MEPO 1

ENIKE APXE YOOITN ..........................................................21

YIKO...................................................................................................23
KEAAIO 1
T ..............................................25
K ....................................................................................................25
Y (Supercomputers) ..................................................................................26
K (Mainframes)..................................................................................27
Y ................................................................................................................28
M.............................................................................................................29
........................................................................................................30
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) ........................................................................................30
M ...............................................................................................................31
(PCs) .........................................................................................32
Y Macintosh......................................................................................................33
...............................................................................33
...................................................................33
T - ..............................................................................34
Calculators..........................................................................................................................34
........................................................34
K M E (E) ..............................................................35
M .......................................................36
O .............................................................................................................37
M (ROM) ....................................................................................37
M (RAM) ................................................................................38
M .............................................................................39
M ........................................................................40
P ................................................................................40
...................................................42
.........................................................................................................43
.............................................................43
.................................................43
..........................................................................44
, PDAs .............................44
K ........................45
K ..............................................................................45
K .....................................................................................................46
..............................................................................................................................46
.............................................................................................................................48

KEAAIO 2
O ..............................................................51
E ...........................................................................................................51
E ...........................................................................................................57
E ........................................................................................59
E ..........................................................................................63
..........................................................................65
..........................................................................69
.................................................................................72
................................................................................................................72
A ......................................................................................................73
..............................................................................................................................73
.............................................................................................................................74
7

KEAAIO 3
K ...................................................77
B .......................................................................77
E ..................................................78
A ....................................................................................................79
T .....................................................................................................80
RAM .....................................................................................................80
X ...................................................................81
K ................................................................................................................81
K ...................................................................................................................82
Modem...............................................................................................................................82
T .......................................................................................................82
E....................................................................................................................83
RAM .....................................................................................................83
X .........................................................................................83
K ................................................................................................................83
O ................................................................................................................................83
...................................................................................................84
.......................................................................................................84
E ..............................85
E, ...................................................85
..............................................................................................................................87
.............................................................................................................................87

KEAAIO 4
.........89
................................................................89
..............................................................90
.....................................................................................................................90
Y..............................................................................................................................91
H .......................................................................................91
.................................................................................................................................91
......................92
T ...............................................................93
........................................................................94
B .............................................................................................95
E ..................................................................................96
....................................................................................96
..............................................................................................................................98

OIMIKO ........................................................................................101
KEAAIO 5
O ....................................................................103
E ............................................................................104
K ....................................................................104
A ..........................................................................................................................107
....................................................................................................108
O ................................................................................109
A ...................................................................................................111
............................................................................................................................112
...........................................................................................................................113

KEAAIO 6
K ......................................................................115
E ......................................................................................................116
E .........................................................................................117
E ................................................................................................118
8

E ......................................................................119
E ........................................120
...........................................................................................122
E ........................................................123
E ........................................................124
E I ..................................................................124
.......................................................................................125
.....................................................125
............................................................................................................................126
...........................................................................................................................128

EITOYPIKA YTHMATA................................................................129
KEAAIO 7
....................................................................131
O ............................................................................132
T ......................................................................................133
DOS..................................................................................................................................133
Windows ............................................................................134
Mac OS & Mac OS X ........................................................................................................135
UNIX/Linux .......................................................................................................................136
..................................................................136
.........................................137
..........................................................................138
............................................................................................................................139

KEAAIO 8
X Windows..........................................................................141
....................................................................................141
T .............................................................................................................144
X ........................................................................................................146
T, ....................................147
T Windows..............................................................................................147
E...................................................................................................................148
A...........................................................................................................................148
A ........................................................................................................149
...........................................................................................................................149
T Alt-Ctrl-Del..........................................................................149
E .....................................................................149
.....................................................................150
E / ......................................................151
T B Windows .................................................................................152
Windows.......................................................................154
.........................................................................................154
.................................................................................155
E ....................................................................156
O Windows Explorer ...........................................................................................................157
E Windows Explorer .......................................................................................157
A Windows Explorer ...................................158
..................................................................................161
..............................................................................162
, , , ..................164
E ............................................................................................................165
M, , ......................................166
...................................................................................167
I ............................................................................................................167
E ..................................................................................................................169
.......................................................................................................172
9

..........................................................................................173
............................................................................................................................175
.............................................................................................................................178

KEAAIO 9
A .........187
O E ............................................................................................................187
T E ..................................................................188
A .................................................................................................195
K ....................................................198
E ...............................................................199
...........................................................200
............................................................................................................................201
.............................................................................................................................203

MEPO 2
EAPMOE- KEIIA .......................................................................205
EPIBAON EAPMON WINDOWS .............................................207
KEAAIO 10
E, Windows & B ...209
E Windows ..........................................................................................209
T Windows ....................................................................................209
...............................................................................................210
B ..........................................................................211
B .......................................................................................................212
............................................................................................................................213
.............................................................................................................................214

KEAAIO 11
E ..............215
K Windows ........................................................................215
A ..........................................................219
E ..............................................................................220
..........................................................................................................220
M ............................................................222
........................................................................................................222
..............................................................................222
.................................................................................................................223
.....................................................................................224
A ......................................................................................................225
A , .....................................226
K .............................................................................................................227
E ......................................................227
............................................................................................................................229
.............................................................................................................................231

KEAAIO 12
B ...........235
M .................................................................................235
E ......................................................................................237
B .........................................................................................239
................................................239
................................................................................239
A ................................................................................239
A ..............................................................................240
E .......................................................................241
..........................................................241
10

.............................................................241
Delete Backspace................................................................242
A ............................................................242
E ..............................................................................................................243
A ................................................................................................244
O ......................................................................................................244
B ......................................................................................246
A .................................................................................................246
, , .......................................................................247
.............................................................................................................247
.............................................................................................................247
E .......................................................................................248
..................................................................................248
A ..................................................249
E ..........................................................................................................250
......................................................................................................251
...............................................................................253
............................................................................................................................253
.............................................................................................................................255

KEAAIO 13
E .........................................................................259
.............................................................................................................259
M ...........................................................................261
.............................................................................................261
............................................................................262
.........................................................................263
E .........................................................................................................263
................................................................................264
E ...................................................................265
............................................................................................................................266
A .............................................................................................................................268

EEEPAIA KEIMENOY .................................................................271

KEAAIO 14
M ................................................................273
..................................................................................................274
E .....................................................................................276
.............................................................................277
E.................................................................................................................................278
K .....................................................................................................279
K .........................................................................................................................279
A..........................................................................................................................280
........................................................................................................280
E ..............................................................................................282
E .......................................................................................282
E ..............................................................................................................283
X..............................................................................................................................284
.........................................................................................................................284
A .....................................................285
....................................................................................................................287
K ...................................................................................................288
Y ...................................................................................................................290
..................................................................................................292
....................................................................................................................................292
........................................................................................................293
E .........................................................................................294
11

.................................................................................................294
E ......................................................................................295
............................................................................................................................296
A .............................................................................................................................298

KEAAIO 15
..............................................................................................303
.............................................................................................................303
E ..............................................................................307
...........................................................................307
E .........................................................................................307
E ......................................................................................308
.....................................................................................308
A ...............................................................309
...................................................................................310
.................................................................................................................311
..............................................................................311
...............................................................................312
A .......................................................................................313
T ...........................................................................................314
............................................................................................................................314
A .............................................................................................................................316

OITIKA YA .............................................................................319
KEAAIO 16
B ..........................................321
Excel ....................................................................322
, , ................................................323
E ...................................................................................323
A .........................................................................................327
E, , ..............................328
E .......................................................................330
M .................................................................331
...................................................................................332
M ..............................................................................333
M ................................................................................................333
.....................................................................................................335
X ...............................................................................................336
.............................................................................................337
A .......................................................................338
A ....................................................................................................339
........................................................................................................340
............................................................................................................................341
A .............................................................................................................................343

KEAAIO 17
T, & ....................................................345
T ....................................................................................................346
T ...................................................................................346
T ..............................................................................347
T ..................................................................................................................................349
E .............................................................................................................349
.........................................................................353
T .......................................................................................................355
.......................................................................................................................356
E ...................................................................................357
X .....................................................................................................360
12

E .......................................................................363
E ................................................................................364
A .............................................................................................................365
M ................................................................366
A .......................................................................368
E ..........................370
.........................................................................................................................371
B ..........................................................................................372
.................................................................................................374
A ...................................................376
E & ....................................................377
............................................................................................................................379
A .............................................................................................................................381

KEAAIO 18
PowerPoint.......................................................385
O ....................................................................................385
.......................................................................................................386
E ..................................................................................388
E ..........................................................................................................388
E ...................................................................................................389
...............................................................................................392
........................................................................................................393
.........................................................................394
.........................................................................................................395
A ..............................................................................397
A ...................................................................................................................397
Y .......................................................................................................397
E ................................................................................................398
A ................................................................................................400
..........................................................................................................................400
.........................................................................................................400
.................................................................................................401
......................................................................................................402
...........................................................................402
.......................................................................403
............................................................................................................................404
A .............................................................................................................................405

MEPO 3
H ZH TO IKTYO ...........................................................................413
IKTYA & IAIKTYO ........................................................................415
KEAAIO 19
, ..........417
I .............................................................................................................417
..........................................................................................................418
T .............................................................................................422
T (LANs) ..............................................................................422
MAN & WAN.........................................................................................................423
.........................................................................................................................423
Intranets & extranets .........................................................................................................423
A .........................................................................................424
T ..........................................................................................................425
O ........................................................426
M ............................................................................................................427
............................................................................................................................428
...........................................................................................................................430
13

KEAAIO 20
T .....................................................431
T .............................................................................................................432
O modem ..................................................................................433
T ......................................................................................433
T .......................................................................................433
....................................................................................434
.............................................................435
T ..........................................................................................436
O ISP .................................................................................................................438
............................................................................................................................438
...........................................................................................................................439

HEKTPONIKO TAXYPOMEIO .........................................................441

KEAAIO 21
......................................443
...........................................................................443
H ...................................................................444
H ........................................................................444
........................................445
.....................................................................................................446
................................................................................................................................446
................................................................................................................................446
...........................................................................................................446
........................................447
A .............................................................449
T / ..............................................................449
/ ............450
............................................................................................................................451
...........................................................................................................................452

KEAAIO 22
.........................................453
E Outlook Express .....................................................454
A ........................................................................................457
...................................................................457
..............................................................................................458
.........................................459
A ......................................................................................................460
.........................................................................................................460
A .........................................................................................................461
.......................................................................................................462
A ......................................................................................................464
T .....................................................................................................465
..............................................................................466
......................................................................................................468
E ...........................................................................................................470
............................................................471
............................................................................471
M .........................................472
A ....................................................................................................473
......................................................................................................474
B ............................................................................................................474
P .....................................................................................477
............................................................................................................................479
A .............................................................................................................................481

14

KEAAIO 23
K ...........................485
.....................................485
.........................................486
...................................490
E ....................................................................................492
............492
O ................................494
A (spam mail)..................................................................................495
Z ............................................................497
X ...................................................................497
............................................................................................................................498
...........................................................................................................................500

XPHH TOY IAIKTYOY ..................................................................501

KEAAIO 24
I ......................503
O .........................................................................................................503
E I ..................................................................506
T .................................................................................508
K ....................................................................................................510
A ...........................................................................................................511
.......................................................................................................511
H ................................................................................513
Bulletin Board Systems........................................................................................................513
O (Newsgroups) .....................................................................................514
A ...........................................................................515
Chatrooms ..........................................................................................................................515
............................................................................................................................515
...........................................................................................................................517

KEAAIO 25
I ......................................................519
H URL ...........................................................................................519
Internet Explorer..........................................................................521
...................................................................................................525
M URL....................................525
M - ..............................................................526
K ............................................................527
A ....................................................................528
......................................................................................................................530
A............................................................................531
M A ...................................................532
O A .......................................................532
A ...............................................................................533
A .....................................................................................536
E ......................................................................................................537
.............................................................................................539
K .............................................................................541
P .................................................................................541
................................................541
............................................................................................................................542
...........................................................................................................................544

KEAAIO 26
A ..........................................545
M ........................................................................................................545
15

.....................................................................546
E ...................................547
........................................................................548
A - ......................................................................549
E - ........................................................................551
E ............................................................552
A ..............................................................553
A ..........................................................................................555
............................................................................................................................558
...........................................................................................................................559

O ....................561
KEAAIO 27
O ............563
...................563
H ......................................................................564
H .........................................................................................................565
X ..............................................................566
X ..............................................567
X ..........................................................567
M ..............................................................................................................568
............................................................................................................................569

KEAAIO 28
K ................................................571
A ..........................................................................................571
..................................................................................................572
M .........................................................................................................573
.........................................................................................573
...............................................................................................................574
..................................................................................575
...............................................................................................576
..............................................................................577
...........................................................578
hackers .....................................................579
..............................................................................579
............................................................................................................................581
...........................................................................................................................583

KEAAIO 29
A .....................................585
, ..............................585
....................................................586
..........................................................................588
T ..................................................589
N ...............................................................................................................590
..................................592
A .......................................592
...................................................................594
A .........594
E ..........................................595
E ................................................................................595
............................................................................................................................596
...........................................................................................................................597

E ..........................................................................................598

16

. T :
, , . Y
,
, . T

, , .
H ,
. M
, , ,
,
. ; T ; ;
H . H
, ,
. O , , .
K :
, .

17

O IC3
,
.
, .
T IC3 (Internet and Computing Core Certification)
. A Certiport,
. O IC3

.
T IC3 :
K ,
,
, Windows.
X Word
Excel.
A
, ,

.
IC3, .
IC 3
Infotest, Certiport
,
IC3, . IC3
, . IC 3 Infotest
www.certification.gr.

18

T
IC3.
. O :

. T .

. M ,
.

1.
2.

B . A

.

. A , .
B . E

IC3
.

&
A.

E .
. E IC3. E 2 M
(. T CD-ROM, ) ,
. CD-ROM CD .

T CD-ROM
T CD-ROM :
Word Excel. X
2 M .
-

19

IC3. T 135 (45

) ,
IC3.
, ,
.
.
CD-ROM,
CD-ROM.
. M ,
Windows :
K .

K
Word
Excel.

20

MEPO 1

A
Y

Y
YIKO

1
2
3
4

O

&

:
4

N .
4

T K M E.
4

T .
4

T

, , .
4

T
.
4

T .
4

T .
4

T
.

K
O
. H
.
. M
Y

25

M 1: A Y

. ,
,
.
A . O ,
, , , ,
.
T
,

. ,
.
Y (Supercomputers)
O
. . , (millions instructions per second, MIPS) .
(floating point operations per
second, FLOPS),
, megaflops, gigaflops teraflops (, FLOPS ). O

: , ,

. ,
, , , , , ..
H 1970, Cray Research. H , 1990 . -

26

K 1: T

E 1.1: O Blue Gene/L IBM, 32.768 70 teraflops.

, IBM Hewlett-Packard. 1.1

.
K (Mainframes)
O
mainframes.
, .. . O , . H
. M ,
. M ,
.
T (
1950)
, .
, . K ,
. M -

27

M 1: A Y

E 1.2: O eServer zSeries 900 IBM. H

.

. , 1980, . O
,
.
1990
, .. Web servers .

.
1.2 .
Y
O
1960 1970.
, .
1980, ,
. .
O ( , 28

K 1: T

..) .
,
servers. H
,
:
.
M
H ,
IBM PC
Macintosh. 1970, . T ,
. 1970
Apple Apple II,
, VisiCalc.
T
1981. T IBM
(Personal Computer PC),
. M Macintosh 1984, Apple

.

E 1.3: O Macintosh 512K IBM PC 5150.

29

M 1: A Y

1.3
Macintosh IBM,
IBM PC 5150.

O (laptops notebooks)
. -

E 1.4: O HP Pavilion zx5000.

,

. A
,
. 1.4 Hewlett Packard.
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
O
. ,
. H
, ,
.
H Psion I. K
1984,

30

K 1: T

E 1.5: iPAQ Palm Tungsten T5.

16
. T 1993 Apple Newton. H

, , . T 1996
Palm Palm Pilot. H
Newton, . T 1999 Microsoft PDAs, ,
PocketPC.
H PDAs . O

4 , . E

. H : PalmOS PalmSource
PocketPC Microsoft. 1.5.

M
,
: -

31

M 1: A Y

PCs Macintosh Apple.

(PCs)
O (. 1.6)
.
T :
l

X Intel AMD.
l

X Windows
Microsoft ( DOS ),
Linux OS2 .
l

( ) . ,

(, , ..)
. O
,
.
E ,
.

E 1.6: O ( ) .

32

K 1: T

Y Macintosh
O Macintosh (. 1.7) Apple. ,
( , ..), . T :
l

X PowerPC IBM.
l

X Mac OS
Mac OS X UNIX.
l

:
Apple.

E 1.7: O Power Mac G5.

O , , . Y


.

O
Y

33

M 1: A Y

(e-books).

( ),

. ,
MP3
.
T -
M . A
PC , .
X ,
PDAs:
, , , ,
, . E,
.
Calculators
M
calculator . . O . , ,

.

O
. Y . T :

34

K 1: T

- ,
. ,
. A :
.

K M E (E)
O
. T

K M E (KME), (. 1.8).
O PC . O
:
, . O

.
,
.

. H
, , .

E 1.8: O .

35

M 1: A Y

E 1.9: O , .

.
, .
1.9 .
M
A . O
. K

(
).

.
,
- (MegaHertz, MHz) (GigaHertz, GHz) - , , .
, 500 MHz GHz.
500 ( -

36

K 1: T

) . M 1,5 GHz
1,5 ( ).
O
, 1980, 4,77 MHz. H Intel 1993
Pentium 60 66 MHz.
T 1998 Pentium II,
400 MHz. T ,
Pentium III 600 MHz
1 GHz. , Pentium 4 3 GHz. H AMD
Intel ,
Athlon .
Athlon Pentium 4,
.

O
A
, , . A ;
, . H

. M ,
.
T . E,
, .
A, . T : ROM, RAM ( ).
M (ROM)
H ROM (Read Only Memory)
. M 1990, ROM chips BIOS, -

37

M 1: A Y

(
, BIOS). K BIOS
,
.
BIOS ROM chips flash . ,
ROM
,
BIOS .
M (RAM)
O RAM
. , , RAM

. , RAM
.
, RAM

. O
SIMM 128 MB. DIMM (Dual Inline Memory

E 1.10: K DIMM.

38

K 1: T

Module) Rambus DIMM (RIMM) 168, 184 240 .

1.10.

M
A ROM
RAM
, , .. , ,
;
M ,

. A ,
.
, ,
CD-RW DVD-RW (. 1.11).
, ROM, , ,
.

, CD/DVD : . M
CD-ROM/DVD-ROM CD-R/DVD-

E 1.11: M .

39

M 1: A Y

R.
(
).

KB, MB, GB.

, ,
(binary digits bits).
O
: 0 1. O bits byte. T A, , byte 01000010. M
,
.
, o byte ( RAM)
. , CD/DVD .
kilobyte (KB), , 1.024 bytes. A,
megabyte (MB) 1.024 kilobytes,
megabyte 1.000.000 bytes. gigabyte (GB)
1.024 megabytes ( 1.000.000.000 bytes)
terabyte (TB) 1.024 gigabytes (
1.000.000.000.000 bytes).
A 4.000 , 4 KB. M , , , ,
( , ) .

P
H . A ,

.

,
:

40

K 1: T

E K -

, BIOS ROM
flash . O
, , ..
. E
RAM. BIOS, .
E ,

RAM, . A ,
. H
RAM ,

. A
,
RAM .
O -

. , . ,
RAM
, ..
. T RAM
, .
A T -

RAM.
, .. , RAM , , , . K .
K

, RAM . E

41

M 1: A Y

RAM . ( RAM)
.

(.. A>
X,
),
RAM.

42

T . O .
.
K .


.
. T
. T .
, . ,
. A
.
A , .
H
.

, . T

,
.

K 1: T

.
H
, , ..
O , , . H
. ,
,
.

A

. H . M
(
). T,
.

O -,
.

. H

.
E ,
, , . E
, , ,
.

