Integration (A-level revision)

Indenite integration
Integration is the reverse of integration. So, if
d(F(x))
dx
= f(x),
then
f(x)dx = F(x) + c,
where c is a constant known as the constant of integration.
Denite integration
If f(x) > 0 for a x b then the denite integral of f(x) between the limits
a and b gives the area under the curve. If

f(x)dx = F(x) + c then the denite
integral from x = a to x = b is written

b
a
f(x)dx = [F(x)]
a
b
= F(b) F(a)
Basic rules of integration
1.

cf(x) dx = c

f(x) dx if c is a constant.
2.

(f(x) + g(x)) dx =

f(x) dx +

g(x) dx.
Methods for integration
1. By inspection.
2. Using trig identities.
3. By substitution (comes from the chain rule of dierentiation).
4. Integration by parts (comes from the product rule of dierentiation).

u(x)v

(x)dx = uv

v(x)u

(x)dx.
5. Using partial fractions.
1
Standard integrals (compare with the standard derivatives)
f(x)

f(x)dx
a (constant) ax + c
x
n
x
n+1
n + 1
+ c, n = 1
1
x
ln |x|+c
sin x cos x + c
cos x sin x + c
sec
2
x tan x + c
cosec
2
x cot x + c
e
x
e
x
+ c
sinh x cosh x+c
cosh x sinh x+c
1

a
2
x
2
sin
1

x
a

+ c
1
a
2
+ x
2
1
a
tan
1

x
a

+ c
sin mx
1
m
cos mx+c
cos mx
1
m
sin mx+c
e
mx 1
m
e
mx
+ c
2