The document provides information about stress, strain, deformation of solids, and related topics in strength of materials. It includes definitions of terms like stress, strain, tensile stress, compressive stress, shear stress, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thermal stress. It also gives relationships for stress-strain behavior based on Hooke's law. Several sample problems are provided at the end related to stress calculations for composite bars, thermal stresses, and reinforced concrete columns.
The document provides information about stress, strain, deformation of solids, and related topics in strength of materials. It includes definitions of terms like stress, strain, tensile stress, compressive stress, shear stress, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thermal stress. It also gives relationships for stress-strain behavior based on Hooke's law. Several sample problems are provided at the end related to stress calculations for composite bars, thermal stresses, and reinforced concrete columns.
The document provides information about stress, strain, deformation of solids, and related topics in strength of materials. It includes definitions of terms like stress, strain, tensile stress, compressive stress, shear stress, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thermal stress. It also gives relationships for stress-strain behavior based on Hooke's law. Several sample problems are provided at the end related to stress calculations for composite bars, thermal stresses, and reinforced concrete columns.
ME2254 - STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Semester : IV Branch: Mech UNIT 1. STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS 9
Rigid and Deformable bodies Strength, Stiffness and Stability Stresses; Tensile, Compressive and Shear Deformation of simple and compound bars under axial load Thermal stress Elastic constants Strain energy and unit strain energy Strain energy in uniaxial loads.
1. Differentiate between a rigid body and a deformable body. When a body is subjected to external forces, if it undergoes deformation, it is called as deformable body. If it does not undergo any deformation, it is called rigid body. 2. What does equilibrium signify? What are the conditions for equilibrium to exist? Word equilibrium signifies the body does not undergo any displacement under the application of external force. The conditions are Sum of all force in x direction must be zero and also in y & z direction. Moment about any point is zero. 3. Define stress and explain tensile and compressive stress. Stress is defined as the external force applied per unit area. When body is subjected to equal and opposite pulls, it elongates. The resistance offered to this elongation is tensile stress. If body is subjected to equal and opposite pushes, it contracts and the resistance offered to this contraction is compressive stress. 4. Define strain and explain tensile and compressive strain. It is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension. The strain corresponding to the tensile stress is called tensile strain and it is defined as the ratio of the increase in the length to the original length. The strain corresponding to the compressive stress is called as compressive strain. It is defined as the ratio of decrease in length to the original length. 5. Define shear stress and shear strain. The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of the body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced is called shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain. Or Shear stress is the resistance offered to the force applied. It is the ratio of shear force to shear area. The corresponding strain is called as shear strain. 6. State Hooks law and explain elastic limit. It states that within elastic limit, the ratio of the stress and strain is a constant. Elastic limit is a point on the stress strain diagram below which the body regains its original shape when deformed, not necessarily obeying the hooks law. 7. What is elasticity? It is ability of by which the material regains its original shape when deformed.
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9. Define Poissons Ratio It is the ratio of lateral strain to the normal strain. It is dimensionless and is denoted by or 1/m. Note: The Poissons ratio for a material cannot be more than 0.5. 10. Explain Ultimate stress. There is a particular maximum load, which any material can withstand, above which it starts creeping and breaks. The stress corresponding to this load is called ultimate stress. 11. Define modulus of elasticity. According to Hooks law, the ratio of stress to strain is a constant. This constant is modulus of elasticity, E and its unit is N/mm 2 . 12. In a bar of varying cross section of length 1 , 2 and area of A 1 ,A 2 is subjected to axial pull of P. Find total elongation for bar as varying cross section.
13. What is the principle of super position? The resultant deformation of the body is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformation of the individual section. Such principle is called as principle of super position 14. Define factor of safety and state reason for its necessity. The term factor of safety is applied to the factor used to evaluate the safeness of a structure.
* Allowable stress is also known as Design stress or Working stress or permissible stress.
15. What is modular ratio? It is the ratio of the Youngs modulus of two different materials. 3
16. What are the governing equations in compound bar? a) Total load (P) = Load carried by Bar 1 (P 1 ) + Load carried by Bar 2 (P 2 ) b) Change in length in Bar 1 = Change in length in Bar 2,
17. What you mean by thermal stresses? If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or fall of temperature no stress is developed but if free expansion is prevented the stress developed is called temperature or thermal stress and the corresponding strain is temperature strain.
Thermal stress = . T. E Thermal strain = . T = the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material, T = change in temperature 18. Relate the three modulus of elasticity.
19. Define the three elastic modulii and give a relationship between Youngs modulus and shear modulus. Youngs modulus: The ratio of tensile stress (or compressive stress) to the corresponding strain within the elastic limit. It is denoted by E and its unit is N/mm 2 .
Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus: The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the elastic limit. It is denoted by G or C or N and its unit is N/mm 2 .
Bulk Modulus is the ratio of linear stress to volumetric strain, with in the elastic limit.
20. Write the equation for elongation of circular bar due to its self weight.
21. State the equation for the elongation of the taper rod. 4
22. Define Strain Energy When a material undergoes deformation, under the action of external load work is done on the material. The work done on the material is stored as Strain energy .
Strain energy = 2 A / 2E. 23. Define Resilience. Strain energy stored per unit volume is called Resilience. ( 2 / 2E ) 24. Define Proof Resilience. It is the maximum strain energy stored by a body without undergoing permanent deformation. It is the value of resilience when the stress (), equals the stress at elastic limit ( e ) 25. Define Modulus of Resilience. It is the maximum energy, which can be stored by a bar per unit volume.
