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Rotating Machnery - Basics
Rotating Machnery - Basics
HSE
Offshore gas turbines (and major driven equipment) integrity and inspection guidance notes
Prepared by ESR Technology Ltd for the Health and Safety Executive 2006
HSE
Offshore gas turbines (and major driven equipment) integrity and inspection guidance notes
Martin Wall, Richard Lee & Simon Frost ESR Technology Ltd 551.11 Harwell International Business Centre Harwell Oxfordshire OX11 0QJ
Gas turbines are widely used offshore for a variety of purposes including power generation, compression, pumping and water injection. Relatively little information is included in safety cases, for example only the manufacture, model, power rating (MW), fuel types, and installation drawings showing the location of the turbines. Some descriptive text may be included on the power generation package, back-up generators and arrangements for power transmission to satellite platforms. Information on integrity management and maintenance is limited or at a high level. This Inspection Guidance Note provides a more detailed assessment of gas turbines (GTs) and major driven equipment installed on UK offshore installations, focussing on integrity and maintenance issues. This complements the advice in HSE Guidance Note PM84, recently re-issued, covering control of risks for gas turbines used in power generation and HSE Research Report RR076 which provides general guidance on rotating equipment including turbines. The applications, systems and components of offshore gas turbines are reviewed. Guidance is given on the integrity issues and maintenance typical for different systems. Summaries are given of database information on the turbines installed on UK installations together with recent incident and accident data. Recent experience and anecdotal information from operators is also reviewed. The inspection guidance note is principally designed to provide information for HSE inspectors in safety assessments, incident investigations and prior to site visits. The note may also be of interest to manufacturers, suppliers and operators of gas turbines (GTs) used offshore. This report and the work it describes was co-funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the EUs Fifth Framework Programme of Research. Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.
HSE BOOKS
Crown copyright 2006 First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to: Licensing Division, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ or by e-mail to hmsolicensing@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk
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Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the HSE inspectors, turbine suppliers, operators and others who have contributed to this report and allowed pictures and other information to be reproduced. In particular we would like to thank the following HSE staff for their contribution: Prem Dua the project technical officer, Jim MacFarlane for advice on rotating equipment issues, Tom Gudgin for his valuable comments on electrical issues and control systems, Stan Cutts for advice in the context of the KP3 initiative, Danny Shuter for handling project issues and HSE inspectors who attended project seminars at Aberdeen, Bootle, Norwich and London for their comments. Rainer Kurz from Solar is thanked specifically for allowing us to use some of the images and introductory information from his IGTI 2004 paper. This project was initiated by the HSE Research Strategy Unit. The authors of HSE Research Report RR076 on rotating equipment are thanked for providing a starting point for present project.
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Foreword This report covers the inspection and integrity of gas turbines (GTs) and major driven equipment (compressors, pumps, alternators). The focus is on offshore applications including floating installations and FPSOs. The work is directly relevant to HSEs Key Programme 3 (KP3) initiative. The report is intended principally as an information source for HSE inspectors in safety assessments, incident investigations and prior to site visits. The note may also be of interest to manufacturers, suppliers and operators of gas turbines (GTs) used offshore. The areas covered include: what can go wrong, typical inspection and maintenance, what is done differently offshore, relevant, codes and standards, hazards and safety concerns, good and best practice, summary of incident and accident data (RIDDOR, DO), a review of the main systems and components and how they work. A summary is given of advice in other HSE documents including PM84 and RR076. Specific areas covered include: the basics of gas turbines, applications offshore, packaging concepts, electrical and control systems, major driven equipment, GTs on UK installations, safety codes and regulations (including environmental), hazards and failure modes, maintenance and inspection, operational issues and recent trends. Section 1 provides an introduction and advice on use of the information in the report Section 2 gives an introduction to gas turbines, the types of gas turbines that are used offshore, packaging concepts and their applications. Section 3 summarises the main applications offshore Section 4 describes offshore turbine packages in more detail Section 5 summarises the integrity, safety and maintenance issues for major driven equipment building on the information in RR076 Section 6 addresses the associated electrical systems. Section 7 focuses on control systems a main safety consideration and recent developments including synchronisation and corrected parameter control Section 8 summarises the turbines installed in the UK sector. Section 9 covers safety cases, codes and regulations. Section 10 looks at degradation and failure modes including an analysis of incident, accident dangerous occurrence and reliability data. Summary tables are given by system and component. Section 11 looks at maintenance and inspection practice in-service and at overhaul. Section 12 looks at operational issues including hazards, start-up and shutdown, surge prevention, risk assessment and hazard management. Section 13 reviews recent trends in gas turbines including dry low emissions (DLE), microturbines, waste heat recovery systems and combine cycle gas turbines. Section 14 gives operational support guidance based on the principles developed in RR076. Section 15 gives examples of good and best practice with applicable guidance and regulations and references listed in Sections 16 and 17 respectively. Supplementary information is included in a number of Appendices. Appendix 1 gives a current list of UK installations and Appendix 2 describes what would be included in a typical procurement package technical specification for gas turbines for a UK offshore installation. Appendix 3 reproduces HSE guidance note PM84 on gas turbines, Appendix 4 summarises the main turbine suppliers for UK installations derived from an analysis of DTI emissions data and other sources. The specifications for gas turbines used in the UK sector are summarised in Appendix 5. The key systems and components are described in more detail in Appendix 6.