O
,
. ,

43

M 1: A Y

. ,
,
,
.
,
.
H
, . M , ,
.

A
, ; T , ,

, , CDs .
,

- . .

(.. CD-R) . O


.

. O .
, PDAs

T
.
M ,
,
.

44

K 1: T

&
PDAs
.

E ,

, .. PDAs.
GPRS,
( ). X , ,
.
A , PDA
. A (
.. PocketPC Phone Edition),
GPRS. A Bluetooth
IrDA ( GPRS Bluetooth IrDA), PDA
Bluetooth/ IrDA modem
. A WiFi, ,
, . T, PDA USB PC
modem
PC.

K

O , . T
.
K
. ,
. X ,
,

. M . ,
. E

45

M 1: A Y

.
M , , . , ,
, .
: ,
.
M , ()
. H ,
.
K
H .
- -
. A ,
, . ,
modem,
modem .
T . ,
(
,
) (
).

46

T
. (mainframes),
. A
,
.

K 1: T
n

O

( ). O
(PCs)
Macintosh.
n

T ,
. K
(, ,
..).
n

A , K M E
. O . O . O Intel AMD 3 GHz ( ).
n

O RAM
. H RAM
.
n

, (BIOS)
ROM flash. O .
n

O (.. ,
, ) , , CD-R CD-RW ..
n

T
,
ROM/flash RAM ,
.
n

. H -

47

M 1: A Y

.
n

() , .. CD-R,
. M ,
. M
.
n

M
(.. )

.

E
1. ,

;
A: O . O .
2. T ;
A: . X .
3. T 1,7 GHz ;
A: O
1,7 . O .
4. A RAM
,
48

K 1: T

;
A: H RAM . ,
. O
, .. ,
.
5. T BIOS;
A: T BIOS .
RAM
.
6. A ,
;
A: . H , .
7. T ;
A: T , .. modem.

49

. A ,
. T . T
,
. H ,
. .
T
,


.
:
4

.
4

.
4

E
,
. H -

51

M 1: A Y

,
.
/ : -

""
(, , , ,

E 2.1:

.

/ CD/DVDs, ..), ,
. O , ATX, Intel.
O E

. 2.2 . H
.
H .
. O ,
(Cathode Ray Tube, CRT)
52

K 2: O

E 2.2: O .

. K (14, 15, 17, 19, 21 ).

M -

(, , ). 2.3
. O
-

E 2.3: T .

53

M 1: A Y

, ..
.
, ,
(, , ), .
H (. 2.4)

Windows,

E 2.4: ,
.

. ,
.

E 2.5: T .

54

K 2: O

M E , .. -

.
. H ,

. 2.5.
E E

, .. , , .
T
. Y -

E 2.6: .

. A
(inkjets), laser
(dot matrix). 2.6
.
H T (. 2.7)

. H


.
M E

. H Y

55

M 1: A Y

E 2.7: T .

. . H
( 1.44 MB)
CDs DVDs. .
M CD/DVD O (. 2.8)

CDs DVDs. K

, ,

. O -

E 2.8: O CD DVD .

56

K 2: O

.

.
E -

, , , ,

, modem ... O

,


.

E

. 2.9.

E 2.9: O , .
Y

57

M 1: A Y

E 2.10:
.

: O -

,
(. 2.10). BIOS (
) 1.


. '
Windows
".
T ,

, .
E O ,

K 1.

, .
.
T

. , . 58

K 2: O

.
K E -

,
. H ,

. - - ,
, ,
16, 32 64 MB.
K -

, . M
CD-ROM, CDs.

E
X , .
. E
, (..
) .
Joystick E

. , ,
,
-

E 2.11: T joystick .

59

M 1: A Y

E 2.12: .

. joystick 2.11.
H (. 2.12) -

, ,
. H . T
(0 1) .
A . M
. H
.
M -

, ..
. O (. 2.13). A

, . H .
, , . A
, (Optical Character
Recognition, OCR)
60

K 2: O

E 2.13: O ,
.

.
Graphics tablet: (. 2.14)

( stylus).
..

.
O -

. T -

E 2.14: stylus .

61

M 1: A Y

E 2.15: O .

, .. T (. 2.15) .
Thumb mouse

. M joystick
,
. M
. .
O O -

E 2.16: O .

62

K 2: O

. O

.
, (.
2.16). H PDAs, Tablet PCs PCs
.
E

( , ..)
.
T E

, DVD player. T

(, , ).
E

, . . , , ,

.

E
X
,
. O
. A (.. ,
), , :
Plotters M

(. 2.17) . X , .

63

M 1: A Y

E 2.17: O plotter .

Projectors -

(. 2.18). O
PowerPoint, .

E 2.18: O projectors
. .

64

K 2: O

E 2.19: O (robots)
.

P E -

(. 2.19). T
, , .
E

,
. O
.

K 1
. (
.)

.
T (.

2.20) .
M 12x15 3,5 , -

65

M 1: A Y

E 2.20: O .

. , . H
400 GB. 1 GB 1 bytes (). O C: DOS
Windows.
E -

,
/ . O 3.5 (. 2.21)

E 2.21: M 3.5 , Zip

/.

66

K 2: O

1.44 MB. T
.
.
Zip Y -

. Zip, 100, 250 750

MB . M 11x11 , 0.5 .
, 174
. B,
. 2.21.
O CD-R/CD-RW A

.
, 12 ,
700 MB . H
CD (
1x). O CD-ROM
40x 50x,
. O CD-R , CDRW : ,
. , -

E 2.22: O CD-R/CD-RW DVD-R/DVD-RW.

67

M 1: A Y

CD-ROM , CD-R/CD-RW,
,
laser CDRW. ""
.
CDs , ..
.
O DVD-R/DVD-RW E -

CDs ( 2.22).
(4.7 GB),
DVD dual
layer 9.4 GB. T
DVD.
DVD-R/DVD-RW, ""
DVD-ROM ( "" CD-ROMs
).
DVD, ..
. O
DVDs DVDROM.
Tape drives -

, . T tape drives

. E , . E . K
GB .
M -

. O


. A
.
O -

68

K 2: O

. M
, . H

.
K M ,

. O
flash . T

USB. H
4 MB GB. O Compact Flash, Secure Digital, MultiMedia
Card, Memory Stick XD Card (. 2.23). T
( SD/MMC )
USB.

A
. . O
. ,

E 2.23 K Secure Digital 256MB.

69

M 1: A Y

. .
2.24 . K
/ . A :
(PS/2) T -

PS/2. :
.
M
.
() E 25

.

, .. Zip.
modem () -

.
modem.
USB M

, .
, ,

USB

O

E 2.24:
.

70

K 2: O

, modems, Zip . M USB hub

USB, .
Y

.
; M
,
.
Y modem A -

modem,
.
( RJ-11).
, modeem . .
Y H

: joystick, (MIC),
(Line In),
(Line Out)
.
Y Ethernet A -

( Ethernet), Ethernet . H
,
( )
.
MIDI -

. H
, .. .
Infrared H -

IrDA. ,
.

71

M 1: A Y

Bluetooth K

Bluetooth.
IrDA , .

H :
.

A (, , , modem, ..),

.
. , USB, .
O , .
A , PS/2. modem, :

. K . T, DSL modem ( ) Ethernet
USB.
A , ,
. A ,
AGP.
,
. . A
(, modem, ), PCI. 4 5
. K ,
. A , CD
DVD,

.
72

K 2: O

.
A
M ,
.
( Plug and Play)
, , CD/DVD,
USB.
A , , modem, ,
,
. A CD . O CD . Y USB
CD
. , .

O . ( )
, . B , , (, ,
...). O, , , .
n

O . K
: , ,
, joystick ,
. O - Y

73

M 1: A Y

, trackball
.
n

T . O,
. K :
,
...
n

E :
,
CD, . K
.
n

.
,
: PS/2 ( ), (), (), USB (
USB),
, , joystick,
...

E
1. , ;
A: ""
.
2. T ;
A: M '0' '1'.
(bits) (
)
.
3. ;
A: H -

74

K 2: O

. T , , joystick ..
,

. .. , ...

75

. :
4

.
4

T
.
4

T
.
4

RAM
.
4

T , .. , .
4

, .

B
K
. O
. K ,

.
O
Y

77

M 1: A Y

Macintosh. T Macintosh

, .
A , PC. O , . H


PC Macintosh.

E
K
,
. T
.
H
:
E M -

, ,

. : ,
,
.
O -

.
M -

. K

78

K 3:

(, ,
...) .
M O

.
A , . E , . A
, .
, ,
,
. A,

, .

A
H

.
10 5 .
,
, . ,



.
; M , ;
K 2,
. K , ,
,
.

79

M 1: A Y

,
.
A
.
T
A , . A K 1
, . ,
.
.
E ,
. A , .
(
). ,
, .
E .
RAM
K 1
RAM. E
. E, , RAM
. K ,
RAM
.
A ,
. / , RAM; O :
-

80

K 3:

RAM
. A RAM
.
X

. K 1 RAM ,
. O
,
RAM . E

,
.
,
RAM. E
.
RAM,
.
,
-RAM
RAM . E

( ), .
T . A
,


. A ( RAM) .
K
K 2
.
, -

81

M 1: A Y

.
. O


.
K
A , ,

. (bits)
; K Ethernet 100 Mbps (100 )
10 Mbps. ,
:

.
Modem
H
modem. K I. H modem 33.6 Kbps
56 Kbps .
M ISDN
64 128 Kbps
DSL modem. E
.

T
A . A

. E

.

82

K 3:

E
E
. A
, . K
Pentium 4 Celeron Intel
Athlon Duron AMD.
RAM
H RAM
, . T
, . A
,
RAM.
, 256 MB
.
X
E
. O ,

.
.
K
E .

.
,
32, 64 128 MB.
, GeForce 4 NVidia.
O
. T (Cathode Ray Tube) , . . T

83

M 1: A Y

TFT (Thin Film Transistor) ,
. K
,
CRT.
. O
,
. ,
. , 17 1.024x768
pixels 15 800x600 pixels. A
15 1.024x768,
.

O .
modem; A
( ). X ; B ,
. M , CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-R/RW DVD-R/RW (
), , ..

T ( )

.

Windows,
, .. DVD-ROM . A . O

CD-ROMs
, .
, (utilities), -

84

K 3:

,
(.. ). ,
, ,
..

O
.
. ,

. A .
,
.
.
, Pentium 4 1,8 GHz
Pentium
Celeron . T 256 MB
SDRAM 2/3
DDR RAM. .
M 15 1/3
1/5 . H ,
DVD, , ,
, DVD-ROM, modem .
.
,
. M ,
.

E,
. A -

85

M 1: A Y

""
.

86

( ),

.
. M
.
,
. M

, , .

. E ,
. H , ,
, ..
. , , . E,
.
O
. H online , ,
,
.
T . E

.
T, , ,
.

K 3:

H
. H , .
n

,
.
n

A
RAM, RAM ( ),
.

.
n

Y
( RAM). E,

RAM.
n

O . M
.
M
. modem I .

E
1. O
. N
;
A: A . O

.
Y

87

M 1: A Y

2. RAM;
A: , ,
, RAM
. A RAM,
. H .

88

.
:
4

.
4

T
.
4

.
4

O ,
, . E, .

. K ,
, .
;
Y
:

89

M 1: A Y

E
.
, , . O

.
l

X
.
l

A ,
.

,
, ,
.
( 3-4 ),

. T
,


.

.
E
. O
40 K. . B . A 20-25 , ,
30-35 K.
O

. . H
,
90

K 4:

, , .
Y
O
. H ,
. T ,
. , ( 80%) ( 20%). , . K , (
)
(UPS).
H

. O ,
.. . O : B, FCC
(Federal Communication Commission),
.
. E, .

. , , . O
( , , ..),
( ) , , UPS.

O -

91

M 1: A Y

. H
. , . , , . E ,
(
), (
) (
).

&
UPS.

92

M
. ,
, . A .
, . A
, , . A
, ,

.

. H
, .
O

UPS. O
. O UPS

. ,
. H
,
, , , -

K 4:

. O UPS , .

T
,
:
,

.

. K . , , .

. A
, . A
USB ,
. A, ,
, :
;
H

. K
, . A ,
,
.
E T -

. T , CD-ROM:

93

M 1: A Y

M , laser
. O
( ) .
T ,
; H
,
, ,
:
1. A . T
, , .. , .
.
2. A ,
. T
,
. E .
. .
3. A ,

.
4. A , , .

A . A
,
.
l

94

/: T

. , ,

K 4:

. ,
,
.
l

E: O
,
. E, ,
.
l

: O

:
. A ,
.

B
Y

. T .
. M
. B
. ,

.
,
. A ,

( ). A ,
,
. E,
,
.
,


.
Y

95

M 1: A Y

E , B > E
Windows. M
K A,

. T

. E , . H
.

E
O
.
. O
, .
O '
,


.

T
(
), ( ). M
. ,
:
l

96

T . , DVD-R , Windows ,
.
; K
. H ,

K 4:

Windows . A CD DVD . A , .
T ; H . M
. H
.
l

, .. . .
l

. E
. A
, . M
; .
l

A ,
. M ; A , . M
forum

. : , , .
A .
l

.
O .

. E . : .
l

: . T
; N
. A -

97

M 1: A Y

,
antivirus . M
; N
. O ( ) , .

98

E ,


.
n

O
. X
.
.
n

O . M
(
).
n

O


UPS.
n

T
, .
M .
n

, ..
. ,
.

K 4:
n

. E
,
.

99

. T
. .

K 5 O
K 6 K

RAM, ,
. T
,
.


. , :
4

T .
4

. M .
4

.
4

()
.
4

T .
4

103

M 1: A Y

E
.

E
.

E
, ..

A .

, . H
. O
.
K 2
. T , , (, , ). E
.. .
T , ,
. E

, .. ,

.

. M
. O
. H
. H
. , . A ,
.

K
T

. ,

. , . ,
-

104

K 5: O

.
T .
M
:
M O -

( )
.
, Windows,
:
) Ctrl+X,
)
) Ctrl+V,

.
. , Word Ctrl+B
Ctrl+S .
M O -

. T

. ,

. M
.
5.1 , A, ,
, , , . E, , E, M ..
M T ,

. Windows, ( )
. T .

105

M 1: A Y

E 5.1:
.

5.2 5.3.
5.2 B
Word. O ( ) . K
,
. T


. 5.3 Windows. ,
. ,
.

E 5.2: M .

106

K 5: O

E 5.3: T .

E ,

. A
. M

. O
.
O
. RAM
,
. O
. M ,

.

,
,
.
, Excel . H

107

M 1: A Y

E 5.4: H .

:
,
(. 5.4). A,
Word , Word
.

. O . O
.

O .
T , , .
0 1, . H

( ).
A
,
. O
108

K 5: O

. I
:
H -

. A , , ..
, , .
,
. H

. ,
,

.
O -

(, ). M
,
.
, .


.

. T
. A, ,
(
) ,
.. .

O
E ,

. A
,
( ). E

109

M 1: A Y

. T
.
,
.
, . , ,
, . A
(Quality
Control Processes). O
,
. - . M
( ),
:
A (Debugging) H -

. ,
. O

. A, . H
-
. A ,
. A , .
.
Beta (Beta testing) -

. beta testers

, . M

,
.

110

K 5: O

(Quality assurance) T

. T .

A
O
.

E
.

M ,
, . O
. H , . E,
.
Y : .
, , CD-ROM DVD-ROM
( .exe)
. , . O
, .. antivirus, ,
.
, . T

. E,
. E

, .
,

,
. H
: , ,
fora. A

111

M 1: A Y

, .

112

H :
, , ..
n

A ,
0 1. H
.
n

T
. ,

. M

,
,

.
n

T

. O .
n

T , .. ,
, .
n

,
. T
,
. O beta
-

K 5: O

. T,

.
n

M , , . O

.

E
1.
;
A: ,
.
2.
;
A: M .
O , beta
.

113

. A

.
K 1 . O , ,
,
,
. H
.

. :
4

T .
4

T .
4

T .
4

T .
4

T .
4

T .
4

115

M 1: A Y

T .
4

T I.
4

T .
4

T .
4

T .

E
X

.

O
. K
. O ,
, : , , , , , , , .
O

, .. ,
. M , , , , .. O
,
.. ,
.

E 6.1: O Word
.

116

K 6:

, .
M 1990
, WordPerfect
WordPro. T WordPerfect ,
. ,
, .
Microsoft Word, (. 6.1).

O
. A ,
. , , ( )
. ,
.
E , ,

, , , . A , . T (, , ..).
E
(.. ,
)

,
.
X ,
,
,
, , , -, , ,
, ..
, . M

117

M 1: A Y

E 6.2: T Excel .

1990
. T
Quatro Pro Lotus 1-2-3 ,
Microsoft Excel (. 6.2),
5.

E
O . O
, , , ,
, .
.

, (..
projector) ,
.. ,

,
. O
,
, . O Lotus Freelance
Microsoft PowerPoint (. 6.3).

118

K 6:

E 6.3: Power Point.

E
T
.

B . O ,
, . K
( OTE
, ,
),
(, , OTE, , , , , , ).
( , )
. A , .. A
. M , (Database Management Systems DBMS
). O
, . O , . T

.

119

M 1: A Y

E 6.4: Access.

O ,


. M , , ..

.

. O
, ..

.
Y

, , .. M

Microsoft Access (. 6.4).

H . K 2
.
120

K 6:

E 6.5: O Windows Media Player .

X

T . A , ..
,
,
, , ... ,
,
. O . O

. A ,
BMP (Bitmap), GIF JPG.
, ,
Paint, Windows,
,
, Jasc Paint Shop Pro Adobe PhotoShop.
' . , "" pixel pixel ('
bitmap), (vector
graphics):

121

M 1: A Y

, , .. . , (Desktop Publishing, DTP),

, ..,
.
O , .. CD
DVD. , WAV, MP3 WMA (Windows
Media Audio). T, ,
AVI, MOV (Quick Time) WMV
(Windows Media Video).
Windows Media Player (. 6.5), Real
Player Real Networks WinAmp Nullsoft.
Y , , .

Y
,
. A
:
: ""

. '
""
( , ,
),
( "" anti-virus, firewall, backup ..).
A

. M ,
. T
. H , 122

K 6:

E 6.6: T Outlook .

. O

.
(antivirus) E

. E
, ,
, ..

(backup) A

,

.
E -

,
. E

.

E
. T

123

M 1: A Y

(mail servers)
. T
,
. O

,
.
, . ,
.
. H

.
Microsoft
Outlook (. 6.6), Outlook Express ( Outlook
Windows), Eudora Lotus cc: Mail. T .

E
T .
, .
, Microsoft Money , , ,
/ .. T Microsoft Outlook,
, . K ,
, , , , ..

E I
O I (World Wide Web) . ,

. -

124

K 6:

O

.

( Web servers), , , , , ,
- ..
O I (Web browsers)

.
,

. O , HTML. O

.
Y . H
Microsoft Internet Explorer.

T
(mainframes) ,
. T .
K :
l

O

.
l

.
l

,
(, ..).

A
.
,
,
. ,

125

M 1: A Y

Excel,
, ,
Access.
, Word,
( )
Excel .

126

Y . K .
n

O ,
. O ,
. : Word,
WordPerfect.
n

O . O . H

. : Excel, QuattroPro, Lotus 1-23.
n

O , , , .. :
PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance.
n

O
, ..
. , :
10 A; : Access, dBASE IV.
n

O -

K 6:

.
: Paint Shop, CorelDraw, Photoshop.
n

O , .
,
. : Windows Media Player, Real Player, WinAmp.
n

O

.
: Outlook, Eudora, Lotus cc:Mail.
n

O I
. :
Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator.
n

:
, ,
, ..
n

O , .
n

M
.
n

K . , ,
.. . H

.

127

M 1: A Y

E
1. Excel, PowerPoint, Word Internet
Explorer ;
)
) Y
) K
)
A: ) Word, ) Excel, ) PowerPoint, ) Internet Explorer.
2. T Netscape Navigator :
) T WordPerfect
) T Microsoft Outlook
) T Internet Explorer
) T Microsoft Access
A: ) T Internet Explorer
3. Excel:
)
) .
) I.
)
.
A: )
.

