Ene103 Lec4a

Chapter 3: Bipolar Junction Transistors
Transistor Construction
There are two types of transistors: pnp npn
pnp
The terminals are labeled: E - Emitter B - Base C - Collector

npn
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as shown: The emitter-base junction is forward biased The base-collector junction is reverse biased
Currents in a Transistor
Emitter current is the sum of the collector and base currents:
IE IC IB
The collector current is comprised of two currents:

IC IC I CO majority minority
Common-Base Configuration
The base is common to both input (emitterbase) and output (collectorbase) of the transistor.
Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the relationship between of input current (IE) to input voltage (VBE) for three output voltage (VCB) levels.
Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
This graph demonstrates the output current (IC) to an output voltage (VCB) for various levels of input current (IE).
Operating Regions
Active Operating range of the amplifier. Cutoff The amplifier is basically off. There is voltage, but little current.
Saturation The amplifier is full on. There is current, but little voltage.
Approximations
Emitter and collector currents:
I C I E
Base-emitter voltage:
VBE 0.7 V (for Silicon)
Alpha (a)
Alpha (a) is the ratio of IC to IE :
dc IE IC
Ideally: a = 1 In reality: a is between 0.9 and 0.998 Alpha (a) in the AC mode:
ac I C I E
10
Transistor Amplification
Currents and Voltages:

V 200mV I E Ii i 10mA Ri 20 I I V C L L I E
Voltage Gain:
Av VL Vi 50V 200mV 250
I 10 mA i I R (10 ma)(5 k ) 50 V L
11
CommonEmitter Configuration
The emitter is common to both input (base-emitter) and output (collectoremitter).
The input is on the base and the output is on the collector.
12
Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics
Base Characteristics
13
Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents

Ideal Currents IE = IC + IB IC = a IE
Actual Currents IC = a IE + ICBO where ICBO = minority collector current

ICBO is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in high power transistors and in high temperature environments.
When IB = 0 A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority current flowing called ICEO.
I CEO
I CBO 1
I B 0 A
14
Beta ()
represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is
sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor modeling calculations)
In DC mode:
dc
IC IB
In AC mode:
ac
IC IB
VCE constant
15
Beta ()
Determining from a Graph
AC
(3.2 mA 2.2 mA) (30 A 20 A) 1 mA V 7.5 10 A CE
100
DC
2.7 mA VCE 7.5 25 A 108
16
Beta ()
Relationship between amplification factors and a
Relationship Between Currents
I C I B
I E ( 1)I B
17
CommonCollector Configuration
The input is on the base and the output is on the emitter.
18
CommonCollector Configuration
The characteristics are similar to those of the common-emitter configuration, except the vertical axis is IE.
19
Operating Limits for Each Configuration

VCE is at maximum and IC is at minimum (ICmax= ICEO) in the cutoff region. IC is at maximum and VCE is at minimum (VCE max = VCEsat = VCEO) in the saturation region. The transistor operates in the active region between saturation and cutoff.
20
Power Dissipation
Common-base:
PCmax VCBI C
Common-emitter:
PCmax VCEI C
Common-collector:
PCmax VCEI E
21
Transistor Specification Sheet
22
Transistor Specification Sheet
23
Transistor Testing
Curve Tracer Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
DMM Some DMMs measure DC or hFE.

Ohmmeter
24
Transistor Terminal Identification
25

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Chapter 3: Bipolar Junction Transistors

The terminals are labeled: E - Emitter B - Base C - Collector

The collector current is comprised of two currents:

Currents and Voltages:

The emitter is common to both input (base-emitter) and output (collectoremitter).

The input is on the base and the output is on the collector.

Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents

Actual Currents IC = a IE + ICBO where ICBO = minority collector current

(3.2 mA 2.2 mA) (30 A 20 A) 1 mA V 7.5 10 A CE

2.7 mA VCE 7.5 25 A 108

Relationship Between Currents

The input is on the base and the output is on the emitter.

Operating Limits for Each Configuration

Transistor Specification Sheet

Transistor Specification Sheet

DMM Some DMMs measure DC or hFE.

Transistor Terminal Identification

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