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1 1 2
3
3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 12 12 13 14 14 15
Applications Offshore
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 POWER GENERATION GAS GATHERING GAS LIFT WATERFLOOD EXPORT COMPRESSION
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17 18 19 19 20
Offshore Packages
4.1 4.2 4.3 MODULAR TURBINE PACKAGES DESIGN OPTIONS FPSO TURBINE PACKAGES
21
21 22 22
25
26 27
29 29 30 30 31 32
34
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Electrical Systems
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS GUIDANCE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
35
35 36 37 37
Control Systems
7.1 7.2 PM84 GUIDANCE ON CONTROL SYSTEMS RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONTROL SYSTEMS
41
43 43
Corrected parameter control Control Synchronisation Triple Modular Redundant TMR Control Systems Redundant Network Control Standard Control System Software Architecture for a Standard control system 8 Gas Turbines on UK Installations
8.1 8.2 PACKAGERS SUPPLIERS
43 44 45 46 46 47 49
50 50
53
53 53 53 54 55 55 56
10
59
59 59
Creep Thermo-mechanical fatigue High-cycle fatigue Metallurgical embrittlement Environmental attack Foreign body damage Manufacture or repair Failure analysis Materials Air Compressors Combustors Turbines
10.3 10.4 10.5 PM84 ADVICE ON MECHANICAL FAILURES ANECDOTAL INFORMATION ACCIDENT, INCIDENT AND DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE DATA
59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 61 62 62 63
63 64 65
65 65
69
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RELIABILITY DATA FOR GAS TURBINES SUMMARY TABLES BY SYSTEM AND COMPONENT OTHER HAZARDS
70 70 80
11
81
81 82
Refurbishment of Gas Turbine Components Evaluation of damage Disassembly Dimensional checking Non-destructive testing (NDT) Metallurgical Examination Defining of workscope Processes Nozzle and Vanes Buckets and Blades Quality records
11.3 MAINTENANCE GUIDANCE
82 83 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 85 86
86
88 90 90 90
94
94 94
96 97 97 99
12
Operational Issues
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 HAZARDS START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN SURGE PREVENTION RECYCLE FACILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS VIBRATION MONITORING FIRE DETECTION REQUIREMENTS PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ACCESS HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN HOT-SPOTS PRECAUTIONS AGAINST EXPLOSION VENTILATION FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS GAS FUEL ADDITIONAL EXPLOSION PRECAUTIONS FOR LIQUID FUELS AND OILS EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AIR AND GAS SEALS CHANGEOVER IN DUEL FUEL SYSTEMS
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105 105 106 107 108 108 109 109 111 112 112 113 114 116 117 117 118 118 118
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13
Recent Trends
13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 MICROTURBINE DEVELOPMENT DRY LOW EMISSIONS (DLE) STEAM INJECTION FOR EMISSION REDUCTION AND POWER OUTPUT WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNITS COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINES
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119 119 120 120 120
14 15 16 17
Operational Support Guidance Examples of good and Best practice List of Applicable Guidance and Regulations References
APPENDICES Appendix 1 List of UK installations Appendix 2 Typical procurement package technical specification Appendix 3 HSE guidance note PM84 on gas turbines Appendix 4 Gas turbine suppliers and summary for UK installations Appendix 5 Specification of turbines used in UK sector Appendix 6 Key systems and components A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
This Inspection Guidance Note provides a detailed assessment of gas turbines (GTs) and major driven equipment installed on UK offshore installations, covering inspection, integrity and maintenance issues. This complements the advice in HSE Guidance Note PM841, recently reissued, covering control of risks for gas turbines used in power generation. The report is also complementary to HSE Research Report RR0762,which provides more general advice on machinery and rotating equipment including GTs. The applications, systems and components of offshore gas turbines are reviewed. Guidance is given on the integrity issues and maintenance typical for different systems. Summaries are given of database information on the turbines installed on UK installations together with recent incident and accident data. Recent experience and anecdotal information from operators is also included. The guidance note is aimed at manufacturers, suppliers and operators of gas turbines (GTs) used offshore as well as to provide guidance to HSE inspectors in safety assessments, incident investigations and prior to site visits.
