Bài Giảng Kỹ Thuật Môi Trường Hồ Sơn

Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Faculty of Oil and Gas Department: Oil Refining and Petrochemistry
Environmental Egineering H V$n S'n
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Ph n 1: Cc khi ni$m c& b'n

I. Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng I.1. Mi tr)*ng: Bao g m cc y(u t+ t, nhin v v.t ch/t nhn t0o bao quanh con ng-1i, c 3nh h-4ng 5(n 51i s+ng, s3n xu/t, s, t n t0i pht tri6n c8a con ng-1i v sinh v.t I.2. Phn lo,i: Theo ch:c n$ng, mi tr-1ng 5-<c chia thnh 3 lo0i l Mi tr-1ng t, nhin: bao g m cc y(u t+ thin nhin, v.t l, ha h=c, sinh h=c t n t0i khch quan bao quanh con ng-1i
Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng

l Mi tr-1ng x h>i: l t?ng th6 cc quan h@ giAa con ng-1i vCi con ng-1i, t0o nn s, thu.n lng 5 ng dn cl Mi tr-1ng nhn t0o: l t.p hi do con ng-1i t0o nn v chDu s, chi ph+i b4i con ng-1i

I.3. Cc ch-c n/ng ch1 y3u c1a mi tr)*ng l Mi tr-1ng l khng gian s+ng c8a con ng-1i v cc loi sinh v.t

l Mi tr-1ng l n'i cung c/p ti nguyn cFn thi(t cho 51i s+ng v ho0t 5>ng s3n xu/t c8a con ng-1i

l Mi tr-1ng l n'i ch:a 5,ng cc ch/t ph( th3i do con ng-1i t0o ra trong cu>c s+ng v ho0t 5>ng s3n xu/t c8a mnh

l Mi tr-1ng l n'i gi3m nhG cc tc 5>ng c h0i c8a thin nhin tCi con ng-1i v sinh v.t trn tri 5/t

l Mi tr-1ng l n'i l-u trA v cung c/p thng tin cho con ng-1i

I.5. Nh5ng thch th-c mi tr)*ng hi$n nay
I.5.1. S7 bi3n 89i kh h c8a kh quy6n tri 5/t. Hi@n t-<ng ny diLn ra theo c' ch( t-'ng t, nhnh knh tr ng cy v 5-<c g=i l Hi@u :ng nh knh

l Khi n ng 5> CO2 trong kh quy6n t$ng g/p 5i, th nhi@t 5> bI mMt tri 5/t t$ng ln kho3ng 3oC. l Nhi@t 5> tri 5/t 5 t$ng 0,5oC trong kho3ng th1i gian tN 1885 5(n 1940 do thay 5?i c8a n ng 5> CO2 trong kh quy6n tN 0,027% 5(n 0,035%. D, bo, n(u khng c bi@n php khOc phPc hi@u :ng nh knh, nhi@t 5> tri 5/t sQ t$ng ln 1,5 - 4,5oC vo n$m 2050. l Vai tr gy nn hi@u :ng nh knh c8a cc ch/t kh 5-<c x(p theo th: t, sau: CO2 => CFC => CH4 => O3 =>NO2

l Nhi@t 5> tri 5/t t$ng sQ lm tan b$ng v dng cao m,c n-Cc bi6n. Nh- v.y, nhiIu vng s3n xu/t l-'ng th,c tr ph, cc khu 5ng dn c-, cc 5 ng bHng lCn, nhiIu 53o th/p sQ bD chm d-Ci n-Cc bi6n.

l Kh h.u tri 5/t sQ bD bi(n 5?i su sOc, cc 5Ci kh h.u c xu h-Cng thay 5?i. Ton b> 5iIu ki@n s+ng c8a t/t c3 cc qu+c gia bD xo 5>ng. Ho0t 5>ng s3n xu/t nng nghi@p, lm nghi@p, thuR h3i s3n bD 3nh h-4ng nghim tr=ng.

I.5.2. S7 suy gi'm t ng zn
l zn (O3) l lo0i kh hi(m trong khng kh gFn bI mMt 5/t v t.p trung thnh lCp dy 4 nhAng 5> cao khc nhau trong tFng 5+i l-u tN 16km 5(n kho3ng 40km ty theo vT 5>

l T ng $%i l(u: TN bI mMt tri 5/t 5(n 5> cao 7-17 km, ty thu>c vo vT 5> (4 2 vng c,c l 7-10 km) v cc y(u t+ th1i ti(t. Khng kh 4 tFng ny chuy6n 5>ng r/t m0nh theo chiIu thVng 5:ng v nHm ngang, lm cho n-Cc thay 5?i 4 c3 3 tr0ng thi: LWng (m-a), h'i (my m) v rOn (tuy(t, n-Cc 5). Cc hi@n t-<ng nh-: M-a, m-a 5, tuy(t 5Iu diLn ra 4 tFng 5+i l-u l T ng bnh l(u (tN 5> cao trn tFng 5+i l-u 5(n kho3ng 50 km): X 5y khng kh long, n-Cc v bPi t, khng kh ch8 y(u chuy6n 5>ng theo chiIu ngang v r/t ?n 5Dnh

l T ng trung l(u (tN kho3ng 50 5(n 80-85 km): PhFn 5Znh c8a tFng ny c m>t t h'i n-Cc, thZnh tho3ng c m>t vi v@t my b0c, g=i l my d0 quang. l T ng $i)n ly (tN 80-85 5(n kho3ng 640 km): xy v nit' 4 tFng ny 4 tr0ng thi ion, v th( g=i l tFng 5i@n ly. Sng v tuy(n pht ra tN m>t n'i no 5 trn bI mMt tri 5/t bD ph3n x0 qua tFng 5i@n ly nn truyIn 5i 5-<c kh xa. T0i 5y, do b:c x0, nhiIu ph3n :ng ho h=c x3y ra 5+i vCi xy nit', h'i n-Cc, CO2 nn chng bD tch ra thnh nguyn t[, sau 5 bD ion ha tr4 thnh cc ion nh- NO+, O2+, NO-3, NO-2. Cc ion ny c th6 pht ra sng 5i@n tN khi h/p thP tia t[ ngo0i tN mMt tr1i chi(u 5(n.

l T ng ngoi: Cch mMt 5/t 500-1.000 5(n 10.000 km. \y l vng qu 5> giAa kh quy6n tri 5/t vCi kho3ng khng v] trP. Khng kh 4 5y r/t long, cc lo0i phn t[ th-a thCt chuy6n 5>ng vCi v.n t+c cao, c nhAng phn t[ bay nhanh (thOng 5-<c s:c ht c8a tri 5/t) ra ngoi kho3ng khng v] trP

l Vi@c s[ dPng qu nhiIu kh Chlorofluorocacbon (CFC) lm suy gi3m zn CFCl3 + hv = CFCl2 + Cl Cl tc dPng vCi zn: Cl + O3 =ClO + O2 ClO + O3 = Cl + 2O2 l Cl 4 5y lm nhi@m vP nh- l xc tc, khng tham gia vo phn t[ hnh thnh cu+i cng l O2 nn ti(p tPc t n t0i 56 lm nhi@m vP chuy6n zn thnh O2 l M>t nguyn t[ Cl huR ho0i 100.000 phn t[ zn

l N ng 5> zn gi3m 5i 5i vCi c-1ng 5> tia t[ ngo0i chi(u xu+ng tri 5/t t$ng, do 5 n'i c l^ th8ng 4 tFng zn c]ng l n'i tia t[ ngo0i tN mMt tr1i chi(u xu+ng t bD ng$n c3n, dJn tCi cc nguy c' 5+i vCi 51i s+ng trn tri 5/t cng lCn

l Cc nh khoa h=c NASA 5 theo di s, m4 r>ng l^ th8ng tFng zn 4 Nam C,c cch 5y 20 n$m cho 5(n thng 11/2006 vNa qua l^ th8ng tFng zn 5 m4 r>ng 4 m:c kR lPc 17,6 tri@u km2

l I.5.2. S7 suy thoi ti nguyn l Dn s+ th( giCi t$ng nhanh c>ng vCi ch8 nghTa tiu dng 5ang 5_y hnh tinh chng ta vo tnh tr0ng n< sinh thi ngy cng trFm tr=ng. Khng chZ rNng, n$ng l-<ng, 5(n c3 ngu n ti nguyn n-Cc c]ng 5ang dFn c0n ki@t.
l Cc nh mi tr)*ng c'nh bo n)=c sng H>ng (ti?u l@c 8Aa Cn EG) by gi* khng th? dng 8? /n uHng hay tIm giJt v 8 bA nhiKm
l Theo T? ch:c Nng l-'ng LHQ (FAO), tnh tN n$m 1990 5(n nay, mî n$m th( giCi m/t 5i m/t 13 tri@u ha rNng do n0n chMt ph rNng trn lan. Di@n tch rNng nguyn sinh hi@n chZ cn 36%, nh-ng c]ng 5ang bD 5e d=a v hng n$m c kho3ng 6 tri@u ha rNng c nguy c' bD xa s?. Hi@n c 76 n-Cc trn th( giCi khng cn rNng nguyn sinh

l Qu trnh 5 thD ha, ho0t 5>ng nng nghi@p, cng nghi@p v bi(n 5?i kh h.u ngy cng gy p l,c nMng nI ln kh+i l-<ng v ch/t l-<ng ngu n n-Cc l 80% ngu n n-Cc ng=t v 2/3 trong t?ng s+ cc con sng trn th( giCi 5ang dFn c0n n-Cc l D, bo 5(n tr-Cc n$m 2030, c kho3ng 60 qu+c gia lm vo tnh tr0ng thi(u n-Cc trFm tr=ng

l Theo cc nh nghin c:u thu>c \0i h=c California, vCi trA l-<ng dFu mW ton cFu 1.332 tR thng (theo -Cc tnh n$m 2008), m:c tiu thP 85,22 tri@u thng/ngy hi@n nay t$ng 1,3% mî n$m, dFu mW sQ c0n ki@t vo n$m 2041 hoMc ch.m nh/t vo n$m 2054

l I.5.3 nhiKm mi tr)*ng ngy cng gia t/ng l nhiLm mi tr-1ng l v/n 5I nghim tr=ng nh/t m nhiIu qu+c gia trn th( giCi 5ang ph3i 5+i mMt. Cc v/n 5I nhiLm 5 khi(n ng-1i dn trn khOp tri 5/t ph3i 5-'ng 5Fu vCi nhiIu b@nh dDch c s:c tn ph kh8ng khi(p. l Tuy nhin, nhiLm mi tr-1ng khng ph3i l th: tN trn tr1i r'i xu+ng, m l do con ng-1i t0o nn. M>t s+ ng-1i khng hI quan tm tCi vi@c b3o v@ mi sinh, do v.y, bn c0nh nhAng thnh ph+ s0ch sQ, c v s+ n'i tN h'i b_n tCi siu b_n

l Chng ta hFu nh- khng c th1i gian 56 quan tm 5(n mi tr-1ng ci 5 cho ta cu>c s+ng, che ch4 b3o v@ cho chng ta

1.5.4. S7 gia t/ng dn sH Dn s+ th( giCi ch0m ng-`ng 7 tR ng-1i v 9 tR ng-1i vo n$m 2050

Cc tc 8Gng tiu c7c c1a tnh tr,ng gia t/ng dn sH hi$n nay trn th3 gi=i bi?u hi$n M cc kha c,nh: l S:c p lCn tCi ti nguyn thin nhin v mi tr-1ng tri 5/t do khai thc qu m:c cc ngu n ti nguyn phuc vP cho cc nhu cFu nh 4, s3n xu/t l-'ng th,c, th,c ph_m, s3n xu/t cng nghi@p v.v... l T0o ra cc ngu n th3i t.p trung v-<t qu kh3 n$ng t, phn huR c8a mi tr-1ng t, nhin trong cc khu v,c 5 thD, khu s3n xu/t nng nghi@p, cng nghi@p

l S, chnh l@ch vI t+c 5> pht tri6n dn s+ giAa cc n-Cc cng nghi@p ho v cc n-Cc 5ang pht tri6n gia t$ng, dJn 5(n s, ngho 5i 4 cc n-Cc 5ang pht tri6n v s, tiu ph d- thNa 4 cc n-Cc cng nghi@p ho. S, chnh l@ch ngy cng t$ng giAa 5 thD v nng thn, giAa cc n-Cc pht tri6n cng nghi@p v cc n-Cc km pht tri6n dJn 5(n s, di dn 4 m=i hnh th:c. l S, gia t$ng dn s+ 5 thD v s, hnh thnh cc thnh ph+ lCn - siu 5 thD lm cho mi tr-1ng khu v,c 5 thD c nguy c' bD suy thoi nghim tr=ng. Ngu n cung c/p n-Cc s0ch, nh 4, cy xanh khng 5p :ng kDp cho s, pht tri6n dn c-. nhiLm mi tr-1ng khng kh, n-Cc t$ng ln. Cc t@ n0n x h>i v v/n 5I qu3n l x h>i trong 5 thD ngy cng kh kh$n.

l S, gia t$ng dn s+ v ngho 5i

l 1.5.4. S7 suy gi'm 8a d,ng sinh hNc l Cc loi 5>ng th,c v.t qua qu trnh ti(n ha hHng tr$m tri@u n$m 5 v 5ang gp phFn quan tr=ng trong vi@c duy tr s, cn bHng mi tr-1ng s+ng trn Tri 5/t, ?n 5Dnh kh h.u, lm s0ch cc ngu n n-Cc, h0n ch( xi mn 5/t, lm t$ng 5> ph nhiu 5/t

l \a d0ng sinh h=c chZ s, phong ph c8a t/t c3 sinh v.t s+ng trong t, nhin trn tri 5/t, tN cc sinh v.t nhW b m mOt th-1ng khng nhn th/y 5-<c g=i l vi sinh v.t, 5(n th,c v.t, n/m, 5>ng v.t v cc h@ sinh thi m 4 5 chng c mMt
Ch)&ng II: Tiu chuOn Vi$t Nam, Quy chuOn kP thu<t Vi$t Nam
l Theo Lu.t B3o v@ Mi tr-1ng c8a Vi@t Nam: "Tiu chu_n mi tr-1ng l nhAng chu_n m:c, giCi h0n cho php, 5-<c quy 5Dnh dng lm c$n c: 56 qu3n l mi tr-1ng". TCMT c quan h@ m.t thi(t vCi s, pht tri6n bIn vAng c8a mî qu+c gia. H@ th+ng tiu chu_n mi tr-1ng l m>t cng trnh khoa h=c lin ngnh, n ph3n nh trnh 5> khoa h=c, cng ngh@, t? ch:c qu3n l v tiIm l,c kinh t( - x h>i c tnh 5(n d, bo pht tri6n
C' c/u c8a h@ th+ng tiu chu_n mi tr-1ng bao g m cc nhm chnh sau: l 1. NhAng quy 5Dnh chung. l 2. Tiu chu_n n-Cc, bao g m n-Cc mMt n>i 5Da, n-Cc ngFm, n-Cc bi6n v ven bi6n, n-Cc th3i v.v... l 3. Tiu chu_n khng kh, bao g m khi bPi, kh th3i (cc ch/t th3i) v.v... l 4. Tiu chu_n lin quan 5(n b3o v@ 5/t canh tc, s[ dPng phn bn trong s3n xu/t nng nghi@p. l 5. Tiu chu_n vI b3o v@ th,c v.t, s[ dPng thu+c trN su, di@t cW. l 6. Tiu chu_n lin quan 5(n b3o v@ cc ngu n gen, 5>ng th,c v.t, 5a d0ng sinh h=c. l 7. Tiu chu_n lin quan 5(n b3o v@ c3nh quan thin nhin, cc di tch lDch s[, v$n ho. l 8. Tiu chu_n lin quan 5(n mi tr-1ng do cc ho0t 5>ng khai thc khong s3n trong lng 5/t, ngoi bi6n v.
H$ thHng tiu chuOn, quy chuOn kP thu<t mi tr)*ng

