....................................................................

:


: : : :

......
.....



.....













neurology
neurology
... neurology
neurology
Neurology
neurology
neurology

 ....................................................................

Neurology



Nervous tissue
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

central nervous tissue

neurological tissue
... brain !!!!! ( )
cerebellum !!!!
spinal cord!!!!
.... central nervous tissue
cranial nerves
peripheral nerves
peripheral nervous tissue
!!!!!!

central nervous tissue
brain
brain two cerebral hemispheres






Co ordination
Corpus callosum
communication decision

brain

 ....................................................................
section brain gray matter
white matter
gray matter
nerve cells
white matter
axons nerve cells

white matter
collection of gray matter basal ganglion
gray matter white matter
surface brain

sulci gyri

surface area
sulci gyri

sulci gyri
( )

( )
sulci gyri
brain print
finger print

sound print
larynx
iris
contact lenses

brain print MRI

.... 100 ....

 ....................................................................
MRI
account
MRI
sulci gyri
sulci
sulci
lateral sulcus
central sulcus
parieto-occipital sulucs
sulci
sulci brain

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe

!!!!
neurologist 18 brain function

neurologists meeting
neurology autopsy
hemiplegia
autopsy
movement
Hemiplegia
neurology ....
neurologists
neuro (
)
hemiplegia
( ) .... autopsy
( )
( ) damaged
( ) frontal lobe

( )

communication
brain areas

 ....................................................................
brain areas


brain functions

brain areas
... areas functions areas
function


function




!!!!!



brain
....

....

function brain areas

emotions

( )

emotions Memory Intelligence


functions areas
( brain )
function areas
area function

damage of this area will lead to the loss of the function

 ....................................................................

irritation of this area will lead to involuntary function

areas frontal lobe

frontal lobe area area 4
Area 4 ( floor of central sulcus & posterior part of precentral gyrus
)
gyrus central sulcus
Area 4 Motor power opposite side
Motor power
Area 4 body represented upside down

face
Lower limb
damage Area 4 function
hemiplegia
damage Area 4
hemiplegia Area 4 mono plegia
tumor .... damage of lower limb area extend damage
upper limb extend damage Face

Infarction .... Area 4 Infarction
Infarction paralysis upper limb Lower limb

damage Area 4 Hemiplegia Mono plegia

damage
irritation
Involuntary
Area 4 involuntary
involuntary
irritation tumor ..... Irritation
involuntary
irritation ....
irritation .....
irritation ....

Irritation tumor ... excitation wave

irritation ....
Jacksonian fits
Jacksonian fits
Area 4

 ....................................................................
hemiplegia Damage
Motor Jacksonian fits Irritation
descending ascending
Area 4
Area 6 Area Area 4
Area 6
Opposite side of the body tone Inhibition Area 4
Area 6
damage
Opposite side of the body hyper tonia Inhibtion
Area 6
upper motor neuron lesion Babinski
dorsi flexion of the big toe
...... Fanning
is dorsi flexion of big toe with or without fanning ..... Babinski
dorsi flexion of big toe +ve Babinski
Area 6 fanning
opposite side of the body hyper tonia Damage Area 6
fanning of the lateral 4 toes on eliciting the planter reflex
) (

Area 8 Area Area 6

8 4-6
.....

Opposite side
opposite side


damage Area 8

the patient is looking to his lesion deviate
patient will be looking to the side of the lesion damage to area 8
irritation Area 8
deviated to the opposite side involuntary
involuntary function irritation
Opposite side function area 8
Opposite side involuntary
involuntary conjugate eye movement to the opposite side of the lesion irritation

 ....................................................................
Lesion
Opposite side irritation
Damage the same side of the lesion

(
)
irritation
damage

( ..... ( ) Involuntary .....
.... )



Area 8 Area 4

Area 4 and Area 8 damage
Area 4 damage hemiplegia
same side of the lesion away from the hemiplegic limb
....


damage


Area 4 and Area 8 Irritation
Area 8 irritation Opposite side of the lesion
Area 4 irritation Motor Jacksonian fits
patient to the side of Jacksonian fits
the patient is amazed

Area
Area )occupying the whole frontal lobe (......
Area 44


Female
female
speech
frontal lobe females

 ....................................................................
Broca's area
Area 44

expressive aphasia

.... ..... Larynx
paralyzed
conscious level

Area 44
I cannot express my ideas by spoken words

(
- :-! .. : .. :
.. !) ..
Area 44 Area 45
Area 45 Males
........

