AQUEOUS IONIC REACTIONS AND

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
LECTURE 5
Coverage
5.1 Solution Stoichiometry
5.1.1 Calculating Concentration of Solutions
5.3 Determining Different Types of Aqueous Ionic Equation
5.3.1 Precipitation Reactions
5.2.2 Converting Mole-Mass-Number Involving Solutions
5.3.3 Dilution of Solutions
5.2 Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions
5.3.2 Acid-Base Reactions
5.3.3 Redox Reactions
Environmental and biochemical reactions takes place in SOLUTIONS
For dissolved substances CONCENTRATION to find the
VOLUME that contains a given number of moles
Solutions = Solute + Solvent
The concentration of solutions is the amount of solute dissolved in
a given amount of solution. (Intrinsic quantity)
Molarity =
Moles of solute

Liters of solution

M =
mol solute

L solution

Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry
Exercise No. 1
Calculating the Molarity of a Solution
1. Glycine (H
2
NCH
2
COOH) is the simplest amino acid. What is the molarity of
an aqueous solution that contains 0.715 mol of glycine in 495 mL?
SOLUTION:
0.715 mol glycine
495 mL soln
1000 mL
1 L
= 1.44 M glycine
x
M =
2. Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains 12.5 g of sulfuric acid in
1.75 L of solution.
SOLUTION:
mol H
2
SO
4

98.1 g H
2
SO
4

1
1.75 L
= 0.0728 M H
2
SO
4
x
12.5 g H
2
SO
4
x
M =
mol solute
L soln
Exercise No. 2
Calculating the Molarity of a Solution
3. A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 mL ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH (d= 0.789
g/mL), in enough water to produce 250.0 mL solution. What is the molarity of
ethanol in the solution?
Exercise No. 3
Calculating the Molarity of a Solution
Answer: 1.71 M C
2
H
5
OH

Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume of Solution
4. A buffered solution maintains acidity as a reaction occurs. In living cells,
phosphate ions play a key buffering role, so biochemists often study reactions
in such solutions. How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium
monohydrogen phosphate?
SOLUTION:
1.75 L x
0.460 mol Na
2
HPO
4

1 L
141.96 g Na
2
HPO
4
mol Na
2
HPO
4
= 114 g Na
2
HPO
4
x
Exercise No. 4
Converting a concentrated solution to a dilute solution.
Initial solution Final solution
Moles
initial
= Moles
final

M
initial
V
initial
= M
final
V
final

Dilution
mL 100.0 mL 0 . 10 0 . 12
2
M M
Preparing a Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution
5. If 10.0 mL of 12.0 M HCl is added to enough water to give
100. mL of solution, what is the concentration of the solution?
2 2 1 1
V V M M
M
M
M 20 . 1
mL 100.0
mL 0 . 10 0 . 12
2

Exercise No. 5
mL 333 or L 0.333
18.0
2.40 L 2.50
V
1

M
M
6. What volume of 18.0 M sulfuric acid is required to make 2.50 L
of a 2.40 M sulfuric acid solution?
2 2 1 1
V V M M
1
2 2
1
V
V
M
M

Preparing a Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution Exercise No. 6

7. How much:
a) glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
, in grams, must be dissolved in water
to produced 75.0 mL of 0.350 M C
6
H
12
O
6
b) Methanol, CH
3
OH (d = 0.792 g/mL), in milliliters, must
be dissolved in water to produced 2.25L of 0.485 M
CH
3
OH
c) Concentrated sulfuric acid (18 M), in milliliters, is
needed to produced 2.30 M sulfuric acid solution.
Preparing Solutions Exercise No. 7
Preparation of Standard Aqueous Solution
Preparing a Diluted Solution
Aqueous Ionic Solutions
Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution
Aqueous Ionic Solutions
HCl solution
NaOH solution
Determining Moles of Ions in Aqueous Ionic Solutions
8. How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions?
(a) 5.00 mol of ammonium sulfate dissolved in water
(b) 78.5 g of cesium bromide dissolved in water
Exercise No. 8
(c) 7.42 x 10
22
formula units of copper(II) nitrate dissolved in water
(d) 35 mL of 0.84 M zinc chloride
SOLUTION: (a) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(s) 2NH
4
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq)
5.00 mol (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
x

2 mol NH
4
+
1 mol (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= 10.0 mol NH
4
+
and 5.0 mol SO
4
2-

H
2
O
78.5 g CsBr x
mol CsBr
212.8 g CsBr
= 0.369 mol CsBr
= 0.369 mol Cs
+
and 0.369 mol Br
-

(b) CsBr(s) Cs
+
(aq) + Br
-
(aq)
H
2
O
Determining Moles of Ions in Aqueous Ionic Solutions
8. How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions?
(a) 5.00 mol of ammonium sulfate dissolved in water
(b) 78.5 g of cesium bromide dissolved in water
Exercise No. 8
7.42 x 10
22
formula units x
Cu(NO
3
)
2

mol Cu(NO
3
)
2

6.022 x 10
23
formula units
= 0.123 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
and 0.123 mol Cu
2+
= 0.246 mol NO
3
-