Cc tiu chuOn v( chRt l)Sng mi tr)*ng xung quanh c hi$u l7c php l hi$n hnh Nhm tiu chu n v# ch%t l&'ng n&)c: TCVN 6773:2000 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc dng cho thuR l<i; TCVN 6774:2000 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc ng=t b3o v@ 51i s+ng thuR sinh; TCVN 7382:2004 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc - N-Cc th3i b@nh vi@n Tiu chu_n th3i; TCVN 6663-5:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. L/y mJu. PhFn 5: H-Cng dJn l/y mJu n-Cc u+ng tN cc tr0m x[ l v h@ th+ng phn ph+i bHng 5-1ng +ng; TCVN 8184-1:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. Thu.t ngA. PhFn 1; TCVN 8184-2:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. Thu.t ngA. PhFn 2; TCVN 8184-5:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. Thu.t ngA. PhFn 5; TCVN 8184-6:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. Thu.t ngA. PhFn 6; TCVN 8184-7:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. Thu.t ngA. PhFn 7; TCVN 8184-8:2009 Ch/t l-<ng n-Cc. Thu.t ngA. PhFn 8; 1.
Nhm tiu chu n v# mi tr&+ng khng kh l TCVN 5508:2009 Khng kh vng lm vi@c. Yu cFu vI 5iIu ki@n vi kh h.u v ph-'ng php 5o; l TCVN 5509:2009 Khng kh vng lm vi@c. Silic dioxit trong bPi h h/p. GiCi h0n ti(p xc t+i 5a;
2. Cc tiu chuOn v( chRt th'i c hi$u l7c php l hi$n hnh - Nhm tiu chu n v# ch%t th-i r.n TCVN 6696:2009 Ch/t th3i rOn. Bi chn l/p h<p v@ sinh. Yu cFu chung vI b3o v@ mi tr-1ng; TCVN 6705:2009 Ch/t th3i rOn thng th-1ng. Phn lo0i - Nhm tiu chuOn v( chRt th'i nguy h,i TCVN 6706:2009 Ch/t th3i nguy h0i. Phn lo0i; TCVN 6707:2009 Ch/t th3i nguy h0i. D/u hi@u c3nh bo
3. Cc QCVN v( mi tr)*ng \(n h(t n$m 2009, B> Ti nguyn v Mi tr-1ng 5 chuy6n 5?i, ban hnh 5-<c 21 QCKT qu+c gia vI mi tr-1ng, bao g m: l QCVN 01:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p ch( bi(n cao su thin nhin; l QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI kh th3i l 5+t ch/t th3i rOn y t(; l QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI kim lo0i nMng trong 5/t; l QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI ch/t l-<ng khng kh xung quanh;
l QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI m>t s+ ch/t 5>c h0i trong khng kh xung quanh. l QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI ng-`ng ch/t th3i nguy h0i; l QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia ch/t l-<ng n-Cc mMt; l QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI ch/t l-<ng n-Cc ngFm; l QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI ch/t l-<ng n-Cc bi6n ven b1; l QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p ch( bi(n thuR s3n; l QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p d@t may;
l QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p gi/y v b>t gi/y; l QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc sinh ho0t; l QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT QCKT qu+c gia vI d- l-<ng ho ch/t b3o v@ th,c v.t trong 5/t; l QCVN 19: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI kh th3i cng nghi@p 5+i vCi bPi v cc ch/t v c'; l QCVN 20: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI kh th3i cng nghi@p 5+i vCi m>t s+ ch/t hAu c'; l QCVN 21: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI kh th3i cng nghi@p s3n xu/t phn bn ha h=c;
l QCVN 22: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI kh th3i cng nghi@p nhi@t 5i@n; l QCVN 23: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI kh th3i cng nghi@p s3n xu/t xi m$ng; l QCVN 24: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p; l QCVN 25: 2009/BTNMT - QCKT qu+c gia vI n-Cc th3i c8a bi chn l/p ch/t th3i rOn.
l Tiu chu_n l quy 5Dnh vI 5Mc tnh ka thu.t v yu cFu qu3n l dng lm chu_n 56 phn lo0i, 5nh gi s3n ph_m, hng ho, dDch vP, qu trnh, mi tr-1ng v cc 5+i t-<ng khc trong ho0t 5>ng kinh t( x h>i nhHm nng cao ch/t l-<ng v hi@u qu3 c8a cc 5+i t-<ng ny. Tiu chu_n do m>t t? ch:c cng b+ d-Ci d0ng v$n b3n 56 t, nguy@n p dPng.
l Quy chu_n ka thu.t l quy 5Dnh vI m:c giCi h0n c8a 5Mc tnh ka thu.t v yu cFu qu3n l m s3n ph_m, hng ho, dDch vP, qu trnh, mi tr-1ng v cc 5+i t-<ng khc trong ho0t 5>ng kinh t( x h>i ph3i tun th8 56 b3o 53m an ton, v@ sinh, s:c khob con ng-1i; b3o v@ 5>ng v.t, th,c v.t, mi tr-1ng; b3o v@ lc p dPng. (\iIu 3, Lu.t TCQCKT)
Tr-Cc khi Lu.t TCQCKT 5-<c ban hnh, th cc TCVN bD bOt bu>c p dPng khi chnh th:c cng b+. Sau khi Lu.t TCQCKT c hi@u l,c, chZ c QCVN mCi bD bOt bu>c p dPng, cn cc TCVN chZ l khuy(n khch t, nguy@n p dPng.
PHTN 2. CC BIUN PHP XW L NHIYM MI TRXZNG

l Ch)&ng 1. nhiKm khng kh
l nhiLm khng kh l s, c mMt cc ch/t rOn, ch/t lWng hoMc ch/t kh trong khng kh m cc ch/t ny sQ 3nh h-4ng, lm h0i 5(n con ng-1i, 5>ng v.t, th,c v.t, hoMc 5/t 5ai v gy tr4 ng0i cho vi@c h-4ng thP cu>c s+ng tho3i mi
Thnh ph n c1a khng kh kh, s,ch M g n m7c n)=c bi?n

Thnh ph#n Ph#n tr&m th( tch Hm l!"ng (ppm)
Nit Oxy Ar
CO2 Ne He Kr Xe NO H2 CH4 NO2 O3 SO2 CO NH3
78,09 20,94 0,93

0,0318 0,0018 0,00052 0,0001 0,000008 0,000025 0,00005 0,00015 0,0000001 0,000002 0,00000002 0,00001 0,000001
780900 209,400 9300

318a 18 5,2 1 0,08 0,25b 0,5 1,5c 0,001 0,02 0,0002 0,1 0,01
Ch)&ng 1. nhiKm khng kh

I. Cc chRt nhiKm khng kh I.1. B@i v cc sol kh a) BPi l nhAng ch/t 4 d0ng rOn hay lWng c kch th-Cc nhW, nh1 s, l-u chuy6n c8a khng kh trong kh quy6n m n c th6 phn tn trong m>t di@n r>ng l d < 0,3 m: nhn ng-ng tP, chuy6n 5>ng nh- nhAng phn t[ kh, c ngu n g+c tN qu trnh ng-ng tP, th1i gian l-u lCn. l 0,3 m <d < 3 m: chuy6n 5>ng theo quy lu.t Brown v 5-<c tch khWi kh nh1 m-a, 5,<c hnh thnh tN nhAng h0t nhW, th1i gian l-u trung bnh. l d > 3 m : bPi th , hnh thnh tN s, phn tn c' h=c phn ly nhW) c8a nhAng h0t lCn 5-<c thu h i qua qu trnh lOng
I. Cc chRt nhiKm khng kh

b) Sol kh l h^n ht s+ kim lo0i hi(m. N l ph-'ng tin chnh 56 ch:a kim lo0i nMng trong kh quy6n. l BPi v sol kh l' l[ng c tc dPng h/p thP v khu(ch tn nh sng mMt tr1i, lm gi3m 5> trong su+t c8a kh quy6n( gi3m tFm nhn).
I.2. Cc chRt gy nhiKm d,ng kh a. Cc hSp chRt c ch-a l)u hu\nh (S) l Cc h<p ch/t c ch:a l-u hucnh ch8 y(u c trong kh quy6n l : SO2, SO3, H2S, H2SO4 v cc mu+i sunfat. Cc ngu n t0o ra chng ch8 y(u l cc qu trnh 5+t chy cc nhin li@u ha th0ch, s, phn h8y v 5+t chy ch/t hAu c' ch:a l-u hucnh, cc ho0t 5>ng c8a ni l[a. Cc ht th1i gian r i sau 5 l0i sa lOng xu+ng 5/t hay cc 50i d-'ng b. Oxyt Cacbon l Cacbon monoxit CO l ch/t kh khng mu, khng mi, l kh nhiLm ph? bi(n trong phFn d-Ci c8a tFng kh quy6n. Ngu n CO nhn t0o ch8 y(u 5-<c pht ra tN qu trnh chy khng hon ton cc nhin li@u ha th0ch. Ngy nay, qua nhiIu nghin c:u 5 ch:ng minh rHng ngu n pht sinh ra CO t, nhin cn lCn g/p 10-15 lFn ngu n CO nhn t0o
l CO2 v+n c trong thnh phFn c8a khng kh s0ch, ngoi ra c th6 5-<c pht sinh khi 5+t chy hon ton nguyn nhin li@u ch:a ccbon v trong qu trnh h h/p c8a 5>ng th,c v.t. Hng n$m, chZ ring trong qu trnh ch( bi(n v s[ dPng than 5, con ng-1i 5 th3i vo kh quy6n 2.109 t/n CO2, tuy nhin m>t n[a l-<ng ny 5-<c h'i n-Cc v th,c v.t h/p thP, phFn cn l0i t n l-u trong mi tr-1ng khng kh. c. Cc hSp chRt ch-a nit& : l Cc h cao, qua qu trnh s3n xu/t ha h=c c s[ dPng ni'; Trong t, nhin, tN s, oxyha nit' c8a khng kh do st, kh ni l[a v cc qu trnh phn h8y vi sinh v.t.
Amoniac NH3 l Amoniac pht sinh ch8 y(u 5-<c t0o ra tN ngu n t, nhin qua cc qu trnh phn h8y ch/t hAu c' c8a xc 5>ng th,c v.t; ngoi ra c trong thnh phFn kh th3i c8a cc nh my s3n xu/t ha ch/t, phn 50m, trong cc h@ th+ng thi(t bD lm l0nh c s[ dPng NH3. l Trong mi tr-1ng khng kh NH3 c th6 tham gia vo cc qu trnh nh-: H/p thP ln cc bI mMt -Ct hoMc ph3n :ng vCi cc ch/t c tnh axit trong pha kh hay pha ng-ng tP t0o ra ion amoni NH4+; Oxi ha thnh NO3 l NH3 c mi kh chDu v gy vim 5-1ng h h/p cho ng-1i v 5>ng v.t. Khi tan vo n-Cc gy nhiLm 5>c c v h@ vi sinh v.t n-Cc. Th,c v.t bD nhiLm NH3 4 n ng 5> cao sQ bD b@nh 5+m l; gi3m tZ l@ n3y mFm 4 h0t gi+ng
I. Cc chRt nhiKm khng kh

d. Cc hSp chRt h5u c& l Cc hc lu di, 5i vo kh quy6n tN nhiIu ngu n t, nhin v nhn t0o khc nhau, nn khng th6 ti(n hnh nhAng 5o 50c cho t/t c3 cc lo0i ring rQ, hoMc xc 5Dnh t+c 5> pht tn ring rQ c8a chng 5-<c.
II. Cc bi$n php x] l nhiKm khng kh

II.1. Cc ph)&ng php x] l b@i l Trong s3n xu/t th-1ng dng cc ph-'ng php sau 5y 56 tch cc h0t l' l[ng ra khWi mi tr-1ng kh l 1) Lm s0ch kh bHng ph-'ng php c' h=c. Trong tr-1ng h<p ny kh, bPi 5-<c tch bHng l,c c' h=c, l,c tr=ng l-<ng hoMc l,c ly tm l 2) Lm s0ch bHng ph-'ng php -Ct. Kh 5-<c th?i qua lCp ch/t lWng hoMc 5-<c sPc vo ch/t lWng. l 3) Ph-'ng php l=c. H^n h<p kh bPi 5-<c 5-a qua cc v.t ng$n x+p. BPi 5-<c giA l0i v kh 5i qua. l 4) Ph-'ng Php 5i@n tr-1ng. BPi 5-<c lOng khi h^n h<p kh 5i qua 5i@n tr-1ng c 5i@n th( cao
II.1. Cc ph)&ng php x] l b@i

II.1.1. LIng d)=i tc d@ng c1a trNng l7c a) E)*ng lIng
1 - t/m chOn; 2 - 5y hnh nn X hnh nh1 t/m chOn nn 5-1ng 5i c8a kh 5?i h-Cng lin tPc v 5-<c ko di, cc h0t bPi d-Ci tc dPng c8a tr=ng l,c sQ lOng xu+ng, t.p trung 4 5y v 5Dnh kc 5-<c tho ra ngoi
II.1. Cc ph)&ng php x] l b@i

b) Bu^ng lIng Trong phng lOng c dMt nhiIu t/m chOn nHm ngang v song song nhau
1 - t/m chOn; 2, 6 - c[a 5iIu chZnh; 4,5 - rnh dJn kh; 7 - c[a tho bPi
\6 53m b3o qu trnh lOng lin tPc, bu ng lOng chia lm hai ng$n, 56 khi ng$n ny lm vi@c th ng$n kia tho bPi v c: nh- v.y thay 5?i nhau
II.1.2. LIng d)=i tc d@ng c1a l7c ly tm (xycln)

Khi dng kh v bPi chuy6n 5>ng theo m>t qua 50o trn (dng xoy) th cc h0t bPi c kh+i l-<ng lCn h'n nhiIu so vCi cc phn t[ kh sQ chDu tc dPng c8a l,c ly tm v$ng ra pha xa trPc h'n, phFn gFn trPc xoy l-<ng bPi sQ r/t nhW
1- thn hnh trP; 2 - thn phLu; 3 - c[a vo; 4 - nOp; 5 - c[a kh ra; 6 - c[a tho bPi
II.1.3. Lm s,ch kh b>ng ph)&ng php lNc

Nguyn l: Dng kh v bPi 5-<c chMn l0i b4i mng hoMc ti l=c; ti (mng) ny c cc khe (l^) nhW cho cc phn t[ kh 5i qua dL dng nh-ng giA l0i cc h0t bPi. a) Thi3t bA lo,i b>ng v'i Th-1ng 5-<c dng l thi(t bD l=c tay o
Gi'n 8^ 8&n gi'n c1a ti lNc
l b) Lo,i vch ng/n xHp

Thn trP hai vW c 5Pc l^. X giAa lCp vW 5? cc v.t nh- ct, than, sWi, 5 t0o thnh lCp v.t ng$n x+p, hoMc giAa hai t/m l-Ci c lCp sng ph)&ng php )=t

