Soap is produced through the process of saponification, where fats or oils are hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Saponification involves boiling fats or oils with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, which produces glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids, known as soap. Detergents are also sodium salts, specifically of sulfonic acids which are organic acids with hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 18 carbons. Common anionic detergents include sodium alkyl sulfate and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, which are produced through sulfonation and neutralization reactions.
Soap is produced through the process of saponification, where fats or oils are hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Saponification involves boiling fats or oils with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, which produces glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids, known as soap. Detergents are also sodium salts, specifically of sulfonic acids which are organic acids with hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 18 carbons. Common anionic detergents include sodium alkyl sulfate and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, which are produced through sulfonation and neutralization reactions.
Soap is produced through the process of saponification, where fats or oils are hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Saponification involves boiling fats or oils with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, which produces glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids, known as soap. Detergents are also sodium salts, specifically of sulfonic acids which are organic acids with hydrocarbon chains of 12 to 18 carbons. Common anionic detergents include sodium alkyl sulfate and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, which are produced through sulfonation and neutralization reactions.
General formula or R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can b sat!rat" or !nsat!rat". [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound] The history of soap manufacturing Soaps can be prepared trou! sa#oni$ication" What is saponification?
1 Soa# is so"i!m sa%t or #otassi!m sa%t o$ %ong&c'ain $att( aci"s. RCOONa ) RCOO* ) +' sa#oni$ication #rocss is t' #rocss o$ '("ro%i(,ing $ats or oi% !n"r a%-a%in con"itions. #at is fatty acids$ 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT Therefore, General equation What is fat? What happen to the fat during saponification? Consider this reaction;
%ats&oil in concentrated sodium ydro'ide %atty acid ( !lycerol
%atty acid ( al)al i& sodium ion sodium salt fatty acid&soap ( *ater O+erall, %ats&oil ( al)ali&sodium ion soap ( !lycerol - Fats.oi%s ) concntrat" a%-a%is / soa# ) g%(cro% +' sa#oni$ication #rocss in0o%0s boi%ing $ats or oi%s 1it' concntrat" so"i!m '("ro2i" to #ro"!c g%(cro% an" t' so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci"s or soa#s. Fats.oi%s ar nat!ra% str t'at #ro"!c b( combination o$ $att( aci" 1it' g%(cro%. Fats.oi%s !n"rgos '("ro%(sis in a%-a%i con"ition an" t'n bra- !# to $att( aci" an" g%(cro%. +'n3 $att( aci" 1i%% ract 1it' a%-a%i to $orm so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci" 4soa#5. Al)aline ydrolysis 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT Preparation of soap by saponification 666666666666666 6666666 Palm oil .oncentrated sodium ydro'ide solution Glass rod /ea)er STEP 1, Palm oil and concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution is poured into a bea)er0 eated0 stirred until it boilin! [te layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled" Tripod stand #ire !au1e /unsen burner 666666666666666 6666666 Sodium cloride 2i'ture of fatty acids0 salts and *ater Spatula STEP -, #ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium cloride *as added0
boiled a!ain and cooled" #ite precipitate is formed and floats on te surface of te mi'ture" Distilled *ater Precipitation of soap is float Sodium cloride reduces te solubility of soap in *ater0 terefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats" 3 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT 2i'ture of fatty acids0 salts and *ater Residue 4soap5 %iltrate STEP 3, 2i'ture is filtered by filter paper" %ilter paper %ilter funnel .onical flas) Distilled *ater Residue 4soap5 %iltrate STEP 6, Solid soap is *ased *it distilled *ater to remo+e e'cess al)ali and salt" 6 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT Proc"!r:
1" 17 cm 3 of palm oil is measured *it measurin! cylinder 17ml and poured into a bea)er -87ml" -" 87 cm 3 of concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution 8 mol dm 9 3 measured *it measurin! cylinder 87ml and poured in te bea)er" 3" Te mi'ture is eated and stirred *it !lass rod until its boilin! for 8 minutes" Ten0 te flame is turned off and te mi'ture is left to cool" 6" 87 cm 3 *ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium cloride *as added to te mi'ture and boiled a!ain for 8 minutes" Ten0 te flame is turned off and te mi'ture is left to cool" [1'it #rci#itat is $orm" an" $%oats]" 8" Te mi'ture is filtered *it filter paper0 and te residue 4soap5 is *ased by distilled *ater" Example 8 Pa%m oi% ) so"i!m '("ro2i" / so"i!m #a%mitat ) g%(cro% 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT Soap .emical formula Sodium palmitate .: 3 4.: - 5 16 .OONa Sodium stearate .: 3 4.: - 5 1; .OONa Sodium oleat .: 3 4.: - 5.:<.:4.: - 5.OO= Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium! ; 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT 7E+ER8EN+ What is detergent?
T"o common detergent; Types of deter!ent 4a5 Anionic deter!ent 4b5 .ationic deter!ent 4c5 Non9ionic deter!ent R O S 9 9 O O O : Na ) i" Sodium al)yl sulpate R S 9 9 O O O : Na ) ii" Sodium al)ylben1ene sulponate > 7trgnt is so"i!m sa%t $or s!%#'onic aci". S!%#'onic aci" is an organic aci" 1it' c'ain %ngt's o$ 12 to 18 carbon #r mo%c!%. #$ represent hydrocarbon chain that contain %& to %' carbon( 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT Sodium al)yl sulpate ? Sodium al)ylben1ene sulponate are anionic deter!ent" PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB SABP:ATE Step 1, Sulponation Step -, Neutrali1ation Te al)yl sulponic acid is neutrali1ed by usin! sodium ydro'ide" D A%-(% s!%#'onic aci" So"i!m '("ro2i" 1 SOAP AND DETERGENT PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB/ENEENE SABP:ONATE Step 1, Al)ylation Step -, Sulponation Step 3, Neutrali1ation End F Long c'ain a%-n Concntrat" s!%#'!ric aci" ) NaOH