128

.
Windows,
.

K 7
K 8 X Windows

K 9 A

. E ,
Windows Windows.
, :
4

.
4

M DOS
,
Windows .
4

N
Windows (Mac OS UNIX), .
4

.
4

,
.

131

M 1: A Y

O

. E ! T BIOS , RAM .
M

. O
. O , ,

. T
. :
T
,

,
.
A , , , , . K . A

, . E

. T
,
. E
.
T
X ,

. ;

. O
. A,
, 132

K 7:

, .
T

K 1, RAM . T

RAM.
,
,
.

T
Y ,
. E
.
DOS
,
DOS (Disk Operating System).
1981
PCs . ,

E 7.1: DOS, .

133

M 1: A Y

T DOS

.
K DOS . ,
. , dir a: /o .
T DOS

.
, , , .
7.1
DOS.

Windows
H Windows
DOS
. T Windows . M

E 7.2: T Windows
.

134

K 7:

Windows.

. ,

. 7.2.
H - . O
. ,
,
.
A 95 , Windows
,
. O

,
, Windows Explorer.
H
Windows . T . O

Windows .

Mac OS & Mac OS X

K 1, PCs. O Macintosh
Windows. T
Mac OS,
( UNIX) Mac OS X. T
Apple . 7.3.

135

M 1: A Y

E 7.3: T Mac OS Mac OS X

Apple.

UNIX/Linux
T UNIX . A

. O
UNIX (Linux)

. E
, . 7.4
Linux.

O PDA .
T Palm OS PalmSource
PalmOne Sony, PocketPC
Microsoft ( Windows Mobile) , Dell, Asus, HP, FujitsuSiemens Toshiba. K -

Palm OS
PocketPC

136

K 7:

E 7.4: T Linux .

,
PCs.
T PDAs
. E ,
ROM,
32 MB ( 64 MB PocketPC). E, , , . O


. A PC PDA: , . H PC.

T .
,

137

M 1: A Y

DOS.

.
, DOS
. A , , . A,

.
8.3 ( , ).
T Windows
DOS: , - ,
.
, ,
Windows
UNIX . T UNIX

.
T Mac OS Mac OS X, ,
Macintosh.

A .

K
.

138

T . H .

.
, . O


.
.
,
. T ,
( , ..). , -

K 7:

, . H .
,
,
. ,
,
, .
T, . H ,
.

T
, . T , ,

.
n

T 1980, DOS
. O
DOS .
DOS .
n

O Macintosh
Windows
. O
. K UNIX
.
n

T Windows .
, Windows
-

139

M 1: A Y

140

O Macintosh Mac OS Mac OS X. T UNIX .

n

O
. , DOS

.
n

H
. ,
, .

X Windows

Windows. E Windows. E , , ,
, , .
M Windows
.
:
4

N
Windows .
4

N .
4

N Windows .
4

N .
4

N B Windows.
4

N .
4

N
Windows Explorer.
4

N .
4

N .

141

M 1: A Y

E Windows
. ,
,
. M ,

.
8.1
Windows XP. T .

E 8.1: H Windows XP.

. ,
. K ,
. -

142

K 8: X Windows

. E
, .. .
M

. K ,
,
. ,

. H .
O Y T

( , CD-ROM .). K
.
.
K A M -

,
.

. T
K K A.
O K A,
, . A
,

K.
E T Windows

. K , ( )
.
E K

. T . ,
.

143

M 1: A Y

E X

. M ,
Windows
.
.

T
Windows :
A -

. , Word, 8.2.
. T ,
.
A

. 8.3.
T Excel.
. H .

E 8.2: T
.
144

K 8: X Windows

E 8.3: Excel,
.

E 8.4: T .

,
. . 8.4.

145

M 1: A Y

X
M
. T
.
M K M,

. T
. ,
E,
M.
E K E,

. T
,
. A
Windows. K .
K K K,

. T
.
M T

. K -

E 8.5:
.

E 8.6:
.

146

K 8: X Windows

. H
.
A

,
.
,
.
- , , , , .
8.5 8.6.
.

T,

. T
(DOS)

. H
Windows 95. H .

,
.
T Windows
A , Windows

. M , Windows
,
, . A
, ,
.

1. K ,
.
2. E T
Windows. Windows XP

147

M 1: A Y

E 8.7: K A .

8.7. A
Windows.
3. K A.

E
M Windows . E , .
( ).

1. K ,
.
2. E .
8.7.
3. K E. T Windows ( ) .

A
E
,
. ,
. , >
A.
148

K 8: X Windows

A

,
. ,
.
K > A X.
,
.

A
(Logon) , ( ).
T Alt+Ctrl+Del
A ,
. ,
Alt+Ctrl+Del.
E E. E

T E.

E
M .
.
:

1. K ,
.
2. Windows XP, .
. 8.8.
3. E
.

,
Windows
. M

149

M 1: A Y

E 8.8: .

(. 8.9). H
. A

.

E 8.9: K
.

T . T
. O . T Windows

. ,

.

150

K 8: X Windows

. H .

1. E .
.
(.
) .exe
( ).
2. . .
3. X , . T Windows
.
.

E /
, Windows
.
K
.
, - ,

Windows .
A
. E
,

.

, . Word Excel,
. E , Excel , ..
. T Word ,
. Word. M Word,
. T Excel .

151

M 1: A Y

M , ; Y .
K K -

. E
,
( ).
K H -

(. 8.9). K
.
Alt+Tab K Alt Tab -

T B Windows
T Windows
, . M
Windows,

E 8.10: T B Windows.

152

K 8: X Windows

B: , , .
B, F1
Windows. B. 8.10.
B
1. A B
, . T
Windows

.
2. K E. , .
8.11.
3. , -
.
4. K . T Windows

E 8.11: T B Windows.

153

M 1: A Y

E 8.12: T .

. 8.12.
. . K
, . , Windows -
.

Windows
E Windows
. A Windows
Explorer B >
Windows. .

O
. K , .. , , , ,
, ,
... K
,
RAM .

154

K 8: X Windows

T Windows

I
.

, Windows
. T

.
, , .
. A, ,
... A
, . ,
.
H . I
B A
A
B
B A,
... E
.
.
A , , ,
. O
( , root directory). A
.

H Windows
.

1. K ( ).
2. A , > .
.
3. .

155

M 1: A Y

4. Enter. O .

1. K .
2. Delete.
3. A . O K A.

Windows,
. E, .

K .
K .
.

E . T .

1. K .
2. F2.
3.
.
4. Enter.

E
K ,

. ,

I.
, ,
, ..

156

K 8: X Windows

O Windows Explorer
Windows .
E
. A
Windows.
. E,
, . , Windows
. O Windows Explorer

.
E Windows Explorer
M Windows Explorer
:
Windows 98
> Windows Explorer.
K
E.

E 8.13: O Windows Explorer .

157

M 1: A Y

Windows XP
.

Windows Explorer.
8.13.


.
A Windows
Explorer
T

Windows . Windows Explorer
Explorer .
8.13. O Windows Explorer .
A .

A Windows Explorer . .
.
A
. K . A

. ,
.
A Windows Explorer . E Windows

,

.
K
. , ,
Windows :
A O
Y .
-- E
T .
A K A. K .
8.14.
E

158

K 8: X Windows

Windows , , , .. .
O .

A ;
, ,
. A Windows (
), : O Y . ,
.
, +
O Y .
,
: (C:), (A:) CDROM (D:). 8.15.
M . 8.15, C: ( ) .

E 8.14: O K A ,
.

159

M 1: A Y

E 8.15 + Y
.

+ ,
. 8.16.
Windows Explorer :
A
. , , K A, , , ,
.
K
.
T . T
,

.

160

K 8: X Windows

E 8.16: H .

T
,
Windows Explorer
. 8.17.

. A
.
K,
. K
. E,
+ . O - . .
H
. M . E
.

161

M 1: A Y

E 8.17: K
.

/ :
1. K -. O .
2. K +. O
.
3. K
.
.

O Windows Explorer
. , :
/M T
.
E T . E , . M ,
-.
T , . -

162

K 8: X Windows

E 8.18: .

,
Windows Explorer.
T
, , 8.18. : KB,
( ,
) .

O Windows Explorer
, ,
. H
, .

1. K > T
.
2. A - . ,
, .

163

M 1: A Y

, , ,



, . O Windows Explorer .

1. , .
2. K A > > .
E,
> . .
3. K , .
4. Enter. O .

1. K . A , CD,
.
2. , CD.
3. A , M .

1. K . A , CD, Ctrl .
2. .
+
, .

1. K .
2. Delete.
3. E N.

164

K 8: X Windows

1. K .
2. F2.
3. .
4. Enter.

E
O , . M
, , . A
, .
O . H : K . T .

1. K .
2. K Shift
. 8.19.

1. K .

E 8.19: E .

165

M 1: A Y

2. K Ctrl ,
... 8.20.

M, ,

, , ,
.

1. E .
2. K
. A
,
.
3. A , M .

1. E .
2. K Ctrl . A , Ctrl.
3. .

E 8.20: E .

166

K 8: X Windows

1. E .
2. F2
M.
3. .
4. Enter.

1. . ,
.
2. Delete.

,
.
,
.

1. .
2. , .
3. .

1. .
2.
.

I
E , . T
Windows
:
T O . , (
)

167

M 1: A Y

Word,
Excel, PowerPoint, , , ...
-

; H
.
M T kilobytes.
H H -

(
).
H H

Windows
.
H

. E ,
.
M M

, .
.
A , Windows
.
K M ,

.

1. K .
.
2. E I.
, 8.21.
3. O
Windows . M M K.

O , , . Y ,
168

K 8: X Windows

E 8.21: T .
A

,
.

. K

.
T Word, , , , , ,
, . A
Excel . ,
.

E
H
. M
, . A, , Windows
Explorer,
, ,
.
,

169

M 1: A Y

. ,
. A , ,
.
, Windows
. M
,
. M , , .. M ,
.
T A. M

:
K A
Windows F3.
M ,
A F3 Ctrl+E.

E 8.22: T .

170

K 8: X Windows

,
(.8.22). A
(, ), , Word, Excel .., , ,
.

1. A ,
,
8.23. K , ? (
) * (
). ,
Doc? Doc1, Doc2 ...,
Doc10. H Doc* Doc10,
Doc11 ...
2. A ,
. E
. A
, -

E 8.23: .

171

M 1: A Y

A
.
3. T
. M (.. T )
. , , M .
4. M , A Enter. T Windows .

K 1,

. E CD. A
, ,
Windows
.

E 8.24: T .

172

K 8: X Windows

- . ,
.

1. E .
2. K O Y Windows. .
3. K . 8.24.
4. , (
). M .
5. K E
( ).

T
.
, , . A ,
,

. E, . I :
M . , . ,
,
. T
, ,
Windows,
.

173

M 1: A Y

. , Excel 2003
2003. A
,

.
M
. Y
(.. .doc
Word .xls Excel). T
Windows . A
, Windows

.
: H

.
.
: T
, .. , Zip CD. (
,

CD ).Y ,

Windows
. T
. A . .
N ,
.

. A ,

174

K 8: X Windows

,
.
N
. A , .. ,
.
A :
,
. A ,
, .
K . K .

Windows , K A, Y
, .
n

T Windows , .
, , ,
, ,
.
.
n

T Windows
() .
n

. M
. M .
n

H
. K .

175

M 1: A Y

176

T Windows B. F1 .
n

T Windows . O
. K .
,

.
n

Windows
.
n

O Windows Explorer , . X

, +
- .
n

M , , , .
n

M , , .
n

M
, ..
.
n

T
, Shift+ Ctrl+. T ,
.
n

K
, , , , , .. A , .. ,
Word.
n

M A

K 8: X Windows

. K > A
.
n

O
. K
.
n

K . M , , , .

177

M 1: A Y

A
E .
1. A , Word Excel.
t
K Microsoft Word.
t
K Microsoft Excel.

2. X Windows
Word Excel .
t
, Word. T
Word .
t
, Excel. T
Excel .

.
3. M Excel.
t
K M, Excel.

4. E Excel.
t
K E, Excel.

178

K 8: X Windows

5. M Word
Windows.
t
K
.

6. M Word.
t
K
.

7. K o Word. X
Windows
Excel.
t
K K, Word.

179

M 1: A Y

K Excel K.

X B Windows.
8. A B Windows,
.
t
K
Windows.
t
F1.
t
K E.
t
-
.
K

180

K 8: X Windows

A ,
.
t
t

K

.

.
9. , .
t
K .
t
A .

Enter.

10.
,
Windows.
t
B. 9.

181

M 1: A Y

11. M 10 9.
t
K
.
t
E .
12. M E.
t
K .
t
F2 E.
t
Enter.
Windows Explorer.
13. M E (. 12),
Windows Explorer.
t
K .
t
E E.

14. A C:
t
K + O .
t
K + , Windows Explorer.

182

K 8: X Windows

15. ExcercisesIC3 Windows.

A . T .
t
A Windows
+, +.
t
K ExcercisesIC3. T
.
t
K .
t
K T M.
16. E () Word
Excercises-IC3.
t
K .
t
K Ctrl
Word.

K Ctlr+
Word.

17. A 16
E (. 12).
t
K .
t
K Ctrl.
t
E.
18. A Excercises-IC3
.
t
T .
t
K Excercises-IC3,
Windows Explorer.
t
K , Shift
( Ctrl+A).

183

M 1: A Y
t

K
, .

I .
19. Word1.doc Excercises-IC3. T ;
t
K Excercises-IC3, Windows.
t
K Word1.doc.
t
A , M
T.

Word1.doc

E .
20. Excercises-IC3, (
) Excel. E .xls
.
t
A Excercises-IC3 .
t
K A .
t
O *.xls
t
K A.
.

184

K 8: X Windows

.
21. 3,5 .
t
T . :
.
t
A O .
t
K A: .
t
, E.
T .
22. Z Windows .
t
A .
t
K E.
23. Z Windows .
t
A .
t
K A.

185

Windows
,
. :
4

E,

Windows.
4

.
4

.
4

O E
O E

Windows.
E
1. K .
2. E E. E. K

Windows. 9.1.

187

M 1: A Y

E 9.1: O E
Windows.

3. K . A , Windows .
4. A , OK E . T Windows .

T E
E ,
E
. Y , .
O
Windows:
O P . M

, , Windows
,
188

K 9: A

. E Windows, , .
O

. T Windows
. K
Windows
.

1. K
E.
. T
. 9.2.

E 9.2: O
Windows.

189

M 1: A Y

E 9.3: Windows .

2. K .
T Windows , .
9.3.

M ,
.. . , A > E 9.2.
M E-

,


.
9.4
. H
Windows -

190

K 9: A

E 9.4: A
.

, . H .
.
T

. 9.5.

E 9.5: M ,
.

191

M 1: A Y

. ,
, , Windows
, ..
E T ,

Windows. E . H
. T Windows

. O
,

. 9.6.
, , Delete .
T

. A

E 9.6: O Windows . O

, .
192

K 9: A

. H
.
E

. A
( , ..),
.
T -

. :
: T , ,
.
Y: K . , .
. E ,
.
: . A , ,
..
H K -

(
K 1). T
.
Windows,
. A ,
. 9.7.
Windows

E 9.7: Windows .

193

M 1: A Y

H . H
. T Windows
, .
M Windows . Y, ,
17/5. , Windows 17/5 . A
20/5,
, Windows 20/5.
A
. I :
(..
), / .
; . T
Windows , . 9.8.
A
. K
. M , . A /,

E 9.8: A , Windows .

.
194

K 9: A

.
K
. Y
. A
.

1. K > E > H
. E, ,
.
2. . T
9.9. A ,
.
/ ,

H.

E 9.9:
.

3. A . M
.
4. K OK.

A
,
,
Windows .

195

M 1: A Y

, E O. E,
Windows
( ) I
.
T
.
M E,
, . M , OK.
:
K E A
. A


/ ,
.
K T -

. T
. A
. M
A
.
K E M

9.10. A

Windows, ..
. T Windows

. A . A
,
. ,
( A)
.

196

K 9: A

E 9.10: A
Windows.

K P

9.11. H ,
,
(pixels) , .. 1.024x768. A
. -

E 9.11: A
.

197

M 1: A Y

- , . A ,
. A
. M

. O
.

K
K
. H (.. )
,
Windows. A
, , . N


. ,
.

,
. H
, Windows
,
. M .

.
I . A,
E,

,
. A, ,
modem, .. , .
E
198

K 9: A

,
. O
( , !) . A

.

E

. A

. CD-ROM
. T CD-ROM Setup.exe,
.
CD-ROM ,
( )
. A
,

.
,

. M ,
. M
.
A
CD-ROM , .
:
1. T CD-ROM CD.
2. A O Y .
3. K CD.
CD-ROM.
4. K Setup.exe. .

199

M 1: A Y

.
.
O
(Uninstall). A ,
,
.
A , E . A
. A
A.

,
. M,
, .
,
.
H (.. , CD). M, ,


. Y
, ,
.

, .
. O

. ,
.
A , -

200

K 9: A

. Y
,
,
. A , . O
.

M E

Windows. E,
E.
n

O
O, , , , E,
.
n

O
,
. Windows, ,
.
n

, Windows

.
n

A , O
E , ,
,
.
n

H , ,
.

201

M 1: A Y

202

,
E . O

.
n

Windows,
CD-ROM
CD-ROM, . A
, CD-ROM, Setup.exe .
n

A ,
. ,
CD

.

K 9: A

A
H .
1. A 17
2004.
t
K , .
t
A .

, 2004.

H , 17.
K OK.
(E ,
!)
t

203

M 1: A Y

E.
2. A E.
t
A E.
E.
t
K .

204

MEPO 2

 Windows

EPIBAON EAPMON WINDOWS

Windows Windows
. M, ,
, , ,
, Windows. O
.

Windows.
K 10 E, Windows
& B

K 11

K 12 B
K 13 E

10

E,
Windows & B

Windows. :
4

.
4

().
4

E Windows
,
,
RAM.
Windows
1. K ,
Windows.
2. E .
3. E
. 10.1.

T Windows
Y
Windows, .
Windows

209

M 2: -

E 10.1: K > .

Windows
K A > .
K X .
Alt+F4.
K Windows
K.

A
Windows:
M .
A
.

.

210

Windows

K 10: E, Windows & B

A .
A , . O
.

H
. , . O
,
;
B
O Windows
. Microsoft Office, .. Word
Excel, B . O :
A B Office K B >
E B Office. B
Office. K E
B.
A B Office K B >

B Microsoft Word F1.

K
B. A
.
:
1. A, - (. 10.2).
2. K Enter. K A,
.
3. K . T -

Windows

211

M 2: -

E 10.2: H

B
T B Word Excel
I
.

E 10.3:
.
212

Windows

K 10: E, Windows & B

B
1. K B > T Office Web. , .. Internet
Explorer, (
).
2. A ,
. 10.3.

Windows
,
.
n

Y
Windows.
Alt+F4,

n

Y
Windows: , , ,
B.
n

B
, F1. O Microsoft
Office B B > E B Office.
n

T B . -

.
n

Microsoft Office,
,
B > T Office Web.

O
A > .

Windows

213

M 2: -

A
E Windows.
1. E Excel.
t
A
Microsoft Excel.
t
K
Excel.

B Windows.
2. A
Excel.
t
A Excel.
t
K B B Microsoft
Excel.

K A.
-
.
t
t

t
t

214

K .
K .
.

Windows

11

, .. . .
K ,
Windows
. A

,
bytes Windows
bytes.
:
4

T
Windows
. , Word Excel.
4

T .
4

T , , .
4

K Windows
Word Excel

Windows

215

M 2: -

( )

E 11.1: H Word.

. H 11.1
Word 11.2
Excel.
T
. A , .
T

. O
Windows
, . O Word Excel
. ,
,
.
B -

. A
, .. Microsoft Word Microsoft Excel.
-
Windows- , , .
A

216

Windows

K 11: E

()

E 11.2: H Excel.

11.1 11.2 (A, E, ..). K

,
. A
Alt+< >. 11.3
A Word.

E 11.3: T A
.

