External Examination 2011

FOR OFFICE
USE ONLY
SUPERVISOR
CHECK
RE-MARKED
ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL
TO THIS BOX
Graphics calculator
Brand
Model
Computer software
Friday 4 November: 9 a.m.
Time: 3 hours
Examination material: one 37-page question booklet
one SACE registration number label
Approved dictionaries, notes, calculators, and computer software may be used.
Instructions to Students
1. You will have 10 minutes to read the paper. You must not write in your question booklet or use a calculator during
this reading time but you may make notes on the scribbling paper provided.
2. Answer all parts of Questions 1 to 17 in the spaces provided in this question booklet. There is no need to fill
all the space provided. You may write on pages 26 and 30 if you need more space, making sure to label each
answer clearly.
3. The total mark is approximately 143. The allocation of marks is shown below:
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Marks 8 6 7 7 4 8 7 9 12 9 6 8 11 7 13 10 11
4. Appropriate steps of logic and correct answers are required for full marks.
5. Show all working in this booklet. (You are strongly advised not to use scribbling paper. Work that you consider
incorrect should be crossed out with a single line.)
6. Use only black or blue pens for all work other than graphs and diagrams, for which you may use a sharp dark
pencil.
7. State all answers correct to three significant figures, unless otherwise stated or as appropriate.
8. Diagrams, where given, are not necessarily drawn to scale.
9. The list of mathematical formulae is on page 37. You may remove the page from this booklet before the
examination begins.
10. Complete the box on the top right-hand side of this page with information about the electronic technology you are
using in this examination.
11. Attach your SACE registration number label to the box at the top of this page.
2011 MATHEMATICAL STUDIES
Pages: 37
Questions: 17
2
QUESTION 1
(a) Find 2 5
10
4
x
x
x + +

d .
(3 marks)
(b) Find
d
d
y
x
if y e x
x
= +

3 5
0 1 .
ln .
(2 marks)
(c) Find x x x 9
2

d .
(3 marks)
3 PLEASE TURN OVER
QUESTION 2
(a) Find the determinant of the matrix
2
1 8 2
1 3 1
k k

.
(3 marks)
Consider the system of linear equations
2 8
8 2 0
3 4
x ky k
x y
x y
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
z
z
z
where k is a real number.
(b) Express this system of linear equations in the form AX B = , where A, X, and B are
matrices.
(1 mark)
(c) Find all values of k for which the system of linear equations has a unique solution.
(2 marks)
4
QUESTION 3
A toy rocket is launched vertically upwards. The height of the
rocket s metres above the ground, at time t seconds after being
launched, can be modelled by the function
s t t t ( ) = + 4 9 24
2
. .
The graph of y s t = ( ) is shown below:
t
y
30
25
20
15
10
5
1 2 3 4 5
O
(a) Calculate the gradient of the line that joins the points on the graph of y s t = ( ), where
t = 0 and t = 2.
(2 marks)
(b) What quantity associated with the motion of the rocket is measured by this gradient?
(2 marks)
5 PLEASE TURN OVER
(c) Find
( ) s 2 .
(2 marks)
(d) What quantity associated with the motion of the rocket is measured by the value of

( ) s 2 ?
(1 mark)
6
QUESTION 4
The committee of a large sporting association has proposed the major redevelopment of a
stadium. For the redevelopment to be approved, all members of the association must vote
on the proposal and at least three-quarters must vote yes.
The committee wants to gain information about the likely outcome of the vote. A random sample
of 150 members are asked whether they will vote yes or no. Of this sample, 119 plan to
vote yes.
(a) What proportion of the sample of members is planning to vote yes?
(1 mark)
(b) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for p, the true proportion of members who are
planning to vote yes.
(2 marks)
(c) Tick the appropriate box below to indicate your answer.
This confidence interval suggests that the redevelopment:
will be approved by the vote.
will not be approved by the vote.
may or may not be approved by the vote.
(1 mark)
(d) Justify the answer you indicated in part (c).
(1 mark)
7 PLEASE TURN OVER
(e) The committee plans to gain information from a larger sample of members.
Determine the number of members who need to be sampled in order to obtain a
95% confidence interval with a width no greater than 0.065.
(2 marks)
8
QUESTION 5
Find, from first principles,
( ) f x if f x x x ( ) =
2
5 .
(4 marks)
9 PLEASE TURN OVER
QUESTION 6
Consider the following 3 3 matrices:
L =

