The Atomic Structure

A History Of An Atom
Do you know this person?
D_m_cri_us
John Dalton

Small indivisible ball
similar to a very tiny ball
Imagined the atom as a small
indivisible ball similar to a
very tiny ball
J.J Thomson
Atom is positive charged
sphere/cloud with electron
embedded in it.
He discovers the electron.
He described the atom as a
sphere/cloud of positive
charge which contains a few
negatively-charged particles
called electrons.
Video: Rutherford eperiment
!rnest Rutherford

Protons are concentrated
in the centre of the atom
called the nucleus, with a
cloud of electrons
surrounding the nucleus.
He discovers the proton.
He suggested that protons
are concentrated in the
centre of the atom called the
nucleus" with a cloud of
electrons surrounding the
nucleus.
The electrons are moved in
shells surrounding the
nucleus.
He suggested that the
electrons are moved in
definite orbits surrounding
the nucleus.
He proposed that the
electrons in an atom move in
shells around the nucleus
#iels Bohr
James Chadwic$
Nucleus consists of
protons and neutrons, with
the nucleus surrounded by
electron shells.
He discovered the neutron.
He suggested that nucleus
consists of protons and
neutrons" with the nucleus
surrounded by electron
shells.
Video: %he !arliest &odel
Nme of scientist Contribution
John Dalton !tter consists of solid prticles
clle" toms.
J.J Thomson

He "isco#ers the electron. He
su$$este" that an tom is positi#e
chr$e" sphere/cloud with electron
embedded in it.
!rnest Rutherford He "isco#ers the proton. He
su$$este" that protons are
concentrated in the centre of the
atom clle" the nucleus" with a
cloud of electrons surroun"in$ the
nucleus%
He discovered the neutron.
He suggested that nucleus
consists of protons and
neutrons" with the nucleus
surrounded by electron
shells.
#iels Bohr He su$$este" that the electrons are
mo#e" in "efinite orbits
surroun"in$ the nucleus.
James Chadwic$ He "isco#ere" the neutron. He
su$$este" that nucleus consists of
protons n" neutrons" with the
nucleus surrounded by electron
shells.
Video: 'tom song
The Properties Of The Subatomic Particles:
PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS
Subatomic
particle
Symbol Relatie
mass
Char!e Locatio"
Proton p 1 +1 In the nucleus
Electron e 1/1840 -1
In orbits around the
nucleus
Neutron n 1 0 In the nucleus
Video: (asic 'tomic )tructures
*roton
number
!lement symbol *roton
numbe
r
element symbol
+ Hydrogen H ++ )odium #a
, Helium He +, &agnesium &g
- .ithium .i +- 'luminium 'l
/ (eryllium (e +/ )ilicon )i
0 (oron ( +0 *hosphorus *
1 2arbon 2 +1 )ulphur )
3 #itrogen # +3 2hlorine 2l
4 5ygen 5 +4 'rgon 'r
6 7lourine 7 +6 *otassium 8
+9 #eon #e ,9 2alcium 2a
&rotons Number n" Nucleon Number
+. 'll elements are made up of smll in#isible prticles
called toms.
,. %he proton number :also $nown as the tomic number;
of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
-. %he nucleon number :also $nown as mss number;
of an atom is the sum'totl of the number of protons
n" neutrons in the atom.
Nucleo" "umber A
Symbol of eleme"t
Proto" "umber #
Nucleo" "umber $ Number of proto"s % Number of "eutro"s
H<: pg. +6 <%5 ,./ no. +",
pg. ,9 =R( no. +--
(sotopes n" Their (mportnce
%he isotopes of an element are the atoms of
that element which contain a sme number of protons"
but a "ifferent number of neutrons.
Video: Isotopes
(sotopes of some element
)lement (sotopes
Hydrogen