Windows

217

M 2: -

. A .
K . K
.
H

,

. ,
Word,
B, .. Y .

.
E T -

. E
.
Word, ,
. Excel,
, .
PowerPoint,
, , , .
( )

. X
. M . , ,
Word. Excel

.
Windows -

, , , .. , . M Word, ( Ibeam). ,
. ,
.

218

Windows

K 11: E

H -

(
). K
.
H -

.
.

A
O , . M
.

1. K >
.
.
2. A ,
.

1. K >
.
.
2. A ,
. 11.4.

E 11.4: K
.

Windows

219

M 2: -

E
Windows . Word Excel,
,
. T
. ,

Windows.
A ,
.
.

K .
E
( ).
K
Windows.
Ctrl+F6 ,
.
A .

Windows . M
, . E
. A
, .
Word
:
K E .
Web E
.
A

220

Windows

K 11: E

( ).
M .
( -).

T Excel
:
K H
.
X . 11.5.

E 11.5: Excel, .

:
1. A .
2. A , .

Windows

221

M 2: -

M
E , Windows
. A ,
( 100%)
.
,
100%
, 75% .
M
. K , .
:
K Z B

. A , ( %).
K > Z. A
,
. A
Excel.

M Windows, , ..
Word Excel. M
.
:
K A > .
. K K .
Ctrl+N.
K B
.

Windows
. T ,
. M ,
222

Windows

K 11: E

, .
T
, ..
, , ,
. T Word Excel
.
:
1. K A > .
. K .
2. A .
11.6.
3. E .
4. K OK.

E 11.6: A
.

A ,
. O
Windows. A
,
A. , Word
Excel A -

Windows

223

M 2: -

.
M
.

1. K A > Ctrl+O
B .
11.7.
2. A ,
.
3. K .

E. 11.7: , .

O Windows
Explorer. K . A , .
.

. , Photoshop Paint Shop
, (
224

Windows

K 11: E

Photoshop
Paint Shop ).
, . Word, , .doc,
Excel .xls. , Windows

.
, W ,
DOC Microsoft Word.
E , , (
).
Y . T
, , GIF JPG,
,
MP3,
, HTML,
I.

A

( ). H
,

.
, (
) .
:
.
, ,
, .


.

Windows

225

M 2: -

1. K A > A Ctrl+S A
B .
11.8.

E 11.8: .

2.
.
3. K A.

,
.
, ..
Ctrl+S. M , , .
A ,

H ,

, .. Word.
, , . O , , ,
(..
) , .. Word
Macintosh.
,
:
1. K A > A .
11.8.
2. K A

226

Windows

K 11: E

, (A:). ,
, .
,
,
,
.
3. . T
. T
.
4. A A A (*.txt). T Word , .. Notepad. Y ,
Word Macintosh E (RTF).
5. K A.

A
(
),
A A .
A.

K
, ,
. H A > A. , A > K. T
,
. A
, A > .

E
K Windows,
Word Excel,
. B , ..
. :

Windows

227

M 2: -

Windows:
. ' , Windows , .
' , Windows
,
(
)
,
Windows .
O . A
.
T . ,
Word Excel Excel
Word. A .
T
. ,
Word , .. Word
Macintosh. H
. A () .
T
.
A .
. A
A > .
K ( ) , . H

. ,
-

228

Windows

K 11: E

. Word, E. K E > E K K.
OK.
, Word Excel,
(). ,
Macintosh
Word Windows.

A , Windows . T

, , , , .
n

O ,
.
n

M Windows
. M , .
n

M Windows
, . O
Word K ,
Excel K .
n

M
.
n

N .
n

T
A >

Windows

229

M 2: -

230

K .
, .
n

. M

.

Windows

K 11: E

A
.
1. K B Word.
t
K .

E B.

.
2. Excel, .
t
K B .

.
3. A Word1.doc ExcercisesWord1.doc
IC3.
t
A Word. A .
t
A Excercises-IC3.

Windows

231

M 2: -

K Word1.doc.
t

A .
4. A Word1.doc
Word1.doc
, .doc, Windows.
t
K A A .
t
A A E .

K A.

5. A .doc
.
t
K A A .
t
A A A (*.txt).

232

Windows

K 11: E

.
6. A Excel1.xls
Excel1.xls
Excercises-IC3 .
t
A Excel.
t
K A , Excercises-IC3
Excel1.xls.
t
K

Excel1.xls

7. M Excel1.xls 75%.
t
K Z B .
t
E 75%.

Windows

233

12

. :
4

N Windows.
4

N , .
4

N
.
4

N .
4

N .
4

N , , .
4

N .

M
, ..
. H :
M -

.
Windows

235

M 2: -

E 12.1: X
.

.
. M , .
12.1. . A .
M M

.
, Word
Excel. , ,
.
Word

B
Ctrl+/
Home
End
Ctrl+/
PageUp/Page Down
Ctrl+PageUp/PageDown
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+End

236

M
E/

/
A
T
/

/
A /

A
T

Windows

K 12: B

Excel

B
Tab
Shift+Tab
Home
End -
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+End

M


E

A
E

A
( A1)
T

M M K E-

> M F5.
.
( Word) ( Excel) E OK. H .

E
T , . Word , . Excel,
.. , . PowerPoint,

.
,
, Excel,
.
E , ,
,
(.. Word Excel),
. Windows ,
: .
Windows

237

M 2: -

:
1. T .
2. K Shift (. ).
. , Word
Shift+Ctrl+
.

:
Word
E K
.
M K .
M K Ctrl
.
M K .
O K ,
.

Excel
.

E 12.2: E .

238

Windows

K 12: B

.
M K Ctrl
. 12.2.
M K
.
O K
.

B
A
, ,

.


,
(, ..)
. ,

.
Insert. ,
.
Insert.

M .

1. E .
2. Delete.

A
Windows,
Windows. A
Windows

239

M 2: -

.

Delete.
:
1. E .
2. K E > A
Ctrl+X A
B . Word, . Excel, ,
12.3.

E 12.3: M Excel, .

A
E , Windows
. A ,
.
:
1. E .
2. K E > A
Ctrl+C A
B . T
. ,

.

240

Windows

K 12: B

E
Windows,
Windows
. E
(. ).

1. Word, .
Excel, .
2. K E > E
Ctrl+V E
B .
3. Word, B 1
. Excel, ,

.

M
, .. Word Excel. T
( E > E
Ctrl+V) Windows.
&
,
.

1. .
2. ,
, . , Ctrl .
3.
.

&
, . Windows

241

M 2: -

.
, ."

1. .
2. Delete. . ,
.

Delete & Backspace

, Delete Backspace.
, Delete
, Backspace
. O

.

A
,
. O Windows
. M ,
, .. .

1. K E > A
Ctrl+Z A
B . T
.
2.
. ,
A
.

M :
1. K E > A

242

Windows

K 12: B

Ctrl+Y A B . T
.
2.
. T .

M .

1. K E > E
Ctrl+Y.
2. .

E
Word Excel
, .

1. K Ctrl+F.
12.4.
2. E
.
3. K E .
. A ,
.
4. A , B 2
(

E 12.4: K
Word.

Windows

243

M 2: -

). ,
Esc .

A

( ).

1. K E > A Ctrl+H.
12.5.

E 12.5: K
Word.

2. E .
3. A
.
4. K A. H

.
5. B 4 .
, A .

O
Microsoft Office,
.
. Word
:

244

Windows

K 12: B

E 12.6: T Word .

, . M ,
.
12.6.

1. K . .
2. E
(. 12.7). H
.

E 12.7: E .

M ,
.

1. K E > O F7.

Windows

245

M 2: -

.
2. X
( ),
( )
(A A ).

B
K 9, Windows

. M
.

A
H M
Windows.

1. E .
2. A
M. 12.8.
3. E .

E 12.8: E .

246

Windows

K 12: B

, ,
M
,
.

1. E .
2. ,
M Ctrl+B.
,
Ctrl+I Ctrl+U .

1. E .
2. K X M.
3. A , .

E
, .. , .

1. E .
2. Word, M >
Excel, M > K.
3. A . Excel.
4. A E, , ..
, . M
, .
5. K OK.

M ,
,
. Word, .
Excel, , .

Windows

247

M 2: -

1. E .
2. K M, .. . E :
Ctrl+L, Ctrl+E, Ctrl+J, Ctrl+R. , Ctrl+J
( ).

E
E .

1. T .
2. K E > E > A .
.
3. A .
4. K E.

E ,
Clip Art. O Microsoft Office
, .
Clip Art
1. K E > E >
Clip Art. Clip Art.
2. E .
3. K .
4. A , .

1. .
2. Delete.

248

Windows

K 12: B

, ..
.

1. .
2. Ctrl . , Ctrl+X Ctrl+C , Ctrl+V.

A
T Word .
. M , ,
.

1. K .
.
2.
.

E 12.9:
.

Windows

249

M 2: -

3.
. 12.9.

, .


1. K . .
2. A M, 12.10.

E 12.10: P
.

3. E , .. ( ), ( ) ..
4. E .
5. K OK.

E
E
. T Word , .

250

Windows

K 12: B

,
.
:
1. M .
2. K B . .
3. K B
.
4. , .

A
, .. . A

(. 12.11). A .

E 12.11: - .

T ,
, . K . A
, . M

Windows

251

M 2: -

E 12.12: , .

,
.
:
1. K .
2. A , . , M

E 12.13: M ,
.

252

Windows

K 12: B

. 12.12 12.13.

M ,
Word . M , ..
.


1. E .
2. K
.
3. E O K .

.
/
1. .
2. , , , ..
,
.

, ,
,
, ..

Y . O , E > M (F5).
n

Windows

253

M 2: -

Shift+ Ctrl+
.

254

T
. T
.
n

O Windows
. M .
n

O
E >
E E > A.
n

O Windows . T ,
.
n

Windows
Windows. M

,
.
n

Word,
. Excel,
. H , , .
n

E
, Clip Art
. M
, , .

Windows

K 12: B

A
A, , .
1. A Word1.doc , , ,
.

Word1.doc

Word, Ctrl+O, ,
Excercises-IC3
Word1.doc.
K .
K A Ctrl+X.
K .

Windows

255

M 2: -
t

K E Ctrl+V.

2. A .
t
K A: E
Ctrl+Z.

E, A.
3. Word1.doc,
Word1.doc
. X
Word.
t
Ctrl+Home .
t
K E A.
t
E : .
t
A : .
t
K E . T Word .

256

Windows

K 12: B
t

K A.

, .

K K.

O .
4. Word1.doc
T, Word.
t
K T.
t
A , T.

Word1.doc

Windows

257

M 2: -

T .
5. Word1.doc
Word1.doc
KEAAIO 1 Arial, 16 ,
.

E KEAAIO 1
.
A
M Arial.
A M 16.
t

K .

t
t

258

Windows

13

Windows,
. H . ,
, . :
4

N .
4

N
.
4

N .
4

N , ..
.
4

N .

Word Excel, . T . 13.1.
:
1. K A > .
. 13.2
Word. A
Excel.

Windows

259

M 2: -

E 13.1: T .

2. A .
3. P
A, , K E.
4. K OK.

E 13.2: .

260

Windows

K 13: E

M
A A4,
. M
,

.

1. K A > .
.
2. Word, M . Excel
.
3. A M
. A , .
4. A Word, .
5. A , (K O).
6. K OK.

,
. . ,

E 13.2: .

Windows

261

M 2: -

E 13.3: . A
Word .

, ..
, .. M E
.

1. K A >

B . T
13.3 ( ).
2. M
, , ,
..

M
. M
. M
262

Windows

K 13: E

,
(+). K .
,

.

, Windows
.

1. .
2. .
.

E
H . Windows,

.
, E B . H
Windows.
A
, .

1. K A > E Ctrl+P.
13.4.
Excel.
2. M ,
:
T . A Windows
,
.

Windows

263

M 2: -

E 13.4:
.

T . K .
, 1 3 7
1-3,7.
T .
. , 2
.
3. K OK.

A ,
Windows
. M
,
, .
M
, ..
.

1. A E E. K 9, .
2. K

264

Windows

K 13: E

. ,
.

.
3. M
E >
E. E,
E > A
E.

E
H , ,
:
O
K , Windows

. 13.5.
(. K 2) .
O A

,
, . E, ,
. , -

E 13.5: T Windows .

Windows

265

M 2: -

,
.
Z A

,
, 13.4.
T E -

, .
Y

,
. A
,
. A
,
. A
,
. M
,
.
O Y

. O
, , , ,
... A
.

266

T .

Windows

K 13: E

T A > .
n

T
( )
. O .
n

,

.

.
n

H E B
A > E (Ctrl+P).
n

M
( ) /
.
n

T
, ,
,
.

A >
-

Windows

267

M 2: -

A
.
1. A Word1.doc
4 . K
Executive.
t
A Word1.doc
Excercises-IC3.
t
K A .
t
A ( ).
t
A 4.
t
A X.
t
A M
Executive.
t
K OK.

Word1.doc

268

Windows

K 13: E

Excel1.doc

2. A Excel1.xls O. M .
t
A Excel1.doc
Excercises-IC3.
t
K A .
t
A ( ).
t
K O.

K OK.
K .
t
t

E.
3. E 2 Word1.doc, 5 Word1.doc
.
t
A Word1.doc
Excercises-IC3.
t
Ctrl+P.
t
K 1.

A ,
5.

K OK .

Windows

269

Word. H
.

K 14

K 15

14

, . E

. Word.
:
4

N Word
.
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N ,
.
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .

273

M 2: -

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .

T Word . T
:
, M

E > A
, ,
. A K ,
, A
A (. 14.1).

.
T -

E 14.1: , .

274

K 14:

Ctrl+Shift+*. P (. 14.2)

. A
Enter.
, Ctrl+Shift+*.

E 14.2: T Enter .

T -

. E
> X
.
14.3. M -

E 14.3: O .

275

M 2: -

,
, .
M -

.
L. K
(, , ,
). ,

. K Tab ,

: (
Ctrl+Shift+*).

E
A ,
. M .
,
.
,

.
.
, Ctrl
.
, .
, .

. ,
, , , Shift
276

K 14:

. , Ctrl+A.

. A
. 14.4.

E 14.4: .

1. T . A
, .
2. K M >
. .
3. A .

M .

1. T .
2. K M > .
3. M

277

M 2: -

E
M
.
O (
) (
). E,

. 14.5.

E 14.5: .

, A M M.
E,
.

1. T ( , ).
2. K M > .
3. A
/ . ,
0,32 .

278

K 14:

4. A E, ( )
().
5. K OK.

K
M (..
) ,
.
E ,
. H
.
M
.
14.6.

E 14.6: .

K


1. E .
2. K K
M. ,
.

279

M 2: -

1. E .
2. K M > K .
.
3. A , K.
4. E .
5. K OK.

A


1. E .
2. K A
M. T .

1. E .
2. K M > K .
3. A A.
4. E .
5. K OK.

,
.. 1, 2 ... . O ,
.
, , ..
-.
> . ( ). K Enter
.

, -:

280

K 14:

1. K 1
.
, Enter.
2. M ,
- Y ( Tab). T
- 2 ( 1, ).
3. Enter . Word 2 , . M
-
. 14.7.

E 14.7:
( ) .

M Y
, .

, , Y .
E , , .
X A
. E,
, (
-) .

281

M 2: -

E
E
.

1. T .
2. K E > . 14.8.
3. .
4. K E.
5. B 3 . K .

E 14.8:
.

E
T Word
.

1. T .
2. K E > H .

282

K 14:

,
/ .
3. K OK
.

E
A
. T

.

1. T .
2. K E > . A, . E,
A
K E. 14.9.
3. , (

) .

E 14.9: .

,
E
A. , (
). ,
, , , .

283

M 2: -

E .
,
A > E
A E .

X
O (. 14.10) , ,
, . E
,
> X.

O
. Y . T :

E 14.10: O .

A T -

.
K T

.
T

284

K 14:

1. A ,
> X.
2. K ,
.
3. K , . O (. 14.11).
4. B 2 B 3,
.

E 14.11: .

A , Tab , . K Enter .

1. E .
2. .
.

1. E .
2. T . A , .
3. .

A
T Word ,
. A
Word.
, .

285

M 2: -

1. T .
2. Ctrl+Enter. K ,
Word 14.12. ,
.

E 14.12: E K .
X





.

. X
. ,
,

.
K / (.. ). , .

1. T .
2. K E > A.
.
3. A . , -

286

K 14:

,
...
4. K OK.

M , , (.. ). T Word . 14.13.

E 14.13: .

H
. ,
. 14.14.
T Word , .

E 14.14: H .

1. A , ( , ).

287

M 2: -

2. K E > A . .
3. ,
.
4. ,
, .
5. K OK.

T Word (1, 2, 3, ...). M .

1. T ().
2. K E > A .
3. K M. .
4. A M , .. .
5. K OK.

K
K
, .. -

E 14.15: T
.

288

K 14:

, .
T .

1. T ().
K /.
2. K > K .
H 14.15.
3. T Word . A , E
.
4. M ,
. E, , , .
5. , K.

1. T .
2. K > K .
3. .
4. K K.

E 14.16: T
.

289

M 2: -

E 14.17: O
, .

Y
O . M , ,
. T Word :

,
. O
. 14.16 14.17.


1. T
.
2. K E > A > Y.
3. , Y
. A
,
M .
4. M

290

K 14:

, ( 1 ).
5. K E. A K , .

K. A
.

M .

1. K , >
Y.
2. , .
3. K M
.

E 14.18: T .

291

M 2: -

. . 14.18
.

1. E , ..
. , . ,
.
2. K M.
3. E .

1. E , .. , .
2. K M > .
.
3. A .
4. E .
5. K OK.

T . A
,
. , . E,
, .
Word . , ,
, ..
Word
( ), .

1. M , .. -

292

K 14:

, , ... A .
2. K
M.
3. .
4. Enter.
.

M
. O
.

1. E
.
2. K M.
3. E . O
.

M
.

1. T .
2. K
B . O
.
3.
. A ,
.
4. B 3 , .
5. Esc
.

293

M 2: -

E
K 12

. Y ,
( ) .
, Word
. A
E > > O
. , Word .
A ,
.

1. K .
2. A , . E .

Shift+F7.
.
K E
.

M
. A
, Word
. H
. A .
,
,
.

1. K E > A. , -

294

K 14:

E 14.19: M ,
.

, (. 14.19).
,
, ( ) .
2. A. M
A/ E
A/
.
3. ,
A A A A
A. M
,
A A A A.

E
K E > K
.
,
, , ( ).
A ,

.

295

M 2: -

296

,
. Word
M > .
n

M M >

.
n

O
.
O .
n

M > K .
n

E
> . H E > H
.
n

.
n

M ,

.
n

O .
M . T Tab .
n

T Word . M
, Ctrl+Enter .
n

X ,
/,
... M
E >
A.

K 14:
n

Z Word
E > A .
n

K
(
), .
> K .
n

M
E > A >
Y. M ,

.
n

X

. H
M > .
n

T .
,


M.
n

T
.
n

E ,
Microsoft Office
,
.
n

H E > K

.

E

. M

297

M 2: -

A
E.
1. Word1.doc
Word1.doc
.

E .
K M .
, .
t
t
t
t

K OK.

298

K 14:

2. M ,
1 . .
t
A ,
X.
t
E .
t
, 1 .

, 12 .

K/A.
3. Word1.doc,
Word1.doc
.

299

M 2: -

E ,
.
K K
M.
t
t

4. A
t
.
t
K M K .
t
K

300

K OK.

K 14:

A .
5. E T .
t
M .
t
Ctrl+Enter.

.
6. E
.
t
T .
t
K E K .

K M .
A 15%.

301

15

, , , ..
:
4

.
4

,
.
4

.
4

A .
4

H
. E
B .
B

1. T .
2. K E .

303

M 2: -

3.

.
.

A ,
.

1.

T .

2.

K > E > .
15.1.

3.

A A
.

4.

,
A .

5.

K OK.

E 15.1: .

A .

304

K 15:

T Word

1.

K
B . O .
.

2.

,
. M
. O
, .

3.

.
. M , ..
.

4.

,


.

5.

, Esc.

Y . T Word
. H

.
,
Word
, .. .