(c) Cu(NO
3
)
2
(s) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq)
35 mL ZnCl
2
x
1L
10
3
mL
= 2.9 x 10
-2
mol ZnCl
2
(d) ZnCl
2
(aq) Zn
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
-
(aq)
0.84 mol ZnCl
2
L

= 2.9 x 10
-2
mol Zn
2+
and 5.8 x 10
-2
mol Cl
-
x
(c) 7.42 x 10
22
formula units of copper(II) nitrate dissolved in water
(d) 35 mL of 0.84 M zinc chloride
8. How many moles of each ion are in the following solutions?
SOLUTION:
Determining Moles of Ions in Aqueous Ionic Solutions Exercise No. 8
Types of Aqueous Ionic Reactions
1. Precipitation Reaction
2. Acid-Base Reaction
3. Oxidation-reduction reaction
Writing Equations for Aqueous Ionic Reactions
The molecular equation
shows all of the reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds.
The total ionic equation
shows all of the soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions.
The net ionic equation
omits the spectator ions and shows the actual chemical change taking place.
An Aqueous Ionic Reaction and Its Equation.
The reaction of Pb(NO
3
)
2
and NaI.
Double-displacement reaction (metathesis)
NaI(aq) + Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) PbI
2
(s) + NaNO
3
(aq)
2Na
+
(aq) + 2I
-
(aq) + Pb
2+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq)
PbI
2
(s) + 2Na
+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq)
2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) PbI
2
(s) + 2NaNO
3
(aq)
Precipitation Reaction
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2I
-
(aq) PbI
2
(s)
1. Most nitrate (NO
3
-
) salts are soluble.
2. Most alkali metal (group 1A) salts and NH
4
+
are soluble.
3. Most Cl
-
, Br
-
, and I
-
salts are soluble (except Ag
+
, Pb
2+
,
Hg
2
2+
).
4. Most sulfate salts are soluble (except BaSO
4
, PbSO
4
,
Hg
2
SO
4
, CaSO
4
).
5. Most OH
-
are only slightly soluble (NaOH, KOH are
soluble, Ba(OH)
2
, Ca(OH)
2
are marginally soluble).
6. Most S
2-
, CO
3
2-
, CrO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
salts are only slightly soluble,
except for those containing the cations in Rule 2.
Simple Rules for Solubility
Predicting Whether a Precipitation Reaction Occurs; Writing Ionic
Equations
9. Predict whether a reaction occurs when each of the following pairs of
solutions are mixed. If a reaction does occur, write balanced molecular, total
ionic, and net ionic equations, and identify the spectator ions.
(a) Potassium fluoride(aq) + strontium nitrate(aq)
(b) Ammonium perchlorate(aq) + sodium bromide(aq)
SOLUTION:
(a) KF(aq) + Sr(NO
3
)
2
(aq) 2KNO
3
(aq) + SrF
2
(s)
2K
+
(aq) + 2F
-
(aq) + Sr
2+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq) 2K
+
(aq) + 2NO
3
-
(aq) + SrF
2
(s)
2F
-
(aq) + Sr
2+
(aq) SrF
2
(s)
(b) NH
4
ClO
4
(aq) + NaBr

(aq) NH
4
Br

(aq) + NaClO
4
(aq)
All reactants and products are soluble so no reaction
occurs.
Exercise No. 9
Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for a Reaction in
Solution
10. A 25.00-mL pipetful of 0.250 M K
2
CrO
4
(aq) is added to an
excess of AgNO
3
(aq). What mass of Ag
2
CrO
4
will precipitate from
the solution?
Exercise No. 10
Answer: 2.07 g Ag
2
CrO
4
Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for a Reaction in
Solution
Exercise No. 11
11. Solve for the following:
A. How many grams of sodium sulfide are required to react
completely with 27.8 mL of 0.163 M silver nitrate?
B. How many grams of the solid product are obtained from the
reaction in part A.
12. A 10.0 mL of a 0.30 M sodium phosphate solution
reacts with 20.0 mL of a 0.20 M lead(II) nitrate solution
(assume no volume change).
a) What precipitate will form?
b) What mass of precipitate will form?
Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions in Solution
Exercise No. 12
Acid-Base/Neutralization Reaction
Writing Ionic Equations for Acid-Base Reactions
13. Write balanced molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for each of
the following acid-base reactions and identify the spectator ions.
(a) Strontium hydroxide(aq) + perchloric acid(aq)
(b) Barium hydroxide(aq) + sulfuric acid(aq)
SOLUTION:
(a) Sr(OH)
2
(aq) + 2HClO
4
(aq) Sr(ClO
4
)
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
Sr
2+
(aq) + 2OH
-
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) + 2ClO
4
-
(aq) Sr
2+
(aq) + 2ClO
4
-
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)