PART B
1. A load of 50kN is suspended by a steel pipe of 50mm external diameter. If the ultimate tensile strength of steel is 500 N/mm 2 and the factor of safety is 4, determine (i) the thickness of the pipe. (ii) Elongation of the pipe over a length of 200 mm if it is stressed to its maximum permissible value. Take E = 200 kN/mm 2 .
2. A member ABCD is subjected to loads as shown. Find the value of P and determine the total change in length of the bar. Take E = 210 kN/mm 2 .
3. A compound bar 900 mm long is made of a bar of steel 300mm long 30 mm diameter attached to a bar of copper 600 mm long. Under a pull of 50 kN the extensions in each portion are found to be equal. Determine (i) the diameter of the copper rod, and (ii) the stresses in steel and copper. Take E s = 2.05 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and E C = 1.11 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
Composite Bars:
4.* A steel rod of 25 mm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollow copper tube of external diameter 50 mm and internal diameter of 40 mm. The composite bar is then subjected to an axial pull of 50 kN. If the length of each bar is equal to 0.25m, determine: (i) the stress in the rod and tube and (ii) load carried by each bar. Take E for steel = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and for copper = 1 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
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5.* A mild steel rod of 25 mm diameter and 300 mm long is enclosed centrally inside a hollow copper tube of external diameter 40 mm and internal diameter of 30 mm. The composite bar is subjected to an axial pull of 50 kN through rigid cover plates. If E for steel and copper is 200 GN/m 2 and 100 GN/m 2 respectively, find the stresses developed in the rod and tube. Also find the extension of the rod.
6. A solid steel bar 500mm long and 70mm diameter is placed inside an aluminium tube having 75mm inside diameter and 100mm outside diameter. The aluminium cylinder is 15mm longer than the steel bar. An axial load of 600kN is applied to the bar and the Cylinder through rigid cover plates. Compute the stresses developed in the steel bar and the aluminium tube. Assume E s = 2.1 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and E al = 0.7 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
7.Two vertical rods of steel and copper are rigidly fixed with the ceiling at their upper ends at 100cm apart. Each rod is 3m long and 25mm in diameter. A horizontal cross piece connects the lower ends of the rods. Where should a load of 3.5 tonnes be placed on the cross piece, so that it remains horizontal after loaded? Assume E s = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and E C
=1 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
10.* A reinforced short concrete column 500 mm x 500 mm in section is reinforced with 8 steel bars of diameter 25mm. The column carries a load of 200 kN. (i) If the modulus of elasticity for steel is 18 times that of concrete, find the stresses in concrete and steel. (ii) If the stress in concrete shall not exceed 5 N/mm 2 , find the diameter of the steel rod required so that the column may support a load of 500 kN.
Temperature stress:
11.* Find the expansion of a 2 m long rod, when the temperature is raised from 20C to 95C. If this expansion is prevented, find the stress induced in the material of the rod. Take E = 1 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and =0.000012 /C.
8.* Two brass rods each of diameter 35 mm and a 50 kN as shown in Fig. Find the stresses in the rods. Take E s =2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and E b =1 x 10 5 N/mm 2 . 9. A load of 300 kN is carried by a short concrete column of cross section 300mm x 300mm. The column is reinforced with 8 bars of 15 mm diameter. Find the stresses in concrete and steel if the modulus of elasticity for steel is 18 times that of concrete. 6
12.* A steel rod 50 mm diameter, 5 m long and connected to two grips is maintained at a temperature of 100C. Find the stress and force exerted when the temperature falls to 25C if (i) the ends do not yield, and (ii) the ends yield by 1.5mm. Take E = 2.1 x 10 5 N/mm 2
and = 12 x 10 -6 / C.
13. A bar of length 1m is clamped at the ends and subjected to a rise in temperature of 20 C. If the co efficient of expansion of the material of the bar is 1.2 x 10 -6 / C, the Young's modulus is 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and the cross sectional area is 314 N/mm 2 , what is the magnitude and nature of the stress induced?
14. A steel rod of 20mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of 50mm external diameter and 40mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at each end by rigid plates. If the temperature of the assembly is raised by 50C, find the stresses in steel rod and copper tube. Take E s = 200 kN/mm 2 , E C =100 kN/mm 2 , S = 12 x 10 -6 / C, C = 18 x 10 -6 / C.
15. A steel tube 50mm external diameter and 5mm thick encloses centrally a solid copper bar of 30mm diameter. The bar and the tube are rigidly connected together at the ends at a temperature of 30C. The composite bar is subjected to an axial compressive load of 60kN and the temperature is raised to 150C. Determine the stresses in steel tube and copper rod. Assume E S = 200 GPa, S = 12 x 10 -6 / C, E C = 100 GPa, C = 18 x 10 -6 / C 16. A steel tube 24 mm external diameter 18 mm internal diameter encloses a copper rod of diameter 15 mm, they are both rigidly attached to a wall at one end and are attached to a rigid plate at the other. At 10 o C there is no stress. Calculate the stress in the rod and tube at 200 o C. For steel E s = 210GPa, s = 11x10 -6 / o C; for copper E c = 100 GPa, c = 18x10 -6 / o C.
17. A compound bar is made up of a central plate 60mm wide and 10 mm thick, to which copper plates 60 mm wide and 5 mm thick are rigidly connected one on either side. The length of the bar at normal temperature is 1m. If the temperature is raised by 70C, determine the stress in each metal and its nature. Also find the change in length. Youngs modulus for steel and copper are 2 x 10 5 MPa and 1 x 10 5 MPa respectively, while the thermal coefficients are 12 x 10 -6 /C and17 x 10 -6 / C.