H
+
+
+ proton
9 neutron

H
,
+
+ proton
+ neutron

H
-
+
+ proton
, neutrons
2arbon

2
+,
1
1 protons
1 neutrons

2
+-
1
1 protons
3 neutrons

2
+/
1
1 protons
4 neutrons
What is isotope?
5ygen

5
+1
4
4 protons
4 neutrons

5
+3
4
4 protons
6 neutrons

5
+4
4
4 protons
+9 neutrons
)ulphur

)
-,
+1
+1 protons
+1 neutrons

)
-/
+1
+1 protons
+4 neutrons
-
(romine

r (
36
-0
-0 protons
//neutrons

r (
4+
-0
-0 protons
/1 neutrons
-
The uses of isotopes in "ily life
*iel" (sotopes pplictions
!e"icl
>amma rays from cobalt- 19 are used to $ill
cancer cell without surgery in patient. %his
treatment is $nown as radiotherapy.
&edical instrument are sterili?ed using gamma
rays.
Radioactive materials such as iodide-+-+ are
in@ected into patients to detect malfunction of
thyroid glands.
Archeolo$y
Radioisotope carbon -+/ is used to study the
age of ancient artifacts.
A$riculturl
2arbon -+/ is used to study the passage of
carbon in photosynthesis of green plants.
(n"ustril
Isotope sodium-,/ is used to detect lea$age of
underground pipes.
H<: pg. ,+ <%5 ,.0
pg. ,+ =R2 no. +-/
The )lectronic Structure
You must know the electronic structures for the
first 20 elements in The Periodic Table

!ample: So"ium tom
!ample: !$nesium tom
First shell: 2 electrons
Second shell: 8 electrons
hird shell: 8 electrons
Nucleus
#a
2!
11
Na
Electron arran"e#ent: 2$8$1
Electronic structure
Nu#ber o% &alence electron : 1
%he electrons in the outermost
ocupied shell are $nown as #lence
electrons.
!ample: Chlorine tom
The electron rrn$ement of elements with proton
number + to ,-%
&g
24
12
Electron arran"e#ent: 2$8$2
Electronic structure
&!
Nu#ber o% &alence electron : 2
Nu#ber o% proton : 12
Nu#ber o% electron: 12
Nu#ber o% neutron: 24-12' 12
2l
!(
1)
Electron arran"e#ent: 2$8$)
Electronic structure
Cl
Nu#ber o% &alence electron : )
Nu#ber o% proton : 1)
Nu#ber o% electron: 1)
Nu#ber o% neutron: !(-1)' 18
)lement Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
protons
Number
of
electrons
Nucleon
number
)lectron
rrn$e.
ment
Number
of
#lence
electrons
Hydrogen 9 + + + + +
Helium , , , / , ,
.ithium / - - 3 ,.+ +
(eryllium 0 / / 6 ,., ,
(oron 1 0 0 ++ ,.- -
2arbon 1 1 1 +, ,./ /
#itrogen 3 3 3 +/ ,.0 0
5ygen 4 4 4 +1 ,.1 1
7luorine +9 6 6 +6 ,.3 3
#eon +9 +9 +9 ,9 ,.4 4
)odium +, ++ ++ ,- ,.4.+ +
&agnesium +, +, +, ,/ ,.4., ,
'luminum +/ +- +- ,3 ,.4.- -
)ilicon +/ +/ +/ ,4 ,.4./ /
*hosphorus +1 +0 +0 -+ ,.4.0 0
)ulphur +1 +1 +1 -, ,.4.1 1
2hlorine +4 +3 +3 -0 ,.4.3 3
'rgon ,, +4 +4 /9 ,.4.4 4
*otassium ,9 +6 +6 -6 ,.4.4.+ +
2alcium ,9 ,9 ,9 /9 ,.4.4., ,
A*eriodic %able: pg. +31 :symbol of element;B
The electronic structures of elements with protons
numbers + to ,-
Hydrogen
!' : +
#V!: +
Helium
!': ,
.ithium (eryllium (oron
!' : ,.0
#V!: 0
2arbon #itrogen 5ygen 7luorine #eon
)odium &agnesium 'luminum )ilicon *hosphorus
)ulphur 2hlorine 'rgon *otassium 2alcium
E* : Electron arran"e#ent
N+E: Nu#ber o% &alence electron
,-: p"$ 22 ./0 no$ 1 1 2
p"$ 2( /. 2b3$ 1-4
p"$ 24 /. Sub$ no$ 112
p"$ 24 /. Ess$ no$ 2
5a#al *ri%%in6 S75089 200: