t
=

F =1.0 N


viscosity_04
A rotating disk viscometer has a radius, R =50 mm, and a clearance, h =1 mm, as shown in the figure.

a. If the torque required to rotate the disk at O =900 rpm is 0.537 Nm, determine the dynamic viscosity of the
fluid. You may neglect the viscous forces acting on the rim of the disk and on the vertical shaft.
b. If the uncertainty in each parameter is 1%, determine the uncertainty in the viscosity.

Answer(s):
4
Th
R
t
=
O

=0.29 kg/(ms) or 0.29 Pas or 290 cP
4.4% u
=
=0.290.01 Pas

R R
h
h
O
fluid

viscosity_05
The cone and plate viscometer shown in the figure is an instrument used frequently to characterize non-Newtonian
fluids. It consists of a flat plate and a rotating cone with a very obtuse angle (typically u is less than 0.5 degrees).
The apex of the cone just touches the plate surface and the liquid to be tested fills the narrow gap formed by the cone
and plate.
a. Derive an expression for the shear rate in the liquid that fills the gap in terms of the geometry of the system and
the operating conditions.
b. Evaluate the torque on the driven cone in terms of the shear stress and geometry of the system.
c. Evaluate the torque on the driven cone in terms of the geometry, operating conditions, and fluid properties if the
fluid is Newtonian.

Answer(s):
shear rate
tan
du
dy
e
u
= =
3
2
3cos
y
y h
R
T
u
t t
u
=
=
3
2
3sin
R
T
te
u
=
R
u
e
fluid

viscosity_06
A rotating cylinder viscometer is shown in the figure below. The inner cylinder has radius, R, and height, H. An
incompressible, viscous, Newtonian fluid of density, , and viscosity, , is contained between the cylinders. The
narrow gap between the cylinders has width, Ar (<<R and H). A torque, T, is required to rotate the inner cylinder at
constant speed O. Determine the fluid viscosity, , in terms of the other system parameters.

Answer(s):
( )
3
1
4
2
T
R
H R
r
t
=
O
+
A

Ar
Ar
R
H
Newtonian fluid of density, , and
viscosity,
O, T
r
y

viscosity_07
The viscosity of blood is to be determined from measurements of shear stress and shear rate obtained from a small
blood sample tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data given in the table below, determine if the blood is a
Newtonian or a non-Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at your answer.

data set 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
shear rate [s
-1
] 2.25 4.50 11.25 22.5 45.0 90.0 225 450
shear stress [N/m
2
] 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.30 0.52 1.12 2.10

Answer(s):

The slope of the blood data is not equal to one indicating that blood is non-Newtonian. In fact, since the slope is less
than one over most of the range of shear rate, blood is shear thinning.

0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
1 10 100 1000
s
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

[
N
/
m
2
]
shear rate [s
-1
]

viscosity_08
The no-slip condition states that fluid sticks to solid surfaces. Two immiscible layers of Newtonian fluid are
dragged along by the motion of an upper plate as shown in the figure. The bottom plate is stationary and the
velocity profiles for each fluid are linear. The top fluid (fluid 1), with a specific gravity of 0.8 and kinematic
viscosity of 1.0 cSt, puts a shear stress on the upper plate, and the lower fluid (fluid 2), with a specific gravity of 1.1
and kinematic viscosity of 1.3 cSt, puts a shear stress on the bottom plate. Determine the ratio of the shear stress on
the top plate to the shear stress on the bottom plate.

Answer(s):
on top plate
onbottomplate
1.0
yx
yx
t
t
=

0.010 m
0.036 m
3 m/s
2 m/s
fluid 1
fluid 2

viscosity_09
A viscous, Newtonian liquid film falls under the action of gravity down the surface of a rod as shown in the figure
below.

The velocity of the fluid is given by:
( )
2
2 2
ln
4 2
z
g gb r
u r a
a

| |
= +
|
\ .

where is the liquid density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, is the liquids dynamic viscosity, a is the radius
of the rod, b is the radius to the free surface of the film, and r is the radius measured from the centerline of the rod.

Determine:
a. What is the shear stress, t
rz
, at the free surface of the liquid?
b. What force acts on the rod per unit length of the rod due to the viscous liquid?
c. Set up, but do not solve, the integral for determining the volumetric flow rate of liquid flowing down the rod.

Answer(s):
0
rz
r b
t
=
=
2
2
1
F b
g a
L a
t
(
| |
= (
|
\ . (

( ) 2
r b
z
r a
dA
Q u rdr t
=
=
=
=
}

r
a
b
film
film
z
gravity
atmosphere

viscosity_10
During a coating process, a thin, flat tape of width w is pulled through a channel of length L containing a Newtonian
fluid of density and dynamic viscosity . The fluid is in contact with both sides of the tape. Estimate the force
required to pull the tape through the channel if the tape has velocity V and the channel has height H. You may
assume that the tape is much thinner than H.

Answer(s):
shear
4 VLw
F
H
=

L
V, F
H
channel of width w filled
with a Newtonian fluid

viscosity_11
Estimate the torque required to rotate a windshield wiper blade over the surface of a wet windshield in terms of the
parameters given in the figure below,

Here, R is the radius of the inner most point swept by the wiper blade, L is the length of the wiper blade, u is the
angle swept by the blade in a time T, w is the width of the part of the blade in contact with the windshield, t is the
thickness of the water layer, and is the viscosity of water.

For a 1996 Toyota Rav 4, R =6, L =11, u =110, T =2 sec, w =, and t =
1
/
16
. Evaluate your expression to
estimate the torque.

Answer(s):
3
3 3
1
1 1
3
L w
M R
T R t
u
(
| |
= +
(
|
\ .
(

f
7 ft-lb M ~
R

L

u

w

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Practice Problems on Viscosity

C. Wassgren, Purdue University Page 1 of 11 Last Updated: 2010 Aug 27

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