E 15.2: T .

305

M 2: -

15.2
.
,
.

1. E . 15.2
.
2. K > M > K
. 15.3.

E 15.3: .

3. , Word
. M
, 4 ( A ).
4. K OK. 15.4
.

E 15.4: T
.

306

K 15:

, .

1. .
2. >> . .
4. ,
, .
, .. ,
.
5. .

E
,
. , . A
, F2
.

E
, . E
. A .

E
, > E > . Y
, :

1. M . O .
2. K . H .
3. ,
.

307

M 2: -

> E > . Y , :

1. M
. O .
2. K . H .
3. ,
.

E
, Tab.

1. E
. A , .
2. K E B
E > E > > E > .

1. E
. A , .
2. K E B
E
> E > > E > .

M .

1. T
, , .

308

K 15:

2. K > > > > . O

.

A
, .
M
.

1. E .
2. K > I .
3. A . 15.5.

E 15.5: .

4. E
.
5. M , E .
6. K OK.

T Word
.

309

M 2: -

1. T
.
2.K .

M . . Y , .

1. E .
2. K > I .
3. A . 15.6.

E 15.6: .

4. E K
.
5. M , E

.
6. K OK.

Y
.

310

K 15:

:
1. T .
2. X
:
K .
K > .
K .
3. A A

.
4. K OK.

T , . .
:
1. E .
2. K
> .

. M .

. 15.7.

1. T
.
2. K > .

.
, .

311

M 2: -

E 15.7: M .

1. .
2.
.
3. , ..
.

. M . T
.
:
1. E
( ).
2. K M > .
3. A
, .
4. A
.

5. K OK.

312

K 15:

A
T Word
,
. M A

,

.
A :
1. T .
2. K > A
. 15.8.

E 15.8: E .

3. A ,
.
15.9,
7.
4. K ,

A .

5. K E.

313

M 2: -

E 15.9: 7.

T
, > T. ,

(, ). E, , .
E , . ,

, ,
, .

314

Y : E
B , > E > .
n

M > M > K. T
Word
(.. ).
n

O .

K 15:
n

M .
n

T

> I .
n

.
A, .
n

> .
n

T .
n

T Word .
, > A M .
n

M
> T.

315

M 2: -

A
.
1. Word1.doc
Word1.doc ( ,
). M
.

t
t
t
t

E ,
.
K M K
.
K . T Word () 4 .
K OK.

M .
2. M
A M,
.
t
T .
t
K A M .

316

K 15:

A , .
K E.

317

. K 6,
. , Excel. T
.

K 16

K 17

T,

16

,
,
. .
, ,
. A . , :
4

T Excel.
4

.
4

.
4

.
4

.
4

.
4

( ).
4

.
4

,
.
4

321

M 2: -

A
.

Excel
M Excel
16.1. E
Windows (. K 11),
. T
,
. , A1
(A) (1).
, C5 3 (C) 5 . K ,

.
T .
(
) ,
Excel .

. M ,
Ctrl. K 12.

E 16.1: T Excel.

322

K 16: B

, , &
, ,
, , .

()
.
, Ctrl
' .

. ,

.

,
( 1
).

E
: , , .
E , , . T .

1. K .
2. , .. O
100.
3. Enter
. T
.

K
A ,
. M Enter, . ,

323

M 2: -

""

E 16.2: T
.

,
. N
. 16.2.
,
, 1000 1.000.

.
%, .. 30%. 16.3.

, , .. 17/3/2005 17-3-2005. M , .
(.. ),
. .. 1234567.

E 16.3: H . T %.

324

K 16: B

A
Enter, .

1. M .
2. .
3. Enter. T .

H .

1. M .
2. F2 . E
. .
3. M .
4. (Delete, Backspace ..).
5. Enter.

A
Windows
.

1. M
.
2. F2
, ..
Shift .
3. Ctrl+C. T .
4. M .
5. F2 .
6. Ctrl+V. T
.

325

M 2: -

E 16.4: H B2
B3 B13.

T
. T Excel
,
, , ,
( ) ..
.
16.4. B2
1000000 . T ( ) B2 B13,
1000000.
, .

1. K B2,
.
2. Ctrl+C
.
3. E B2 B13.
16.5.
4. K E > E
E .

.

326

K 16: B

E 16.5: E .

5. E M.
6. K OK. T

B2 (. 16.6). B2 B13 .

A

, .. . T Excel
.

1. () .
2. .
3. T

E 16.6: T B2.

327

M 2: -

E 16.7: .

. T
. 16.7.

T
(.. 17/3, 18/3, 19/3 ...).


1. .
2.
.

E, ,

M . T
, ,
.

1. E
( ).
2. K E > K E. 16.8.

E 16.8: E .

328

K 16: B

3. E
(
).
4. K OK.

H .

1. E ( ).
2. K E >
.
16.8.
3. E
( ).
4. K OK.

E ,
. T Excel .

1. K . ,
.
16.9.

E 16.9: .

2. K E E > E > . O .

329

M 2: -

E 16.10: T .

1. K . ,

.
2. K E >
.
O
,
.

E
, , Excel
(1, 2, 3). 16.10.

E 16.11: .

330

K 16: B

M
, .
,
E > . A
, .

1. ,
.
16.11.
2. E E .
.
3. E .
4. K OK.

E > . A .

1. ,
.
2. E .
3. A ,
.

M
M .

1. , .
2. E M.
3. .
4. Enter.

M , , .

1. K , .

331

M 2: -

T Excel
. M , .. .
M
,
, , . 16.12.
M
.

E 16.12:
.

1. M .

.
2. K M > > M >
> . 16.13.
3. .
4. K OK.

T Excel . Y
:

E 16.13: .

332

K 16: B

K .
M M > > A .

M
T
: , ,
. E . T Excel , . , . E,
, , .. .

M

M M >
K.

1. E .
2. K
M.
16.14.

E 16.14: M .

333

M 2: -

H N , ( C3:C12).
T .
, 0,54 54% (
F3:F12).
T /
N
( D3:D12).
T
.
.

, . , E3:F12 16.14
/
M .
O
.

1. E .
2. K M > K. A.

E 16.15: K ( N)
.

334

K 16: B

3.A K .
. 16.15.
4. P , ..
, ,
. A , , .. 14/3 14 M.
5. K OK.

.
E
.

T , . A , . E, ( ), .
M
. T Excel ,
.

1. E .

E 16.16: K .

335

M 2: -

2. K
M.
3. E .

1. E .
2. K M > K. .
3. A . 16.16.
4. E
.
5. M ,
, ..
.
6. K OK.

X
T .

16.17. Y .

1. E .
2. K X
M.

E 16.17: K .

336

K 16: B

3. E .
.

1. E .
2. K M > K.
.
3. A M
.

M , Excel . E , , .

1. E .
2. K
M. 16.18.

1. E .
2. K M A M.
16.19.

E 16.18: K .

337

M 2: -

E 16.19: T A3
.

A
A ,
, : . M
. 16.20.

E 16.20: K .

:
1. E .
2. K M > K
. 16.21.
3. E A .

338

K 16: B

E 16.21: K
.

4. A ,
.
5. K OK.

A
O
A .
.
E ,
. 16.22 16.23
A .

E 16.22: O A .

339

M 2: -

E 16.23: M A K 2.

A
1. M .
2. K M > A .
3. E .
4. K OK.

M .

1. E .
2. K
B . O
.
3. - .
4. B 3 .
5. Esc
.

340

K 16: B

,

. K ,
, .. C8.
n

. ( )
, Excel.
n

,
. M , , .
n

K ,
. , Excel
.
n

, . , F2 .
n

T Excel .
n

M . T Excel
.
n

M

.
n

T
M > >
M > > .
n

M
M > K. M , .

341

M 2: -

342

E , .
n

M M > A
,
.
n

T
.

K 16: B

A
E/ .
1. Excel1.xls O
Excel1.xls
, B3:C4. Z Excel .
t
A Excel1.xls
Excercises-IC3.
t
E B3:C4, .

K E K.
E M .

K OK.

2. A .
t
Ctrl+Z.
M .
3. M .
t
K , .
t
.
t
Enter.

343

M 2: -

.
4. B F
, 11.
t
E , B F.

t
t
t

K M .
11 .
Enter.

E/ .
5. , .
t
K ( D).
t
E E.

344

17

T,
&

, . .
Excel . E,
Excel . :
4

N , .
4

N .
4

N Excel
.
4

T SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX,

COUNT ROUND.
4

T
.
4

T A .
4

N .

345

M 2: -

T
O
,
17.1. K (, AM, , , ,
, ) . O
. T .

E 17.1: .

. O
. E ,

. H

.

T
T
. 17.1,

.
,
. ,
.

346

K 17: T, &

E
. A
. H .

1. T -. ,
Excel
.
2. K A
B .
O . 17.2, .

E 17.2: O , .

T
. A
, ;
,
, ;
T
. , Excel , , ... ,

, ,

347

M 2: -

17.2, ( )
.
, .. .
17.3.

E 17.3: , Excel ( ) .

1. M .
2. K > T.
17.4.
3. A T -. A ,
.
4. A
- ( ).
5. K OK.

E 17.4:
.

348

K 17: T, &

T
H . O
. T Excel
.
, :
A A, , -

Excel. : 17, -5, 0,78, 18/4/2004.

A E ,

.
, Excel
. O
. : a5, c22, iv120.
A T

(+, -, *, /, ^) . M
. : a1+a2b8, a1 + b8*9 - 7*(c9 - d4/d5).

.

E
= ( + -).
. A
17.5.
B2 K
B3.
O :
C = 5 * ( F - 32 ) / 9
C K F
B2 .

349

M 2: -

1. M B3. E
, .
2. =. T Excel .
3. 5*(. T 5
.

E 17.5: =.

4. T
B2, . Y :

E 17.6: M .

b2 (
).
B2 . T Excel
.
5. -32)/9.
6. Enter. T Excel 37,77

350

K 17: T, &

E 17.7: K B2 b2 .

(100 37,77 K). B3 37,77 .

E 17.8: O .

H ( ) . , B2
90, 80 70, B3

E 17.9: B3 .

351

M 2: -

32,22, 26,66 21,11 . M

K .
17.10.

E 17.10: H B2,
B3, B3 B2.
X

A . 17.11 10000
( B2), 10% ( B3)
10 ( B4). O :
M = K * (1 + )^
K , .

E 17.11: B5
.

1. M B5 (
).
2. = .

352

K 17: T, &

3. B2, .
4. *(1+.
5. B3, .
6. )^.
7. B4, .

E 17.12: O .

8. Enter. T Excel 25937,42.

E 17.13: M 1.000
25.937 .

E ,

B2, B3 B4. , , , .

A (
), Excel
. A :

353

M 2: -

(*)
(^).
A (/).
T .
O
.

H , . A ,
,
. , Excel
.
17.10, , Excel:
1. E (90 - 32
= 58).
2. (5 * 58 = 290).
3.T (290 / 9 = 32.22).

A ,
, 17.14 (
). A Excel 90 446,44 K! ;
E , Excel
:
1. (5*b1 = 450).
2. A (32/9 = 3,55).

E 17.14: O , , .

354

K 17: T, &

3. T, (450 - 3,55 =
446,44).

(. 17.13), Excel:
1. E (1 +
10% = 1,1).
2. Y (1,1^10 = 2,5937).
3. E (10000 * 2,5937 = 25937).

A ,
17.13, 10000,
17.15. T
:
1. (b3^b4 = 10%^10 =
0,0000000001 = 0).
2. A (b2*1 = 10000*1 = 10000).
3. T, (10000 + 0 = 10000).

E 17.15: X , Excel 1.000 .

T
,
, . ,
. 17.16 17.17.

355

M 2: -

E 17.16: M - E 17.18: ...

- .
...

1. M .
2. K F2. .
3. M .
(Backspace, Delete,
,
..).
4. , Enter.

T Excel, ,
. A . X
,
, , . A
Excel . ,
,
AVERAGE. T Excel .
T Excel : , , .. , Excel. Y .
356

K 17: T, &

E
M :
, .. SUM, AVERAGE
..
A .
M , . O
, ,
, . ..
10;;C1+D1/E7. .

. Y
( Excel
).
H .
17.18.

E 17.18: H .

. A
(. 17.18), .

1. M .
2. =. ,
= Excel .

357

M 2: -

3. , .. SUM(. T Excel .
4. (
).

E 17.19: , Excel
SUM.

5. A , ; .
6. 4 .
7. Enter. T Excel .

A , Excel.


1. M .
2. K E >
E
Shift+F3. 17.20.
3. E , .. O,

358

K 17: T, &

E 17.20: Excel.

E .
4. OK.
. T .
17.21. E
.

E 17.21: .

5.
( Excel
).
6. OK.

359

M 2: -

X
Y

. O SUM, AVERAGE,
MIN, MAX, COUNT ROUND.
SUM
E

T .

SUM(1;2;...)

O .

: G9 17.22 SUM
G3:G8.

E 17.22: H SUM .

AVERAGE
E

T .

AVERAGE(1;2;...)

O
.

: B2:B7 17.23 . B8
.
=AVERAGE( B2

360

K 17: T, &

B7, 17.23. H
AVERAGE ( ) . 17.24.

E 17.23: K , Excel E 17.24: O - B8

.
AVERAGE.

MIN, MAX
E

T
.
MIN(1;2;...), MAX(1;2;...)
O
.

: E2 17.25 . =MAX( B2 B7, . M Enter, 20 .

M MIN. 17.26.

E 17.25: E MAX.

361

M 2: -

E 17.26: O 13 20.

COUNT
E

A ,
.
COUNT( 1; 2;...)
O
.

: E4 17.27
( M). =COUNT(,
(B2 B7), 17.27, Enter.
17.28,
5 . H B5.

E 17.27: ;
COUNT.

362

K 17: T, &

E 17.28: H COUNT
.

ROUND

ROUND(; )

O .
A 0, .

: B1 C1 17.29
10,4 10,5
. B2 C2
=ROUND(B1;0) =ROUND(C1;0) . 0,5,
, ROUND
C2 ( 11 10).

E 17.29: X ROUND
.

E
M ,
. O .
, B8 17.30
16,4

363

M 2: -

E 17.30: O
.

. H AVERAGE, ,
ROUND.
M
AVERAGE ROUND
ROUND. 17.31
. : ROUND AVERAGE.

E 17.31: H AVERAGE ROUND.

M Enter, AVERAGE 16,4. A

, ROUND 16.
17.32.

E 17.32: O 16.

E
O
.
17.13. B5, =B2*(1+B3)^B4 .
17.33,
. ROUND.

364

K 17: T, &

1. M B5 F2.
2. K =
3. ROUND(
4. K , B4.
5. ;0).

E 17.33: O B5.

6. Enter. O
25937.

A
T Excel SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX COUNT. E
, .. T
A .
A
1. M . E

, ..

E 17.34: T Excel
.

365

M 2: -

2. K A
B .
3. ,
. T Excel , , 17.34.
4. Enter.

M
K Enter, Excel

#####

O
. A
.
O ,
..
.
.
O
Excel (
).

(
).

A
.

#TIMH!

#IAIP/0!
#ONOMA?

#/Y

#ANA!

#API!

366

.

.

.
M A , ..
.
.
M
. - .
(.. 1.000 E 1000.

K 17: T, &

E 17.35: K .

,
. A Excel , .

E 17.36: C3 C3. T
.

Y
.
. ,
. 17.35 . A

E 17.37: T Excel
.

367

M 2: -

. K
.
17.36. M Enter, Excel
17.37 .

A
.
Excel ,
.

E 17.38: A B9 F9.

17.38. B9

C9 F9. ,
B9
F9.
M , -

E 17.39:
, .

368

K 17: T, &

A
.

T $

.

B! T Excel , ,
, ,
=SUM(B3:B8) =SUM(C3:C8), =SUM(C3:C8) ... M ,
. 17.39. H
.

. Excel . Y
. T
.
,
,
. , $
.
17.40. T 100.000 . B5:B15


.
T #0 ( ) (100.000).

E 17.40: B6:B15
.

369

M 2: -

,
1/10 ,
B6 B15 :
B6: B5 - B1/10
B7: B6 - B1/10
B8: B7 - B1/10 ...
B1
B1/10 .

1. B6 =B5-$B$1/10. T $
B ($B) 1 ($1).
2. B6 B15.
3. T Excel
B1 . 17.41.

E 17.41: O ,
B1 .

E

T
.
. K , .
, 17.42 ,
:
370

K 17: T, &

O A
, I. H

.
O H ,
.
M I,
H.

E 17.42: X .

H .
.
, , 17.43.
A
.
M
A .
T . O
, , ..
, .
17.44, , A. A .

371

M 2: -

E 17.43: A , A . T
.

B
K .
-

.
,

. 17.44,
A3:B14 17.43.

E 17.44: M
A.

372

K 17: T, &

M -

. T
19.44 : A ( B3:B14). M . A ,
.
17.45, (

E 17.45: . X
.

A , B3:B14 C3:C14). T
Excel .
,
.
,

: , , ..
T, , T

. Y
.
T -

. H
. X

373

M 2: -

.
.
X .
. O
.
T

.
K .

.

.
.

N
N

- N (5 )
.

H . T Excel . , .

1. E
. E . K

. Ctrl.
2. K O B
.
17.46.
3. E

374

K 17: T, &

E 17.46: E .

. K
. K E.
4. A ( )

. T Excel .
K E.

E 17.47: E
Excel.

375

M 2: -

E 17.48: , , ..

5. M 17.48,
(,
, ..). K E.
6. : .
7. K T.

A
, . E

. M .

1. K .
2. K > T .
.
3. E .
4. K OK.

E ,
: , , ..

376

K 17: T, &

,
' (
).

.

1. .
2. >. .
3.
.
4. .

1. K .
2. K > E .
.
3. A
.
4. K OK.

1. K , ..
.
2. E M <>.
3. A
, ..
.
4. K OK.

E &
T ,
, , .. 17.49, , A2:C9

377

M 2: -

E 17.49: , A .

.
A ( B3:B9)
( C3:C9) .
17.50
. I. O
( -

E 17.50: K I.

378

K 17: T, &

). T . A
I.
, :
,
.

, .. , . T Excel
.
n

H . M
. H > T.
n

= ,
.
n

O (+, -, /, *, ^) , .
, Excel .
n

O , .. F2.
n

O . T Excel
, : , , ..
n

.
(.. )

, , . O

.

379

M 2: -

. K
.

380

M
, ,
E > .
n

SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT ROUND.
n

M . .
n

O
. T
.
n

H A
SUM .
n

. T
0,
.
n

, . A ,
$, .. $A$5, $C7, C$7.
n

. H .
n

T Excel

.

K 17: T, &

A
T .
1. Excel2.xls,
Excel2.xls

.
t
M .
t
K T.
t
T , .
t
, T.

K OK.
t

A .
2. Excel1.xls B15, Excel1.xls
A
B3:B15. A , F15.
t
M B15.
t
K A .

Enter

381

M 2: -

B15 F15.
t

Excel3.xls

.
3. Excel3.xls,
, B11:F12.
t
A Excel3.xls.
t
M B11.
t
=MIN(b3:b8) Enter.
t
M B12.
t
=MAX(b3:b8) Enter.

t
t

382

B11 F11.
B12 F12.

K 17: T, &

.
4. B3;

K
l
A
l
T . O .
: T ,
. A Enter, Excel
.
l
l

383

18

PowerPoint

PowerPoint
. :
4

N O .
4

N .
4

N
.
4

N
.
4

N , .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .

O
M O . O
,
. H O -

385

M 2: -

. M ,
.
O

1. A A O . .
2. K E. 18.1 ,
.. O E.

E 18.1: E .

3. ,

T .

A
. M
. H
PowerPoint.

1. K E > N / K

386

K 18: PowerPoint

N
.
2. , E .
A (
, , ) . 18.2.

E 18.2: E
E .

A /
.

1. E
/ K .
2. K E > A . H
. A PowerPoint:
. A , .

387

M 2: -

E
H PowerPoint .

E
M
. H

. A,
. A
.
A .
K , , ,
. E,
PowerPoint .
, . 18.3.

E 18.3: E , .