1.1
BACKGROUND
Gas turbines are widely used offshore for a variety of purposes including power generation, compression, pumping and water injection, often in remote locations. GTS are commonly duel fuelled, to run on fuel taken from the production process in normal operation or alternatively on diesel. Electrical power can also be generated to run other systems on the offshore installation. GTs offshore are typically from 1 to 50MW and may be modified aero-engines or industrial. Aeroderivative designs are increasingly used, particularly for the gas-generator. Lightweight industrial designs for offshore use are also available. Relatively little information is included in safety cases, for example only the manufacture, model, ISO power rating (MW), fuel types, and installation drawings showing the location of the turbines. Some descriptive text may be included on the power generation package, back-up generators and arrangements for power transmission to satellite platforms. Information on integrity management and maintenance is limited or at a high level. This document is intended to provide more detailed information. 1.2 MAP OF GUIDANCE PROCESS
The guidance note is broken down into a number of discrete sections. Section 1 provides an introduction and advice on use of the information in the report. Section 2 gives an introduction to gas turbines, the types of gas turbines that are used offshore, packaging concepts and their applications. The main applications offshore and offshore turbine packages are covered specifically in Sections 3 and 4. The integrity, safety and maintenance issues for major driven equipment is summarised in section 5, building on the information in RR076. Sections 6 and 7 address the associated electrical and control systems, a main safety consideration. Recent developments including synchronisation and corrected parameter control are included. Section 8 summarises the turbines installed in the UK sector, Section 9 covers safety cases, codes and regulations and Section 10 looks at degradation and failure modes including an analysis of incident, accident dangerous occurrence and reliability data. Summary tables are given by system and component. Section 11 looks at maintenance and inspection practice in-service and at overhaul. Operational issues including hazards, start-up and shutdown, surge prevention, risk assessment and hazard management are covered in Section 12. Recent trends in gas turbines including dry low emissions (DLE), micro-turbines, waste heat recovery
systems and combine cycle gas turbines are reviewed in Section 13. Section 14 gives operational support guidance based on the principles developed in RR076 with examples of good and best practice in Section 15. Applicable guidance and regulations and references listed in Sections 16 and 17 respectively. Supplementary information is included in a number of Appendices. Appendix 1 gives a current list of UK installations and Appendix 2 describes what would be included in a typical procurement package technical specification for gas turbines for a UK offshore installation. Appendix 3 reproduces HSE guidance note PM84 on gas turbines, Appendix 4 summarises the main turbine suppliers for UK installations derived from an analysis of DTI emissions data and other sources. The specifications for gas turbines used in the UK sector are summarised in Appendix 5. Appendix 6 describes the key systems and components.
1.3
The guidance notes are intended to provide advice to HSE inspectors prior to site visits, in accident investigations and in evaluation of safety cases. The report may also be of interest to other parties including dutyholders, users, manufacturers, suppliers and operators.