1 0 0
1 6 0
2 12 1
and U a b =

2 1 1
0
0 0 1
.
(a) (i) Evaluate LU.
(3 marks)
(ii) Find a and b if
LU =

2 1 1
2 6 3
4 12 7
.
(3 marks)
(b) Find matrix P if LP M = , where M =

1 1 1
1 2 1
2 1 1
.
(2 marks)
10
QUESTION 7
A portrait of Ren Descartes beside the folium of
Descartes, which he first described in 1638, is shown
on the Albanian stamp on the right.
An example of the folium of Descartes is the relation
defined by the equation
x y xy
3 3
6 + = .
A graph of this relation is shown below:
O
(a) Find
d
d
y
x
.
(4 marks)
Source: http://curvebank.calstatela.edu
11 PLEASE TURN OVER
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of this relation at point 3 3 , . ( )
(3 marks)
12
QUESTION 8
Various tests are used to measure literacy.
The scores achieved by students in Literacy Test A can be modelled by a normal distribution
with a mean of 62 and a standard deviation of 17.
(a) According to this model, the top 2% of scores achieved by students are greater than k.
Find the value of k.
(2 marks)
Literacy Test B is developed. The scores achieved by students in this literacy test can be
modelled by a different normal distribution.
(b) Literacy Test B is constructed so that the top 10% of scores achieved by students are
greater than 120 and the bottom 10% of scores achieved by students are less than 60.
(i) Find the mean of the normal distribution that models the scores achieved by
students in Literacy Test B.
(1 mark)
(ii) Find the standard deviation of the normal distribution that models the scores
achieved by students in Literacy Test B.
(3 marks)
13 PLEASE TURN OVER
(c) A student achieves a score of 86 in Literacy Test A and a score of 118 in
Literacy Test B.
In which test is the students performance better? Give a reason for your answer.
(3 marks)
14
QUESTION 9
(a) Find the value(s) of x such that x x
3
6 6 0 + = .
(1 mark)
(b) Let f x x x ( ) = +
3
6 6.
On the axes below, draw the graph of y f x = ( ), accurately marking axis intercepts and
stationary points.
3 2 1 1 2 3
1
1
2
3
4
5
O
y
x
(4 marks)
15 PLEASE TURN OVER
(c) Find the coordinates of the non-stationary inflection point of the graph of y f x = ( ),
to three significant figures.
(2 marks)
(d) Let g x x ax a ( ) = +
3
, where a is a real number.
Determine all values of a for which g x ( ) has no stationary points.
(5 marks)
16
QUESTION 10
Consider the matrix A =

1 3
3 9
.
(a) Find:
(i) A
2
.
(1 mark)
(ii) A
3
.
(1 mark)
(iii) A
4
.
(1 mark)
(b) On the basis of your results in part (a), complete the following conjecture about A
n
,
where n is a positive integer.
A
n
= _____________________ A
(1 mark)
17 PLEASE TURN OVER
Consider the matrix M
k
k k
=