Area 45 expression by writing

Area 45 ....
agraphia
a graphia
agraphia
agraphia




: .... agraphia


agraphia
neurology

Neurology

agraphia

( ) pre frontal area

mentality Personality behaviour

amnesia

 ....................................................................
lack of concentration
dis-interest in people and surroundings ..
loss of personal hygiene ....
loss of personal hygiene
urinate
defecate

defecate
consent

Loss of consent of social hygiene


amnesia lack of concentration disinterest in people and surroundings
loss of personal hygiene
pre frontal area
pre frontal area
superior frontal gyrus

reflexes primitive reflexes sucking
sucking
grasping
reflexes

Inhibit the primitive reflexes
damage pre frontal area
reappearance of the primitive reflexes
sucking reflex
.... grasping reflex

):
reflex

damage Pre frontal area mentality, personality, behaviour changes and loss of
personal hygiene reappearance of primitive reflexes

Parietal lobe
mirror image frontal

 ....................................................................
Area 4 Motor
parietal lobe Area 1, 2 and 3 sensory
Area 4 body represented upside down
Area 1,2 and 3 body represented upside down
Damage Area 4 Hemiplegia
Damage of Area 1, 2 and 3 hemianathesia
Irritation Area 4 Motor Jacksonian fits
Irritation Area 1,2 and 3 Sensory Jacksonian fits
Sensory Jacksonian fits tingling and numbness
face
face
Area 1, 2 and 3 Mirror image Area 4

Frontal lobe Area 44 speech

Area 45 writing
Parietal lobe Area 39 reading
Area 44 and Area 45 parietal lobe Area 39 reading
( )

....
...
....

Alex
Damage Area 39 Alexia
Alexia Inability to read
Area 39


: Alexia


:
Alexia :

Alexia

 ....................................................................

Damage Area 39

Area 37
Area 37 Area
parietal lobe
Area 37







coordination
coordination Two cerebral hemisphere Area 37
coordinate two cerebral hemisphere
Area 37 loss of coordination

Area 37 ...... ....
Order
( )

failure of coordination
Apraxia
failure of coordination Level Motor
Level ideas


which is usual ....

(
" "
" " "
"
:

:

 ....................................................................
: " : "
" : "
" : "

) 67



!!!!!
cerebral hemi sphere
cerebral hemi sphere



two cerebral hemi sphere idea
coordination two cerebral hemi sphere Idea
Area 37
Area 37
word salad

.... (
)
language
.... word salad




enough
word salad
situation
Language
Area 37 Apraxia and word salad
word salad Jargon's aphasia

Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe

 ....................................................................
Areas of the brain

Neurology Areas of the brain

brain tumors
frontal lobe tumors

frontal lobe
Damage irritation tumor
Irritation
Motor Jacksonian fits Area 4
irritation Area 6
conjugate eye movement to the opposite side Area 8
irritation Area 44
Irritation Area 45
irritation pre frontal
Damage

Hemiplegia Area 4
fanning Area 6
paralysis of the conjugate eye movement to the opposite side Area 8
expressive aphasia Area 44
agraphia Area 45
mentality, personality and behaviour changes

frontal lobe Infarction

Damage infarction
Paralysis of the conjugate eye movement fanning hemiplegia
expressive aphasia agraphia mentality, personality and behaviour change
frontal lobe epilepsy

Irritation
conjugate eye movement to the opposite side Motor Jacksonian fits
Areas
) (
brain
Damage Irritation :
Damage :
clinical pictures :