18. A brass rod 2.4m long is held horizontally between two rigid vertical walls 2.403m apart. The temperature of the rod is gradually raised such that the ends of the rod get fixed against the walls and has a compressive stress of 21 MPa. What is the rise in temperature? Assume E = 1.05 x 10 5 MPa and = 11.8 x 10 -6 / C.Poissons Ratio:
19. A bar of cross section 10mm x 10mm is subjected to an axial pull of 8 kN. Due to this, the lateral dimensions changed to 9.9985mm x 9.9985mm. If the rigidity modulus is 0.8x10 5 N/mm 2 , find poissons ratio and modulus of elasticity.
20. Find the youngs modulus and Poisson's ratio of a bar of length 300 mm breadth 40 mm and depth 40 mm. When this bar is subjected to an axial compressive load of 40 kN, Decrease length is 0.75mm and increase in depth is 0.03mm. Also find the modulus of rigidity
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21. A solid circular bar of diameter 20mm, when subjected to an axial tensile load of 40kN, the reduction in diameter was observed as 6.4 x 10 -3 mm. The bulk modulus of the material of the bar is 67 GPa. Find (i) Young's modulus (ii) Poisson's ratio (iii) modulus of rigidity (iv) change in length per meter length and (v) change in volume of the bar per meter length.
22. A bar 250mm long, cross sectional area 100mm x 50mm, carries a tensile load of 500kN along lengthwise, a compressive load of 5000 kN on its 100mm x 250mm faces and a tensile load of 2500 kN on its 50mm x 250mm faces. Calculate (i) the change in volume (ii) what change must be made in the 5000kN load, so that no change in the volume of the bar occurs. Take E s = 200 GPa and 1/m = 0.3.
23. A cast iron flat 300mm long, 30mm thick and 50mm wide is acted by the following forces 250 kN (Tension) in the direction of its length, 350 kN (compression) in the direction of its width and 200 kN (Tension) in the direction of its thickness. Calculate the stress, strain and change in dimension along each principal direction and also the change in volume of the flat. Assume the modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of cast iron as 1.4 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and 0.25 respectively.
24. A circular alloy bar 2m long uniformly tapers from 30 mm diameter to 20mm diameter. Find the elongation of the bar under an axial load of 50 kN. E = 140 kN/mm 2 .
25. A rod of length 500 mm, which tapers uniformly from 50 mm to 30 mm diameter, is subjected to an axial load of 5kN. If E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 , find the extension of the rod.
26. A rod tapers uniformly from 50 mm to 30 mm diameter in a length of 400 mm. Find the youngs modulus of the rod, if it extends 0.05mm when subjected to a load of 5000N.
27. A rectangular bar made of steel is subjected to an axial tensile load of 50 kN. The width of the 2 m long and 10 mm thick rod varies from 60 mm at one end to 25 mm at the other. Find the extension of the rod if E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
28. A rectangular steel bar of length 1m and of thickness 25 mm tapers uniformly in width from 80 mm to 40 mm. Determine the axial tensile load on the bar which produces an extension of 0.25 mm. Take E for the bar as 2.1 x 10 5 N/mm 2 .
UNIT II BEAMS - LOADS AND STRESSES 9
Types of beams: Supports and Loads Shear force and Bending Moment in beams Cantilever, Simply supported and Overhanging beams Stresses in beams Theory of simple bending Stress variation along the length and in the beam section Effect of shape of beam section on stress induced Shear stresses in beams Shear flow.
1. What is known as shear force? The algebraic sum of the vertical forces at any section of a beam to the right or to the left of the section is known as shear force. 8
2. What is bending moment? The algebraic sum of the bending moment due to all the individual forces to the right or to the right of the section. 3. What are the types of the beam? The different types of the beam are a. Fixed beam b. Cantilever beam c. Simply supported beam d. Over hanging beam e. Continuous beam 4. What are the different types of loading? a. Point load b. Uniformly distributed load c. Uniformly varying load 5. What is S.F.D(shear force diagram)? The diagram which shows the variation of shear force along the length of the beam is known as S.F.D. 6. What is B.M.D. (bending moment diagram)? The diagram which shows the variation of bending moment along the length of the beam is known as B.M.D. 7. The shear force suddenly changes at section where there is a point load. 8. The shear force between any two vertical loads remains constant. 9. Shear force for a UDL varies according to a straight line law. 10. What is the value of shear force at the point of max. bending moment? ZERO 11. What is point of contraflexure? The point where B.M changes its sign or the point where the value of BM is Zero. 12. When a beam is subjected to a couple at a section, then bending moment remains unaltered. (TRUE or FALSE) FALSE. 13. When a beam is subjected to a couple the maximum bending moment does not occur at the point of zero shear force. (TRUE or FALSE) TRUE. 14. What is the nature of curve of B.M.D for any beam carrying UVL? Cubic 15. Derive the relation between shear force and bending moment, in bending theory.
dM = F
dx (The rate of change of bending moment is equal to the shear force at that section) dF = - w dx (The rate of change of shear force is equal to the rate of loading)
UNIT 2 : STRESSES IN BEAMS
1. What are the assumptions of simple bending theory? Assumptions made in the simple bending theory are o The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous throughout. o The stress induced is directly proportional to strain. o The value of modulus of elasticity is the same, for the fibres of the beam under compression or tension. o The transverse of the beam, remains plane before and after bending. 9
o There is no resultant pull or push on the cross section of the beam. o The loads are applied in the plane of bending. 2. What is neutral axis ? As a result of bending moment, a length of the beam will take up a curved shape. It follows that outer radii of the material will be in tension and at the inner radii in compression, and at some radius there will be no stress. This layer of the material is the neutral axis (NA).