2OH
-
(aq)+ 2H
+
(aq) 2H
2
O(l)
(b) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O(l)
Ba
2+
(aq) + 2OH
-
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2-
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O(l)
Exercise No. 13
Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for a Reaction in
Solution
14. Specialized cells in the stomach release HCl to aid digestion. If they
release too much, the excess can be neutralized with antacids. A
common antacid contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)
2
, which reacts
with the acid to form water and magnesium chloride solution. As a
government chemist testing commercial antacids, you use 0.10 M HCl to
simulate the acid concentration in the stomach. How many liters of
stomach acid react with a tablet containing 0.10 g of magnesium
hydroxide?
SOLUTION:
Mg(OH)
2
(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.10 g Mg(OH)
2
x
mol Mg(OH)
2

58.33 g Mg(OH)
2

2 mol HCl
1 mol Mg(OH)
2

x
1L
0.10 mol HCl
= 3.4 x 10
-2
L
2

2

x
Exercise No. 14
An acid-base titration.
Start of titration
Excess of acid
Point of
neutralization
Slight excess of
base
Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration
15. You perform an acid-base titration to standardize an HCl solution by placing
50.00 mL of HCl in a flask with a few drops of indicator solution. You put
0.1524 M NaOH into the buret, and the initial reading is 0.55 mL. At the end
point, the buret reading is 33.87 mL. What is the concentration of the HCl
solution?
SOLUTION:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
(33.87 mL - 0.55 mL) x
1L
10
3
mL
= 0.03332 L NaOH
0.03332 L x 0.1524 M = 5.078 x 10
-3
mol NaOH
From the stoichiometric ratio in the balanced equation,
5.078 x 10
-3
mol NaOH = 5.078 x 10
-3
mol HCl
5.078 x 10
-3
mol HCl
0.05000 L
= 0.1016 M HCl
Exercise No. 15
Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration
15. You perform an acid-base titration to standardize an HCl solution by placing
50.00 mL of HCl in a flask with a few drops of indicator solution. You put
0.1524 M NaOH into the buret, and the initial reading is 0.55 mL. At the end
point, the buret reading is 33.87 mL. What is the concentration of the HCl
solution?
Alternative Solution:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Exercise No. 15
mole NaOH = mole HCl
MV
NaOH
= MV
HCl
M
HCl
= MV
NaOH
/ V
HCl
M
HCl
= (0.1524 M) (33.87-0.55 mL) / 50.00 mL
M
HCl
=101.6 M HCl
Ate equivalence point:
16. What is the molarity of a barium hydroxide solution if 44.1 mL of
0.103 M HCl is required to react with 38.3 mL of the Ba(OH)
2
solution?
2
2
2
Ba(OH) 0593 . 0
Ba(OH) mL 3 . 38
Ba(OH) mmol 27 . 2
M
O H 2 + BaCl HCl 2 + Ba(OH)
2 2 2

HCl mmol 4.54 = HCl) HCl)(0.103 mL (44.1 M
2
2
Ba(OH) mmol 2.27
HCl mmol 2
Ba(OH) mmol 1
HCl mmol 54 . 4
Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration Exercise No. 16
16. What is the molarity of a barium hydroxide solution if 44.1 mL of
0.103 M HCl is required to react with 38.3 mL of the Ba(OH)
2
solution?
O H 2 + BaCl HCl 2 + Ba(OH)
2 2 2

Finding the Concentration of Acid from an Acid-Base Titration Exercise No. 16
Alternative Solution:
2 mole Ba(OH)
2
= mole HCl
2MV
Ba(OH)2
= MV
HCl
M
Ba(OH)2
= MV
HCl
/ 2V
Ba(OH)2


M
Ba(OH)2
= (0.103 M) (44.1 mL) / (38.3 mL x 2)
M
Ba(OH)2
=0.0593 M Ba(OH)
2
Ate equivalence point:
Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions in Solution
Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from fillings for teeth (as an
alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial production of chlorine.
Because of their toxicity, however, soluble mercury compounds, such as
mercury(II) nitrate, must be removed from industrial wastewater. One
removal method reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to
produce solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a
laboratory simulation, 0.050 L of 0.010 M mercury(II) nitrate reacts with
0.020 L of 0.10 M sodium sulfide. How many grams of mercury(II) sulfide
form?
Hg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + Na
2
S(aq) HgS(s) + NaNO
3
(aq) 2

0.050 L Hg(NO
3
)
2
1 mol HgS
1 mol Hg(NO
3
)
2
0.10 mol
L

x
x
232.7 g HgS
1 mol HgS

x = 0.12 g HgS
0.020 L Na
2
S

1 mol HgS
1 mol Na
2
S
x
x
0.10 mol
L

232.7 g HgS
1 mol HgS

x = 0.47 g HgS
Additional Exercises