( ),

(. 18.4). T
.
A, , ,
T-

388

K 18: PowerPoint

. A ,
,
Enter - , . Ctrl+Enter, . T .

E 18.4: E , .

A Enter, - . K
. A
Enter Ctrl+Enter, , .
A
,
M,
Word. M , , , .. , .
E,
,
: ,
K A. A

.

E
, . T

389

M 2: -

, .. , , Clip Art, .

1. ,
K A, , , T, K A. H
, .. , 18.5.

E 18.5: H T, K A
.

2. T ,
6 . K , . A ,
, .. E .
3. (. ),
OK .

T 18.5 :
E E
E .
E Clip Art E Clip Art
OK.
E E -

390

K 18: PowerPoint

PowerPoint
(. 18.6). T

Excel. E, . , .

E 18.6: E .

E E
OK .

.
E A
(. 18.7). E
OK. A -

E 18.7: E .

391

M 2: -

,
.
A Clip .
OK
.

H
. A, , ,
M (. 18.8). T ,
,
...

E 18.8: A M
, ..

. , X .
A ,
. ,
. H
.
A
, .

392

K 18: PowerPoint

1. K
M .
2. M ,
X .
3. A . E,
( ).
K OK.
4. E ,
. A
, M . ,
,
.

. T , ,
.

1. K .

E 18.9: E E .

393

M 2: -

2. . K .
3. A

. 18.9. A
.

Y
. .
.
E . A, ,
,
,

.

,
. M . ,
, . T . M ,

.
A , .
:

. O
.
,

394

K 18: PowerPoint

, ..
.
. A (
)

, .

H K (
PowerPoint) : /,

.
18.10.

E 18.10: K , PowerPoint .

H , , . K . X
. H .

395

M 2: -

E 18.11: H T .

. A , ,
PowerPoint.
K . E
(
) .
E K PowerPoint
. H T (.18.11). M

.

E 18.12: H .

396

K 18: PowerPoint

H (. 18.12) : . T,

.
H
:

.

A

.
, ,
.
. A
.

A
A
, . A . (. 18.13). A
. K E . A
E ,
.

E 18.13: E
.

Y
T PowerPoint Y . O Y ,
. ,

397

M 2: -

, . A
Y PowerPoint .
T Y

, ,
. E ,
. T Y
. , .
Y
> Y > Y . K
(. 18.14) , ..
, . . M
.

E 18.14: T Y .

E
M :
,
. H
. O
.

398

K 18: PowerPoint

1. E , T .
2. A, E (. 18.15). E
.

E 18.15: T E .

3. A T .
4. A
( ).
5. K A
. A E
, . T, .

399

M 2: -

A
H
. K ,
/. K ,
. A
. A , T (
18.11). A
Shift+ Ctrl+
.

, ..
. O

. Y
. O .

H
K . A K ,
. ,
( 18.12). M .
M .

1. K A > E. 18.16.
2. A E . .
3. K OK.

400

K 18: PowerPoint

E 18.16:
.

, 2, 3, 4, 6 9 . O

. .

1. Y,
> Y > Y
A. Y
(.18.17).

E 18.17: H Y .

401

M 2: -

2. K , ,

, .. A .
3. , K .
4. K A > E.
( 18.16) E .
X .

5. K OK.

A , . , > F5. H .
PowerPoint Esc.

K
. T
.
K .
K
,
. A ,

.
M K

.
A , T .

402

K 18: PowerPoint

E K .

( )
. M

. E
,
, .. . H . X
, .
B, . A ,
. PC ,
PC .

. O
. Y :
.
M . O ,
(
). . T ,
. ,

. X
.
O 35 mm

403

M 2: -

. O 35 mm
. M
,
.

404

O O PowerPoint.
n

H
. E
, , , , .
n

O Y , .
n

M .
n

. O

.
n

K
, .

K 18: PowerPoint

AKHEI
1. " ".

, .

" " ,
" ".

405

M 2: -

2. " "
" , " ", "", " ", "PDAs".

406

" ".

, " " Enter.

K 18: PowerPoint

3. .

> .

407

M 2: -

4. " 2
".
Clip Art .

408

" 2 ".

" " .

K 18: PowerPoint

" Clip Art" .

409

M 2: -

5. .

410

,
> .

. .

K 18: PowerPoint

6. .

>.

411

M 2: -

7. "O

5 .

412

" ",
' .

" "
" ".

" "
5 .

MEPO 3

,
, .
.

K 19 ,
K 20 T

19

,
. Y
, ,
. M . E,
,
.
, :
4

T .
4

T .
4

T
(LANs).
4

T ,

.
4

T .
4

B .

I
1950,

417

M 3:

, , , . K 1, (UNIVAC, Mark I II ..) , ,

. O
, .. , T, .
.
1960 1970
:

, .
.
H 1980
. T ,

. H

.

, ; .
K , ,
(
K 2). H

. A, .
19.1.
.
(servers) O

, ..
, . H
.
418

K 19: ,

E 19.1: O Ethernet
.

Node M ,

.
, node .
(clients) E

.
Modem -

, . H
modem
MOdulator-DEModulator. H () ().
. T modem .
, -

E 19.2: T modem ( ) .

419

M 3:

.
,
modem . 19.2.
(hubs) X -

(. T , ).
. O

. E, ,
.
(switches) -

. O .
(bridges) ,

. O .
(gateways) ,

, .
E (repeaters) ,

. K , . O
,
.
(routers) A

, :
. O
(. 19.3)

E 19.3: O
, .
420

K 19: ,

.
O
. , , , .
Firewalls -

. E

, ,
.
A

. ,
. ,
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). O

.
O H -

.
, .
19.4. O : , -

E 19.4: T
.

421

M 3:

. T , .
E (Broadband) H

, .. ,
, . T
ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line)
.

T
A


,

,
.

T ,
, .. , .. A . A ,
, . (Local Area Networks, LANs).
(Metropolitan Area
Networks, MANs) (Wide
Area Networks, WANs).

T (LANs)
T . H

.
,
. O . H
, .. .
Y .
( ,
),
,

422

K 19: ,

:
T -

, . O
. M
. O
.
T K

(hub
switch). M ,
. T

, (
).
T T

:
. A , . A ,
.

MAN & WAN

T (MAN) (, ,
). O . T
(WANs) .

H
WANs .

. M .

Intranets & extranets

T intranets
. T
, . ,
intranet

423

M 3:

T intranets

, .
K , intranets ,
. ,
intranet.
T extranets . X
, ..
. A
,
, extranet.

A
peerto-peer.

M peer-to-peer. peer-to-peer
.
,
,
, .. . (Administrator)
-

E 19.5: .

424

K 19: ,

O

.

. K
.
, / (client/server) . , ,
. O ( ) modem. 19.5
.
O -
. , , RAM.
, .. ,
mainframe K 1. M
, .
,
PCs Macintosh
UNIX.

T
19.4, ,
-. O (
):
. , -, . A ,
.

. O
. A

425

M 3:

, .

. ,

. , .
Y

O
T :
-

,

. T , ,
. T
.
K

.
. T .
O H -

.
, .
K

(, , ) ,
.

426

K 19: ,

M T -

. K ,
. X ,
.
E
. :
A , -

. E .
K T ,

. O ,

.
E
M -

. ,
, ..
. ,
,
, .
E ,

. A
(..
),

.

M
.
, . T
. K

427

M 3:

.
K
. O

. , . M ,
. H
.
, , . , , firewalls. T firewall
,
.
A firewalls . O
firewalls,
.

428

T
1980, .
n

, : , , , , , , firewalls, modems .. T modem

.
n

K 19: ,

.
n

H
.
n

, .. , .
n

A , , . T
. T MAN , . T WAN
.
n

/,
-.
n

A , , , , ..
n

T , ,
,
, . ,
,
,
,
.
n

K
. O firewalls.

429

M 3:

E
1. /;
A: -,
-.
2. (switch)
(bridge);
A: O . M
.
3. modem;
A: ""
. K ,
, .
4. LAN, MAN WAN;
A: H . T LAN . T MAN
. T WAN .

430

20

. A , .. . T

.
.
, :
4

T
, .
4

T modem .
4

T ,

.
4

.
4

T
.
4

T

(Internet Service Providers).

431

M 3:

T
.

M
,
.

432

()
.
( ) ( ).
, ,
. , .
T ,
. T
. H , , .
T , . A ,
, , .

. ,

. T
,
. T,
.
. O
. O . T ,
.
T ( ),
. E
,
. H
,

.
T , (, , ..) -

K 20: T

. ,
,
.

O modem
E ,
. E ,

.
H modem. T modem
(
USB ) .
,
. , modem . , ,
.

T
H bits (bps). Kbps
1.000 bps. modem 56 Kbps , 56.000 bits . A,
DSL 384Kbps 384.000 bits
. T
. H

.
H
bytes
, KBps (1000 bytes ).
byte 8 bits,
Kbps KBps, 8.
, 256Kbps
32KBps (32.000 bytes ).

T
T , . H

433

M 3:

( )
, . X ,
. O ,
.
T , ,
,

, ,

, . T
:
. X , , ,
,
.
T
(Internet Service Providers ISPs). O
ISP . K
backbone providers.

.

H 1957
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Y . M 1969 ARPA
ARPANET, . T ARPANET ( ). T 1971,
,
ARPANET 23 . H
, . , ARPANET
:

, .
, , .
M 1973, ARPANET HA,

434

K 20: T

1981 213 . E
,
(newsgroups). O
(Internet) 1983. T 1984,
1000 . M
1980, , Archie WAIS. T 1991 300.000 NSF (National Science
Foundation) .
T, I (World Wide Web
Web), -
. T I 1993,
I 130 ( ). 3.000 . T 1996 150 ,
10 40.000.000
. M A 1998 2.2 . T
.

E (PCs Macintosh),
. M, ,
PDA. O

modem . M .
H , .. modem ( ), , , ,
.
E ,
: ,
(
I, ,
..).

435

M 3:

, .

( ).
, , , .. (, , ) (,
..).
T TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol). . K
() . ,
( ) packet-switched. , circuit-switched: ,

.

T Internet
O , , :
PSTN H ,

modem . T modem
, ISP. H

56Kbps. PSTN
, , .
ISDN H ISDN -

PSTN. O 64
128 Kbps. H ISDN .
, ISP ISDN. ,
436

K 20: T

ISDN, . H
modem ISDN. T
,
,
.
ISDN,
,
.
DSL H DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

. E
( DSL 55 Mbps),
, . E , DSL 1,5 Mbps, 56 Kbps
modem. T DSL (tranceivers)
.
. A ,
DSL .
K T
. A

.
A -

, Wi-Fi 802.11b. H , , .
O H ,

. X

, , .
T1 O T1

437

M 3:

1.544Mbits
. , , (ISPs). O T1
T3, backbone ( "") 43Mbits .

O ISP
,
(Internet Service Provider).
, ( ).
K
,
. E,

, ,
. T, ISP
( hackers ), .

438

O .
T ,
.
n

H (
) .
. H () .
n

T .

K 20: T

. T (, , ).
n

T ,
. H . 1957, ARPA
Y .
n

H

(ISP). O ISP
PSTN, ISDN DSL.

E
1. O
;
A: . T
,

.
2.
;
A:
, . T , , , .. , .

439

.
.

K 21
K 22 T
K 23

21

. , :
4

, .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

T .

T (e-mail) : . A ,
.
, , , .
E, . T
,

443

M 3:

. A .

H/

,
. ,
, .. Microsoft Outlook,
. T
, ( ,
K 19). , ,
. M ,
, .
E
. A
,

. M , .

H
,
,

, . K ,
. T . A ,
. A
, .
, . -

444

K 21:

,

,
.

,
. A
, .
A . H

, : ,
.

A ,
. T
, (.. Microsoft
Outlook Eudora), .
A
,
. 21.1.

E 21.1: T .

445

M 3:

, -

. E
. A ,
,
, , .
K A

, . M
(;), . T
.
I A

, , .

A ,
. E
.

T .

M , .
, ,
.. T
. .
H ISP :

446

K 21:

, .
A
, ;
M
, .
M
, . M , , , , . M
.
M , .

.

. T .
, . E
. T
, .
A
,
. A . A .
, .
, ,
. M
.

, . ,
.
A ;

447

M 3:

. K
, ,
. K
,
.
, :
. H :
_@.
T ,
@, . A ,
ISP
. A ,
.
T , @
,
.
T , ,

. T (domains). O :
O
HA.
. , domain name .gr.
I :
rotor111@compupress.gr. B ,
:
T . rotor111 ( ISP
).
T
, ,
(Compupress).
E (.gr).

448

K 21:

,
littlejohn@microsoft.com
littlejohn microsoft
(.com) HA.

H
. M
. E,
.
, ,
( ), . E

,
. M ,
, , . A ,
, .
A ,

. K ,
,
.
. ,
. A , .. .
K
(, )
.

T /
O :

449

M 3:

O
,
Outlook, Outlook Express Eudora. T ,
.
(Web mail):
Outlook, ,
I. M ,
,
( )
.
Hotmail Yahoo! Mail.
, Lotus
Notes, . A , .
T, PDAs

. O
.

/

H
. Y
, .
, (Instant Messengers),
. A ,
,
PDAs. T
, (-

450

K 21:

), .

M ,
. H
, ..
Microsoft Outlook. T ,
.
n

K , . @.. K
, (domain name).
n

, . H .
.
n

M
.
n

, .. , , .. O

.
n

, Hotmail
Yahoo! Mail. T
.
n

E , , .. PDAs .

451

M 3:

E
1. ;
A: O
, . E, , .
2. jsmine@mynet.gr.
A: ) jsmine: , , )
mynet:
, ) gr: domain name . E
(E).
3. , K();
A:
( ) .
.

452

22

. E
.
, Microsoft Outlook Express.
, :
4

N .
4

N .
4

N
.
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N .
4

N
.
4

N
.
4

N .
4

N -

453

M 3:

.
4

N B .
4

N ,
.

E Outlook Express
T Microsoft Outlook Express
.
,

.
Outlook Express
1. K ,
.
2. E > H.
utllok Express.

H 22.1
T

E 22.1: H Outlook Express .

454

K 22:

, :
H . A .
Windows , /
.
B -

. K
. T , Alt
.
B .

. K , .

.
H -

. E
. .. E,
.
E -

, ,

Outlook Express. K , , . I :
E E

.
E E -

, .
A T

,
.

455

M 3:

E-

, Outlook xpress
, ,
.
M

, ..
. K
,
.
H . E , ..
, ..
T -

. E . .. E, .
, . E,
, .. .
22.2.

E 22.2: .
456

K 22:

A
Y .

K .
K A > > M .
Ctrl+N, , ..
E.

22.3.
- ,
, . T, .

A . O ,
,

.

E 22.3: T .

457

M 3:

M (.
22.3), :
. A
, , (;).
K. A
, .
, .
I. . A
, .
,
K. ,
, .
H ,
. K ,
.
.

Enter . .
M
. A M
, , ,
,
. M -

E 22.4: M .

458

K 22:

E 22.5: T .

, , (, , )
. 22.4
M.
,
. A
Outlook
, . ,
, .
22.5 , .

, .. ,
. M
,
.

459

M 3:

1. A ,
, Y,
K X. E, M > O .
2.
, E
> A .

A
, , ,
.

K A

Ctrl+Enter
K A > A .

T E. E ,
Outlook Express , , . A E, .
N ,
. M , E
A. O : ,
.

E
. Y
. T , .
460

K 22:

1. , E.
, .
2. , . T .

A
A
. T Outlook .

1. E
A
A .
2. . 22.6. . E, ,
RE:. T, -

E 22.6: , .

461

M 3:

, .
3. .
4. K A .

A
( , K:,

), .

1. E A

A .
2. .
Outlook Express . T .
3. .
4. K A .

O ,
RE:, .

O . M , .

1. E
> . .
22.7.
,

462

K 22:

E 22.7: .

FW:. T,
,
.

E 22.8: T .

463

M 3:

2.
. A , K:, .
3. ,
.
4. K A .

22.8 , .

A
E , . O , . A , .
E,
.
, . A
,
.
/

1. , E (
).
2. Ctrl+Shift+F.
22.9.
3. A , .
4. A , A. T .
5. K E . T
, .

464

K 22:

E 22.9: .

22.10. M , .

T
H
. ( ).

E 22.10: T
.

465

M 3:

1. A , .. E.
2. ,
. ,
,
A. ,
. 22.11.

E 22.11: ,
.

3. E , , , . A , . /
.
22.12.

,
, .. ,

E 22.12: T Outlook Express

.

466

K 22:

, Excel, (URLs) .. T
.
A
,

. A :

1. A ,
E > A E . 22.13.

E 22.13: .

2. A , . ,
,
/ .
3. M , Ctrl .
4. K . T -

467

M 3:

E
, 22.14. ,
Outlook Express . H ,
.

E 22.14: T E.

O
Outlook Express

URLs. E,

.

A ,

(.. ).
,
.

1. A , ,
.
2. ,
.

N 468

K 22:

,
. A ,
. M
. A
, .
T ,
. M ,
,

.

1. A , ,
.
2. ,
.
3. A .
.
4. A A
( ). M , :
.
5. K A.

,
. M
, .

1. A .
2. , . .
3. E K.

469

M 3:

E
,
,
. O
Outlook
Express, .

K , .

(.. ),
.

, Outlook Express . T
.

1. K .
2. A
,

E 22.15: E Shift+
Ctrl+.

470

K 22:

Shift . .
3. A
, Ctrl .
, B 2
3.
( , ,
), Shift, Ctrl
Shift. 22.15.

,
. ,
. M
,
(flags). E,
,

.
A . A ,
. , ,
E E.
A/
. A ,
, .
A ,
,
, .

E
, .

471

M 3:

1. , , .. E.
2. K A > > .
22.16.
3. , .
4. A , .
5. K OK.

E 22.16: .

A , ..
,
. A , .
/
1. A E
.
2. K
, .
A , Ctrl
.

472

K 22:

A
O Outlook Express. (O, .) A , ,
Outlook Express, ..
, .

1. E .
2. K A > A .
22.17.

E 22.17:
.

3. A A
(A:).
4. A
, .
5. K A.

473

M 3:

K
Outlook Express,
. T
, ,
. H .

1. E .
2. K E >

Delete.

T
. T Outlook Express . 22.18.
A , ,
E.
, .

B
M
B . T B -

E 22.18: O .

474

K 22:

. , , .
K
, .
. E,
B
. , B

.
B
1 , .
2. A , . 22.19.

E 22.19:
B .

3. K E. , E .

475

M 3:

E 22.20: O
.

4. O
(. 22.20).
5. K OK.

T Outlook Express B . M .

E 22.21: .

476

K 22:

1. K E > B .
22.21
2. K
N .
3. (. 22.22)
(,
..) OK.

E 22.20: .

P
O . T Outlook Express

.
H E > E
. A ,
..

. 22.23.
Outlook Express
,
, ,

477

M 3:

E 22.23: Outlook Express.

:
M


.
M , . H

. .
, out of office,

.
T

. A
,
,
,
A .
E - ,

478

K 22:

- .
,
HTML, , .. . H
, M>A K
M> (HTML).

O , . T .
n

T Outlook Express
. M
. O E. E ,
.
n

, Outlook Express
.
n

, . M
M,
, ..
.
n

E ,
.

479

M 3:

480

, , .. .
n

, .
n

,
, .
n

T ,
.
n

M , .. ,
. Ctrl+Shift+F .
n

T , -.
.
n

T Shift+ / Ctrl+.
n

M , ..
,
.
n

M ,
Outlook .
Delete.
n

H A
A .
n

H
.
n

T B . M ,
B .

K 22:

AKHEI
1. " "
jo11@jobs.gr. K
jo12@jobs.gr jo13@jobs.gr.

K .

K. , " ". .

K A.

481

M 3:

2. A
reports.txt .

482

K .

K E > .

K reports.txt E.

K 22:

3. A
.
.

K ,
E A .
' A.
t
t

4. T
, .

K A .

483

23

. ,
. . , :
4

K .
4

.
4

.
4

T .
4

, , . O
, , . H

485

M 3:

( )
( ETA).
H ( )
. ,

, .
A ,


,
"" , . , .
T ,


,
. O ,
, PDAs .
, ,
, . T,
,
, ..