N A
3. What is section modulus? It is the ratio of moment of inertia about the neutral axis to distance of the most distant point of the section from the neutral section . Z = I / Y max , where, Z is the sectional modulus I is the moment of inertia about neutral axis Y max is the distance of the most distant point of the section from the NA 4. Write the classic flexure formula or bending stress expression.
5.What is flitched beam? It is defined as a section, made up of two or more different materials, joined together, in such a manner that they behave like a single piece and each material bends to same radius of curvature. 6. Draw the shear stress distribution diagram for a rectangular beam with values at important points.
N A
Cross section Stress of beam diagram
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7.Draw the shear stress distribution diagram for an I section.
Sketch the shear stress distribution diagram across the depth of a T section.
9. Bending stress in any layer is ---------- proportional to the distance of the layer from the neutral layer. Ans: Directly 10. What is moment of resistance of the section? The total moment of these forces about the neutral axis for a section is known as moment of resistance of that section. 11. Where is the bending stress maximum in a beam? The bending stress is maximum at the outermost fibre in a beam. 12. The max. shear stress is at the N.A. for a rectangular section is q max = 1.5 q ave
13. In case of triangular section the maximum shear stress is not maximum at the N.A but is maximum at a height of ----------- Ans: h / 2 14. The max. Shear stress is at N.A. for a circular section and is given by q max = 4/3q ave
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PART B
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STRESSES IN BEAMS
1. A 250 mm x 150 mm rectangular beam is subjected to a maximum Bending Moment of 750 kN.m. Determine (a) maximum stress in the beam (b) if E = 200 GPa, find the radius of curvature for that portion of the beam where Bending Moment is maximum.
2. A rectangular beam 300mm deep is simply suported over a span of 4m. What UDL/m length the beam may carry, if the bending stress is not to exceed 120N/mm 2 . Take I = 8 x10 6 mm 4 .
3. A timber joist is to carry a load of 9 kN spread uniformly over a span of 6m. The joist is freely supported at the ends. If the maximum bending stress is not to exceed 9 N/mm 2 , find out a suitable cross section taking the width as 0.4 times the depth of the section.
4. A beam of rectangular cross section is Simply Supported over a span of 6m. The beam has a depth of 400 mm and width of 300mm. Find (i) uniformly distributed load, the beam can carry if the bending stress is not to exceed 16 MPa and (ii) the central point load, which the beam may carry for the same bending stress.
5. A beam of uniform strength and varying cross section is Simply Supported over a span of 6m. It carries a UDL of 20 kN/m and the uniform strength is 100 MPa. Compute (i) 13
depth at a distance of 1.5m from one end if the width is same throughout the span and equals 300 mm, and (ii) the width at the mid point of the beam if the depth is constant throughout the length and equal to 200 mm.
6. A circular pipe of external diameter 70 mm and thickness 8mm is used as a Simply Supported Beam over an effective span of 2.5m. Find the maximum concentrated load that can be applied at the center of the span, if the permissible stress in the tube is 150 N/mm 2 .
7. A beam of size 150 mm wide, 250 mm deep carries a UDL of w kN/m over entire span of 4 m. A concentrated load 1 kN is acting at a distance of 1.2 m from the left support. If the bending stress at a section 1.8 m from the left support is not to exceed 3.25 N/mm 2 , find the load w.
8. A 10m long CI pipe 50 cm ID and 2 cm thickness is simply supported at its ends. Find the max intensity of bending stress induced in the metal when the pipe is running full with water. Take unit weight of CI = 72kN/m 3 and that of water as 9.81kN/m 3 .
9. A vertical power transmission pole is 6m high; square section 280 mm x 280 mm at bottom and 140 mm and 140 mm at the top. A horizontal pull of 8kN is applied through the geometric centre of the section. Find the position and magnitude of the maximum bending stress.
10. The cross section of a Simply Supported Beam of length 4m is triangle as shown in fig 1. If the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam are limited to 100MPa and 250MPa respectively, determine the safe central concentrated load the beam can carry.
11. A simply supported beam of span 6 m carries udl of intensity 32 kN/m over the full span, including its self weight. The cross sectional properties of the beam are :
Shape : Unsymmetrical I section Overall depth : 250 mm Width of top flange : 180 mm Thickness of top flange : 20 mm Width of bottom flange : 100 mm Thickness of bottom flange: 30 mm Thickness of web : 15 mm Determine the maximum extreme fiber stresses induced in the beam. 14
12. The shear force acting on a section of a beam is 50kN. The section of the beam is of T shaped of dimensions 100 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm (Flange width 100mm; flange thickness 20 mm; thickness of the web 20 mm; depth of the web 80mm) the moment of inertia about the horizontal neutral axis is 314.221 x 10 4 mm 4 . Calculate the shear stress at the neutral axis and at the junction of the web and the flange.
13. A Simply Supported Beam of span 3m carries a uniformly distributed load over the entire span. The cross section of the beam is 200 mm x 350 mm. The maximum flexure stress due to bending is 10 N/mm 2 . Calculate the intensity of the load. Calculate also
14. A beam of T section shown in fig- 2 is subjected to a shear force of 20 kN. Find the maximum shear stress intensity and draw the shear stress distribution diagram.