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2.1 INTRODUCTION
A gas turbine (GT) converts fuel into mechanical output power to drive equipment including pumps, compressors, generators, blowers and fans. Gas turbines are widely used in the oil and gas industry in production, midstream and downstream applications with around 300-400 installed on both fixed and mobile UK offshore installations. A typical gas turbine contains three main systems: the compressor, the combustor otherwise referred to as gas-generator or core engine and the power turbine. These main systems are illustrated schematically in Figure 1. A cross section through an Alstom GTX100 industrial turbine is shown in Figure 2 and for an Avon aeroderivative gas turbine in Figure 3. The gas generator itself for this latter turbine design is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 1 The main systems in a gas turbine used for power generation: compressor, gas generator or combustor and power turbine. Courtesy Solar 5
Figure 2 Alstom GTX100 turbine with cross section through GTX100 gas turbine showing compressor, combustion system and power turbine and bearing arrangements. Courtesy Alstom A gas turbine is a complex component operating at high speeds and high temperatures. This puts demanding conditions on the materials and components, which need to perform in these environments and maintain tight dimensional tolerances. To function a turbine needs a number of ancillary and support systems. Provision has to be made for air-intake, fuel input, starting and ignition, dispersion of exhaust gases, as well as cooling, lubrication of bearings and sealing.
This total system forms the turbine package. Packaging concepts are described in more detail in Section 2.10.
Figure 3 Rolls Royce Avon gas generator with RT48 Power Turbine 2.2 SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
The gas turbine itself contains three main components: Compressor (AC) Compresses the air before combustion and expansion through the turbine Gas generator (GG) including combustor and gas turbine (GT). Ignition of air and fuel mixture to give a smooth stream of uniformly heated gas into the power turbine Power turbine (PT) The power turbine has the task of providing the power to drive the compressor and accessories and, in the case of driven equipment of providing shaft power for power generation, or driving the compressor or pump. It does this by extracting energy from the hot gases released from the combustion system and expanding them to a lower pressure and temperature. Other key systems within the package include the fuel system either natural gas or liquid (pumped), the bearing lube oil system including tank and filters, pumps (main, pre/post, backup), the starter (usually either pneumatic, hydraulic or a variable speed ac motor), cooling systems, controls (on-skid, off-skid), driven equipment and the seal gas system (compressors). There is other ancillary equipment external to the turbine package. This includes: the enclosure and fire protection, the acoustic housing, the inlet system including air-filter (self-cleaning, barrier, inertial) and silencer, the exhaust system including silencer and the exhaust stack, a lube
oil cooler (water, air), the motor control centre, switchgear, neutral ground resistor and inlet fogger/cooler. A detailed description of each of the main systems and individual components is given in Reference 3 and Appendix 6.
.
Figure 4 Avon gas generator. Courtesy Rolls Royce
2.3
The gas turbine is a heat engine using air as a working fluid to provide thrust (Figure 5). To achieve this the air passing through the engine has to be accelerated. This means that the velocity or kinetic energy of the air is increased. To obtain this increase the pressure energy is first of all increased followed by the addition of heat energy before final conversion back to kinetic energy in the form of a high velocity jet efflux. A good description of the principles, design and detail of gas turbine engines can be found in References 4 and 5. The working cycle of the gas turbine is similar to that of the four-stroke piston engine. In the gas-turbine engine, combustion occurs at a constant pressure, whereas in the piston engine it occurs at a constant volume. In each case there is air-intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. These processes are intermittent in the case of a piston engine, whereas in a gas turbine they occur continuously giving a much greater power output for the size of engine. The pressure of the air does not rise during combustion due to the continuous action of the turbine engine and the fact the combustion chamber is not an enclosed space. The volume does increase. This process is known as heating at constant pressure. The lack of pressure fluctuations allows the use of low octane fuels and light fabricated combustion chambers, in contrast to the piston engine.
Air Intake
Compression
Combustion
Exhaust
Figure 5 Cross section through a gas-turbine showing the continuous process of airintake, compression, combustion and exhaust in an aeroderivative design. Courtesy Rolls Royce. 2.4 WORKING CYCLE
The working cycle upon which the gas turbine functions is represented by the cycle shown on the pressure volume diagram in Figure 6 below. Point A represents air at atmospheric pressure that is compressed in the air compressor stage along the line AB. From B to C heat is added to the air in the gas generator by introducing and burning fuel at constant pressure, thereby considerably increasing the volume of air. Pressure losses in the combustion chambers are indicated by the drop between B and C. From C to D the gases resulting from combustion expand through the power turbine and exhaust back to the flare. During this part of the cycle, some of the energy in the expanding gases is turned into mechanical power by the turbine; which can be used for power generation or to drive mechanical equipment such as compressors or pumps.