.

/
T , I,
. T ,

. E spam, , :
Y -

486

K 23: K

,
. T
.
. A . Y
, , .
,
. A
.

. A
.


. T ,
( 5
30 MB). A ,
. A
Inbox Overflow ( ).
,
, . K
, ,
.
. ,
, . M

. M , , ,

487

M 3:

. O
. ,
, ,

. T, , .. ,
.
,
. K ,
, . , ,
. , ,
. K ,
:
n E : T
.
,
, , smilies .
n : A ,

. E
;
n : H

.
E .

. N ,

488

K 23: K

. M , ,
.
. ,
,
, . M , ,
. M . A , ,
.
T hoaxes
.
(chain letters) . ,

. T , .


. ,
, T K;
; E
,
.
; O . K , .
,

. , ,
. X
. ,
X ,
.
E, .

489

M 3:

K
.
. T . M . E o o
.
A
( K 21). E

. , , . A
. ,
. A
,
. Y , ..
.
A A
( A),
. O

, ,
.

,
,
. T
, , , .
, :
:
; Z ;

490

K 23: K

M ; A ,
,
. .
M ; E
: , , . T . ,

, .
N :

. O , .
A : O .

. A .
:
. E,
, .
,
: Y . M . . .
: H

, , . A
,
, . T, . M -

491

M 3:

, .
, smilies ( ; - ) :
- | ) , .. U (You). M
, . M . M . A ,
. N A, .
N : M
, .
: , ,
.
Y : , :
, , (.. , ).
.

.
(HTML )
.

E
M ,
,
. Y . , , .

A , ; A ,

492

K 23: K

.
Y . H
.
, ,
,

. ,
E. E ;
T .
50 ,
. A 50
,
.
A ,

,
. H
. O >. T > ,
,
.

E 23.1: T .

493

M 3:

, . 23.1
.


.
Outlook Express.


1. K E > E. .
2. A A 23.2.

E 23.2:
.

3. H
. A , .
4. K OK.

,
. T
, -

494

K 23: K

, . E, ,
- ,
.
T,
. A

.

A (spam mail)

, . O
spam mail spam.
T spam . O
, ,
, .. T spam
,
. H
spam . E
. H . O
. , spam .
spammers

; K ,

( ).

I.

; ,

, .

495

M 3:

A :
T 99% spam , :
, ,
,
, ..
.
T .
- Remove ,
, ,
. A
, spammer
.
spammers . M , , .

spam
Remove
spam, .
E
. Y, , :
N . M
, .
,

. ,

. M I Agree. .
,
.
, ,
-

496

K 23: K

. E,
K O ,

. ,
spam. spammers.
O ISPs
spam. A "" . Y "" ' ISP
. T
,
spam ,

" " (
).

Z

.
, ,
(, , ). E,
,
, .

,
.
, .
M . T,

.

X
, , . A

497

M 3:

. ,

smilies emoticons (emotional icons).
. T emoticons
smilies.
H smilies emoticons
. H
:
, .

.
.
. ,
,

. Y . H
.

498

T
, .
. H .
n

,
,
. T
, .. > , .
n

A ,
, . A Inbox
Overflow ( ).
n

M .

K 23: K
n

M , .
n

P ,

.
n

T hoaxes chain letters

,
. M .
n

Spam
, . M ,
, .
.
n

. E ,

.
n

(smilies
emoticons) . A ,
.

499

M 3:

E
1. T spam;
A:
, .
3. T Inbox Overflow;
A: H
,

.
3. ;
A: . T , .

500

, I
. O .

K 24: I
K 25: I
K 26: A

24

I
.
E
. , :
4

T
I.
4

I
.
4

T .
4

T , Bulletin Board Systems, ,

chatrooms .

O
O
:
I O I (World Wide Web) . H
1993
I.

(Web servers).

503

M 3:

I (Web sites) -

,
: , , , , , -
..
A (home page) E

. ,
, ... ,
.
E I -

, I. T
, .. http://www.microsoft.com.
,
,
-
.
HTML O -

HTML. A
,
, HTML .
, .. .
Plug-ins T plug-ins

. M ,
, I. M
, plug-ins
(
). , plug-in Internet Explorer
.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) T FTP

.
504

K 24: I

,

. O
.
FTP, FTP (FTP
server)
.

( FTP client) , ..
Internet Explorer. FTP.
T FTP

I ( Web servers).
Cookies T cookies

. T
. , , cookie
, .. T ,

. T cookies
, , . ,


.
Cache E

.
,
cache,
. M ,

.
cache . Internet

505

M 3:

Explorer , F5. H
.
K O -

(..
, ..)

, . A ,
. M

: .
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) K

I
,
. O URLs. M URL ,
, .. , FTP , telnet
..
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

,

. O I
HTTP. M I
,
.

E I
A . O
I .
, I. H

506

K 24: I

E 24.1: O Internet Explorer.

(Web server)

. ,
HTML, .

E 24.2: T FireFox.

507

M 3:

Y . O Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Netscape (

Netscape Browser), FireFox Opera.
HTML
. 24.1 24.2.
I,
, .
I
.. Internet Explorer. A
Netscape FireFox

Internet Explorer.

T

, . 24.3
:

& -

(URL)

(-)

E 24.3: T .

508

K 24: I

URL E

. E , .
E ,

, ... .
,
. - (, , ..) .
K , -

, ..
E

. T
- .
Y- T

I ,
, ,
I . , , .
,

-.
-

. A
,
.
(banners) O

,
. ... .
- .

509

M 3:

K
O I . O
:
E

, , .
A O -

/ . T .
, -

. ,
.
Online M

. M ,

online. T

. T
,
.
, , , .. .
E
. T


.
M O

. O

510

K 24: I

,
. T
. O

,
-. H , , .
E H -

. M .
Encyclopedia Britannica (http://www.eb.com),
Comptons Encyclopedia (http://www.optonline.com/
comptons), Grolier (http://www. grolier.com). E
,
,
. project Gutenberg (http://www.promo.net/pg)
Universal Download (http://www.udownload.com).

A
,
. O,
, .
O .

. E,

, . O

, https,
http.

O (mailing lists)
. A,

511

M 3:

: K . K
. H ,
(LISTSERV),
, ..
. M ,

,
. O . M ,

.
O . K ,
, ,
. E


. E , .

,

, . O
LISTSERV . O
LISTSERV ,
Subscribe
Unsubscribe.
I
:
, . E I.
M .

512

K 24: I

.
,
,
.
.
E . T
. ,
.
A ,
spam.
A ,
, . E .
A , .

H
M
.
, , . , ,
. M . X
, Bulletin Board Systems (newsgroups). O ,
.

Bulletin Board Systems

BBS ISP, BBS. O , BBS.
BBS . K BBS,
. M , -

513

M 3:

BBS, .
A, BBS .
E , BBS. , , BBS
, I . , : ISP
BBS ,
.
O BBS ,
. ,
, BBS . T
sysop.

O (Newsgroups)
O
. K
,
. BBS
,
. T
,
, Usenet. , Usenet NNTP (Network
News Transfer Protocol).
O
, , , .
, News reader, ..
Outlook Express.
O ,
. T
. ,
comp.os.ms-windows.ce
comp (
) os
( ). T

514

K 24: I

. ,
o Windows CE Microsoft (
PDA).
E comp,
rec (recreation)
soc (society),
sci (science)
alt (alternative).

A
O (moderated) (unmoderated).
( group
moderator) , BBS .
,
spam, ,
,
,
.
O , , , BBS. A,
,
. A .

Chatrooms
T chatrooms .
O
IRC . O
.

. E I,
, Bulletin Board Systems, , .
n

O . T

515

M 3:

,

. O . T

LISTSERV.

516

T Bulletin Board Systems , ,

. H
BBS , .
n

O NNTP. T


Usenet. O
-, .
n

E

. A
, BBS
.
n

O I
(
I). O
,
I.
n

T ( URL), , , , -, .
n

O , .
n

O I
online .

K 24: I
n

O .
O , -.

E
1. T ;
A: M

. A .
2. ;
A: T
. E . ,
LISTSERV,
.
3. T ;
A: H
""
.
4. I;
A: , Web servers. K
(sites), . K , . O , .
5. T -;
A:
I.

517

25

'
. , :
4

T URL.
4

N , .
4

N
.
4

N ()
A
.
4

N
(.. ) Windows.
4

N .
4

N .
4

N
.

H URL

I (URL) -

519

M 3:

. M ,

I, .
H URL :
http://www.domain.extension
T (http://) ,
I ' . , I HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).
T I. T www,
I. A . A ..
microsoft, domain
Microsoft. T
. O

:
.com (commercial) E .
.edu (education) E .
.gov (government) K .
.mil (military) .
.net (network) X .
.org (organization) I .
.int (International) .

K , .
, .gr E
.uk H B.
, I
.
' . H
URL . O "" 520

K 25: I

' . , URL
http://www.anubis.gr/books/internet.html
internet.html,
books. O
anubis.gr.

Internet Explorer
O Internet Explorer
I. Windows.
Internet Explorer
K Internet Explorer

K > > Internet Explorer.

M , Internet Explorer
. T
Internet Explorer
Windows (. 25.1):

(URLs)

E 25.1: T Internet Explorer.

521

M 3:

A .
K .
.
E
.
A T
, ,
.
E
-
, .

T Internet Explorer
,
.
25.2.

E 25.2: H Internet Explorer.

M '
( Enter) .
E -

. T
, .
M ' , .
A ,
Internet Explorer
(cache) . A
,

. Internet Explorer (

522

K 25: I

E 25.3: T A
.

), A. M
' , . , , .
A M ' ,
.
A E
. A
, , .. A ,
A. 25.3.
A A A. 25.4.
M A "" WindowsMedia.com,
.
I A . '
, , ,
.
25.5. -

523

M 3:

E 25.4: A.

, , ..
,
.

M
, ,
,
.

E 25.5: H
.

524

K 25: I

M
. K E>E Internet,
Clear
History. E .

, I
:
, . ( "")

, .
O
,
. O . O -
. .

M
URL
. ,
URL . Internet Explorer,
.
URL
1. A , > > .
2. K
. 25.6.
3. Enter M.

E 25.6: ' .

525

M 3:

M -
O
. '
, -, . O , - ' .
-
1. T
-. O . 25.7.

E 25.7: T -.

2. K . Internet Explorer
. A ,
-
B 1.

O - .
. A ,

-,
.

M /

Internet Explorer,

.

526

K 25: I

/
1. K E .
2. ,
, '
. A ,
. E ' ,
.

K
Internet Explorer ( ) ,
. O
, I .
H
( home page)
. H

"" , (
).
O Internet Explorer, ,
. O
, .

1. M .
2. K E > E Internet.
.
3. A . , Internet
Explorer URL . 25.8.
4. K X .
5. K OK.

M , Internet
Explorer ' .

527

M 3:

E 25.8: K X .

A '
,
.
(home
page)
Internet Explorer
A , - ( )
- Home.

K A,
Internet Explorer.

A

"" -.

, .
A -

528

K 25: I

; T :
E

, -. O
- ,
. ,
-
.
-

...
, 25.9.

E 25.9: E .

X -

- (site map).

. M ,

. 25.10.
E -

, . T

529

M 3:

E 25.10: O .

-.
25.11.
M (Search), ""
- . T
. O
.

. A

E 25.11: T
.

530

K 25: I

,
A. O
A .
'
, Internet
Explorer .
T A ,
.
.

A
M , Internet Explorer A. M ' . (
,
.)
A
1. E
A.
2. K A > A.
25.12.

E 25.12: A.

3. ( ) . M , .
4. A
, ,
.
5. E ,
A. A -

531

M 3:

E 25.13: A
A.

, . T
25.13. K - . A - ,
,
OK
.
6. K OK.

M A
M
A.
A
1. A A. E ,
.
O ' , (.
).
2. K . A
A,
. (
, . ).

O A
A A , . H .
532

K 25: I

1. K A > O A.
25.14.

E 25.14:
.

2. A , ,
Enter.
3. A A ,
.
4. K M .
.
5. E
OK
25.14.
6. K K.

A


I. ,

Temporary Internet Files
(cache).
O
,
"" . M

533

M 3:

, . O Internet Explorer

, :
I, (*.htm, *.html) H , , ,
, . O
Internet Explorer HTML
(, ,
..).
. (*.mht) O

Internet Explorer MHTML.

I, M HTML (*.htm, *.html) A

HTML ( ),
( ..).
A (*.txt) -

, .

1. A .
2. K A > A .
25.15.
3. , A
/ .

E 25.15:
.

534

K 25: I

4.
. M
( ).
5. A A , , . 25.16.
6. K A.

E 25.16: E .

, ( .htm),
Internet Explorer
(.. ),
.

1. A .
, .
2. B . H .
-
,
-. ' , .

M . , Internet Explorer
, (..
C:\webpages\page1.html) Enter M. A , :

535

M 3:

1. E Internet Explorer.
2. K A > .
.
3. K A.
4. M ,
.
5.
OK.

A
.
.

1. A , .. . O

Windows. ,
.
2. K A. T . 25.17.

E 25.17: A .

536

K 25: I

3. M , .. Word
Excel.
4. K E B
Ctrl+V.

M .

1. K . .
25.18.

E 25.18: E A .

2. E A .
.
3. K , /
( ).
4. K A.

E
, ""
.

537

M 3:

1. A Internet Explorer.
2. A ,
,
E .
3. A , A > E
Ctrl+P. 25.19.

E 25.19:
.

4. A E ,
, .
5. A
.
6. A E.
25.20. E ,
-
(.. 20 -
, ). E E ,
- .
7. K E.

538

K 25: I

E 25.20: P .

,
, A > E
E, E. A
,
, E
M .

,
. .
M '
, .

1. A .
2. K A > .
H
25.21.
3. M , ""
( , . ).
4. Esc K .

M 25.21

539

M 3:

E 25.21: I .

N . K E.
25.19 (. ).
N "" .
K .
. A , , , . E ,

URL .
N . A
, Internet Explorer ,

. K

, .
N
. K M
.

540

K 25: I

K
O Internet Explorer
, .. PDF, , ,
..

1. E - .
2.
. K A. ,
OK.

P
H E>E Internet
Internet Explorer
I. ,
(
), ' . E, A . A E Internet Explorer
cookies: ,
cookies,
, "",
. ,
( )
,
cookies .

K I
. T
. ' -

541

M 3:

Page Not Found. H

.
,
: '
,

.
.

.
K , ,
.
T, . T plug-in
.
, plug-ins
.

542

I, URL. H http://www.domain.
extension. T HTTP I .
n

M
Internet Explorer , , ,
..
n

M ,
Internet Explorer Enter.
-.

K 25: I
n

A Internet Explorer, . M .
n

M ,

-.
n

A . A,
.
n

M
, . K
A > O A
.
n

O
,
( ),
. H A > A .
n

M /

Windows. M

A .
n

M A > E A >
,
.
n

H E>E Internet

Internet Explorer.
n

K I
: ,
, "" , ,
..

543

M 3:

E
1. T URL;
A: I, URL . H
http://www.domain.extension.
2. A
.
A: M
-.
3. T ;
A: H I, .
O .
4. M ;
A: M ,
-.
5. Internet Explorer, A;
A: T
,
. A , , .. .
6. ;
A: K
A .

544

26

K 24
. A
.
. '
' .
, :
4

T .
4

, -.
4

,
.
4

M
O I.
M
. M :
Google (www.google.com)
Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com)
About.com (www.about.com)

545

M 3:

Open Directory Project (dmoz.org)

AltaVista (www.altavista.com)
Excite (www.excite.com)
HotBot (www.hotbot.com)
Lycos (www.lycos.com)
WebCrawler (www.webcrawler.com)
A , , - . H
, ,
-.
.
A .

.

I.

546

, , I. T ,
I
.
A
I , - ,
. T

. ' URL ,
.


. X , I
.
.
A . A

K 26: A

.
A.

M
A

. O ,
URL. ,
, -

, ..
. K ,
. T Google (www.google.com)
.
K.

M '

(directories) URL , . O
- ,

. H ' Yahoo!
(www.yahoo.com).

; O :
O

,
. -

547

M 3:

- .
- . - . A -,
HTML ,
-.
HTML
- , .

,
: ,
URL
. H .

548

O ,
. A ,
-. T "" , -
.
M

(Search) .


.
-
.

K 26: A

A -
M .

-
.
A .
Google. A Google
.
-
1. E
. ,
www.google.com Internet
Explorer. .
2. .
Supercomputers. 26.1. A -
.

E 26.1: - .

549

M 3:

3. Enter A
. H -
26.2.
4. - ,
, '
' . A ,
.

E 26.2: T -.

E - ,
. I
Google Yahoo!
AltaVista
-. K , ,
.
T , ..
, ( - ). , , - ,
. , -

.

550

K 26: A

E -
, -
. Y, ,
, . ,
:
O -
"" . A -

, .. ,
. T

E 26.3: M world war 54.300.000

.

. A ,
' . 26.3 26.4 ,
-.

E 26.4: M world ware marne,

101.000 .

551

M 3:

* N -. O

- . ' ,
.
,
. A
-,
, .
* N . A

, - spider,
. , "web spiders"
"search engine spiders" "automated web tools"
"search engine registration".

E
A
. E
-
. E,

- , , .
O (Boolean operators). K , :
AND E

. , Microsoft AND Oracle, . A

Microsoft Oracle (
AND, .
OR E

. :
552

K 26: A

MCP OR M.C.P.
MCP M.C.P.
NOT E -

. ,
Java
coffee, Java NOT coffee
.
( ) O

.
, Microsoft NOT (Windows
AND Office)
Microsoft, Windows
Office.
+ AND,

. , +World +War +I
( I, + ).
NOT, -

. ,
,
, +war -world
.
T

: , ,
/ .. , ,
"photos of whales" ( ).

A
E
-
/ .
. M' ,

.

553

M 3:

A . Watergate A Nixon.
A Watergate
1. "" -:
Watergate, scandal, President, Nixon.
2. E .
3. Search +Watergate, +scandal,
+President, +Nixon. E: Watergate AND
scandal AND President AND Nixon. 26.5.

E 26.5: A AND.

4. Enter A
(Search). T
. 26.6. O +

-.

,
Nixon,
Watergate.
A N
1. O - President Nixon. A
,
scandal, Watergate
.

554

K 26: A

E 26.6: O - -.

2. E Google.
3. +President +Nixon
-scandal -Watergate.
4. Enter .

, Watergate.

A
T I ,

. E ,
. ,


.
, ,
, NASA
.
-

555

M 3:

NASA ( ,
).
T
. , ,
. T

.
T .
I, , :
T O

, "" .
,


. A , , .. . K
,
.
, NASA
.
E E

. K , . A ,
. A
; - . O
. A ,
,
. M - 556

K 26: A

, ,
.
M A

( ), ,

. T
, . M

. A .
O

. A


. ,
' .
I "" -

, . ,
. A
,
. A, , , .

557

M 3:

M -

. M
.
A

, ,
, .. . M'
.

558

O
. Google, Yahoo!,
AltaVista, Open Directory Project, Lycos ..
n

O -
. O .
n

O :

-
.
n

,
.
n

-,
.

K 26: A
n

E
(AND, OR, NOT, ).
n

, . T
,
. T

,
(-)

.

E
1. ;
A:
- .
2. T -;
A:

.
3.
;
A: O - ,

-.
4.
I;
A: H
, ,
.

559

, ,
. T
, , , . ,
. E
.

K 27 O
K 28 K
K 29 A

27

T .
4

T ,
,
.
4

T
.
4

T .

O
. T
. T
.. ,
, .
O
. M
(Instant Messengers),

563

M 3:

, , .
, . M ,
Lotus Notes,
, ,
.
O
. X , .. , ""
,
..
,
, , .
E,

, .
E,
. ,



. ,
,
.
, ,
. , , , ..
.

H
H ,
,
. -

564

K 27: O

M
ATM.

E
(embedded
systems).

,
. T
(ATM). K

,

T.
T ATM . H
. T
T
, .
T , (,
, , )
"" . O
, (embedded systems),

. T , . () .. , .