Nguyn l:Ph-'ng php -Ct 5-<c th,c hi@n bHng cch dng n-Cc hoMc ch/t lWng khc 56 r[a kh. N-Cc c th6 cho ch3y thnh mng trn bI mMt cc +ng hoMc t/m, hoMc phun thnh bPi s-'ng vo ton b> th6 tch c8a thi(t bD M>t s+ ph-'ng php s[ dPng trong cng nghi@p: - Ph-'ng php d.p bPi bHng mng ch/t lWng - Ph-'ng php sPc kh qua ch/t lWng (n-Cc)- Ph-'ng php s8i b=t - Ph-'ng php r[a kh ly tm - Ph-'ng php r[a kh ki6u Venturi - R[a kh ki6u dng xoy - R[a kh ki6u 5Ta quay
a) Ph-'ng php d.p bPi bHng mng ch/t lWng

Nguyn l: Dng kh c ch:a bPi 5i qua mng ch/t lWng (n-Cc). Cc h0t bPi gMp n-Cc sQ bD dm xu+ng hoMc cu+n bm theo mng n-Cc, cn dng kh 5i qua. N-Cc th-1ng 5i tN trn xu+ng, cn dng kh 5i tN d-Ci ln
Ki6u thp 5Ta ch ng
b) Ph-'ng php s8i b=t

Nguyn l: Trong thi(t bD s8i b=t, ch/t lWng ti(p xc vCi kh t0o thnh b=t, do 5 bI mMt ti(p xc pha r/t lCn cho nn 5> lm s0ch r/t cao. \+i vCi bPi c kch th-Cc lCn h'n 5 dm th hi@u su/t tch 50t 5(n 99%.
c) Ph-'ng php r[a kh ki6u Venturi

l Nguyn l: Dng kh 5-<c dJn qua m>t +ng thOt, t0i 5y t+c 5> dng kh t$ng ln cao (50 150m/s). Khi v-<t qua 5Fu c/p ch/t lWng 56 ngW sQ ko theo dng sol. NhAng ch/t lWng nhW b 5 sQ lm -Ct bPi cu+n theo v ng-ng l0i thnh d0ng bn 5i ra theo c[a d-Ci v dng kh ra sQ l kh s0ch.
Thi3t bA venture
d) R]a kh ki?u dng xoy

l Nguyn l: Dng kh c t+c 5> lCn th?i tr,c ti(p vo bI mMt ch/t lWng theo m>t gc xin; d-Ci p l,c c8a dng kh, ch/t lWng sQ bD tung ln, kh v ch/t lWng ti(p xc vCi nhau; bPi bD th/m -Ct sQ bD giA l0i trong ch/t lWng v kh s0ch 5i ra ngoi
e) R]a kh ki?u 8_a quay

l Nguyn l: BPi trong dng kh 5i qua h@ th+ng kh[ bPi g m nhiIu t/m 5Pc l^ hay l-Ci bHng kim lo0i. NhAng t/m l-Ci ny lun lun 5-<c th/m -Ct bHng m>t ch/t lWng thch ht khng gian hnh trP. NhAng h0t bPi trong dng kh gMp bI mMt ch/t lWng sQ bD lm -Ct v bD giAu l0i r i tri theo nhAng gi=t n-Cc roi xu+ng 5y
II.1.5. Lm s,ch kh b>ng 8i$n tr)*ng

l Nguyn l: khi t$ng c8a hi@u 5i@n th( 5(n m>t gi trD v-<t qu hHng s+ 5i@n mi c8a khng kh, th khng kh giAa hai 5i@n c,c bD ion ha (t, ion ha). BPi sQ bD cc electron t, do trn 5-1ng 5i 5(n 5i@n c,c d-'ng va 5.p ph3i v bm vo lm cho bPi 5 tch 5i@n m, nn c]ng chuy6n 5>ng 5(n c,c t/m hay +ng, trao 5?i electron v tr4 thnh trung ha
a - c,c +ng, b - c,c b3n
Cc h0t bPi 5i qua m>t tr-1ng cao th(, 5-<c tch 5i@n v bD ht ln 5Ta c8a c,c ng-<c d/u n'i m chng 5-<c thu gom. Cc h0t bPi 5-<c tch l]y v r'i xu+ng phLu ch:a bHng qu trnh rung 5>ng
S& 8^ tRm lNc b@i t_nh 8i$n 8? thu hî b@i xc tc

II.1.6. X] l kh th'i b>ng ph)&ng php nhi$t

Thiu h8y bHng nhi@t: Ph-'ng php ny ph h cao, cc ch/t hAu c' sQ bD phn h8y thnh than, kh v h'i n-Cc. a) \+t khng c ch/t xc tc: Nhi@t 5> c8a qu trnh thiu 5+t ny khng 5i hWi qu cao 56 phn h8y hon ton ch/t v th-1ng dng khi n ng 5> cc ch/t 5>c h0i cao. V dP 5+t kh 5 ng hnh trong khai thc dFu mW
b) \+t c xc tc: Ch/t xc tc g m cc kim lo0i c bI mMt pht tri6n nh- Pt, Cu, Ni; nhi@t 5> 5+t th/p t = 250 3000C.
II.1.7. X] l kh th'i b>ng ph)&ng php ng)ng t@

l Nguyn tIc: D,a trn s, h0 th/p nhi@t 5> mi tr-1ng xu+ng m>t gi vD nh/t 5Dnh th hFu nh cc ch/t 4 th6 h'i sQ ng-ng tP l0i v sau 5 5-<c thu h i hoMc x[ l tiu h8y. Ph-'ng php ny chZ ph h h'i t-'ng 5+i cao
Thi(t bD ng-ng tP bI mMt

Thi(t bD ng-ng tP d0ng ti(p xc
II.1.8. X] l kh th'i b>ng ph)&ng php hRp ph@

H/p phP l m>t hi@n t-<ng (qu trnh) gy ra s, t$ng n ng 5> c8a m>t ch/t hoMc m>t h^n h<p ch/t trn bI mMt ti(p xc giAa hai pha (rOn kh, rOn lWng; lWng kh).
HRp ph@ v<t l l L lo0i h/p phP gy ra do t-'ng tc y(u giAa cc phn t[; n gi+ng nh- t-'ng tc trong hi@n t-<ng ng-ng tP. L,c t-'ng tc l l,c van der Waals. Trong nhiIu qu trnh h/p phP kh, s, h/p phP c th6 x3y ra d-Ci tc 5>ng c8a cc l,c phn t[ gy ra s, vi ph0m cc 5Dnh lu.t kh l t-4ng v hi@n t-<ng ng-ng tP. D0ng h/p phP ny cn g=i l h/p phP phn t[ hay h/p phP van der Waals HRp ph@ ha hNc l L lo0i h/p phP gy ra do t-'ng tc m0nh giAa cc phn t[ v t0o ra h th/p, t>c 5> h/p phP ho h=c c]ng ch.m. Khi t$ng nhi@t 5>, t+c 5> h/p phP ho h=c t$ng nh-ng l0i lm gi3m qu trnh h/p phP v.t l. S, hnh thnh cc h<p ch/t bI mMt lin quan r/t nhiIu 5(n hng ro ho0t ho 5Mc tr-ng cho qu trnh t-'ng tc giAa cc phn t[ kh v cc nguyn t[ bI mMt ch/t rOn. V v.y h/p phP ho h=c cn 5-<c g=i l h/p phP ho0t ho
\-1ng cong h/p phP 5Vng nhi@t v 5Vng p
l Nguyn l c1a ph)&ng php: H'i v kh 5>c khi 5i qua lCp ch/t h/p phP bD giA l0i nh1 hi@n t-<ng h/p phP. N(u ta ch=n 5-<c cc ch/t h/p phP ch=n l=c th c th6 lo0i bW 5-<c cc ch/t 5>c h0i m khng 3nh h-4ng 5(n thnh phFn cc kh khng c h0i khc
S' 5 thp h/p phP s[ dPng than ho0t tnh
Cc ki?u ti3n hnh hRp ph@ l a) HRp ph@ t_nh: Kh3 n$ng h/p phP c8a m>t ch/t hay dung l-<ng h/p phP c8a m>t ch/t phP thu>cvo tnh ch/t, tr0ng thi ho h=c c8a bI mMt, c/u trc l^ x+p c8a ch/t h/p phP c]ng nh- phP thu>c vo nhi@t 5> v p su/t c8a qu trnh h/p phP. Tuc thu>c vo 5Mc tr-ng t-'ng tc c8a ch/t bD h/p phP vCi bI mMt ch/t h/p phP ta c h/p phP v.t l hoMc h/p phP ho h=c. l b) HRp ph@ 8Gng: Th,c t( c8a qu trnh lm s0ch kh th3i bHng ph-'ng php h/p phP l m>t qu trnh 5>ng. Qu trnh h/p phP thng th-1ng 5-<c ti(n hnh trong cc bu ng h/p phP c ch:a cc ch/t c kh3 n$ng h/p phP. Kh th3i ch:a cc ch/t cFn h/p phP 5-<c dJn qua lCp ch/t h/p phP. Cc ch/t cFn h/p phP sQ 5-<c giA l0i cn kh s0ch sQ 5-<c th3i ra ngoi
Thi(t bD h/p phP d0ng quay

Thi(t bD h/p phP d0ng khay h^n ht ch/t h/p phP rOn, x+p, khng phn c,c v c bI mMt ring lCn. l Silicagel: Silicagel l gel c8a anhydrit axit salisic c c/u trc l^ x+p r/t pht tri6n. M>t m0ng l-Ci gel bao g m cc nguyn t[ Si nHm giAa kh+i t: di@n n+i vCi nhau thng qua nguyn t[ O phn b+ t0i cc 5Znh. l Zeolit: Zeolit l t.p ht phFn ion Si4+ 5-<c thay th( bHng cc ion Al3+ dJn 5(n s, thi(u hPt vI 5i@n tch d-'ng.
X] l kh th'i b>ng ph)&ng php hRp th@

l C& sM c1a ph)&ng php: l d,a trn s, t-'ng tc giAa ch/t cFn h/p thP (th-1ng l kh hoMc h'i) vCi ch/t h/p thP (th-1ng l ch/t lWng) hoMc d,a v kh3 n$ng ha tan khc nhau c8a cc ch/t khc trong ch/t lWng 56 tch ch/t. l HRp th@ v<t l: L qu trnh d,a trn s, t-'ng tc v.t l thuFn ty; nghTa l chZ bao g m s, khu(ch tn, ha tan cc ch/t cFn h/p thP vo trong lng ch/t lWng v s, phn b+ c8a chng giAa cc phFn t[ ch/t lWng. V dP nh- s, phn b+ c8a kh ho tan giAa cc phn t[ ch/t lWng: NH3/aceton, CO/benzen, trimetylamin/dFu ho3, s, ho tan c8a kh SO3/H2SO4
l HRp th@ ha hNc: H/p thP ha h=c l m>t qu trnh lun 5i km vCi m>t hay nhiIu ph3n :ng ha h=c. M>t qu trnh h/p thP ho h=c bao gi1 c]ng bao g m 2 giai 5o0n: giai 5o0n khu(ch tn v giai 5o0n x3y ra cc ph3n :ng ha h=c l MGt sH v d@ hRp th@ trong cng nghi$p HRp th@ b>ng d u: th-1ng s[ dPng cc lo0i dFu 56 h/p thP cc hng axetylen: 56 h/p thP cc h<p ch/t nhdimetylformamit (CH3)2CONH; metanol; NH3 lWng,ng-1i ta c th6 dng axetylen. l S7 hRp th@ CO2 Ng-1i ta s[ dPng n-Cc, metanol, kiIm, dung dDch NH3 56 h/p thP CO2. + Trong metanol, CO2 h/p thP theo ki6u v.t l + Trong n-Cc, sau khi khu(ch tn vo, qu trnh x3y ra nhsau: CO2 + H2O = HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3
Khi s[ dPng dung dDch kiIm hay dung dDch NH3 th qu trnh x3y ra: CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + Na2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO2 S7 hRp th@ SO2 C th6 s[ dPng n-Cc, soda hoMc dung dDch (NH4)2SO3 56 h/p thP SO2: SO2 + H2O = H2SO3 = H+ + HSO3SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O SO2 + Na2SO3 + H2O = 2NaHSO2 NH4+ + SO32- + H2O = NH3 + HSO3- + H2O H/p thP cc h 500 5500C; bHng cch oxi ha ZnS bHng oxi khng kh.
Ch)&ng II: nhiKm th1y quy?n v ngu^n n)=c

l N-Cc - ngu n ti nguyn v cng qu gi nh-ng khng ph3i v t.n. MMc d l-<ng n-Cc chi(m h'n 97% bI mMt tri 5/t nh-ng l-<ng n-Cc c th6 dng cho sinh ho0t v s3n xu/t r/t t, chZ chi(m kho3ng 3%. Nh-ng hi@n nay ngu n n-Cc ny 5ang bD nhiLm trFm tr=ng do nhiIu nguyn nhn m nguyn nhn chnh l do ho0t 5>ng s3n xu/t v th:c c8a con ng-1i
Cch bi6n \Da Trung H3i kho3ng 200km, sng Nile chia thnh 2 nhnh v m4 ra giAa vng sa m0c nng bWng m>t chu th? hnh tam gic r>ng lCn. Sng Nile l con sng di nh/t th( giCi vCi t?ng chiIu di 6.690km Sng Nile c m>t nghTa quay trong trong lDch s[ Ai C.p 5Mc bi@t l Ai C.p c? 50i vI v$n minh, lDch s[ v cu>c s+ng tN cch 5y hng nghn n$m. M>t vai tr quan tr=ng 5 l n l n'i cung c/p ph sa mu m` gip pht tri6n s3n xu/t. \y l 5iIu l gi3i v sao m Ai C.p c th6 pht tri6n nhAng trang tr0i v nIn v$n minh c8a h= l0i pht tri6n r,c r` 5(n nh- v.y
Tr-1ng Giang l con sng lCn nh/t c8a Trung Qu+c, bOt ngu n tN vng cao nguyn tZnh Thanh H3i ch3y vI h-Cng Nam theo cao nguyn Ty T0ng vo Vn Nam, qua T: Xuyn, H BOc, Giang T... r i 5? ra bi6n giAa Hong H3i v \ng H3i.
Mekong l con sng r>ng nh/t \ng Nam . VCi chiIu di 2.600km, sng bOt 5Fu tN dng Lan Th-'ng (Trung Qu+c), tN 5y ti(p tPc ch3y qua lnh th? c8a nhiIu n-Cc trong khu v,c \ng Nam nh- Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia v cu+i cng 5? ra 9 c[a sng c8a Vi@t Nam (hay cn g=i l C[u Long giang)
Thc Victoria bao g+m 4 thc n(,c, $(/c phn cch b0i cc hn $1o nh2 v cc r3n san h. Victoria hnh thnh vng s(-ng m lin t4c r6ng l,n nh7t trn th8 gi,i. S(-ng m 0 $y th9m ch c th: nhn th7y $(/c t< cch xa 50 km.
Thc Victoria Zimbabwe cao 108 mt, r6ng 1708 mt (g7p 2 l n chi>u r6ng c?a thc Niagara 0 B@c MB)) l m6t trong nhEng thc n(,c l,n nh7t th8 gi,i.
l Tri 5/t c kho3ng 361 tri@u km2 di@n tch cc 50i d-'ng( chi(m 71% di@n tch bI mMt tri 5/t). TrA l-<ng ti nguyn n-Cc c kho3ng 1,5 tR km3, trong 5 n-Cc n>i 5Da chZ chi(m 91 tri@u km3 ( 6,1%), cn 93,9% l n-Cc bi6n v 50i d-'ng. l Ti nguyn n-Cc ng=t chi(m 28,25 tri@u km3 (1,88% th8y quy6n), nh-ng phFn lCn l0i 4 d0ng 5ng b$ng 4 hai c,c tri 5/t ( h'n 70% l-<ng n-Cc ng=t). L-<ng n-Cc th,c t( con ng-1i c th6 s[ dPng 5-<c l 4,2 tri@u km2 (0,28% th8y quy6n )
II.1. Khi ni$m nhiKm ngu^n n)=c

l nhiLm n-Cc l s, thay 5?i theo chiIu x/u 5i cc tnh ch/t v.t l ho h=c sinh h=c c8a n-Cc, vCi s, xu/t hi@n cc ch/t l0 4 th6 lWng, rOn lm cho ngu n n-Cc tr4 nn 5>c h0i vCi con ng-1i v sinh v.t. Lm gi3m 5> 5a d0ng sinh v.t trong n-Cc. Xt vI t+c 5> lan truyIn v quy m 3nh h-4ng th nhiLm n-Cc l v/n 5I 5ng lo ng0i h'n nhiLm 5/t. l Hi8n ch(-ng chu u v> n(,c $ $Fnh nghHa: l " nhiLm n-Cc l s, bi(n 5?i ni chung do con ng-1i 5+i vCi ch/t l-<ng n-Cc, lm nhiLm b_n n-Cc v gy nguy hi6m cho con ng-1i, cho cng nghi@p, nng nghi@p, nui c, nghZ ng'i, gi3i tr, cho 5>ng v.t nui v cc loi hoang d".
II. Ngu^n gHc cc tc nhn gy nhiKm