 ....................................................................
Areas

Temporal lobe
uncus hippocampus
uncus smell
Uncus Uncus
uncus
uncus

Uncus
( ) Uncus Uncus
Damage Uncus loss of the smell ...

smell is bilaterally represented
so damage to the uncus does not produce loss of the smell

uncus Irritation

olfactory hallucinations
olfactory hallucinations
Damage to the uncus Loss of the smell bilaterally
irritation olfactory hallucinations

Temporal lobe Area Area 41 and 42

hearing
Area 41 and 42 Area 41 and 42

Area 41 and 42 Area 41 and 42
hearing is bilaterally represented
Damage Loss of hearing
.... Irritation auditory hallucinations

 ....................................................................
Area
Area 22
Area


....
Area 41 and Area 42
Area 22 ...
...


....

Area 22


Area 22
Auditory agnosia


Auditory agnosia
( )
.... Auditory agnosia
Uncus
agnosia

... auditory agnosia
Area 22

Occipital lobe
Area 17, Area 18 and Area 19
Area 17
Area 18
Area 19

 ....................................................................






Area 17


Area 18
17 18
Area 19

... ...

18 ):


17 18 19



Area 41 and 42
Area 22
Area 37
Area 37 Area 18 :




Area 37 Area 44
speech


fraction of seconds
Brain
brain

 ....................................................................



):




Brain ( )
response of the brain
( : :
- : - : )

Areas
neurology

neurology
Anatomy of the motor system
):


Anatomy of the motor system
Motor area 4
frontal lobe
Area 4 body represented Upside down
Cells of area 4
( ) Axon ( )
Area 4 Pyramid
fibers Area 4 pyramidal fibers
( cells Area 4 ) Pyramid
fibers area 4 pyramidal fibers
brain
internal capsule
Internal capsule fibers brain
anterior limb posterior limb genu
genu
Pyramidal tract genu
adjoining part of anterior and posterior limbs
anterior posterior limbs

 ....................................................................

fibers brain stem
( )

fibers
crossing medulla
80 % fibers crossing Opposite side
20 %

( crossing ) lower part of the medulla

fibers spinal cord
spinal cord anterior horn cell
anterior horn cell fibers


12 cranial nerve
Motor
pure sensory
Motor 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th
1st, 2nd and 8th pure sensory

Pyramidal tract



opposite side
2cerebral hemisphere brain stem




opposite

Pyramidal tract
cranial nuclei
7th and 12th opposite side

 ....................................................................


Area 4


pyramidal tract



supply
Anterior horn cells

Nerves
Muscles

Upper motor neuron system
Area 4 Pyramidal tract
lower motor neuron system
anterior horn cells nerves muscles

upper motor neuron lesion ( ) ):

upper motor neuron lesion
there is paralysis below the level of the lesion

anterior horn cells
Lower motor neuron lesion


.....
.....
lower motor neuron lesion
there is paralysis at the level of the lesion
Upper motor lower motor
:

 ....................................................................

upper motor pyramidalArea 4

lower motor A.H.Cs nerves muscles

Upper motor neuron lesion

paralysis
below the level of the lesion

lower motor neuron lesion

Paralysis
at the level of the lesion

:
16
atrophic
16

disuse atrophy


Tone
tone
Tone
biceps 6 cm
Origin Insertion biceps 8 cm
biceps Origin Insertion stretch
Origin insertion
is stretched

stretched
( muscle fibers ) Muscle fibers Impulses
dorsal root ganglion
dorsal root ganglion spinal cord
Axon
T shaped
fibers impulses dorsal root ganglion
dorsal root ganglion Posterior horn cells
posterior horn cells Anterior horn cells