15. A beam of rectangular cross section is of 250 mm wide and 300 mm deep, 4m of its length is simply supported and carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m for the entire span. Calculate (i) the shear force at 2m from the left support and (ii) shear stress distribution at every 100 mm level from the top surface. Sketch the shear stress distribution.
UNIT 3. TORSION 9
Analysis of torsion of circular bars Shear stress distribution Bars of Solid and hollow circular section Stepped shaft Twist and torsion stiffness Compound shafts Fixed and simply supported shafts Application to close-coiled helical springs Maximum shear stress in spring section including Wahl Factor Deflection of helical coil springs under axial loads Design of helical coil springs stresses in helical coil springs under torsion loads
1. What are the assumptions made in the theory of torsion? a. The material of the shaft is uniform throughout. b. The twist along the shaft is uniform c. Normal cross sections of the shaft which were plane and circular before twist must remain plane and circular after twist. d. The diameter of the cross sections which were straight before twist must remain straight without any change in the magnitude. 2. Define Torsion. When equal and opposite torque are applied at ends, the shaft is said to be in torsion. 3. Define Torsional rigidity. We know, = T / GJ, The quantity GJ is called torsional rigidity. Product of rigidity modulus and polar moment of inertia is called torsional rigidity 4. Define polar modulus. Polar modulus is defined as the ratio of polar moment of inertia ( J ) to the radius of 15
the shaft. It is also called torsional section modulus and is denoted by Zp 5. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred than solid circular shafts. a. The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shafts. Hence the solid shafts are stronger. b. The weight of the hollow shaft is less when compared with the solid shaft of same material, length and torque. So the solid shafts are economical. 6. Write an expression for the angle of twist for a hollow circular shaft with external diameter D, internal diameter d, length l and rigidity modulus G.
= length of the shaft, T = Torque transmitted and G = Rigidity modulus
7. The shear stress at the centre of the circular section of the shaft is _____. Zero 8. What is composite shaft? Some times a shaft is made up of composite section i.e. one type of shaft is sleeved over other types of shaft. At the time of sleeving, the two shafts are joined together, that the composite shaft behaves like a single shaft. 9. What is a spring? A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the action of load and regains its original shape after the load is removed. 10. State any two functions of springs. To measure forces in spring balance, meters and engine indicators. To store energy. 11. Define Stiffness of spring. Stiffness of spring (K) is the force per unit deflection. Its unit is N / mm in SI units. 12. What is spring index (C)? The ratio of mean or pitch diameter to the wire diameter for the spring is called the spring index. 13. What is solid length? The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its solid length. It is the product of total number of coils and the diameter of wire. L s = n t x d, Where, n t = total number of coils. 14. Define free length. Free length of the spring is the length of the spring when it is free or unloaded condition. It is equal to the solid length plus the maximum deflection or compression plus clash allowance. Lf = solid length + Y max -0.15 Y max
15. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs? Closed coil helical springs: (i) The spring wires are coiled very closely, each turn is nearly at right angles to the axis of helix. (ii)Helix angle is less than 10 Open coil helical springs: (i) The wires are coiled such that there is a gap between the two consecutive turns. (ii) Helix angle is large (>10) 16
16. Define stiffness of a helical spring and write an expression for it. Stiffness of a spring is defined as the load required to produce unit deflection.
17. Find power transmitted by a circular shaft subjected to a torque 700kN-m at 110 rpm.
18. Write the expression for the Strain energy stored in a solid circular shaft.
19. Write the expression for the Strain energy stored in a hollow circular shaft.
PART - B
1. A solid circular shaft transmits 75 kW power at 200 rpm. Calculate the shaft diameter, if the twist in the shaft is not to exceed 1 in a shaft length of 2m and shear stress is not to exceed 50 N/mm 2 . Take G = 100 kN/mm 2 .
2. A hollow shaft is to transmit 300 kW at 80 rpm. If the shear stress is not to exceed 60 N/mm 2 and the internal diameter is 0.6 times the external diameter, find the diameters.
3. A hollow shaft with diameter ratio 3/8 is required to transmit 500kW at 100 rpm, the maximum torque being 20% greater than the mean. The maximum shear stress is not to exceed 60 N/mm 2 and the twist in a length of 3m is not to exceed 1.4. Determine the minimum diameters required for the shaft.
4. A hollow steel shaft 24 cm external and 16 cm internal diameter is to be replaced by a solid alloy shaft. If both the shafts should have the same polar modulus, find the diameter of the latter and the ratio of torsional rigidities. Take N for steel = 2.0 * N for alloy.
5. A shaft 7m long is securely fixed at each end. A torque of100 kN.mm is applied to the shaft at a section 3m from the left end. Find the fixing torque setup at the ends of the shaft. If the shaft is 35mm diameter find the maximum shear stresses in the two portions. Find also the angle of twist for the section where the torque is applied. Assume G = 8.4 x 10 4 N/mm 2 .
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Springs:
1. A close coiled helical spring is to carry a load of 1kN. Its mean coil diameter is to be times that of wire diameter. Calculate these diameters if the maximum stress in the material of the spring is to be 90N/mm 2 . Also find the stiffness of spring. Take G = 8.5 x 10 4 N/mm 2 .
2. A closely coiled helical spring made out of a 10 mm diameter steel bar has 12 complete coils, each of mean diameter of 100 mm. Calculate the stress induced in the section of the rod, the deflection under the pull and the amount of energy stored in the spring during the extension if it is subjected to an axial pull of 200 N. Modulus of rigidity is 0.84 10 5 N/mm 2 .