Combustion
heat energy added
B C
Pressure
Expansion
through turbine and nozzle
Compression
pressure energy added
A Volume
Ambient Air
2.5
The higher the temperature of combustion the greater is the expansion of the gases, because the gas turbine is essentially a heat engine. The gas entry temperature following combustion must not exceed design limits or safe operating limits for materials in the turbine assembly. The use of air-cooled blades and thermal barrier coatings in the turbine assembly permits a higher gas temperature and consequently a higher thermal efficiency. During the working cycle of the turbine engine, the airflow or working fluid receives and gives up heat, so producing changes in its pressure, volume and temperature. These changes as they occur are closely related through the relationships that apply in Boyles and Charles Laws. Consequently, the product of the pressure and the volume of the air at the various stages in the working cycle is proportional to the absolute temperature of the air at those stages. This relationship applies for whatever means are used to change the state of the air. For example, whether energy is added by combustion or by compression, or is extracted by the turbine, the heat change is directly proportional to the work added or taken away. It is the change in the momentum of the air that provides the thrust on the turbine. Local decelerations of airflow are also required, as for instance, in the combustion chambers to provide a low velocity zone for the flame to burn. There are three stages in the turbine working cycle during which these changes occur. During compression, work is done to increase the pressure and decrease the volume of the air. This gives a corresponding rise in the temperature. During combustion, fuel is added to the air and burnt to increase the temperature, there is a corresponding increase in volume whilst the pressure remains almost constant. During expansion, work is taken from the gas stream by the turbine assembly, there is a decrease in temperature and pressure with a corresponding increase in volume.
2.6
The path of the air through a gas turbine varies according to the design. Changes in the velocity and pressure of air are consequent from aerodynamic and energy requirements. For example, during compression a rise in the pressure of the air is required and not an increase in its velocity. After the air has been heated and its internal energy increased by combustion, an increase in the velocity of the gases is necessary to force the turbine to rotate. Changes in the temperature and pressure of the air can be traced through an turbine by using an airflow diagram. With the airflow being continuous, volume changes are shown up as changes in velocity. The efficiency with which these changes are made will determine to what extent the desired relations between the pressure, volume and temperature are attained. In an efficient compressor, higher pressure will be generated for a given work input and for a given temperature rise of the air. Conversely, the more efficient the use of the expanding gas by the turbine, the greater the output of work for a given drop of pressure in the gas. When air is compressed or expanded at 100 per cent efficiency, the process is called adiabatic. An adiabatic change means there are no energy losses in the process, for example by friction, conduction or turbulence. It is obviously impossible to achieve this efficiency in practice. 90 per cent is a good adiabatic efficiency for the compressor and turbine.
Changes in velocity and pressure within the turbine stages are effected by means of the size and shape of the ducts through which the air passes on its way through the turbine. Where a conversion from velocity (kinetic) energy to pressure is required, the passages are divergent in shape. Conversely, where it is required to convert the energy stored in the combustion gases to velocity energy, a convergent passage or nozzle is used. The design of the passages and nozzles is of great importance. Their good design will affect the efficiency with which the energy changes are effected. Any interference with the smooth airflow creates a loss in efficiency and could result in component failure due to vibration caused by eddies or turbulence of the airflow.
Figure 7 A gas-turbine driving a generator: 1 Fresh air, 2 compressor, 3 combustion chamber, 4 Burners, 5 frame cylinder, 6 turbine, 7 gas turbine exhaust gas, 8 Generator. Courtesy SWRI 3
2.7
Gas turbine packages offshore often differ to those used in other applications because of the different drivers 3. Optimum size and high power to weight ratio are key factors offshore, as well as availability, reliability and ruggedness. Efficiency has traditionally not been so critical because of the availability of fuel. The increasing requirement for low emissions has made combustion efficiency an important factor. A decision is needed on whether to go for large turbines with appropriate back-up or a smaller number of lower power turbines for specific applications. Most suppliers have different gas turbine products for the oil and gas market. A recent trend has been towards low-emission turbines driven by recent environmental legislation (SI 2005 No 925 The Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme Regulations, see Section 9.5). Some of these issues are also relevant onshore.