 ....................................................................
Anterior horn cells nerve fibers
contract
Is contracting

disuse atrophy

tone
Pyramidal

pyramidal tone Inhibition

( ) ): biceps (
) biceps tone
biceps tone

Pyramidal tone
tone
atrophy

pyramidal tract tone Inhibition
pyramidal tract Inhibition lost
Lost
tone
hyper tonia
Pyramidal tract
Level of the lesion Hyper tonia
nerve stretch
impulses contract
nerve Upper Lower
Lower
Lower motor neuron lesion
tone Lost Nerve
tone
Nerve lesion Lower motor neuron lesion
tone hypo tonia Lost

upper motor neuron lesion

Hyper tonia below the level of the lesion

 ....................................................................
lower motor neuron lesion
hypo tonia at the level of the lesion

hyper tonia upper motor neuron lesion
tone muscle wasting
wasted muscle
muscle wasting Upper motor neuron lesion
Hypo tonia lower motor neuron lesion
muscle wasting

lower motor neuron lesion Upper

paralysis Upper motor neuron lesion
below the level
at the level of the lesion Lower motor neuron lesion

Tone

hyper tonia Upper motor neuron lesion

below the level of the lesion Hyper tonia
Hypo tonia Lower motor neuron lesion
at the level of the lesion

Muscle wasting
No muscle wasting Upper motor neuron lesion
Lower motor neuron lesion
there is muscle wasting

deep reflexes ankle knee triceps biceps deep reflexes
deep reflex
biceps
tendon
contract

stretch tendon
dorsal root ganglion
post horn cells dorsal root ganglion
Anterior horn cells

 ....................................................................
contract
deep reflex Tone

Tone muscle fibers
deep reflex muscle
Tone is spontaneous
deep reflex is induced
):
((:

tone deep reflex
Upper motor neuron lesion hyper reflexia
Lower motor neuron lesion hypo reflexia

Clonus
Upper motor neuron lesion

Upper motor neuron lesion clonus
tendon stretched upper motor neuron lesion
hyper reflexia stretch tendon muscle contract
contraction
clonus exaggerated reflex

Upper motor neuron lesion Lower motor neuron lesion

clonus sustained stretch contraction

Pathological reflexes
Upper motor neuron lesion
Pathological reflexes

Pathological reflex adductor reflex

 ....................................................................
tubercle adductor tendon

adductor tubercle Normal
contraction contraction
contraction
clinical contract
contract .... tendons stretch
normal
clinically contract

lower motor neuron lesion

reflexes tone
hypo
... contraction tendon
Lower motor neuron lesion normal
Upper motor neuron lesion
tendon hyper reflexia
contraction
clinically contraction
Pathological reflexes
Not visible clinically Muscle contraction normal
detected by EMG
pathological reflexes
Exaggerated reflexes upper
contraction

upper and lower motor neuron lesion

Upper motor neuron lesion

Area 4 or pyramidal
Lower motor neuron lesion
A.H.Cs , nerves and muscles
Upper motor neuron lesion
below the level paralysis
lower motor neuron lesion
at the level of the lesion Paralysis

 ....................................................................
Upper motor neuron lesion
tone hyper tonia
wasting Muscle wasting
clonus
pathological reflexes
Babinski +ve
lower motor neuron lesion
Babinski planter flexion
there is no negative Babinski
negative Babinski
planter flexion
Upper motor neuron lesion
Babinski Positive
Lower motor neuron lesion
planter flexion
):

superficial reflexes is lost Upper motor and lower motor

Upper motor neuron lesion Hyper tonia , hyper reflexia
superficial reflexes Upper motor neuron lesion loss of superficial
reflexes

Upper motor neuron lesion lower motor neuron lesion loss of superficial
reflexes
upper and lower motor neuron lesion
( ) 11

anatomy

...
):

Pathway motor neuron system

motor system

 ....................................................................
pyramidal tract



...

pyramidal
Extra pyramidal emotions

(:
):
tone


emotions Extra pyramidal
Muscle
pyramidal

Area 4
(
)
( Cerebellum )

Cerebellum brain

pyramidal
Pyramidal cerebellum
kinetic tremor

motor system
Extra pyramidal emotions

 ....................................................................
cerebellum

Sensations
Sensory pathways
sensations
Somatic
visceral
special sense ( vision, hearing, taste and smell)
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves special senses