3. The close coiled helical spring is to have a stiffness of 900 N/m in compression under a maximum load of 45 N. The maximum shear stress in the wire of the spring is 120 N/mm 2 . The solid length of the spring (when the coils are touching) is 45 mm. Find the diameter of coil, diameter of wire and number of coils. G = 40 kN/mm 2 .
4. A close coiled helical spring of 80 mm mean diameter is made up of 10mm diameter rod and has 22 turns. The spring carries an axial load of 300N. Find the shearing stress and deflection under this load. Also find Stiffness. Take G = 80 GPa.
5. A closely coiled helical spring made of circular wire is required to absorb 25,000 N.mm of energy, when its deflection is 120 mm and the shear stress not exceeding 120 MPa. Determine a suitable diameter and length of wire to make the spring, if the spring diameter is to be 150mm. Take N = 8.5 x 10 4 MPa.
6. In a compound helical spring the inner spring is arranged inside and concentric with the outer one, but is 9 mm shorter. The outer coil is of mean diameter 24 mm, wire diameter 3 mm and has 10 turns. Find the stiffness of the inner spring if an axial load of 150 N causes the outer one to compress 18 mm.
7. A composite spring has two close coiled helical springs in series. The mean coil diameter of each spring is 8 times the wire diameter. One coil has 20 coils of wire diameter 2.54 mm. Find the diameter of the wire of the other spring, if it has 15 coils and the stiffness of the composite spring is 1.26 N/mm. Find the maximum axial load that can be applied and the corresponding extension if the maximum shear stress is 310 N/mm 2 . Take G = 80GPa.
UNIT 4. BEAMDEFLECTION 9
Elastic curve of Neutral axis of the beam under normal loads Evaluation of beam deflection and slope : Double integration method, Macaulay Method, and Moment- area Method Columns End conditions Equivalent length of a column Euler equation Slenderness ratio Rankine formula for columns
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1. Write down the general Differential equation of a beam . EI [d 2 y / dx 2 ] = M x Where , M x = BM at section at xx, EI = Flexural Rigidity. 2. State the theorms of Moment Area Method stated by Mohr. THEOREM I : The change in slope between any two points ( Say P and Q ) in a beam is equal to the area of the BMD, under that particular portion of the beam divided by EI.
THEOREM II: The deflection between any two points in a beam is equal Moment of the area of the bending moment Diagram, under that particular portion of the beam divided by EI. Y = (AREA OF BMD between P & Q) * X / E I = A X / E I 3. What is Elastic curve When the load is applied within the elastic limit, the deflected shape of the beam is called Elastic Curve. 4. Define Slope. Slope at any point is the angle between the tangent (drawn to the elastic curve at that point) and the horizontal. 5. Define Deflection. When the beam is loaded with transverse loads the axis of the beam will deviate from the actual position. The deviation at any cross section is called Deflection 6. A cantilever is subjected to a point load W at the free end. What is the slope and deflection at the free end?
7. What condition is used for finding maximum deflection? The condition used for finding deflection of the beam is dy/dx = 0 (ie.,slope at the point of maximum deflection is equal to zero) COLUMNS AND STRUTS 1. Differentiate a Column and a strut. A column is a long vertical slender bar or vertical member, subjected to an axial compressive load and fixed rigidly at both the ends. A strut is a slender bar or a member in any position other than vertical, subjected to a compressive load and fixed rigidly or hinged or pin jointed at one or both the ends. 2. What are the causes to fail the column? Direct compressive stress, buckling stresses, combined of direct & comp. stresses 3. Define slenderness ratio. Slenderness ratio is the ratio of unsupported length of the column to the minimum radius of gyration of the cross sectional ends of the column. It has no unit. 4. Define Buckling load or Crippling load. The maximum limiting load at which the column tends to have lateral displacement or tends to buckle is called buckling or crippling load. The buckling takes place about the axis having minimum Radius of gyration or least Moment of Inertia. 19
5. Define Short column, Medium sized column, Long columns. Short column: Columns, which have lengths less than eight times their diameter or slenderness ratio less than 32, are called short columns. Medium sized column: Columns, which have lengths varying from eight times their diameter to thirty times their diameter or slenderness ratio lying between 32 and 120, are called medium sized columns Long columns: Columns, which have lengths more than thirty times their diameter or slenderness ratio more than 120, are called long columns. 6. State the assumptions made in the Eulers Theory (Long Columns) 1. The column is initially straight and of uniform lateral dimension. 2. The compressive load is exactly axial and it passes through the centroid of the column section. 3. The material of the column is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic. 4. Pin joints are frictionless and fixed ends are perfectly rigid. 5. The weight of the column is neglected. 6. The column fails by buckling alone and Limit of proportionality is not exceeded. 7. What is effective length and write the effective lengths for different end conditions of columns. The effective length of a given column with given end conditions is the length of an equivalent column of the same material and section with hinged ends having the value of crippling load equal to that of given column. Sl# End conditions Equivalent Value of length - e n
1 Both ends hinged or Pin jointed or Rounded or
1 Free
2 One end fixed , other end free 2 0.25
3 One end fixed , other end pin jointed / 2 2
4 Both ends fixed / 2 4
8. State the parameters influencing Buckling load of a long column. a. Moment of Inertia b. Youngs modulus c. Length of the column d. Support condition 20
9. What is the expression for crippling load when both the ends of the column are hinged and fixed?
10. State the limitations of Eulers theory. (Refer notes)
PART B
1. A simply supported beam 5m long carries point loads of 10kN each at points 1m from the ends. Using Moment area method or otherwise, Find (a) the maximum slope and deflection (b) the slope and deflection of the beam under each load. Take EI = 1.2 x 10 4
kNm 2 .
