Thus the apparent input capacity can become a number of times greater than the actual capacities between the tube electrodes . . . page 374 The eective input impedance of an amplier depends on the impedance connected from input to output of the amplier. The apparent scaling of this impedance often dominates the input impedance and frequency response of the amplier. This eect, now commonly known as the Miller Eect, was rst reported by John Miller in the following paper. Consider the following amplier with voltage gain A, with an impedance Z connected from input to output. Z V i V o -A I i Calculating the input current I i = V i V o Z = V i
1 +A Z
The Thevenin input impedance is
Z in = V i I i = Z 1 +A Thus a resistor or inductor connected from input to output will look a factor of (1+A) times smaller (as seen from the input terminal), and a capacitor will look (1 +A) times larger. References [1] John M. Miller. Dependence of the input impedance of a three-electrode vacuum tube upon the load in the plate circuit. Scientic Papers of the Bureau of Standards, 15(351):367385, 1920. 1 Colophon This introduction was produced by LaTeX, dvips, and Ghostscripts ps2pdf. The article pages were scanned into uncompressed TIFF les, converted to PDF by ImageMagick, and included into this PDF les with Acrobat Exchange. Copyright This paper was written in June of 1919 and published in 1920 by the Government Printing Oce in Washington, D.C. Published in 1920, the copyright on this paper has expired. It is now in the public domain. 2