Internal organs Visceral sensation

internal organs
pain Myocardial infraction
pain cholecystitis
Internal organs
Autonomic nervous system sensation of the internal organs
sympathetic Vagus


Autonomic nervous system
branches autonomic nervous system
stomach
two branches vagus
Anterior wall branch
posterior wall branch
anterior wall anterior wall Inflammation
brain anterior branch
anterior wall of the stomach Inflammation

anterior wall ...
branch


) (
supply branch 500 branch

brain branch

 ....................................................................
Pain

visceral pain is poorly localized
Poorly localized
myocardial infraction anterior wall
Pain
pain

visceral pain
Somatic pain
!!!!!


15 appendix
15 appendix

15

): Pain
Pain appendix visceral pain
inflammation wall appendix
Peritoneum somatic pain


Inflammation wall
appendix


Chest pain


ECG
...
pericarditis Pleurisy Muscle
cardic
cardic visceral pain
angina Pain closed fist

Somatic sensation
somatic sensation sensation skin pleura pericardium
Peritoneum

 ....................................................................
body covering
Somatic sensation
somatic sensation

superficial
deep
cortical

females

females
:























):

)):

 ....................................................................


females
females


)):




Somatic sensation

superficial
deep
cortical

superficial sensation
pain & temperature
pain & temperature
sensation receptors
receptors Nerve endings
nerve
receptor pain and temperature Nerve endings dorsal root
ganglion
Tone
Axon T shaped
Peripheral part
central part
Lateral part
Medial part

dorsal root ganglion

T shaped axon receptor
Impulse

 ....................................................................
dorsal root ganglion
Medial branch
spinal cord
spinal cord few segments ( Lissauer's tract )


sensation
Lesion
lesion

sensation

sensation
lesion Level
Lesion
which means sensation the level of the lesion
sensation Level of the lesion

pain temperature few segments
Lissauer's tract

fibers Substantia Gelatinosa of Rolandi

substantia substance
Gelationsa
Rolandi
Capping the posterior horn of the gray matter
capping
... Posterior horn
Substantia Gelatinosa of Rolandi
fibers cross to the opposite side
In front of the central canal

brain
brain

thalamus
thalamus brain
impulse

 ....................................................................
fibers thalamus
spino-thalamic fibers
spino thalamic
lateral spino-thalamic
fibers brain stem thalamus

lateral lemniscus
fibers
brain stem
Muhammad


Lateral lemniscus lesion
brain stem
lateral spino-thalamic tract lesion
spinal cord

thalamus fibers area
Area 1, 2 and 3
(
)

pain and temperature

dorsal root ganglion

Substantia Gelatinosa of Rolandi
crossing spinal cord
lateral lemniscus

brain

deep sensation
deep sensation
muscle sense, joint sense, nerve sense and vibration sense
deep sensation
Pathway
):

 ....................................................................
deep sensation pathway

dorsal root ganglion
thalamus
superficial

dorsal root ganglion fibers

spinal cord
spinal cord
Gracile & Cuneate tracts
Posterior column
posterior column Gracile & Cuneate
brain stem Posterior column
medulla
Gracile & Cuneate nuclei
medulla crossing
thalamus
brain thalamus
Areas 1, 2 and 3
deep sensation

Dorsal root ganglion
thalamus
Substantia Gelatinosa of Rolandi
Gracile and Cuneate deep sensation
spinal cord crossing superficial
Medulla crossing deep sensation
lateral lemniscus pain & temperature
Medial lemniscus deep sensation
!!!!!!

 ....................................................................
Pathway superficial deep sensation

touch
:
crude touch
fine touch
crude touch superficial
fine touch deep

crude touch superficial sensation
fine touch deep sensation

cortical
superficial deep sensation
Area 1,2 and 3


( ) ):

):

( )

( ) :

joint sense
brain
brain smooth
ridges touch
... cold temperature
Area Area 1, 2 and 3
superficial and deep sensation

cortical sensation

 ....................................................................
cortical sensation
combination superficial and deep sensation
Stereognosis
Stereognosis



hemiplegia Loss of superficial sensation
cortical

:
: cortical superficial deep intact


cortical sensation superficial deep sensation

30
microscopic structure submicroscopic structures

30 35







cortical sensation lost superficial deep sensation



He has his opinion which might be proven by time later on.


cortical superficial deep sensation
round

 ....................................................................
cortical superficial deep

cortical superficial deep

pathway superficial pathway deep sensation

Upper motor neuron lesion & lower motor neuron lesion

cranial nerves

Olfactory nerve
Mucosa posterior 1/3

Mucosa anterior 2/3 smell
smell
Mucosa posterior 1/3
nerve fibers
Penetrate cribriform plate
Olfactory bulb
olfactory tract

Area uncus
Lobe temporal lobe
uncus


uncus
Lesion olfactory nerve
Anosmia
Loss of smell
Anosmia Lesion Mucosa
nerve
Lesion Mucosa atrophic rhinitis
Lesion fracture base skull
Lesion Nerve tumor meningioma
Anosmia unilateral
Anosmia bilateral

 ....................................................................
atrophic rhinitis unilateral bilateral bilateral
fracture base of the skull Unilateral bilateral Unilateral bilateral
trauma Lateral unilateral
trauma central bilateral
Meningioma unilateral bilateral ( ) bilateral
!!!! bilateral meningioma


Meningioma unilateral
tumor
Unilateral
causes of bilateral anosmia
Atrophic rhinitis
fracture base of the skull
hysterical
hysterical


hysterical coma

comatosed
Epilepsy
to gain sympathy

hysterical to gain sympathy

coma

!!!!!

):


hysterical anosmia
hysterical anosmia
hysterical coma
comatosed


hysterical anosmia
hysterical coma

 ....................................................................

causes of unilateral anosmia

fracture base of the skull

meningioma

eye optic nerve
tumor inferior surface of the frontal lobe
Optic nerve Olfactory nerve
tumor inferior surface of the frontal lobe
Optic and Olfactory nerves


Ipsilateral optic atrophy & Ipsilateral anosmia

tumor Inferior surface of the frontal lobe

anosmia optic atrophy

tumor Intra cranial pressure
papilloedema


Foster-Kennedy Syndrome
MCQ
Foster-Kennedy Syndrome

Ipsilateral Optic atrophy

Ipsilateral anosmia
contralateral papilloedema

Lesion
Parosmia


Perfume


: perfume ...

 ....................................................................
bad smell
Post traumatic
head trauma



post traumatic

.
Parosmia

Olfactory Hallucinations
irritation
uncus


bad smell
irritation uncus
temporal lobe epilepsy
Epilepsy irritation

Lesions Olfactory nerve
MCQ

cranial nerve
Optic nerve

Optic nerve vision

eye
eye Retina
Retina Rods Cons vision
Eye
Nasal nose
Temporal
temporal Nasal
Nasal Temporal

 ....................................................................
Nasal Nasal


Nasal Nasal
Nose
Temporal nasal over riding nose

Nasal temporal
Nasal half fibers
temporal half fibers
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Blindness ipsilateral

Both fibers
fibers Optic Chiasma
Optic chiasma Nasal fibers
crossing opposite side
Nasal fibers
crossing opposite side
Optic chiasma
Nasal fibers of both eyes
Optic chiasma
Nasal fibers
field temporal
Bi temporal hemianopia
temporal

Temporal field
temporal field

Bi temporal hemianopia

Temporal field


fibers Optic chiasma

fibers Optic chiasma
neurology

 ....................................................................

fibers


fibers
pituitary fossa
tumor Pituitary fossa


intrasellar tumors upper quadrantic bi temporal hemianopia

suprasellar tumor produce lower quadrantic bi temporal hemianopia

Optic chiasma
Bi temporal hemianopia

fibers Optic tract
Optic tract
temporal fibers
Nasal fibers
Optic tract


field
filed nasal
temporal fibers nasal field
fibers
Nasal
field temporal


Optic tract
field
Nasal field


Field temporal
( nasal fibers crossing ) optic chiasma

 ....................................................................