Table 1 Main drivers for turbines used in the oil and gas sector. Compared to drivers for normal industrial applications
Oil & Gas Requirements Availability / Reliability Ruggedness High Power/Weight ratio Efficiency not Critical Industrial Power Generation Requirements Cost of Electricity Efficiency Cost of Operations and Maintenance
2.8
There are two main types of gas turbine: industrial and aero-derivative. Aeroderivative GTs are a development from aircraft engines and differ in a number of respects to industrial turbines: they are usually lighter than industrial engines, often have power turbines (PTs) manufactured by a different manufacturer and have all anti-friction bearings in the gas producer. There is an increasing trend to use aeroderivative gas turbines offshore in the UK, at least in terms of the gas generator (see Section 8). This distinction is no longer so clear. It is common practice now to include an aeroderivative gas generator (GG) with a conventional power turbine (PT) such as in the GE PGT series. Industrial GTs for offshore use such as those produced by Solar have moved on in simplicity and design and increasingly mirror aeroderivative designs in size and weight. It is common practice for turbine suppliers to match their power turbine with a standard aero-derivative gas generator, for example the LM2500 from GE utilises a Rolls Royce RB211. Industrial heavy duty gas turbines are referred to as Type H by the American Petroleum Institute API. Modular or aero-derivative gas turbines, are designated Type G. Coincidentally aero-derivatives usually offer higher efficiency and faster start-up, particularly for larger engines. Major maintenance of aero-derivatives and smaller industrial gas turbines is usually off-site (sometimes with engine exchange). For larger industrial gas turbines major maintenance is usually on-site. In the past industrial gas turbines were preferred to aeroderivative gas turbines in process applications and in mechanical drive applications where a wide range (70% to 100%) speed control was required. Aeroderivative GTs offer advantages in offshore or oil field applications where allowable mass and available space are limited. The reliability and availability of the specific gas turbine are key criteria in selection. Aero-derivative gas turbines traditionally have required premium gas and liquid fuels. If the gas turbine fuel available is a crude oil, residual fuel oil, very lean gas, refinery mix gas or a gas that is subject to changes then an industrial gas turbines may have advantages. Fuel control is an important factor in low emission or DLE turbines.
2.9
PACKAGING CONCEPTS
Gas turbines for offshore installations are normally provided as part of a turbine package developing a rated power at a rated speed and mounted on a single skid (Figure 8) and are not
normally custom-built to meet the user's particular power requirements. API RP 11 PGT gives general requirements and limitations in applying these standard turbine designs. Packaging offers several advantages. It offers a fully integrated system that can be plugged in to the installation. It facilitates a modular approach where the same modular systems can be used in different applications; but configured to fit the fuel and exhaust requirements of the specific installation. It combines systems that have been developed and shown to work together. It is simpler to get safety case approval from regulatory bodies where similar packages have already been used on other installations.
Figure 8 Typical gas turbine package offshore installation. Courtesy Solar 2.10 TURBINE PACKAGES
The systems that would usually be included as part of a gas turbine package are illustrated below in Figure 9. These include: Air compressor (AC), Gas generator (GG) including combustor and gas turbine (GT), Power turbine (PT), Fuel system either natural gas or liquid (pumped), Bearing lube oil system including tank and filters, pumps (main, pre/post, backup), Starter (usually either pneumatic, hydraulic or variable speed ac motor), Controls (on-skid, off-skid), Driven equipment Seal gas system (compressors).
There are requirements for other ancillary equipment external to the turbine package. This includes: the enclosure and fire protection, the inlet system including air-filter (self-cleaning, barrier or inertial) and silencer, the exhaust system including the exhaust stack and silencer, a
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lubricating oil cooler (water, air), the motor control center, switchgear, neutral ground resistor and inlet fogger/cooler. The layout of these systems is illustrated in Figure 10 below.