II.1. Ngu^n gHc a) nhiKm t7 nhin: L do m-a,tuy(t tan, l] lPt,gi bo hoMc do cc s3n ph_m ho0t 5>ng s+ng c8a sinh v.t, k6 c3 xc ch(t c8a chng b) nhiKm nhn t,o: l Ta sinh ho,t: N-Cc th3i sinh ho0t (domestic wastewater): l n-Cc th3i pht sinh tN cc h> gia 5nh, b@nh vi@n, khch s0n, c' quan tr-1ng h=c, ch:a cc ch/t th3i trong qu trnh sinh ho0t, v@ sinh c8a con ng-1i l Ta cc ho,t 8Gng cng nghi$p: N-Cc th3i cng nghi@p (industrial wastewater): l n-Cc th3i tN cc c' s4 s3n xu/t cng nghi@p, ti6u th8 cng nghi@p, giao thng v.n t3i. Khc vCi n-Cc th3i sinh ho0t hay n-Cc th3i 5 thD, n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p khng c thnh phFn c' b3n gi+ng nhau, m phP thu>c vo ngnh s3n xu/t cng nghi@p cP th6
l Ta y t3: N-Cc th3i b@nh vi@n bao g m n-Cc th3i tN cc phng phJu thu.t, phng xt nghi@m, phng th nghi@m, tN cc nh v@ sinh, khu giMt l, r[a th,c ph_m, bt 5Ta, tN vi@c lm v@ sinh phng... c]ng c th6 tN cc ho0t 5>ng sinh ho0t c8a b@nh nhn, ng-1i nui b@nh v cn b> cng nhn vin lm vi@c trong BV. N-Cc th3i y t( c kh3 n$ng lan truyIn r/t m0nh cc vi khu_n gy b@nh, nh/t l 5+i vCi n-Cc th3i 5-<c x3 ra tN nhAng b@nh vi@n hay nhAng khoa truyIn nhiLm, ly nhiLm. l Ta ho,t 8Gng s'n xuRt nng, ng) nghi$p: l + Trong s'n xuRt nng nghi$p: Cc ho0t 5>ng ch$n nui gia sc: phn, n-Cc ti6u gia sc, th:c $n thNa khng qua x[ l 5-a vo mi tr-1ng v cc ho0t 5>ng s3n xu/t nng nghi@p khc: thu+c trN su, phn bn tN cc ru>ng la, d-a, v-1n cy, rau ch:a cc ch/t ha h=c 5>c h0i c th6 gy nhiLm ngu n n-Cc ngFm v n-Cc mMt
l Trong s'n xuRt ng) nghi$p: N-Cc ta l n-Cc c b1 bi6n di v c nhiIu 5iIu ki@n thu.n l<i cho ngnh nui tr ng th8y h3i s3n, tuy nhin c]ng v 5 m vi@c nhiLm ngu n n-Cc do cc h nui tr ng th8y s3n gy ra khng ph3i l nhW.Nguyn nhn l do th:c $n, n-Cc trong h , ao nui lu ngy bD phn h8y khng 5-<c x[ l t+t m x3 ra sng su+i, bi6n gy nhiLm ngu n n-Cc
II.2. Cc tc nhn gy nhiKm n)=c

a) l Cc ion v c& ha tan Cc chRt dinh d)bng (N, P): Mu+i c8a nit' v photpho l cc ch/t dinh d-`ng 5+i vCi th,c v.t, 4 n ng 5> thch hng sinh ho0t v s3n xu/t c8a con ng-1i 5 lm gia t$ng n ng 5> cc ion ny trong n-Cc t, nhin Sulfat (SO42-): Cc ngu n n-Cc t, nhin, 5Mc bi@t n-Cc bi6n v n-Cc phn, th-1ng c n ng 5> sulfat cao. Sulfat trong n-Cc c th6 bD vi sinh v.t chuy6n ha t0o ra sulfit v axit sulfuric c th6 gy $n mn 5-1ng +ng v b tng. X n ng 5> cao, sulfat c th6 gy h0i cho cy tr ng
l Clorua (Cl-): L m>t trong cc ion quan tr=ng trong n-Cc v n-Cc th3i. Clorua k(t h clorua cao c kh3 n$ng $n mn kim lo0i, gy h0i cho cy tr ng, gi3m tu?i th= c8a cc cng trnh bHng b tng,... Nhn chung clorua khng gy h0i cho s:c khWe con ng-1i, nh-ng clorua c th6 gy ra vD mMn c8a n-Cc do 5 t nhiIu 3nh h-4ng 5(n mPc 5ch $n u+ng v sinh ho0t l Cc kim lo,i nJng: Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, Mn,...th-1ng c trong n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p. HFu h(t cc kim lo0i nMng 5Iu c 5>c tnh cao 5+i vCi con ng-1i v cc 5>ng v.t khc b) Cc chRt h5u c&: l Cc chRt h5u c& dK bA phn huc sinh hNc (cc ch/t tiu thP xi) Cacbonhidrat, protein, ch/t bo th-1ng c mMt trong n-Cc th3i sinh ho0t,n-Cc th3i 5 thD , n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p ch( bi(n th,c ph_m l cc ch/t hAu c' dL bD phn huR sinh h=c
l Cc chRt h5u c& b(n v5ng: Cc ch/t hAu c' c 5>c tnh cao th-1ng l cc ch/t bIn vAng, kh bD vi sinh v.t phn huR trong mi tr-1ng. M>t s+ ch/t hAu c' c kh3 n$ng t n l-u lu di trong mi tr-1ng v tch lua sinh h=c trong c' th6 sinh v.t. Do c kh3 n$ng tch lua sinh h=c, nn chng c th6 thm nh.p vo chuî th:c $n v tN 5 5i vo c' th6 con ng-1i - Nhm ht gi/y, nhu>m - Nhm ho ch/t b3o v@ th,c v.t hAu c' - Nhm h th/p (d-Ci 1000o C) - Nhm ht s+ s3n ph_m dFu m` khc cn ch:a cc ch/t 5>c nh- PAHs, PCBs,Do 5, dFu m` th-1ng c 5>c tnh cao v t-'ng 5+i bIn trong mi tr-1ng n-Cc. \>c tnh v tc 5>ng c8a dFu m` 5(n h@ sinh thi n-Cc khng gi+ng nhau m phP thu>c vo lo0i dFu m` d) Cc chRt c mu e) Cc chRt gy mi vA f) Cc vi sinh v<t gy b$nh: Vi rt, vi khu_n, 5>ng v.t 5'n bo, giun sn.
III. Cc thng sH 8nh gi chRt l)Sng n)=c

III.1. Hm l&'ng oxi ha tan (DO - Dissolve oxygen) Hm l-<ng oxi ha tan trong n-Cc (mg/l) l l-'ng oxi tN khng kh c th6 ha tan vo n-Cc trong 5iIu ki@n nhi@t 5> v p su/t xc 5Dnh Hm l-<ng oxi ha tan trong n-Cc gip ta 5nh gi ch/t l-<ng n-Cc ChZ s+ DO th/p, c nghTa l n-Cc c ch:a nhiIu ch/t hAu c', nhu cFu oxi ha t$ng nn tiu thP nhiIu oxi trong n-Cc Khi chZ s+ DO cao ch:ng tW n-Cc c ch:a nhiIu rong t3o tham gia qu trnh quang h<p gi3i phng oxi ChZ s+ DO r/t quan tr=ng 56 duy tr 5iIu ki@n hi(u kh v l c' s4 56 xc 5Dnh nhu cFu oxi ha sinh h=c (BOD)
l III.2. Nhu c u oxi sinh ha (BOD Biological Oxygen Demand) l Nhu cFu oxi ha sinh h=c l l-<ng oxi cFn thi(t 56 vi sinh v.t tiu thP trong qu trnh oxi ha cc ch/t hAu c' trong n-Cc (5Mc bi@t l n-Cc th3i). l \'n vD: gam hoMc miligam O2 trn m>t 5'n vD th6 tch (lt) Ch/t hAu c' + O2
Vi khu_n
CO2 + H2O
Oxi s[ dPng cho qu trnh ny l oxi ha tan trong n-Cc ChZ s+ BOD l thng s+ quan tr=ng 56 5nh gi m:c 5> nhiLm c8a n-Cc do cc ch/t hAu c' c th6 bD vi sinh v.t phn h8y trong 5iIu ki@n hi(u kh ChZ s+ BOD chZ ra l-<ng oxi m vi khu_n tiu thP trong ph3n :ng oxi ha cc ch/t hAu c' trong n-Cc bD nhiLm, chZ s+ BOD cng cao ch:ng tW l-<ng ch/t hAu c' c kh3 n$ng phn h8y sinh h=c nhiLm trong n-Cc cng lCn
l Qu trnh oxi ha cc chRt h5u c& trong n)=c c th? x'y ra theo 2 giai 8o,n Giai 8o,n 1. Ch8 y(u oxi ha cc h<p ch/t hidrocacbon CnHm + (n + m/2)O2
Vi khu_n
nCO2
+ m/2H2O
Qu trnh ny ko di kho3ng 20 ngy 4 200C Giai 8o,n 2. Oxi ha cc h<p ch/t nit' (bOt 5Fu sau kho3ng ngy th: 10) 2NH3 + 3O2 2NO2 + O2
-
Vi khu_n Vi khu_n
2NO2- + 2H+ + 2H2O 2NO3-
l III.3. Nhu c u oxy ha hNc COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) l ChZ s+ COD l l-<ng oxi c trong kali bicromat (K2Cr2O7) 5 dng 56 oxi ha ch/t hAu c' trong n-Cc. l COD bi6u thD l-<ng ch/t hAu c' c th6 bD oxi ha bHng ha h=c. COD 5-<c dng r>ng ri 56 5Mc tr-ng cho m:c 5> cc ch/t hAu c' trong n-Cc nhiLm (k6 c3 ch/t hAu c' dL phn h8y v kh phn h8y sinh h=c) l Thng th-1ng ph-'ng php COD 5-<c s[ dPng nhiIu h'n so vCi ph-'ng php BOD. ChZ s+ COD c gi trD cao h'n BOD v n bao g m c3 ch/t hAu c' khng th6 bD oxi ha bHng vi sinh v.t. l C 2 ph-'ng php 5-<c s[ dPng r>ng ri l ph-'ng php pemangant (KMnO4) trong 4 gi1 hoMc ph-'ng php bicromat (K2Cr2O7) trong 2 gi1
III.4. Nhu c u oxi tr7c ti3p IOD (Immediate Oxygen Demand) IOD l l-<ng oxi tiu thP bHng qu trnh kh[ ha h=c l Qu trnh kh[ sunfua, nitrit nhsau: S2- + 2O2 f SO42NO2- + O2 f NO3Cc lo0i ph3n :ng oxi ha cc ch/t v c' ny diLn ra r/t nhanh v qu trnh diLn ra 5-<c 5o trong phng th nghi@m nhu cFu oxi tr,c ti(p
IV. Cc ph)&ng php x] l n)=c th'i

IV.1. Ph)&ng php x] l c& hNc l a. Song chIn rc: Trong hFu h(t cc cng trnh x[ l n-Cc th3i bHng bi@n php x[ l c' h=c 5Iu c song chOn rc (bar-rack/screen). Song chOn rc l h0ng mPc cng trnh x[ l s' b> 5Fu tin nhHm ng$n giA rc bFn th g m gi/y, b=c nylon, ch/t dbo, cW cy, vW 5 h>p, g^
M>t ki6u k(t c/u song chOn rc co bHng tay

M>t s+ k(t c/u chOn rc vCi thi(t bD lm s0ch bHng c' giCi (a) ki6u v.n hnh bHng xch quay; (b) ki6u bn co tr-<t (theo Franklin Miller); (c) ki6u t1i quay (theo Dresser Industries); (d) ki6u 5Fu cp
b) Ph)&ng php lIng l Qu trnh lOng 5-<c s[ dPng 56 lo0i cc t0p ch/t 4 d0ng huyIn ph th ra khWi n-Cc th3i l Theo ch:c n$ng, cc b6 lOng 5-<c phn thnh: b6 lOng ct , b6 lOng s' c/p, b6 lOng th: c/p l +) B? lIng ct: (grit chamber) dng 56 chOn giA nhAng h0t ct, s0n nhW c trong n-Cc th3i, 5Mc bi@t l nhAng h@ th+ng thot n-Cc m-a v n-Cc th3i ch3y chung
+) B? lIng s& cRp: B6 lOng s' c/p (primary sedimentation tanks) l m>t trong nhAng ti(n trnh x[ l n-Cc th3i c? 5i6n nh/t, n c nhi@m vP giA l0i cc ch/t khng ha tan, tri l' l[ng trong n-Cc th3i.
l c. Ph)&ng php lNc: L=c l qu trnh tch cc h0t rOn ra khWi pha lWng hoMc pha kh bHng cch cho dng kh hoMc lWng c ch:a h0t ch/t rOn ch3y qua lCp v.t ng$n x+p. Cc h0t rOn sQ bD giA l0i trn bI mMt lCp v.t ng$n cn kh hoMc ch/t lWng sQ th/m qua v.t ng$n.
S' 5 m>t b6 l=c th/m
l d) B? 8i(u ho: Dng 56 duy tr s, ?n 5Dnh c8a dng th3i, khOc phPc nhAng v/n 5I v.n hnh do s, dao 5>ng c8a l-u l-<ng dng n-Cc th3i gy ra v nng cao hi@u su/t c8a cc qu trnh 4 cu+i dy chuyIn x[ l
B6 5iIu ho vCi t-1ng ng$n a - t-1ng d=c, b - t-1ng ngang
B6 5iIu ho vCi th?i kh nn 1- DJn n-Cc vo; 2- H@ th+ng c3 n-Cc; 3- Mng c c[a phn ph+i n-Cc, 4- gng phn ph+i kh c l^
e. Ph)&ng php pha long l Khi l-u l-<ng c8a dng ch3y trong sng lCn, kh3 n$ng t, lm s0ch c8a sng cao. Trong tr-1ng h ch/t nhiLm 5-<c pha long, qu trnh t, lm s0ch c8a n-Cc diLn ra thu.n l<i sQ t gy t?n th/t 5(n h@ sinh thi th8y sinh
IV.2. Ph)&ng php x] l ha v ha - l