Optic tract

Contra lateral Homonymous Hemianopia

different Homonymous
Optic tract
vision
Contra lateral
Nasal Temporal Homonymous
Hemianopia

Optic tract
lesion
Contra lateral Homonymous hemianopia
Contra lateral
optic tract

Homonymous

Nasal Temporal
Hemianopia
Hemi
anopia
D:

lateral geniculate body fibers
Optic radiation fibers lateral geniculate body
Occipital lobe
Area

lateral geniculate body
Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia
Optic radiation
Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia
Occipital lobe
Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia

 ....................................................................


Occipital lobe

macula
Macula
macula Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe
Posterior cerebral artery artery supplied
supplied Occipital lobe
Posterior cerebral artery
Macula Area
supplied by posterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery artery
macula area
double blood supply

Posterior cerebral artery
Occipital lobe Infarction
Macula
sparing Macula
....
Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
Occipital lobe tumor



Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia with macula affection


Occipital lobe Lesion

lesion
vascular

Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing
macula has double blood supply
tumor

Contra lateral homonymous hemianopia with macula affection

 ....................................................................
!!!!!!!!!!!

light reflex

( torch )
constriction
constriction
direct torch
constriction indirect consensual

pathway light reflex
Light

Impulses retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
fibers light reflex Optic tract
lateral geniculate body

stimulation
activation retina
Impulses Optic nerve
Optic chiasma

Optic tract
lateral geniculate body
fibers Optic tract
Mid brain
Mid brain nucleus Pretectal nucleus
pretectal nucleus
( Mid brain tectum ) tegmentum
pretectal nucleus
Impulses cranial nerve
constriction
constriction


fibers aqueduct of Sylvius
Aqueduct of Sylvius

two lateral ventricles CSF

 ....................................................................
third ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
4th ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
fibers
Peri aqueductal fibers
aqueduct of Sylivus
Cranial nerve
Nucleus Edinger- Westphal nucleus
Pathway
Light reflex

stimulation
Optic nerve

Lost direct Indirect

Light Light

Optic tract ( ) stimulation ( )

Lost
Lost light reflex
direct Indirect

stimulation ( )
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
pretectal nucleus
constriction

( Optic nerve ) blind
Light
constriction
Optic nerve
there is loss of light reflex when the affected eye is stimulated
Other eye is stimulated
Light reflex
preserved

 ....................................................................
( )
Optic chiasma
Bitemporal hemianopia
temporal field
Light temporal Light reflex
nasal Light reflex

Light reflex
Light
stimulation temporal Nasal
Optic chiasma
field light reflex
hemianopic pupillary reaction
hemianopic pupillary reaction
light reflex
Light
stimulation

Optic tract
hemianopic pupillary reaction



activation
light light reflex
Light reflex hemianopic pupillary reaction

Lateral geniculate body

fibers lateral geniculate body
(
...

)
Occipital lobe

Light reflex Occipital lobe

 ....................................................................
Accommodation ( near ) reflex



convergence
constriction of the pupil
and contraction of ciliary muscle
Accommodation reflex
Pathway
( ) Pathway
Impulse Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
lateral geniculate body
Occipital lobe
visual pathway
Occipital lobe
cranial nerve

light pathway
Accommodation reflex is
visual + light

Optic nerve
MCQ

cranial nerve
3rd, 4th and 6th


brain stem Motor nuclei
Mid brain Nuclei 3rd and 4th

Pons Nuclei 5th, 6th and 7th

Medulla Nuclei 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th

 ....................................................................
Mid brain

cranial nerve 6
abducnet nerve
nucleus

Nucleus Pons
Abducent nerve
nucleus Pons
Nerve fibers

supply
lateral rectus muscle
anatomy
Anatomy

Abducent nerve
( ): )

Nerve supply
..... nerve
nerve supply
Nerve
supply
nerve
petrous bone
petrous bone middle cranial fossa
middle and inner ear
nerve
Nerve
Abducent
intra cranial pressure
crushing
Nerve Increased intra cranial pressure
abducent nerve


supply
Lateral rectus muscle

 ....................................................................
lateral rectus
laterally
abduction
abducent nerve
abduction

lateral rectus





brain

Lateral rectus
...