2. A beam of length 6m is supported at its ends and carries two vertical loads of 50 kN and 100 kN at a distance of 2m and 4m respectively from the left support. Using moment area method or otherwise calculate the slope and deflection under the load of 50 kN. Assume EI = 2.5x 10 5 kN-m 2 .
3. A beam 6m long is subjected to a 450 kNm clockwise couple at a distance of 4m from the left hand end. If the uniform flexural rigidity of the beam is 8 x 10 4 kNm 2 , find (a) the deflection at the point of application of the moment (b) the maximum deflection.
4. A simply supported beam of span 20 m carries two point loads 2kN at 8m and 5kN at 12m from the L.H end. By using Macaulays method determine (a) deflection under each load and (b) the maximum deflection. Take EI = 2 x 10 5 kNm 2 .
5. A simply supported beam of length l carries two point loads W each at a distance a from the ends. Using Moment area method or otherwise, calculate (a) the maximum deflection (b) the deflection of the beam under each load.
6. A simply supported beam of span L and flexural rigidity of EI is loaded with a single concentrated load P at L/3 from the left support. Using area moment theorems determine the slope and deflection of the beam below the load.
7. A simply supported beam of span 6 m is acted upon by a point load of 60 kN at 4 m from one support. Taking I = 8000 cm4 and E = 2 105 N/mm2 and using area moment method, calculate deflection at the point of loading and the slope at both the supports. Also, calculate the maximum deflection.
8. A cantilever beam with a span of 3 m carries a point load of 35 kN at a distance of 2 from the fixed end. Determine the slope and deflection at the free end and at the point where the load is applied. Take I = 11924 cm 4 and E = 200 GN/m 2 .
9. A 3 m long cantilever of uniform rectangular crosssection 150 mm wide and 300 mm deep is loaded with a point load of 3 kN at the free end and a udl of 2 kN/m over the 21
entire length. Find the maximum deflection. E = 210 kN/mm 2 . Use Macaulays method.
10. A simply supported beam of span 6 m is acted upon by a point load of 60 kN at 4 m from one support. Taking I = 8000 cm 4 and E = 2 X 10 5 N/mm 2 and using area moment method, calculate deflection at the point of loading and the slope at both the supports. Also, calculate the maximum deflection.
11. A simply supported beam of length 4 m carries two point loads 3 kN each at a distance of 1 m from each end. E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 . I = 10 8 mm 4 . Using conjugate beam method determine slope at each end and deflection under each load.
12. A cantilever beam with a span of 3 m carries a point load of 35 kN at a distance of 2 m from the fixed end. Determine the slope and deflection at the free end and at the point where the load is applied. Take I = 11924 cm 4 and E = 200 GN/m 2 .
13. A simply supported beam of span 5m carries a point load of 10kN at mid span. Find the deflection at midspan using Macaulays method. EI =2x10 5 kNm 2 .
14. A horizontal steel girder having uniform cross section is 14m long and is Simply Supported at its ends. It carries two concentrated loads as shown in fig Q.15 (a). Determine the deflections of the beam under the loads C and D. Take
15. Find the Eulers crushing load for a hollow cast iron column 150 mm external diameter and 25 mm wall thickness, if it is 6m long and fixed at both the ends. Assume the modulus of elasticity for Cast Iron as 80 kN/mm 2 . Compare this load with the crushing load given by Rankines formula. Assume Rankine constant as 1/1600.
UNIT 5. ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN TWO DIMENSIONS 9
Biaxial state of stresses Thin cylindrical and spherical shells Deformation in thin cylindrical and spherical shells Biaxial stresses at a point Stresses on inclined plane Principal planes and stresses Mohrs circle for biaxial stresses Maximum shear stress - Strain energy in bending and torsion.
1. Differentiate between thin cylinder & thick cylinder? A cylindrical shell whose t\d ratio (thickness/dia.) is lesser than 1/10, then it is called thin cylinder shell & if it is greater than 1/10, then it is called thick cylinder shell. 2. Name the stresses induced in a thin walled cylinder subjected to int. fluid pressure? a.) Circumferential stress or hoop stress b.) Longitudinal stress. 22
3. What is hoop stress & longitudinal stress? The int. pressure acting on the long sides of a thin cylinder is called as hoop stress. Since the direction of the stress is along the circumference of the shell, it is also called as circumferential stress. Where as longitudinal Stress is the pressure acting at the ends transmitted to the walls of the cylinder. The direction of stress is along the length of the cylinder. 4. Write the eqn. for hoop & longitudinal Stresses for a thin cylinder?
Where, p- internal pressure, d- diameter of the cylinder, t - thickness 5. Write the expression for longitudinal Strain & circumferential strain in case of thin cylinder?