IV.2.1. Ph)&ng php trung ha l Nguyn l: B3n ch/t c8a ph-'ng php trung ho l ph3n :ng ha h=c giAa axit v kiIm hoMc giAa mu+i vCi axit hoMc kiIm c trong n-Cc th3i. Ch/t 5-<c ch=n 56 th,c hi@n ph3n :ng vCi cc axit hoMc kiIm c trong n-Cc th3i g=i l tc nhn trung ho ho h=c. a) Ph)&ng php trGn n)=c th'i: Ph-'ng php 5'n gi3n nh/t v kinh t( nh/t l tr>n cc lo0i n-Cc th3i ch:a axit v kiIm vCi nhau. Ty theo cng ngh@ s3n xu/t c8a tNng x nghi@p, nh my m n-Cc th3i c8a n c th6 mang tnh axit, tnh kiIm hoMc c3 hai
b) Cc ph)&ng php x] l n)=c th'i axit Cho dng n)=c th'i ch'y qua l=p 8 vi l LCp 5 vi c th6 coi nh- m>t lCp 5@m c ho0t tnh ho h=c. Ph3n :ng ho h=c x3y ra lin tPc khi lCp 5@m cn ho0t tnh ho h=c. Ph3n :ng x3y ra 4 cc tm ho0t ho theo ph3n :ng: CaCO3 + H2SO4 f CaSO4 + H2CO3 X] l n)=c th'i b>ng vi : D0ng b>t nh- cacbonat canxi CaCO3, cacbonat magi MgCO3 d0ng vi b>t hay sAa vi c8a hydroxyt canxi Ca(OH)2. CaCO3 + H2SO4 f CaSO4 + H2CO3 - Q hoMc Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 f CaSO4 + 2H2O - Q
l X] l n)=c th'i b>ng xt NaOH hoJc s8a Na2SO4 2NaOH + H2CO3 f Na2SO4+ 2H2O Na2CO3 + H2CO3 f 2NaHCO3 hay NaOH + H2SO4 f NaHSO4 + H2O NaHSO4 + NaOH f Na2SO4 + H2O c) X] l n)=c th'i ch-a ki(m Ph)&ng php s@c kh cacbonic CO2: Nguyn l c8a ph-'ng php ny l sPc kh CO2 vo n-Cc th3i. Kh CO2 tan vo n-Cc v tc dPng vCi n-Cc t0o thnh axt cacbonic H2CO3 CO2 + H2O f H2CO3 H2CO3 + 2NaOH f Na2CO3 + 2H2O N(u H2CO3 d-: Na2CO3 + H2CO3 f 2NaHCO3
l Ph)&ng php t,o CO2 trong n)=c th'i ch-a ki(m l T0o CO2 bHng cch 5+t kh chy d-Ci n-Cc: Qu trnh ny 5-<c g=i l s, chy chm (submerged combustion) l T0o CO2 bHng ph-'ng php ln men: Ng-1i ta cho ln men ki kh n-Cc th3i ch:a kiIm hoMc n-Cc th3i ch:a cc ch/t hAu c' nh1 cc vi khu_n sinh axit lm cho 5> pH c8a mi tr-1ng gi3m l X] l n)=c th'i ch-a ki(m b>ng axit sunfuric: l \y l ph-'ng php trung ho giAa kiIm v axit. N(u n-Cc th3i ch:a axit th ph3n :ng x3y ra nhsau: l 2NaOH + H2SO4 f Na2SO4 + H2O
IV.2. Ph)&ng php keo t@

T0o bng l qu trnh lm keo tP cc h0t keo hoMc dnh cc h0t nhW l0i thnh m>t t.p h<p h0t lCn h'n 56 lOng bHng cch 5-a vo ch/t lWng cc tc nhn t0o bng c tc dPng ph keo hoMc h/p phP cc h0t nhW ln bI mMt c8a n hoMc dnh cc h0t nhW l0i vCi nhau l Cc ch/t th-1ng dng trong ph-'ng php lOng v 5ng tP dL lo0i bW cc ch/t rOn l' l[ng trong n-Cc th3i l: l Phn Al(SO4)nH2O (n = 13-18). l S5a k(t h<p vCi phn Na2CO3 + Al2(SO4)3 l SOt Sunphat FeSO4.7H2O. l N-Cc vi Ca(OH)2. l Natrialuninat Na2Al2O4 l SOt Clorua v sOt (III) sunphat FeSO4
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
Dng phn lo,i bd photphat trong n)=c th'i: Al(SO4)3 + PO43- f AlPO42- + SO4 pH t+i -u: 5,6 - 6 Dng vi lo,i bicacbonat, cacbonat photphat, magi. Ca(OH)2 +Ca(HCO3) f 2CaCO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 +H2CO3)f 2CaCO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 +3CaHPO4 fCa(OH)(PO4)3 + 3H2O Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 fCaCO3 +Mg(OH)2 +H2O Dng sOt clorua 56 t0o photphat FeCl3 + 6H2O + PO43- fFePO4 + 3Cl- +6H2O Dng natri aluminat 56 lo0i photphat Na2Al2O4 + 2PO43- + 4H2O f2ALPO4 + 2NaOH + 6 OHC' ch( t0o bng trong mi tr-1ng h'i kiIm: 2AlCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3 CaCl2 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3 CaSO4
Thi(t bD t0o bng b4i khu/y c' kh
IV.3. Ph)&ng php oxy ho

l a. Ozon ho: Ozon l ch/t oxy ho c ho0t tnh cao v 5> ho tan trong n-Cc lCn g/p 10 lFn O2. N bIn trong mi tr-1ng axit h'n so vCi mi tr-1ng kiIm. l X[ l n-Cc th3i c ch:a cc ch/t b_n hAu c' d0ng ho tan v keo. l Lm s0ch n-Cc th3i khWi phenol, s3n ph_m dFu H2S, h oxy ho bHng ozon sQ t$ng 102 - 104 lFn. Ph3n :ng oxy ho cyanit bHng ozon c d0ng: l CN- + O3 = CNO- + O2
Thi(t bD lo0i 5@m 56 th,c hi@n ph3n :ng oxy ho bHng ozon.
b. Oxy ho b>ng peroxyt H2O2 l H2O2 l ch/t oxy ho m0nh dng 56 oxi ha phenol, CN-, cc hng pemanganat kaly (KMnO4) l KMnO4 l ch/t oxy ho t-'ng 5+i m0nh 5-<c dng 56 oxy ho phenol, CN- v cc h pH c8a qu trnh l 9,5, pH cng cao th ph3n :ng x3y ra cng nhanh. Ph3n :ng bHng pemanganat kaly c d0ng: l C2H5OH + 4KMnO4 = 4MnO2 + 2K2CO3 + 3H2O
IV.4. Ph)&ng php kh]

l Qu trnh kh[ c]ng l th,c hi@n ph3n :ng oxy ho kh[ 5-<c dng 56 lm s0ch n-Cc th3i khWi cc ht Fe, b>t Al, H2S. Trong qu trnh kh[ cc h<p ch/t hAu c' ch:a Hg, ban 5Fu cc h<p ch/t ch:a Hg bD phn huR sau 5 cc ion Hg+ sQ bD kh[ thnh Hg kim lo0i v 5-<c tch ra khWi n-Cc bHng cch lOng, l=c... As trong n-Cc th3i nHm 4 d0ng AsO2-,AsO33-, AsS2-, AsS3l \6 tch As khWi n-Cc th3i ta ti(n hnh kh[ As thnh h<p ch/t kh tan nh- As2O3 v 5-<c tch ra rHng tch l=c. CrO42- trong dung dDch th-1ng bD kh[ 5(n Cr3+ bHng than ho0t tnh, SO2,NaHSO3, NaHSO4..... l Ph3n :ng kh[ CrO42- bHng NaHSO3 khi pH = 3 - 4 c d0ng: l 4H2CrO4 + 6NaHSO3 + 3H2SO4 f2Cr(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 10H2O l Ph3n :ng kh[ cro bHng SO2. X pa = 2 2,5 c d0ng: l SO2 + H2O f H2SO3 l CrO3 + H2SO3 fCr(SO4)3 + 3H2O
IV.5. Ph)&ng php trao 89i ion Trao 5?i ion l qu trnh t-'ng tc c8a dung dDch vCi pha rOn c tnh ch/t trao 5?i lCn trong pha rOn vCi cn c trong dung dDch. Qu trnh 5-<c dng 56 tch cc kim lo0i Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn... h<p ch/t As, P, CN cc ch/t lWng phng x0 khWi n-Cc th3i. IV.6. Ph)&ng php hRp ph@ l H/p phP tch cc ch/t hAu c' v kh ho tan khWi n-Cc th3i bHng cch t.p trung cc ch/t 5 trn bI mMt ch/t rOn (h/p phP v.t l) hay bHng cch t-'ng tc cc ch/t b_n ho tan vCi cc ch/t rOn (h/p phP ho h=c). l Ph-'ng php h/p phP dng 56 kh[ mi vD, mu, ch/t b_n hAu c' kh phn h8y, kim lo0i nMng,... ra khWi n-Cc th3i cng nghi@p. Ph-'ng php ny th-1ng 5-<c s[ dPng khi n-Cc th3i cFn x[ l 50t tiu chu_n cao hoMc ti s[ dPng l0i n-Cc th3i
IV.7. Ph)&ng php tuy?n n9i Tuy6n n?i lo0i cc t0p ch/t b_n ra khWi n-Cc bHng cch t0o cho chng kh3 n$ng dL n?i ln mMt n-Cc. Ng-1i ta cho vo n-Cc ch/t tuy6n n?i hoMc tc nhn tuy6n n?i 56 thu ht v ko cc ch/t b_n n?i ln mMt n-Cc, sau 5 lo0i h^n h<p ch/t b_n v ch/t tuy6n n?i ra khWi n-Cc.
Thi(t bD tuy6n N?i, kh sinh ra do ph3n :ng ho h=c
IV.8. Ph)&ng php thOm thRu ng)Sc

Th_m th/u ng-<c l qu trnh tch n-Cc qua mng bn th/m tN pha dung dDch 5Mc h'n sang pha dung dDch long h'n khi p su/t tc 5Png ln dung dDch v-<t qu p su/t th_m th/u
Thi(t bD l=c th_m th/u ng-<c
IV.9. Ph)&ng php 8i$n ho hNc

l Ph-'ng php 5i@n ho h=c ph huR cc t0p ch/t 5>c h0i trong n-Cc th3i hoMc trong dung dDch bHng cch oxy ho 5i@n ho trn 5i@n c,c an+t hoMc c]ng c th6 phPc h i cc ch/t qu r i 5-a vI dng l0i trong s3n xu/t. Thng th-1ng 2 nhi@m vP phn huR cc ch/t 5>c h0i v thu h i ch/t qu hi(m 5-<c gi3i quy(t 5 ng th1i
ch/t nguy h0i bHng ion ho d-Ci tc dPng c8a l,c 5i@n
IV.10. Ph)&ng php hRp ph@ cacbon

l H/p phP l qu trnh tch cc c/u t[ 5>c h0i nHm trong pha kh hoMc pha lWng vCi n ng 5> r/t th/p ln bI mMt hoMc trong cc l^ mao qu3n c8a ch/t h/p phP l pha rOn x+p. l H/p phP lWng - rOn dng 56 tch cc ch/t 5>c h0i: Phenol, cc thu+c trN su, thu+c di@t cW, cc h<p ch/t no c8a ccbuahydro th'm, cc h<p ch/t bI mMt, cc ch/t mu ra khWi n-Cc th3i. l Ch/t h/p phP rOn th-1ng dng l than ho0t tnh, tro, xZ, silicagen... Ch/t h/p phP ph3i tho3 mn cc yu cFu: l H/p phP ch=n l=c. l BI mMt ring lCn. l DL hon nguyn. l \3m b3o 5> bIn c' v nhi@t. l Khng c ho0t tnh xc tc vCi cc ph3n :ng oxy ho dL ki(m, rb tiIn
IV.11. Ph)&ng php x] l sinh hNc