H
T (e-commerce)
,


.
T . , ,
' .
M eBay (www.ebay.com), ..
.

565

M 3:

: ,

(
) ..

X
O . H
' , . '
.
. .

"". H
, . T
.
M , . H . O

.

. A , ,
"" . O
, . ,
, , , .
T , ' , -

566

K 27: O

. T X, ,
. O
.
H
,
( ), , . O ,
, " ":

, . K , .

,
. T ,

.
O . O,
,
. A
:
, e-learning, . T , .
T
I, .

X
H .

567

M 3:

, ,
, .
,
(PC) :
, , .
A , . O
, . E , ,
.
A
. O
"" . T
,
CD
DVD, .
.

M
E , , . , e-learning

' ,
. M ,
. T,
,
,
"" . T
.

568

K 27: O

O . , , . ,
. ,

.
n

Y ,
. E
, .
n

O , ,
.

569

28

.
4

,
, hackers .

A
T
,

H . M .
,
: , ,
modem, , ,
, , UPS .. .
,
. , . H ,
.
,

.

571

M 3:

, .. , , , .. A
,
. K
.

572

H
:
. E ,
,
.
E , , ,
. T , ' . T
. E,

,
( DTP,
CAD) . T
.
T . T
Computer Induced Repetitive Stress Injuries (CIRSI),

" ".

: T
.

K 28: O

A
.

,
. E, .
T . H
, ,
. .

M

. O

. A ,
.. . M
, : , , . M , ,
,
.
H . H . E

,
. M ,
, , ,
.

T '
. T
; O, ,

573

M 3:

T
.

' . H
. A ,
. ,
.
T
, ,

. :
E .
,
.
A .
T .

. M
,
.
,
.

H ,
, , .
E
, .

:
,
.
T (

574

K 28: O

).
T
.
,
,
.
O .

A , , .
A , . M , , . T

. A
,
.
T , . H
. , . , 1 . T
1,20 ,

.
E
. E, , .
H
. E, ,
,
, . ,
.
, ,
. , -

575

M 3:

, . E, (.. ) . M
, , . H
(contrast) . M , .
H 60
(45 - 70 ). , 3 . T 15
, 17 . :
. 17 , 1024x768 75 KHz
85 kHz. ,
300 Lux, , 500 Lux.
T , A,S,D,F 3
. E,
, . O

, . H Microsoft Natural Keyboard.
.

.
. K ,
.

K 1
. A
,
. , .
T -

576

K 28: O

, '
hackers .

T
.

,
. H

. A
, .. Ctrl+S. M

. T Word ,
, .. .
.
, .
. O
. M
, . T

, .. ,
,
. , ,

CD .
O
,
backup
(.. , ZIP,
CD/DVDs ..). T
,
,
.
. T , .. ,
, .

577

M 3:

O
.

H
. M , , . .
,
. O

.
. X ,
.
T , . X
, .
A ; O,
:
T . A (.. "giorgos" "takis")
,
.
A . A , .
X . E "1234", "pa14f45g5nor".

. A ,
,
.

578

K 28: O

hackers

Hacking
. A , .
M
. M
.
H

hacking hackers. O

"" , "
" hackers.
H , .

'

.
E,

. A
,
.

O
,
,
. Y . T :
I : O -

EXE COM (SYS

DRV). T ,
. Y
: O ( , ,

579

M 3:

) TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident),

, ,
.
I boot sector: K

. O boot
sector
.
I stealth:

,
. M
, . O
.
: A

.
(Trojans): -

, . E . , .
I : . O

. , Word
Excel , .
O ,
, .. .DOC .XLS.
O

580

.

(
, .. Word Excel), .
O -

K 28: O

:
X . T
, boot sectors
,

, "" , bytes . ,
, .
M


.
A ,

,
.

. A
,
. T,
.

M . A
,
, ,
..
n

581

M 3:

.
.

582

T
.
n

T ,
.
n

,
,
, , , ,

.
n

, , .
n

T .
, , , .. .
n

I ,
. M
,
. T
hackers .

K 28: O

E
1.
;
A: A , ,
, ,
.
2. ;
A: T

.
3.
;
A: H
, , , ""
, firewall
.
4. T ;
A: O

,
.. Word. O
"" '
.

583

29

. O

. :
4

.
4

.
4

online .
4

.
4

.
4

.
4

,

M
,
, -

585

M 3:

A
.

586

M
, ' ,
, , , . O

. O
, ,


..
.
, , , .. .
M
; O ,
. , ,
.
; M ,


. T PC Anywhere Symantec
.
A , modem , .
; X
.
,

K 29: A

A

.

firewall.

H

.

,
. A

, . K .
hackers
. Y
: Netbus Back Orifice. T
. T
. E,
Netbus Back Orifice ( ). ""
.
T
; . M
, .
A , . O
, . T . H
.
.
, . T
firewalls.

.
,

.

,
. H -

587

M 3:

X
.

.
, . O

,
, ..
, . E .

. . A ,

,
, .. ""
.

. . A,
, . M
. X
.
E, . A
,
,
. H
.

H
,
, , . ,

588

K 29: A

. H
,
.
A .

,
. H
. : ,
, . X . E ,
-, . O
, .
M
. K
I, online
.
; ' . , ..
Net Nanny,
, I. T , , (Instant Messengers
chat) .. ,
.
O ' ,
,
.. .

T
H . H
,

589

M 3:

, .

,
. O
. E
,
, , ,

.
, , .. , . H , , ( )
,
. A , . ,

, , .
M , ..
,
. A , ,
.

N
Y
. M :
E T

. K

.
(fair use) O

590

K 29: A

.
,
, .
E E

' .
H ,

, . H ""
, . '
,

. H . E ,
. H
. A
, .
T -

. . H

.
""

, . O ,
,
. N ,
, .. .
A E

.
,

591

M 3:

' . H
.

, . T
, .
A ,
,
.
, , . T , ,

. O , ,
I
.
,
. A ..

,
.

O
. K

:
,

, .
,
592

K 29: A

online . K
. Y ,
,
. , , .
M
; H

. M ,
"" . T , . T


,
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
A , (.. Internet Explorer). M'

. M URL: https:// http://.

I.
online
,
. A

.
O
(

, ). ' ,

SSL
.

593

M 3:

,
, , cookies. , cookies
,
" ", .
Y , I. ,
,

. ,
,
, .. , .. N
.
.
(chat),
. X
,
.

A

,
, .. , ,
..
. O
, ..
, , .. O

,
, .. ,

594

K 29: A

K ,
,
. , . O

(, )
.

E
H . T
. H


. ,
"" ,
. T
. A ,

.
H , .. ,
. O ,
, .. ,
.

595

M 3:

596

H
. , , I. O

.
n

O
SSL. T
""
. Internet Explorer .
n

H ,
, .
K,
. H
.
n

K
,
.
n

.
.
n

K
, , ,
. M .

K 29: A
n

O
.
n

E , .. .
n

. M
.
n

E
1. ,
;
A: A Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) , ""
. Internet Explorer .
2.
,
;
A: M . ,
. H .

597

E
A
Adobe Photoshop.........................................121
ADSL ............................................................422
antivirus .......................................................123
Apple II ..........................................................29
ARPANET......................................................434
Athlon ..............................37, 83
.............................................................565
AVERAGE ..................................360
AVI ..........................122

E
embedded systems ......................................565
Ethernet ................................71
Eudora..........................................................124
Excel, .........322
extranets ......................................................423

F
FCC (Federal Communication Commission) ........91
Firefox ..........................................................508
firewalls
.......................................................421
............................428
flash memory .................................................38
FLOPS (floating point operations per second) ......26
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) ..........................504

B
beta testing ..................................................110
BIOS, flash .....................................38
Bluetooth ........................................45, 72
BMP ......................121
Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) .......................513

G
C
cache ...........................................................505
calculators......................................................34
CD-R / CD-RW ...............................................67
Celeron ..........................................................83
Chatrooms ...................................................515
Clip Art
................................248
............................390
cookies.........................................................505
COUNT ....................................362
Cray Research ................................................26
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
..............................53, 83

GeForce 4 ......................................................83
GIF ........................121
gigabyte
..............................40
gigahertz (GHz)..............................................36
GPRS ..............................................................45
graphics tablet................................................61

H
hackers ........................................................579
hoaxes..........................................................489
Hotmail ........................................................450
HTML ...504
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) .............506
https.............................................................511

D
DBMSs.........................................................119
debugging ....................................................110
DIMM ...................................38
DOS
..............................................137
.......................................133
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
..........................437
Duron ............................................................83

I
IBM PC, ...........................................29
inkjet ...........................................55
Instant Messengers ......................................450
Intel................................................................37
Internet Explore, ..........521
intranets.......................................................423
IrDA .........................................................45, 71
ISDN ........436
ISP (Internet Service Provider)......................438

599

P
Jasc PaintShop..............................................121
joystick, .............59
JPG ........................121

Palm Pilot (PDA) ............................................31

PalmOS ( PDAs) ............31, 136
PCI .................................................................72
PDAs . Personal Digital Assistants
Pentium , ..................37
Personal Digital Assistance (PDAs)
......................................................30
.....................136
.............................44
.........................................31
plotter, .....................63
plug-ins ........................................................504
PocketPC ( PDAs)............31, 45
projector, ..................64
PS/2 ......................................................70
Psion I (PDA)..................................................30
PSTN ........436

K
Kbps / KBps..................................................433

L
laser ............................................55
Linux ............................................................136
Lotus cc: Mail...............................................124

M
Mac OS, Mac OS X ......................................135
Macintosh
......................................................29
PC...........................................78
.........................................33
mainframes ....................................................27
MAN ................................................423
MAX ..........................................361
megabyte
.......40
megahertz (MHz)...........................................36
MIDI .....................................................71
MIN ..........................................361
MIPS (millions instructions per second).........26
modem
.......................................................419
.......70
.........................433
........................81
MOV .......................122
Mozilla .........................................................508

Q
QuickTime ...................................................122

R
Random Access Memory (RAM) ....................38
Read Only Memory ................37
Real Player ...................................................122
ROM ..............................................................37
ROUND ....................................363

S
smilies..........................................................492
spam ............................................................495
stylus .............................................................61
SUM .........................................360

T
N
Net Nanny....................................................589
Netscape ......................................................508
Newton (PDA)................................................31
NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) ....514
nodes ( ) .................419
NSF (National Science Foundation) ..............434

O
Opera .....................508
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
............................................60
Outlook Express
& ................457
.......................................................124
& ...............454

600

tape drives .....................................................68

TCP/IP
..........................................436
terabyte
......40
TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
....................................84
thumb mouse, .........62
Trojans .........................................................580

U
UNIVAC .......................................................418
UNIX/Linux...................................................136
UPS ................................................................92
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) .................506
USB ......................................................70
Usenet .........................................................514

E
............................227
......................................................169
...................................................167
.................541
...............................................166
.............................................167

...................................................132
..........................585
................173
&
Windows Explorer.....................................162
................224
......................................365

V
Visicalc, .....29

W
WAN ................................................423
Wi-FI (802.11b)............................................437
WinAmp.......................................................122
Windows Explorer
....158
...................................................157
Windows Media Player ................................122
Windows
................................149
...........................................147
..................154
...............................................148
.......................................149
...................................152
.............................................147
........134
WMV ......................122

, ...........................119
.....................................474
, ........................511
Windows ................................152
, .........................210
Office .......................................211

Y
Yahoo! Mail..................................................450

,
.......................................63
...............................242
...................................................107
...............147
...........................................285
............................111
..................................242
, Windows............148
................................96
..................................................90
(spam)..................495
..............................225
, ..........................39
...................................149
........................................110
(
).............................................547
.............................280
( ),
...........................................333

.....................................................223
................................................166
........................156
...................................................165

, ...................420
...................294

......................................................246
..........................................................247

& ....................219

.......................................................219
.................235

.......................................................218

& ................................193
...................................219
..............................................216
.............................................216
......................................61

..........................................376
.......................................371
................................................374
............................390
& ........377
........................................................373

................................................240

601

E
........................................244
..................................................239
& .................................237
...............................................241
......................................................243
...............................................576
........................................218
.......................................................105
, .......391
.............................68

.......................................212
........................545
..................................437

..............................................592
.....589
......................515
.................444
....................................................434
.................................541
......................................590
...................................................503
..........................585
.................................................525
ISPs ..................................438
& .......435
...................................433
,
..........................28

............................418
/ ...............425
........................................................425

, .............................444
....................................................420
................................172
.....................................................420
, ..................................277

......................................397
...........................400
........................................397
...........................387
..................................................387
............................389
................................388
..........................................386
.......401
...............400
..........................................398

602

& ..........................392
..................................................395
.................................393
............394
.............................397
, .......509
URL, ..................................519

, ...............447

circuit-switched.........................................436
extranets ...................................................423
intranets ....................................................423
packet-switched ........................................436
peer-to-peer ..............................................424
....................................424
................................421
/ ..................................425
firewalls.....................421
(WAN) .........................423
................................422
...................................417
..........................427
(MAN)..............................423
& ......................................426
.......................436
..........................421
................................418
...........433
..............................................432
...............................................423
........................................................422
...................................425
Zip...................................................67

.........................................................66
.............................................166
( ) ......................218
, ..........420
(bits).....................................40

........................................285
.............................240
......................244
.............................................225
................................239
................................................222
.......................222
...............................239
Windows ..........144
....................282

E
.....................................248
& ...............282
/............288
.................................250
....................................283
......................290
................................................263
............295
.....................220
............................241
...........................276
...............294
...................................243
....................................................227
& ...........................222
...........235
.............................244
...............................144
.......................294
& ..........................292
.........................................220
..............................280
..............261
..........................................287
..........................................................292
..............................285
.........................................................85
, .................511
, ......282

.................................249
..............................248
& ..........250
...............................................80
..................................263
............................266
.............................................265
.................400

..................109
.......70
...........95
..............................55
, ..............264
......................146
beta ................................................110
......................................111

.......................149
...................150
, ..............285
........................565
..............................108

, ..........420
..............................................147
,
.......................................116

Pentium.......................................................37
......36
..........................................................35
...80
..............................58
, Macintosh.....78
................218

........................................196
.......................................142
.........................515
.............................................572-573

...............................................278
....................................................275
......................................243
..............................................591
...............547
...................................422

antivirus ....................................................123
,
.......................................119

, .....123
....124
& ,
............................120
................123
, .....118
,
............................124
,
.............................................541
,
............................................541
/ .....................122
.................................123
............................218
& ............199
Windows ........143
...................................................209
...............149

...................................................133
.....................151
...........................211
.................................215

603

E
.............................144

.......................125
....................200
..............................224
.............................................209
Ctrl+Alt+Del..................149
........................398

..................91
(stylus) .............................61
..................................565

& ...................497
..............................................450

..........................450
.................................................447
................................................443
PDAs & .........450
........................................485
.............................................486
......................................444
..........................................444
....................................446
.........513
& , ....282
/ ....................193
, ......................55

...................................................294

............447
.......................................579
........................................................579

........................536
& ...........................533
.......................................................504
........................................508
................................................537
.................................527
............................................525
...................539
......................531

.............528
...............................................555
..................................................511

604

...547
...............................................510
.....................................................504

...................................143

..............................59
........................81
.............................................418
Ethernet.......................................................71
........................81

.............71
..............................59
, .......69
...............547

...........................306
...................................................247
..........................388
.............................................247
..............................307
.........................................246

...................................................333
....................................................247

& .....338

....................340
& ..............368
// ...........328
/ .............333
..........................................335
& ...........332
& .......................................336
& ....................................337
...................................42
...................................42
.
................................................
(mainframes) ............27
.............................43

(Web servers)..............................................28
& ..............................288
,
.............................44
.......................................432
...................................146
& .................................279
() ..............................52

E
.........................................506
, ..................367-368

..............................73
.............................................138
........................................................132
........................................................133
................................136
.............................................133
-...............................................549
....................264
................................511

.....................................111
.....................................110
...................................111
......................110
.............104
............................109
.............................125
...............84
, ....117
...................................................591

..............................................580
........................146
....................................105
- ..............................................548
..............................146

...............................................464
(spam) ................................495
........................497
.....................................................460
....................................449, 461
.................................462
.............................................473
.................................................460
& ....................................457
..................................................474
...................................................470
.................................467
....................................490
.................................456
& .....472
............................458
...........................471
........................................449, 462
...............................459
...................................................471

............................................492
......................466
...........................457
.......................................445
...............................................465
...........................................449

....................................................547
.......547
................................................546
-............................................549
.......................................552
() .....................65
(
) .............................................573
.........................................29
.......42
.............................77

...............................................43
..........................................................32
, .............55

flash ............................................................38
.......................................................80
.............40
(ROM) ........................37
......80
..........................................................37
SIMM/DIMM .............................38
(RAM) ...................38
CD/DVD, ....55
, ....55
, ...68
,
.......................................248
...............................246

O
O ,
....................385
, ................266

...................................195
...........................................................62
..................109
..............................197
..................196
...........................196
..............................52
......................................514
.........................................421, 437

605

E

( OCR) .................................60

CD-R/CR-RW...............................................67
DVD-R/DVD-RW.........................................68
, ....391
................................244

...................504
.....................................................503
.....................................122

...........................277
....................................................274

.....................151
........................................................144
..........................................146
..........................294
..............................26
...........................................70

O
...........................................385
..................402
...................................................402
( ) ..............419
, ................571
.............................................292
......................................259
( ),
..........................339

.....................................................187
.......................................189
...............................................192
& .............193
& ..........192
O.......................................................188
...........................................190
......................................................191
...................................................193
( )
............................346
/
& ..................................................309
..........................313
................................................303
& .................308
....................................................311
& ...............310

606

& ................307
& .................308
...........................307
............................391
& ....................307
.....................307
& ..............312
& ................308
................311
..............................314
................................293
,
..................................592

...........94
..............................53
, ............392

..............................105
...........94
..............................54
.................................280
......................261
................................576
(PCs)
Macintosh ..............................78
...................................32, 78
...............393

.........................239
....................241
.........................436
, .......................420

,
..............................58
..........................................................65
,
..............................198

, ..........60
(
)....................................373
...............................................70
.............................................287
()
................................................530
.................................................532
............................401
. ............
, ..........................400

E
.........................................................292

...........95
............................................66
/
........................81
..............................58
, ..........91
.................................92
,
..............................................574
..................295

....................................................276
........................................................284
.............................................................292
.........................280
.........274
................................................356
.....363
...........................357
.......................364
.....................................366
( Windows) ................149
.....................573

..............................105
.................236
.......................................446
.............................................469
..................................................469
.................................................468
.............................467
..............................................494
...............................................578
,
....................................150
.....61
...................................418


.....................................................73

...............................132
..................................................51
........................95
.................................................57
& .....................69
/ ..................................................52
...........................93
......................120
(
)..................................................368

.............................252
..............................250
...................................253
, ....................283

1 ( ) .......................437

( ).........................433
......................................................43
.............................149
......................................85
.....................................432
,
.......................................63
(LANs)
....................................................422
...................444
Ethernet ...........................................71
..........45
..........................44
.....................423
.............................58
...........................................................349
..................................................349
......................364
.....................................366
......................353
............367-368
...........................................355

, ......91
-,
...........................................526
.........................................26
................................397

calculators...................................................34
Macintosh ...................................................33
.....................................................79
..........96
" "..........................86

.....................................42
.....................104
/ .......51

........................................85
....................595
.............................594
.................................................25

607

E
.....................................................27
..............................................................28
...........................................567
&
..............................426
..............................564
...........94

/ ........................................92

................................................91
& ................89

...........................................90
...............................91
.............................43

................................33
.............................82
.........................34
.........592
......................................................30
........566
...........................567
.........................................418
..............................419
. &
............................................290

/ ...............................161

Windows Explorer ............................158
..................................................156
................................154
Windows ............143
........................156
......................................................169
...............................................156
.............................................156
................................145
........................155
..............................................................432
,
...........................................78

.........326
...............327
& ..............................330
& ...........323

.............................370

608

& .........................331
.................................63

......................................................284
, ...........529
,
..............................572
,
................................40
.................................60
,
........................60
.........................................................90