6. Write volumetric strain in thin spherical shell?
7. What is the effect of riveting a thin cylindrical shell? Riveting reduces the area offering the resistance. Due to this, the circumferential and longitudinal stresses are more. It reduces the pressure carrying capacity of the shell. 8. Distinguish between cylindrical shell and spherical shell. Cylindrical shell a. Circumferential stress is twice the longitudinal stress. b. It withstands low pressure than spherical shell for the same diameter. Spherical shell a. Only hoop stress presents. b. It withstands more pressure than cylindrical shell for the same diameter. 9. In thin spherical shell, volumetric strain is Three times the circumferential strain. 10. Slate principle plane. The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as principal planes. These planes can only have normal stresses. 11. Define principle stresses and principle plane. Principle stress: The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principal plane is known as principal stresses. Principle plane: The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes. 12. Define major principal stress & minor principal stress. The plane carrying maximum normal stress is called major principal plane and the stress across the plane is called major principal stress. The plane carrying minimum normal stress is called minor principal plane and the stress across the plane is called minor principal stress. 13. What is the radius of Mohr's circle? Radius of Mohr's circle is equal to the maximum shear stress. 14. What is the use of Mohr's circle? To find out the normal, resultant stresses and principle stress and their planes. 23
15. Under what conditions the planes will be in pure shear? The direct tensile stress and direct compressive stress must act perpendicular to each other for the plane to be in pure shear. 16. Write the significance of mohrs circle? a.) Stresses on different planes passing through a point in strained material can be represented by the points on the mohrs circle. b.) Problems with more analytical complications can be solved by mohrs circle method.
PART B
1. From the first principles, derive an expression for the change in volume of a thin closed pressure vessel with cylindrical body of length L and radius R with flat bottom and hemispherical top, subjected to internal fluid pressure p.
2. A thin spherical vessel of internal diameter 3m has to withstand a fluid pressure of 1 MPa. The efficiency of the joint is 70%. Calculate the required thickness of the shell if the ultimate tensile stress in the material is 240 MPa. Adopt a factor of safety of 3. Also find the changes in the internal diameter and the volume of the vessel. Assume E = 0.12 MN/mm 2 and 1/m = 0.25.
3. A thin cylindrical shell made of a copper plate is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 3 N/mm 2 . The wall thickness is 2.5mm; diameter of the cylinder is 150 mm and length 0.8m. Determine the (a) longitudinal stress (b) Hoop stress (c) Change in volume. Assume E for copper as 1.2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and 1/m = 0.28.
4. A thin cylindrical shell 1200 mm long, 200 mm in internal diameter, thickness of metal 10 mm is filled with a fluid at atm. pressure. If an additional volume of 40,000 mm 3 of fluid is pumped in to the cylinder, find the pressure exerted by the fluid on the wall of the cylinder. Find also the hoop stress induced. Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and Poisson's ratio = 0.3.
5. A cylindrical shell is 3m long and is having 1m internal diameter and 15 mm thickness. Calculate the maximum intensity of shear stress induced and also the changes in dimensions of the shell, if it is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 1.5 N/mm 2 . Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and Poisson's ratio = 0.3.
6. Calculate the (i) change in volume (ii) change in diameter (iii) change in length of a thin cylindrical shell 100 cm in diameter, 1cm thick and 5m long when subjected to an internal pressure of 3 N/mm 2 . Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and Poisson's ratio = 0.3.
7. A cylindrical shell 3m long which is closed at the ends has an internal diameter of 1m and a wall thickness of 15mm. Calculate the circumferential and longitudinal stresses induced and also the changes in the dimensions of the shell, if it is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm 2 . Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and = 0.3.
8. A cylindrical shell 3 m long, 1 m internal diameter and 10 mm thick is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm 2 . Calculate the changes in length, diameter and volume of the cylinder. E = 200 kN/mm 2 , Poissons ratio = 0.3.
9. A thin cylindrical shell 1000 mm long, 200 mm in external diameter, thickness of 24
metal 10 mm is filled with a fluid at atmospheric pressure. If an additional 25 cm 3 of the fluid is pumped in to the cylinder, find the pressure exerted by the fluid on the wall. Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and Poissons ratio = 0.3. Find also the hoop stress induced.
10. A thin cylindrical shell 1.5m long, internal diameter 300mm and wall thickness 10mm is filled up with a fluid at atmospheric pressure. If the additional fluid of 300 x 10 3
mm 3 is pumped into the shell, find the pressure exerted by the fluid on the shell. Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and 1/m = 0.3. Also find the hoop stress induced.
11. A cylindrical shell 1m in internal diameter and 15mm wall thickness is 3m long. Calculate the maximum intensity of shear stress induced and also the changes in the dimensions of the shell, if it is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm 2 . Take E = 2.04 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and 1/m = 0.3.
12. A cylindrical shell 900mm long, 150mm internal diameter, having a thickness of 8mm is filled with a fluid at atmospheric pressure. If an additional volume of 20,000mm 3 of fluid is pumped into the cylinder, find (i) the pressure exerted by the fluid on the cylinder and Hoop stress induced. Take E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm 2 and 1/m = 3.33.
13. The principal stresses at a point across two perpendicular planes are 75 MN/m 2
(Tensile) and 35 MN/m 2 (Tensile). With a neat sketch using Mohrs circle, find the normal, tangential and the resultant stresses and its obliquity on a plane at 20 with the major principal plane.
14. The normal stresses at a point on two mutually perpendicular planes are 140 MPa (tensile) and 100 MPa (compression). Determine the shear stress on these planes if the maximum principal stress is limited to 150 MPa (tensile). Determine also the following: (i) Min principal stress. (ii) Max shear stress and its plane. (iii) Normal, shear & resultant stresses on a plane inclined at 30 anticlockwise to X plane.
16. A point in a strained material is subjected to a horizontal tensile stress of 80 N/mm 2 and a vertical compressive stress of 100N/mm 2 . It is also accompanied by a shear stress of 50 N/mm 2 . Find (i) principal stresses, (ii) principal planes and (iii) maximum shear stress & its planes.
17. The stresses at a point in a strained member are shown. The greatest principle stress is 150 N/mm 2 . Find the value of q. Also find maximum shear stress at that point.