C ba nhm ph-'ng php x[ l n-Cc th3i theo nguyn tOc sinh h=c: l 1 Cc ph-'ng php hi(u kh (aerobic). l 2. Cc ph-'ng php thi(u kh (anoxic). l 3. Cc ph-'ng php kD kh (anaerobic)
l Ph)&ng php hi3u kh dng 56 lo0i cc ch/t hAu c' dL bD vi sinh phn huR ra khWi ngu n n-Cc. Cc ch/t ny 5-<c cc lo0i vi sinh hi(u kh oxy ho bHng oxy ha tan trong n-Cc. l Vi sinh l Ch/t hAu c' + O2 fH2O + CO2 + n$ng l-<ng l Vi sinh l Ch/t hAu c' + O2 f T( bo mCi l N$ng l-<ng l T( bo mCi + O2 f CO2 + H2O + NH3 l T?ng c>ng: Ch/t hAu c' + O2 f H2O + CO2 + NH3 l Trong ph-'ng php hi(u kh ammoni c]ng 5-<c lo0i bW bHng oxy ho nh1 vi sinh t, d-`ng (qu trnh nh.t ho) l Nitrosomonas l 2NH4+ + 3O2 f 2NO2- + 4H+ + 2H2O + N$ng l-<ng l Nitrobacter l 2NO2- + O2 f 2NO3l l Vi Sinh l T?ng c>ng: NH4+ + 2O2 f NO3 + 2H+ + H2O + N$ng l-<ng l \iIu ki@n cFn thi(t cho qu trnh: pH = 5,5 - 9,0, nhi@t 5> 5 - 40oC
l Nguyn tIc cc ph)&ng php x] l thi3u kh l Trong 5iIu ki@n thi(u oxy ho tan sQ x3y ra s, kh[ nitrit. Oxy 5-<c gi3i phng tN nitrat sQ oxy ho ch/t hAu c' v nit' sQ 5-<c t0o thnh. l vi sinh l NO3- f NO2 + O2 l Ch/t hAu c' l O2 f N2 + CO2 + H2O l Trong h@ th+ng x[ l theo ka thu.t bn ho0t ha s, kh[ nitric sQ x3y ra khi khng ti(p tPc cung c/p khng kh. Khi 5 oxy cFn cho ho0t 5>ng c8a vi sinh gi3m dFn v vi@c gi3i phng oxy tN nitrat sQ x3y ra. Theo nguyn tOc trn ph-'ng php thi(u kh (kh[ nh.t ha) 5-<c s[ dPng 56 lo0i nit' ra khWi n-Cc th3i
l Nguyn tOc cc ph-'ng php x[ l y(m kh l Ph-'ng php x[ l kD kh dng 56 lo0i bW cc ch/t hAu c' trong phFn cMn c8a n-Cc th3i bHng vi sinh v.t tuc nghi v vi sinh kD kh. l Hai cch x[ l y(m kh thng dPng l: l Ln men axit: ThuR phn v chuy6n ho cc s3n ph_m thuR phn (nh- axit bo, 5-1ng) thnh cc axit v r-<u m0ch ngOn h'n v cu+i cng thnh kh cacbonic. l Ln men metan: Phn huR cc ch/t hAu c' thnh metan (CH4) v kh cacbonic (CO2) vi@c ln men metan nh0y c3m vCi s, thay 5?i pH. pH t+i -u cho qu trnh l tN 6,8 5(n 7,4 l Methanosarcina l CH3COOH f CH4 + CO2 l 2CH2(CH2)COOH3 f CH4 + 2CH3COOH + C2H5COOH + CH4 + CO2
Cc ph)&ng php x] l
Ao h^ 9n 8Anh a) Ao h^ 9n hi3u kh: ch:a 5,ng vi khu_n v t3o 4 th6 l' l[ng v cc 5iIu ki@n -a kh 5-<c ng, trD su+t chiIu su c8a h . C 2 lo0i h -a kh chnh: l Lo0i th: nh/t: MPc tiu l s3n xu/t t3o 4 m:c t+i 5a. Cc h ny th-1ng bD giCi h0n 4 m>t 5> su kho3ng 15 - 45 cm. l Lo0i th: hai (h oxy ho hoMc h ?n 5Dnh), mPc tiu l s3n xu/t oxy 4 m:c t+i 5a v nhAng 5> su c8a h th-1ng 50t tCi 1,5 m b) Ao, h^ kA kh: L lo0i ao su, khng cFn oxy ho tan cho ho0t 5>ng vi sinh. X 5y cc lo0i vi sinh kD kh v vi sinh ty nghi dng oxy tN cc h nhiLm hAu c' cao v c]ng ch:a hm l-<ng ch/t rOn lCn. \i6n hnh 5 l m>t h su bHng 5/t vCi cc +ng dJn vo v ra h<p l. \6 b3o ton nhi@t n$ng v duy tr 5iIu ki@n kD kh, cc h kD kh 5 5-<c xy d,ng vCi chiIu su lCn h'n 6 m d. Cc h^ )a kh c thng kh: Cc h ny 5-<c c3i bin tN h ?n 5Dnh tuc ti@n (facultitive) khi cc my thng kh 4 bI mMt 5-<c lOp 5Mt 56 khOc phPc, h0n ch( mi hi tN cc h "qu t3i hAu c'".
l Qu trnh bn ho,t tnh l \y l ka thu.t 5-<c s[ dPng r>ng ri 56 x[ l n-Cc th3i 5 thD v cng nghi@p. Theo cch ny, n-Cc th3i 5-<c 5-a qua b> ph.n chOn rc, lo0i rc, ch/t rOn 5-<c lOng, bn 5-<c tiu huR v lm kh. Qu trnh ny c th6 h i l-u (bn ho0t tnh xoay vng) lm t$ng kh3 n$ng lo0i BOD (5(n 60 - 90%), lo0i N (5(n 40%) v lo0i coliform (60 - 90%). l Cc qu trnh lNc sinh hNc l a) Ei(u ki$n )a kh: Cc qu trnh x[ l sinh h=c bHng sinh tr-4ng -a kh bm theo bI mMt th-1ng 5-<c dng 56 kh[ cc ch/t hAu c' c trong n-Cc th3i. Ph-'ng php ny c]ng 5-<c dng 56 th,c hi@n qu trnh nitrat ho (chuy6n ho nitrogen 4 d0ng NH3 thnh NO3).
H@ thng x[ l n-Cc th3i dng thi(t bD ti(p xc sinh h=c c km theo b6 lOng trong
B6 l=c sinh h=c lo0i nhW gi=t hi@n 50i bao g m m>t lCp mi tr-1ng l=c bHng cc v.t li@u dL th/m. Cc vi sinh v.t bm vo 5 v n-Cc th3i cFn l=c th/m qua hoMc ch3y nhW gi=t qua lCp l=c c tn l "b6 l=c nhW gi=t" (hay cn g=i l b6 l=c sinh h=c). V.t li@u lm mi tr-1ng l=c th-1ng bHng 5 c 5-1ng knh 25 - 100 mm
Thi(t bD ti(p xc sinh h=c lo0i quay trn
Khi v.n hnh, nhAng kh+i t$ng tr-4ng sinh h=c sQ bm vo bI mMt c8a cc 5Ta v c th6 hnh thnh m>t lCp bn trn ton b> mMt -Ct c8a cc 5Ta. S, quay trn c8a cc 5Ta lm cho sinh kh+i ti(p xc vCi ch/t hAu c' trong n-Cc th3i v sau 5 vCi khng kh 56 h/p thP oxy. S, quay trn c8a cc 5Ta 3nh h-4ng 5(n s, chuy6n giao oxy v giAa kh+i sinh v.t trong 5iIu ki@n "-a kh
l b. Ei(u ki$n thi3u oxy l Vi@c lo0i nitrogen d-Ci d0ng nitrat ho bHng cch chuy6n ho thnh kh nitrogen c th6 th,c hi@n theo ph-'ng php sinh h=c trong nhAng 5iIu ki@n thi(u oxy. Qu trnh ny g=i l kh[ nitrat c. \iIu ki@n kD kh l Hai qu trnh sinh tr-4ng 4 th6 huyIn ph, kD kh thng dPng nh/t 56 x[ l n-Cc th3i l: Qu trnh tiu huR kD kh Qu trnh ti(p xc kD kh
b6 ki6u tiu huR kD kh 5i6n hnh
Thi(t bD ph3n :ng ng-<c dng qua lCp bn kD kh
Ch)&ng III. Cc ph)&ng php x] l chRt th'i rIn

l III.1. Khi ni$m: Ch/t th3i rOn (CTR) 5-<c hi6u l t/t c3 cc ch/t th3i pht sinh do cc ho0t 5>ng c8a con ng-1i v 5>ng v.t t n t0i 4 d0ng rOn, 5-<c th3i bW khi khng cn hAu dPng hay khi khng mu+n dng nAa. l III.2. Ngu^n gHc l 1. Khu dn cl 2. Khu th-'ng m0i l 3. C' quan, cng s4 l 4. Khu xy d,ng v ph h8y cc cng trnh xy d,ng l 5. Khu cng c>ng l 6. Nh my x[ l ch/t th3i l 7. Cng nghi@p l 8. Nng nghi@p.
III.3. H$ thHng thu gom

III.3.1. Cng c@ thu dNn rc a. Thng 5,ng rc b. Ch?i qut rc c. d. Xbng ht rc Giy, 8ng, g$ng tay, kh_u trang, knh, m]. quFn o Xe 5_y tay
e.
III.3.2. Ph)&ng ti$n v<n chuy?n rc Cc ph-'ng ti@n v.n t3i nh- t, tu ho3, x lan 5-<c s[ dPng 56 ch4 rc 5(n khu v,c x[ l, ti ch(, bi th3i.
III.3.3. Phn lo,i chRt th'i rIn
T0i cc h> gia 5nh T0i cc 5i6m t.p trung rc trung gian, tr0m trung chuy6n T0i bi th3i a. Ph-'ng php th8 cng b. Phn lo0i bHng lu ng kh th?i
c. Phn lo0i bHng tN tnh
1 Ch/t th3i rOn tN thi(t bD chMt m3nh 5. Nam chm c+ 5Dnh treo 2. TrPc l$n 6. V.t li@u sOt 3. D3i b$ng chuyIn 7. V.t li@u phi sOt 4. D3i b$ng lin tPc 8. Nam chm 5i@n Thi(t bD tch nam chm 5i6n hnh
III.4. Cc ph-'ng php x[ l ch/t th3i rOn

l M@c 8ch -T$ng cao hi@u qu3 c8a vi@c qu3n l CTR -Thu h i v.t li@u 56 ti s[ dPng, ti ch( -Thu h+i n$ng l-<ng tN rc c]ng nh- cc s3n ph_m chuy6n 5?i
III.4.1. X] l b>ng ph)&ng php c& hNc III.4.1.1 Gi'm kch th)=c Gi3m kch th-Cc ch/t th3i rOn nhHm nng cao hi@u qu3 thu gom, v.n chuy6n ch/t th3i rOn, s[ dPng t chuy(n xe h'n, gi3m th1i gian 5i l0i v chi ph. T0i bi th3i gi3m th6 tch ch/t th3i rOn nhHm t$ng th1i gian ho0t 5>ng v gi3m di@n tch 5/t c8a bi th3i a. Cng ngh$ nn, p: Nn, p nhHm lm gi3m th6 tch ban 5Fu c8a ch/t th3i rOn Thi(t bD nn, p: l,a ch=n thi(t bD nn p thch h<p cho tNng lo0i ch/t th3i rOn sau 5y: l + BPi nhG (5ng cho khu v,c nh 4). l + Rc cng nghi@p nhG, th-'ng m0i. l + Rc cng nghi@p nMng. l + Trong tr0m trung chuy6n. My p dng trong tr0m trung chuy6n c th6 cn phn ra nhiIu lo0i tuc thu>c vo 5> nn p p l,c: l + p l,c nhW h'n 100 lb/in2 = 0,45 kg, (in = 2,54cm) l + p l,c cao h'n 100 lb/in2
b. Cng ngh$ thiu 8Ht Thiu 5+t rc c]ng 5-<c p dPng 56 lm gi3m th6 tch ban 5Fu c8a cc lo0i ch/t th3i rOn chy 5-<c. S[ dPng cng ngh@ ny c th6 gi3m th6 tch tN 80 5(n 90%
L thiu ch/t th3i thnh ph+ vCi ph-'ng php n0p lin tPc 1 Xe thng rc 7. Bu ng 5+t 2. Thng ch:a 8. Thi(t bD ]=c 3. CFn nng 9. Qu0t 4. PhLu nh.n 10. gng khi 5. Sng di chuy6n 11 PhLu h:ng v.t li@u thNa 6. Qu0t 12. Knh th3i tro
c. Cng ngh$ nghi(n, cIt, b/m nhd S[ dPng cng ngh@ ny nhHm bi(n nhAng ch/t th3i rOn c kch th-Cc lCn thnh nhAng m3nh, cPc v` vPn nhW, nhHm nng cao hi@u qu3 thu gom v v.n chuy6n
Thi(t bD 5.p nhW 56 gi3m kch th-Cc ch/t th3i rOn 1. ch/t th3i rOn 2. PhLu ch:a 3. Ba ra. 4. Vt ba 5. \Ta 6. TrPc 8. B3n lI nOp 5.y 9. PhLu ch:a rc 5 5.p 10. Rc 5 5.p nhW 11. Sng 12. T/m chOn c th6 di chuy6n 13. \Da d.p nhW thu.n nghDch
III.4.2. X] l b>ng ph)&ng php c& hNc chuy?n ha sinh hNc v ha hNc
a. Qu trnh phn huc sinh hNc chRt th'i rIn l Qu trnh phn huR sinh h=c ch/t th3i rOn t0o ra s3n ph_m mCi bao g m phn compost, kh m tan, cc protein, alcohol v cc thnh ph3n hAu c' trung gian khc.
l Qu trnh 1 phn hi3u kh: Bi(n 5?i cc ch/t th3i rOn hAu c' thnh cc ch/t v c' (qu trnh khong ha) d-Ci tc dPng c8a vi sinh v.t. S3n ph_m t0o thnh 4 d0ng mn g=i l phn compost. l Qu trnh phn h1y chRt th'i ln men ke kh: L qu trnh bi(n 5?i sinh h=c d-Ci tc dPng c8a vi sinh v.t trong 5iIu ki@n y(m kh, p dPng 5+i vCi ch/t th3i rOn c hm l-<ng ch/t rOn tN 4 8% (bao g m: ch/t th3i rOn c8a con ng-1i, 5>ng v.t, cc s3n ph_m thNa tN nng nghi@p, v ch/t hAu c' trong thnh phFn c8a ch/t th3i rOn 5 thD). Qu trnh phn h8y ln men ki kh 5-<c p dPng r>ng ri trn th( giCi. S3n ph_m cu+i cng l kh metan, kh CO2, v ch/t mn ?n 5Dnh dng lm phn bn
Cc vi sinh v<t tham gia vo qu trnh phn huc sinh hNc chRt th'i rIn l Cc vi sinh v.t tham gia qu trnh phn huR ch/t th3i rOn t0o ra nhAng s3n ph_m hoMc bn thnh ph_m mCi l PKOTIST (nguyn sinh) bao g m l cc vi khu_n, n/m, n/m men (Yeast), actinomycites, 5>ng v.t nguyn sinh (Protozoa) v t3o
S' 5 cng ngh@ ch( bi(n phn rc vi sinh (compost)

b. Biogas
l B> ph.n c' b3n c8a h@ th+ng s3n xu/t kh sinh v.t l b6 sinh kh hay cn g=i l b6 phn huR, b6 ph+i (Digester/Septic tank). Kch th-Cc c8a b6 tuc thu>c vo kh3 n$ng vI ti chnh, s+ l-<ng gia sc v nhu cFu vI ch/t 5+t (kh 5+t).
B6 sinh kh hnh v0i vCi thng ch:a kh tch ring

c. Qu trnh chuy?n ha ha hNc

l Qu trnh chuy6n ha ha h=c bao g m m>t lo0t cc ph3n :ng th8y phn 5-<c s[ dPng 56 ti sinh cc ht lo0t cc ph3n :ng khc dng 56 ti sinh dFu t?ng h<p, kh v acetate cellulose Ph'n -ng th1y phn acid
acid (C6H10O5)n + H2O f n C6H12O6
\-1ng glucose 5-<c trch ly tN cellulose c th6 5-<c bi(n 5?i bHng cc ph3n :ng sinh h=c v ha h=c t0o thnh s3n ph_m l r-<u v cc ha ch/t cng nghi@p
l S'n xuRt metanol ta metan l Metan 5-<c hnh thnh tN qu trnh phn h8y y(m kh c8a cc ch/t th3i rOn hAu c' c th6 5-<c bi(n 5?i thnh metanol Qu trnh bi(n 5?i 5-<c th,c hi@n bHng 2 ph3n :ng sau: Xc tc CH4 + H2O f CO + 3H2 Xc tc CO + 2H2 f CH3OH Thu.n l<i c8a vi@c s3n xu/t metanol tN kh biogas c ch:a metan l metanol c th6 l-u trA v v.n chuy6n dL dng h'n l vi@c chuy6n kh metan
d. Ph-'ng php chn l/p

l Khng ph3i t/t c3 rc th3i 5Iu 5-<c ch( bi(n, tc ch( hay t0o ra n$ng l-<ng m phFn cn l0i v phFn d- thNa sau cc khu nu trn 5-<c 56 vo bi 5? rc chung c8a thnh ph+. l Cc y(u t+ sau 5y cFn ph3i 5-<c quan tm v 5nh gi trong khi ch=n 5Da 5i6m xy d,ng bi rc v@ sinh - Tc 5>ng mi tr-1ng xung quanh - Kho3ng cch chuyn ch4 rc: - \iIu ki@n 5Da hnh v 5Mc 5i6m th? nh-1ng - \iIu ki@n kh h.u: - \iIu ki@n th8y v$n: - \iIu ki@n 5Da ch/t v thuR 5Da ch/t: c/u t0o 5 mG, tFng ch:a n-Cc ngFm, ch/n 5>ng, sPt ln. - \iIu ki@n mi tr-1ng 5Da ph-'ng: mi tr-1ng t, nhin, kinh t(, x h>i xung quanh bi th3i d, ki(n. - TiIm n$ng s[ dPng t+i 5a c8a bi th3i, qua 5/t
Ch)&ng IV. X] l mi tr)*ng trong nh my lNc d u

IV. 1. INTRODUCTION OF DUNG QUAT REFINERY
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
l Site
12 km in the East of No 1 national road 7 km from Chu Lai Airport, 100km from Da Nang 38 km from Quang Ngai Town The Site is bounded by Dung Quat Bay to the North and Viet Thanh Bay to the South
l Quang Ngai Province