Diplopia
abducent
patient diplopia
when he looks in the direction of the paralyzed muscle
paralyzed muscle
Lateral rectus
direction


diplopia
when he looks in the direction of paralyzed muscle
abducent MCQ
abducent
Increased intra cranial tension

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Otitis media

anatomy

Inner and middle ear
inner Middle ear Nasopharynx
tumor abducent

 ....................................................................


()A smile is a language that even a baby understands.

Cranial nerve

The Trochlear nerve
trochlear nerve
cranial nerve
Nucleus Mid brain

trochlear Nucleus Mid brain
fibers supply supperior oblique
superior oblique
superior oblique downward and inward

neurology

textbook
neurology








Updating
Neurology

updating


updating

 ....................................................................






ICU

ICU
ICU

Neurology
status eplipticus

One of the most intelligent definition that has been written in myoclonic epilepsy has been
written by an egyptian doctor called Elwan













neurology






Neurology


brain




!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!

 ....................................................................




70

( )


semester
320
320







( )

17


( )

17

 ....................................................................





!!!!!




Just for fun

fun

Haematology

!!!!!!!!!!!!
:
RBCs

( )
12

 ....................................................................

)

Trochlear nerve

Nucleus mid brain
fibers supply supperior oblique
downward and inward





down ward and inward

trochlear
superior oblique
tendon
superior orbital margin
notch
Notch cartilage
tendon notch
superior olbique
notch superior orbital margin
cartilage
tendon Notch
notch cartilage
trochlea
trochlear nerve
tendon trochlea


MCQ

 ....................................................................
Cranial nerve
Oculomotor nerve

eye

superior rectus
Inferior rectus

medial rectus

Lateral rectus



superior oblique
Inferior oblique

lateral rectus
Abducent nerve
superior oblique
trochlear nerve

Oculomotor nerve
supply
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique and elevator palpebrae
superioris
elevator palpebrae superioris
Upper lid
cranial nerve


constrictor pupillae muscle of the iris
ciliary muscle of the lens
constrictor pupillae muscle of the iris

constriction of pupil
ciliary muscle of the lens
lens contraction
change the shape of the lens

 ....................................................................

cranial nerve
Oculomotor nerve
supply

Oculomotor
cranial nerve



lateral rectus superior oblique
Oculomotor nerve
outward Lateral rectus
downward superior oblique
Oculomotor

Out ward and downward
diplopia

diplopia


!!!!!
diplopia
Ptosis

diplopia

elevator palpebrae superioris
ptosis

diplopia!!!!!!!!!
diplopia eye lid
diplopia
Upward and inward

Oculomotor

dilated fixed pupil

dilated
constriction

 ....................................................................
fixed
does not respond to light reflex
light reflex constriction
constrictor
dilated fixed
fixed
does not respond to light reflex

loss of accommodation
ciliary muscle of the lens

Oculomotor nerve



( )
fibers Oculomotor nerve supply the extra occular muscle
fibers Oculomotor nerve supply the intra occular muscle
fibers supply
fibers supply
neurology

tumor cranial nerve

Intra occular muscle
dilated fixed pupil
tumor

Nerve blood supply

vasa nervosa
ischemia vasa nervosa
affected
extra intra
fibers
fibers blood supply

extra occular muscle

 ....................................................................
Ischemia Occulomotor nerve
diabetes
microangiopathy
Oculomotor nerve
extra occular muscles Intra occular muscle
lesion

tumor intra occular muscle

ischemia extra occular muscle