Area: 5,131.51 km2 Population: 1,198,500 (1999)
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
l Capacity:
6.5 million tons crude oil/annum (148,000 BPSD)
l Feedstock:
Sweet case: Bach Ho Crude Oil Sour Case: Mix Bach Ho + Dubai (5.5/1)
l Capital investment $1.5 billion.
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
Main products (meet ASEAN standards): l LPG l Polypropylene l Unleaded Gasoline (RON 83 and 92) l Jet Fuel (Jet A1)/ Burning Kerosene l Auto Diesel and Industrial Diesel l Fuel Oil
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
l Package 1: Refinery Inside Battery Limit l Package 2: Crude Tank Farm l Package 3: Product Tankage, Truck Loading, Interconnecting Pipeline, Product Export berth l Package 4: Single Point Mooring (SPM) l Package 5A: Breakwater l Package 5B: Jetty l Package 7: Administration Building
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
Plot Plant:
36 ha 40 ha 4 ha 27 ha 125 ha 232 ha (Add. 135 ha for Product Harbor Service Area)
DUNG QUAT REFINERY

EPC Package 1 (Refinery Inside Battery Limit) l Includes: Process Units, Utility and Offsite facilities l Main Process Units:
Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) Kerosene Treating Unit (KTU) Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT) Continuous Catalytic Reforming Unit (CCR) Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (RFCC) LPG Treating Unit (LTU) RFCC Naphtha Treating Unit (NTU) Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU)
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
EPC Package 2: Crude Tankage

l Stores Crude Oil imported through SPM l Includes six floating roof tanks with total working capacity: 390,000 m3 l Capacity is equal to 11 day's operation at the design CDU feed rate ( 148,000 BPSD) + maximum parcel size (110,000 DWT).
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
EPC package 3: Product Tankage, Truck Loading, Jetty Topsides, Interconnecting pipeline l Stores and exports products l Includes:
27 tanks with total working capacity: 397,000 m3 to store and dispatch products via Jetty Topsides, Truck Loading and Product Pipeline Interconnecting Pipelines: totally 10 km (7km from the Refinery to the Product Tankage and 3km from the Product Tankage to the Product Export Berths Jetty: Loading arms, MOV valves, slop tanks, drains, etc., as well as on-shore facilities including custody transfer flowmeters, safety valves, etc.
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
EPC Package 4: single point Mooring (SPM)

l Import Crude Oil from Tanker l The SPM Unit comprises of
Single Point Mooring Buoy Interconnecting hoses PLEM submarine pipeline
l The SPM buoy is located approximately 3.2km off-shore in Viet Thanh bay.
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
EPC Package 5A: Beak water

l Keep the Loading Operations in good condition l The Breakwater of about 1.6km long
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
EPC Package 5B: Product Export Berths

l Harbour for product export operations l Includes: 2 Ocean Tankers Berths (Berths 1 and 2) provide capability for ocean tankers in the range of 15,000 to 30,000 dead weight tonnage (DWT) with facility expandable to 50,000 DWT. 4 Coastal Tankers Berths (Berths 3, 4, 5, 6) provide capability for coastal tankers in the range of 1,000 to 5,000 dead weight tonnage (DWT) with facility expandable to 30,000 DWT.
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
EPC Package 7: Administration Building

l Operation Supports l Consists of:
Administration Building Fire Station/Gas Rescue Station Canteen/Shop/ Laundry Building First Aid Station Maintenance Shop; Garage Facilities/Motor Pool Building
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
Products Balance, tons/year BMD BMG MMD MMG Propylene 108,333 157,000 111,000 147,666 LPG 286,000 343,667 276,333 307,000 Gasoline A92 (unlead) 1,407,667 1,952,333 1,534,333 2,081,667 Gasoline A83 (unlead) 534,667 718,000 407,667 515,667 Kerosene/Jet A1 282,333 219,667 219,667 219,667 Auto Diesel 2,084,333 2,115,667 2,225,333 2,321,000 Industrial Diesel 1,327,000 430,000 252,000 30,000 FO 115,667 177,000 1,131,667 466,000 Product Total 6,146,000 6,113,000 6,158,000 6,088,667 Lost and consumed 354,000 386,667 342,000 441,333 Total 6,500,000 6,500,000 6,500,000 6,500,000
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
PROCESS UNITS
DUNG QUAT REFINERY
LPG + FG
Note
Stabiliser
RFCC Gas Pl ant

LN HN
LPG
LTU LPG PRU

LPG C3
Mix C 4
Propylene LPG Mogas 92/83
Splitter
Note
NHT
Treated HN
CCRReformate
Treated RFCC Naphtha
SPM CDU
Kerosene
KTU
Jet A1 Kerosene
LGO HGO RFCC Naphtha LCO
Crude Tankage
NTU
Auto/Ind. Diesel FO
Residue
RFCC
DCO
Note : Stabiliser and Naphtha Splitter are parts of CDU
Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)

l Capacity: 148,000 BPSD (6.5 millions TPA) l Duty: Split Crude Oil into a number of hydrocarbon fractions by distillation process l System:
Desalter Fired Heater Main Fractionators & associated Strippers Stabilizers and Splitters
Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)
Product Streams:
Light Ends: To RFCC Gas Plant Light Naphtha:To Mogas Blending Heavy Naphtha: To NHT Kerosene: To KTU/Kerosene Tankage Light Gas Oil: To Diesel Blending Heavy Gas Oil: To Diesel/Fuel Oil Blending Residue: To RFCC
Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT)

Capacity: 21,000 BPSD Licensed by: UOP Duty: Remove sulfur, chlorite, nitrogen, oxygen, metallic compounds in heavy naphtha stream taken from CDU process to
n n n
protect CCR catalyst by Hydrotreating
Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT)

l A single fixed bed catalyst reactor
l Catalyst: Co + Mo + Al2O3 l Catalyst regeneration cycle life: >2 years l Treated naphtha: To CCR l Off-gas: To FG Amine Absorber at RFCC Gas Plant
Continuous Catalytic Reformer (CCR)
l Capacity: 21,000 BPSD l Licensed by: UOP l Duty: Reform heavy naphtha straight-run from NHT to High Octane Mogas Blending components (Reformat) l Catalyst: Pt/Al2O3
Continuous Catalytic Reformer (CCR)
l Systems:
4 Reactors (Platformer) Continuous Catalyst Regenerator (Cycle Max) Combined Exchangers
l Reformat: To Mogas Blending l Un-stabilized LPG: Blended with Refinery LPG stream and routed to LPG storage
Kerosene Treating Unit (KTU)

l Capacity: 10,000 BPSD l Licensed by: MERICHEM l Duty: Treat kerosene stream taken from CDU to meet Jet A1 specifications l Technology: FIBER-FILM Contactor

l System:
NAPFINING: Naphthenic acid extraction MERICAT II: Mercaptan oxidation AQUAFINING: Water washing l Remove Na+ Salt Dryer: Remove trace of free water and dry kerosene below saturation Clay Filter: Remove remaining solids, moistures, soaps, emulsions and surfactant

l Treating reagents: NaOH 200 and 50 Be, activated carbon, salt, Attapulgus clay l Catalyst: Cobalt Phthalocyanine (ARI100 EXL, ARI-120L), MEA 50% l Treated kerosene: To Jet A1 Storage l Spent caustic: To CNU l Alkaline water: To ETP
Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracker (RFCC)
l Capacity: 69,700 BPSD l Licensed by: IFP l Duty: Converts heavy compounds of CDU residue into value products (lighter compounds) by catalytic cracking process l Catalyst: Zeolite
l Operation mode:
Max Gasoline Max Distillate
l System:
Reactor and 2-stage catalyst regenerator Main Fractionator Gas Recovery Section (Gas Plant)
RFCC Gas Plant

l Process the following streams:
CDU Stabilizer Off-gas CDU LPG rich stream NHT Off-gas Wet gas from RFCC Fractionator
l Duty:
Recovers C3/C4 Removes H2S, CO2 from LPG and fuel gas by DEA absorbers
l Product streams:
Unsaturated off-gas: To Refinery Fuel gas Mix C3/C4: To LTU Naphtha: To NTU Light Cycle Oil (LCO): To Diesel Blending Decant Oil (DCO): To Fuel Oil Blending
l Other streams:
Sour water: Rich amine: To SWS To ARU
LPG Treating Unit (LTU)

l Capacity: 21,000 BPSD l Licensed by: MERICHEM l Duty: Remove Mercaptan, COS, H2S from LPG stream of RFCC Gas Plant l Technology: FIBER-FILM Contactor l 2-stage THIOLEX extraction system
LPG Treating Unit (LTU)

l Treating reagents: NaOH 200 Be l Catalyst: MEA 50%wt l Treated LPG: To PRU/Storage l Spent caustic: To CNU
RFCC Naphtha Treating Unit (NTU)

l Capacity: 45,000 BPSD l Licensed by: MERICHEM l Duty: Remove H2S, Mercaptan and other acidic compounds in Naphtha stream of RFCC Unit l Technology: FIBER-FILM Contactor l 1-stage MERICAT caustic treating system
RFCC Naphtha Treating Unit (NTU)

l Catalyst: Cobalt Phthalocyanine l Treating reagents: NaOH 200 Be
l Treated naphtha: To Mogas Blending l Spent caustic: To CNU
Sour Water Stripper (SWS)

l Duty: Strip NH3 and H2S dissolved in sour water collected from CDU, NHT and RFCC Unit l Surge drum + a single stripping column l Sour gases: To SRU l Stripped water: To ETP/CDU Desalter
Amine Regeneration Unit (ARU)

l Duty: Skim hydrocarbon and strip sour gas (H2S) from rich amine stream of RFCC Unit l Feed surge drum + a regeneration column l Skimmed oil: To Light slops l Sour gases: To SRU l Stripped lean amine: To H2S absorber on RFCC
Spent Caustic Neutralization Unit (CNU)

l Capacity: 1.5 m3/h mixed caustic stream l Licensed by: MERICHEM l Duty: Neutralize and remove phenolic and naphthenic oils from various spent caustic streams (KTU, LTU, NTU caustic; ETP Water; NHT alkaline water) l Technology: FIBER-FILM Contactor
Spent Caustic Neutralisation Unit (CNU)

l Caustic Deep Neutralization:
Neutralize by sulphuric acid 96% and remove acid gases, naphthenic, phenolic acids from the brine
l Neutralization and Phenol Extraction:

Neutralize to pH=7 and extract phenol from acidic brine by solvent (Kerosene)
l Treating reagents: l Neutralized brine: l Off-gas: l Acid Oils/Kerosene:

H2SO4 96%, NaOH 50Be, To ETP To SRU To Fuel Oil Blending
Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU)

l Capacity: 21.000 BPSD l Duty: Separate and purify propylene from the mixed C3/C4 stream of LTU to polymer grade (99.6 wt%) specification l Product stream:
Propylene: To Propylene Tankage/PP Plant C3/C4: To LPG Blending
Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU)

l System:
C3/C4 Splitter: Remove C4s from LPG Propane/propylene splitting facility: l De-ethaniser: Release product lighter than propylene l Propane/Propylene splitting column Propylene purification: l Carbonyl sulfide removal l Arsenic, phosphorous and antimony removal
Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU)

l Licensed unit l Capacity:
Sweet case: Sour case: 3 tons/day 36 tons/day
l Duty: Recover Sulfur in Refinery off-gas to meet environment protection requirements (SO2 concentration) l Product: Sulfur Powder
Polypropylene (PP) Plant

l Licensed unit l Capacity: 150,000 tons PP/annum l Duty: Produce PP from Propylene product of the Refinery by polymerization process l Product: Unpainted heat and light stabilized Polypropylene pellets l Detailed Feasibility Study (DFS) completion
Water System
l Duty: Produce and distribute various grade of water to users within Refinery and Product Tank Farm (PTF) as follows:
Service water to users at Refinery and PTF Make-up supply to freshwater cooling system Make-up supply to Refinery potable water system Make-up supply to dematerialized water system Make-up supply to Refinery fire water system
Steam and Condensate

Provides:
HP, MP, LP Steam to and subsequent distribution within Refinery Collection, storage and treatment of Refinery steam condensate for reuse as HP & MP boiler feedwater (BFW) in Process Steam Generators Collection, storage and treatment of Power Generation Plant steam condensate for reuse as HHP BFW in Power Generation Plant
Steam and Condensate

l Comprise of:
Steam producing equipment Distribution Pipework HP to MP and MP to LP letdown stations Condensate collection and treatment facilities Dearators Associated chemical dosing package
Cooling Water
l Duty: Supply cooling water to all users in process and utility units (except the condensers in Power Station) l A closed fresh water system, cooled by once-through sea water
Cooling Water
l Comprise of:
Cooling Water Circulation Pumps Plate Heat Exchanger Expansion Tank Expansion Tank Oil Skimmer Chemical Dosing Package
Sea Water Intake

Provides:
Seawater to Power Station for once-through cooling in Vacuum Condensers Seawater to seawater/freshwater exchanger for cooling the closed loop cooling water system
Sea Water Intake

l Consists of:
Seawater Intake box (located offshore) Seawater Intake Basin Inlet Line Seawater Intake Basin (located onshore) Seawater circulation pumps Hypochlorite dosing Discharge facilities
l Hypochlorite for seawater chlorination is generated on site by electrolysis of seawater
Plant and Instrument Air

l Duty: Provides Plant and Instrument Air for demand of Refinery l System:
3 Air Compressors Wet Air Receivers: Remove condensed water 2 refrigeration-type dryers 2 Instrument Air Receivers
Nitrogen System
l Provides:
Gaseous nitrogen to process users in normal operation Liquid nitrogen for storage and subsequent vaporisation to meet peak loads and startup demands Dedicated liquid nitrogen for storage and subsequent vaporisation for use in CCR Regeneration Section Independent high pressure system for leak testing of process equipment/pipelines
Nitrogen System
l Comprises of:
Nitrogen Generation Package Liquid Nitrogen Storage Vaporisation Package
l Method of generation:
Cryogenic Air Separation
l Nitrogen purity: 96% volume
Fuel Gas
l Duty: Provide Fuel Gas to process unit fired heaters and HHP Boilers at Power Station l Major users of fuel gas:
CDU charge heater RFCC process heaters NHT charge heater CCR process heaters Power Station Boilers
Fuel Gas
l Other users:
Refinery Flare System Product Tankage (Flare system, steam regenerators)
l Comprises of:
Fuel Gas Mix Drums Vaporiser Package
l Vaporise LPG/Propylene for use at Startup,disposal of LPG/Propylene off-spec., low FG pressure or emergency event
Fuel Gas collection/distribution pipework

Refinery Fuel Oil

l Duty: Supply Fuel Oil to all consumers within Refinery l Comprises of:
2 Refinery Fuel Oil Storage Tanks Fuel Oil Pumps Fuel Oil Heater Supply and return pipework
Refinery Fuel Oil

l Source of Refinery Fuel Oil:
In normal operation: Decant Oil (DCO) from RFCC For Refinery Startup: Imported via SPM Outages of RFCC: Heavy Gas Oil (HGO) and/or CDU residue from CDU
Caustic Supply
l Duty: Make up and provide caustic (NaOH) solution to all consumers within Refinery l Comprises of:
Dissolving Sump: dilutes solid caustic pellets Storage Tanks Pumping Facilities
Caustic Supply
l Concentrations of NaOH solution are made up, stored and distributed on site:
500 Be (49.5 wt%) l Made up by dissolving solid caustic in demin. water 200 Be (14.4 wt%) l Made up by diluting 500 Be caustic in demin. water 50 Be (3.4 wt%) l Made up by diluting 500 Be caustic in demin. water
Power Generation & Distribution

l Provide:
Electrical Power to Refinery and all associated facilities Steam and condensate to Refinery
l 4 15 MW Steam Turbine TurboGenerators l Ability to import/export power from/to EVN grid

Refinery Tankage
l Duty: Stores and handles the intermediates and finished products of the Refinery:
1 Off-spec Propylene Sphere 1 RFCC Feed Tank 2 NHT Feed Tanks 1 Off-spec RFCC Naphtha Tank 1 Reformate Tank
n n n n
1 2 1 2
Light Naphtha Tank Mix C4s Spheres HGO Tank LCO Tanks
Product Blending
l Consists of a number of separate systems and associated components for blending the final products of Refinery:
92 RON Mogas 83 RON Mogas Auto Diesel Industrial Diesel Fuel Oil
Flushing Oil
l Unit number: 055 l Provides:
Flushing Oil for process units and Offsite pipework l Contains catalyst fines l Pour point is higher than minimum daily ambient temp. Flushing Oil for SPM loop
l Consists of:
Facilities for flushing process units Separated facilities for flushing SPM loop
Flushing Oil
l Source of Flushing Oil:
For Process units and Offsite pipework: l LCO from LCO Intermediate Storage Tank For SPM loop: l LGO from SPM Flushing Oil Tank as a slip stream from CDU rundown
l SPM loop is flushed immediately before and after each transfer operation
Slops
l Duty: Collects, Stores light and heavy slops from Refinery process units and Offsite areas for subsequent reprocessing in CDU or RFCC l Oily Water: To Refinery ETP for further treatment l Alternative disposal route for heavy slops: Refinery Fuel Oil System
Flare System
l Consists of:
Refinery Flare System Product Tank Farm Flare System
l Each Flare System comprises of:

Main Flare Stack Sour Gas Flare Riser (handle all discharges containing H2S at levels higher than 10% vol.)
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

l Duty: Treat effluent streams to meet environment protection requirements l Consists of:
Refinery ETP
lPrimary, secondary and tertiary treatment facilities to remove oils, solids and organics
Product Tankage ETP

lPrimary treatment for removing oil and solids
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

l Products stream:
Treated effluent: discharged to the sea Recovered slop oil: pumped to Refinery Heavy Slops tank for re-processing Digested biological sludge: Buried in Dedicated Area De-watered, de-oiled refinery sludge: To other facilities for special treatment
Fire Water System

l Duty: Supply water for firefighting l Comprises of 2 separate firewater systems:
Refinery and nearby facilities Product Tank Farm, Truck Loading and Jetty Topsides l Firewater was taken from the sea at Jetty
IV.2. Integrated environmental management in Dung Quat refinery
Priority for environmental management
1. Reduce
Using efficient energy Improve technology Saving Cleaner production
2. Reuse
Waste Raw material
3. Recycle
4. Final Treatment
Air pollution control
Air pollution control Source of emissions
Pollutants discharged from 11 stacks of refinery including SO2, NOx, CO, HC Dust generated from activities within refinery transportation
Leakage, fugitive emission from tank, pipeline and equipment vents Heat and radiation from units, fire heater and flare Noise and vibration from power plant and rotating equipments
Air pollution control Approaches to Emission Control
Cleaner production prevention, redesign Changing fuel, removal pollutant from raw material Changing technologies Increasing inspection and maintenance Operating procedures production coordination Recycle End-of-Pipe control Particles control devices Gaseous pollutants control devices
Control Devices PROCESS Reduced emission
Cleaner production
Stack
Air pollution control Cleaner production (treatment at the source)
l Remove H2S out of gas (Gas Plant, LTU) (C2H4jH)2NH (DEA) +H2S (C2H4OH)2NH2HS l Remove S out of raw material (NHT, LCO hydrotreater Unit) S+H2=H2S l Purpose: - Catalyst protection Improve quality of product Protection of Environment l Amine regeneration: (C2H4OH)2NH2HS (C2H4OH)2NH
Recycle back to absorption units
H2 S
SRU
Air pollution control Cleaner production (treatment at the source)
l Sulfur Recovery from H2S gas stream

l Treatment of gas streams (rich H2S) from unit ARU, CNU, SWS l Purpose: - Protect of Environment Recovery of Sulfur l H2S gas is very toxic, odor (rotten egg) S (solid) is easy to handle and control and it can be sold for fertilizer production l Reaction for S recovery (Gauss) H2S + 3/2 O2 = SO2+H2O SO2+2H2S = 3S+2H2O 3H2S + 3/2 O2 = 3S+2H2O
End of Pipe control
l Particle matter (PM) control

Cyclones (precleaners) l Located within reactor of RFCC for primary removal catalyst out of oil vapor l They are often used to reduce the inlet loading of PM to downstream collection devices by removing larger, abrasive particles l Cyclones are used to control PM, and primarily PM greater than 10 micrometers
End of Pipe control
l Particle matter control

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Gas stream from regenerator of RFCC containing high concentration of PM (1200mg/m3) whereas environmental standard (TCVN 5939-1995) is 400 mg/m3 Using ESP to remove PM to meet standard. Advantages of ESP
l High collection efficiency (99%) l Treats large volumes of gas l Produces only low pressure drops l Economical to operate l Offers dry collection of valuable products l Generates dry waste for disposal or recycle
End of Pipe control

ESP Economizer
Rappers
DeSOx
WHB
Clean gas out Flue gas in
CO Boiler MTC
Hoppers
Discharge electrodes
Air
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

Reactor/Regenerator
Steam
Feed Residue
Air pollution control of RFCC unit
End of Pipe control
l Control SOx (DeSOx)

SOx formed when burning oil or gas containing S S + O2 = SO2 When processing BachHo crude oil, SO2 in emission from Dung Quat refinery is lower than TCVN 5939-1995 (500mg/Nm3). Removal of SO2 is not necessary When processing sour crude oil or TCVN is more stringent, it is required to equip SO2 control devices
End of Pipe control
lControl SOx (DeSOx) Using Ca(OH)2, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, CaCO3 to absorb SO2, the reaction as follow:
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 + H2O => CaSO3.1/2H2O + 3/2H2O CaSO3.1/2H2O + 3/2H2O + 1/2O2 => CaSO4.2 H2O SO2 + CaCO3 + 1/2 H2O => CaSO3.1/2H2O (Oxidation to CaSO4.2H2O)+ CO2 ...
End of Pipe control

T T
Exhaust to atmosphere
Mist eliminator spray water Recirculation liquid

F
Inlet gas stream High concentration of SO2
Alkaline storage tank
Make-up water
pH
Feeder Pump
Recirculation tank Treated liquid
Purge liquid
Typical process flow diagram for alkaline (Ca(OH)2, NaOH ) scrubbing
Control NOx
l Formation of NOx from air Nitrogen
NO increases with TC, significant at >700C NOx in flue gas: 500-1000 ppm (90% NO + 10% NO2)
l Concentration of NOx of flue gas in Dung Quat refinery is lower than TCVN 5939-1995 (1000mg/Nm3), treatment of this gas is not required. l But when standard is more stringent, treatment may be required
Control NOx
l Pre-combustion:
Fuel choice: fuel gas NOx emission >oil>fuel gas
l During combustion: low NOx burner (for air N2)

Important comb. factors & design for NOx control
l Combustion temp. control: avoid high peak TC; Avoid high heat release & achieve high heat removal; Minimize residence of mixture time at high temp. zone l Extend of combustion-zone cooling of primary flame zone (heat transfer to surrounding > heat removal) l Furnace configuration: firing methods for heat removal (tangential firing reduces NOx by 50-60%)
Combustion modification techniques

l Flue-gas recirculation: portion of cooled gas injected into combustion zone => reduce TC & O2 l Two-stage or off-stoichiometric combustion: First stage: air 85-95% of stoich. => reducing env => O2 & low temp. => low NOx 2 stage: inject secondary air downstream oxidize at lower TC downstream > low NOx
Control NOx
l Post-combustion: DeNOx Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): Reactant (CO, NH3 etc.) selectively react with NOx in presence of catalyst => reduces NOx to N2 and O2 CO as reducing agent, Pt catalyst reaction as follow: 2CO + 2NO = CO2 +N2 4CO + 2NO2 = 4CO2 + N2 Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR): Injection of reactants (NH3 or urea based compounds) with high To (optimum: 930-1090oC ) => high activation, no need catalyst Reactant: NH3 4NH3 + 6NO = 5N2 + 6H2O
Control NOx
Typical process flow diagram for removal of NOx using SCR
Wastewater Management
Segregation of effluent streams
l Importance of segregation of the waste water into different streams:

For reduce, reuse and recycle. Each stream is characterized with different properties For applying different methods of treatment Some streams required to treat, the other are not required to meet TCVN 5945-1995
Classification of effluent streams
l The typical sources of effluent streams in Dung Quat Refinery are:

One through cooling water Storm water Oily Surface Water (OWS) Oily Water (OW) Stripped Sour Water (high concentration of phenol)
Management of wastewater
l One through cooling water Properties: l Seawater l For cooling of fresh water l Outlet is 8oC higher than inlet l Biocide injected (HOCl3) Treatment: Direct discharge to the sea, but
Verify the compliance with the TCVN 5945
Monitoring
Temperature
Residue Chlorine
l Raining/storm water Properties:

l The first 55 mm raining water containing oil and suspended solid (SS) so it is considered as OWS l If it is higher than 55mm it is characterized as SS only
Treatment:
l The first 50mm raining water is treated as OWS (will be discussed later) l The next raining it is discharged directly to the sea
Raining water 50mm of raining water Flow splitter box
Storm Basin
CPI
SEA
Management of wastewater Oily Surface Water (OWS)
OWS comprises surface water run-off from areas that are at risk of hydrocarbon contamination as a result of spillage or malfunction. Normally, any contamination would be light and amenable to basic treatment. OWS comprises water run-off from:
paved process areas specific bunded / kerbed areas truck and tanker loading / unloading areas.
The following utility effluents are also classed as OWS:

freshwater filters (backwash) neutralised effluent from demineralisation plant condensate recovery system filters (backwash) fresh cooling water system purge and drain
Management of wastewater Oily Surface Water (OWS)
Properties of OWS
l Oil: 50 mg/L l SS: 50 mg/L l BOD: 50mg/L l COD: 200 mg/L
Treatment
Mixed with high concentration of phenol stream for further treatment
OWS CPI
lStripped Sour Water (SSW) Properties:

Phenol: 258mg/L
Treatment (Primary treatment)

Due to the high phenol content in this stream and the stringent standard imposed on phenol residuals (0.05mg/L), it is treated by activated sludge treatment after cooling and coagulation step. The pre-treated effluent is directed to balancing tank.
OWS SSW
Heat exchanger
Chemicals
Biological treatment
Clarifier
BALANCE TANK
Return sludge Excess sludge to thickener

Management of wastewater Oily Water (OW)
OW comprises aqueous effluents that are continuously contaminated. Typical sources of OW include, but are not limited to: miscellaneous process effluents and vessel drains water from CDU desalter neutralised spent caustics water from flare seal drum crude oil tank drainings slops oil tank drainings equipment cleaning areas sanitary effluents recycled ETP by-products
Management of wastewater Oily Water (OW)
Properties of OW l Oil: 350 mg/L l SS: 160 mg/L l BOD: 250 mg/L l COD: 650 mg/L l Phenol 250 mg/L l Amonium: 25 mg/L l Chloride: 600 mg/L
Chemicals OW DAF
Heat exchanger
Screening CPI
BALANCE TANK
Biological treatment
Clarifier
Sand Filter SEA
Return sludge Excess sludge Thickener
Aeration digestion
BASIN
Sludge farm
Environmental Monitoring Oily Water (OW)
As required, the in-plant emissions (in air and water) shall be monitored on a daily basis to verify the compliance with the relevant TCVN. In the REFINERY, the emissions come from:
Heaters and Boilers stacks Flares Refinery ETP Product tankage ETP Storm water outfall VOC fugitive emissions
Environmental Monitoring Air quality monitoring
The stack emissions shall be monitored to verify the compliance of the exhaust gases composition with the TCVN 5939-1995: Air Quality, Industrial Emissions Standard for Inorganic Substances and TCVN 5940-1995: Air Quality, Industrial Emission Standard for Organic Substances. The following contaminants shall be monitored: SO2 NOx CO H2S HC VOC, Dust
Comply with TCVN 5939/5940-1995
Environmental Monitoring Air quality monitoring
The treated effluents from the Refinery and the product tankage ETPs shall be monitored to verify the compliance with the TCVN 5945-1995: Industrial wastewater - Standard for discharge The following parameters shall be analyzed daily: Temperature PH DO
th 95 i w 9 y l p 45-1 m 9 o C N5 V TC
COD BOD5 TSS, TOC, Phenol, Total N, Total P
Refinery environment monitoring
As required in the DEIA, the REFINERY environment (air, surface water, sea water, ground water, offshore sediment, soil) shall be monitored twice a year to evaluate the impact of the REFINERY on the Environment and compare the ambient air and natural waters quality. The following parameters shall be analysed:
Air: SO2, NOx, CO, H2S, VOC, Dust, O3 Sea Water and surface water: Temperature, PH, DO, COD, BOD5, TSS, NO3, Total N, Total P, SO4, TOC, Phenol, Metals (Hg, Cd, Zn, Ba, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, As, Ni) Offshore sediments: Hydrocarbons, Metals (Hg, Cd, Zn) Soil: Hydrocarbons, Metals (Hg, Cd, Zn) Ground water: PH, TSS, Cl, SO4, CN, NO3, Phenol, TOC, metals (Hg, Cd, Zn) Biology: Benthos, Phytoplankton, zooplankton
Locations for Refinery Environment Monitoring is indicated in next slide
Locations for Refinery Environment Monitoring
Waste Management
Waste segregation
In order to reuse or recycle or treatment
SEGREGATION
Glass
Organic waste
Can
l Hazardous waste, non hazardous waste l Metal l Glass l Paper l Domestic l Medical
Types of waste generated in DQR
l Hazardous waste:
Metallic Wastes Waste catalysts Waste mineral oil Chemical waste Waste lead acid accumulators Used activated coal Clinical and related wastes
Types of waste generated in DQR
l Non-hazardous waste
Plastic materials or plastic mixtures Waste paper, paperboard and paper Products Wastes from the farm product processing industry Domestic wastes Used activated coal from the potable water treatment
Waste Management
l Hazardous waste
RFCC catalyst
Waste Catalysts
Cement or asphalt for road base Landfill
CCR and LPG Catalyst
hazardous waste storage (temporary)
l Other catalyst will be returned to manufactures/suppliers to recover the valuable metal such as Platinum l Used activated coal from KTU, ETP (Unit 52): Will be directly removed this waste from site for regeneration
Waste Management
l Hazardous waste - Waste mineral oil - Chemical waste - Waste lead acid accumulators
Clinical and related wastes
v v v v
Will be temporarily stored within refinery until enough quantity and transported outside by third party for further treatment
Produced in the medical centre Collected from individual bins on a daily basis Stored in dedicated containers located inside the medical centre They will be collected twice a week and sent for incineration at the Dung Quat Economic Zone incinerator.
In DQR, there is temporary hazardous waste storage. It is used to stored temporarily hazardous waste before transporting outside
Waste Management
Temporary hazardous waste storage within Refinery
Waste Management
l Non-hazardous wastes
Non-hazardous wastes will be temporarily stored nearby their production location until they are transported outside the refinery for final disposal
Plastic materials or plastic mixtures
SOURCES Maintenance workshop Maintenance warehouse Catalyst & chemical, storage building Staff shop Demin water SEGREGATION
RECYCLE
Incineration
Waste Management
l Non-hazardous wastes Waste paper, paperboard and paper products Maintenance workshop Maintenance warehouse Catalyst & chemical, storage building Staff shop Sources
They will be stored in bins or skips. They are transported outside once a month and sold for recycling.
Wastes from biological process of the ETP Will be sold as fertilizer for land reclamation.

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Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Faculty of Oil and Gas Department: Oil Refining and Petrochemistry

Environmental Egineering H V$n S'n

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Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng

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Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Cc khi ni$m v( mi tr)*ng