1
2
, where k is a real number.
(c) (i) Show that M k M
2 2
1 = +
( )
.
(2 marks)
(ii) Hence derive an expression for M
3
in terms of M.
(2 marks)
(d) On the basis of your results in part (c), complete the following conjecture about M
n
,
where n is a positive integer.
M
n
= ____________________ M
(1 mark)
18
QUESTION 11
The photographs on the right show a type of timer. It consists
of two roughly cylindrical glass chambers joined by a narrow
neck. It contains a quantity of fine blue granules.
In Figure 1 all the granules are in the lower chamber of the timer.
When the timer is inverted, the granules trickle through the
neck (Figure 2).
The length of time measured by the timer corresponds to the time
taken for all the granules to trickle through the neck.
As a result of glass manufacturing techniques, the ends of these
timers are distinguishable from each other: one is flattened
(F in Figure 3) and the other is rounded (R in Figure 3). In general,
the length of time measured by these timers varies, depending
on which end is turned upwards.
The manufacturer of the timers wanted to know whether or
not the difference in the length of time measured is the result of
a systematic bias associated with the flattened end or the
rounded end.
To investigate this, twelve timers were randomly selected.
For each timer, the time measured when the flattened end was
turned upwards (F seconds) and the time measured when the
rounded end was turned upwards (R seconds) were recorded.
The difference D F R = was calculated. The results are
shown in the table below.
F R
Figure 3
Timer
Time in seconds when
flattened end turned
upwards (F)
Time in seconds when
rounded end turned
upwards (R)
D F R =
1 247 238 9
2 219 271 52
3 251 310 59
4 252 223 29
5 240 249 9
6 228 206 22
7 232 253 21
8 241 218 23
9 224 215 9
10 245 269 24
11 223 287 64
12 231 284 53
Figure 1
Figure 2
19 PLEASE TURN OVER
(a) Find X
D
for the data in the table on the page opposite.
(1 mark)
A plot of the D values is shown below:
65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 25 20 15 10 5
(b) Outline the reason why testing the null hypothesis
H
D 0
0 : =
corresponds to the manufacturers question of whether or not the difference in the
length of time measured is the result of a systematic bias associated with the flattened
end or the rounded end.
(1 mark)
(c) Using a two-tailed Z-test at the 0.05 level of significance, draw a conclusion about the
existence or otherwise of a systematic bias associated with the flattened end or the
rounded end of the timers.
Assume that the
D
= 34 6 . seconds.
(4 marks)
20
QUESTION 12
The graph of y g x = ( ) is shown below for x > 0. It has x-intercepts at x a x b = = , , and x c = .
a b c
x
y
M
N
O
Let f x ( ) be any function such that
( ) = ( ) f x g x .
(a) The region bounded by the graph of y g x = ( ) and the x-axis between x a = and x b =
(marked M ) has an area of 2 units
2
.
Show that f b f a ( ) = ( ) + 2.
(2 marks)
21 PLEASE TURN OVER
(b) The region bounded by the graph of y g x = ( ) and the x-axis between x b = and x c =
(marked N) also has an area of 2 units
2
.
Show that f c f a ( ) = ( ).
(3 marks)
(c) Using the results from parts (a) and (b), sketch on the axes below a graph of
y f x = ( ) for x > 0, given that f a ( ) = 1.
a b c
x
y
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
O
(3 marks)
22
QUESTION 13
The weight of individual Vegie Sausages varies. Let W represent the weight of
a randomly selected Vegie Sausage. W can be modelled by a normal distribution
with mean = 55 grams and standard deviation = 7 grams.
(a) What is the probability that a randomly selected Vegie Sausage will have a weight
of less than 50 grams?
(1 mark)
Let W
6
represent the average weight of six randomly selected Vegie Sausages.
(b) (i) State the distribution of W
6
.
(2 marks)
(ii) Calculate P W
6
50
( )
to verify that P W
6
50 0 04
( )
= . , to two decimal places.
(1 mark)
Vegie Sausages are sold in packets labelled
as containing six sausages with a net weight of
300 grams. Part of the label is shown on the right.
Source: Packaging for Sanitarium Vegie Sausages
Suppose that six Vegie Sausages are randomly selected
during the packaging process.
If the combined weight of the six Vegie Sausages is less than
or equal to 300 grams, a seventh sausage is added to the
packet, as shown on the left.
23 PLEASE TURN OVER
(c) Outline the reason why P W
6
50
( )
is the probability that a seventh sausage will be
added to a randomly selected packet of Vegie Sausages.
(1 mark)
The production of 900 packets of Vegie Sausages is planned. It is likely that some of the
900 packets will need to have a seventh sausage added. It is likely therefore that more than
5400 sausages will be required. The production manager needs to know how many sausages
will be required so that the 900 packets can be produced.
Let Y represent the number of packets that will need to have a seventh sausage added.
The distribution of Y can be modelled by a binomial distribution with n = 900 and p = 0 04 . .
(d) (i) Determine the probability that none of the packets will need to have a seventh
sausage added.
(1 mark)
(ii) Determine the probability that no more than thirty-five of the packets will need to
have a seventh sausage added.
(2 marks)
(e) How many Vegie Sausages will be required so that there is a greater than 99% chance
that all 900 packets can be produced?
(3 marks)
24
QUESTION 14
Consider the functions f x e
x
( ) = 8 and g x e
x
( ) = 4
2
for x 0.
The graphs of y f x = ( ) and y g x = ( ), and the line x k = where k > ln2, are shown below.
The graphs intersect at point ln . , 2 16 ( )
R
2
R
1
y
x
y = f (x)
y = g(x)
x = k
O
Let R
1
represent the area of the region bounded by the graphs of these two functions from
x = 0 to x = ln . 2 Let R
2
represent the area of the region bounded by the graphs of these two
functions from x = ln 2 to x k = .
(a) Explain why
f x g x x R R
k
( ) ( ) =

d
1 2
0
.
(2 marks)
25 PLEASE TURN OVER
(b) Find the exact value of k, where k > 0, such that R R
1 2
= .
(5 marks)
26
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label
each answer carefully (e.g. Question 11(c) continued).
27 PLEASE TURN OVER
QUESTION 15
Consider the metal rod shown in the diagram below. One end is kept at a fixed temperature
of 0C and the other end is kept at a fixed temperature of 100C. Heat is conducted along
the rod and, assuming there is no temperature loss, each point along the rod reaches its
own constant temperature after a certain time.
A B C D E
0C 100C
Consider five equally spaced points on this rod, labelled A, B, C, D, and E. Points A and E,
at the ends of the rod, have fixed temperatures of 0C and 100C.
The constant temperatures at points B, C, and D can be found by using the fact that
the constant temperature at each point is equal to the average of the temperatures of its
two neighbouring points.
Let x, y, and z represent the constant temperatures at points B, C, and D respectively.
(a) Show that the following equation can be determined by considering the constant
temperature at point D:
+ = y 2 100 z .
(1 mark)
(b) Determine two additional equations, one that represents the constant temperature
at point B and one that represents the constant temperature at point C.
(2 marks)
28
(c) Find the constant temperatures at points B, C, and D.
(1 mark)
Suppose instead that one end of the metal rod is kept at a fixed temperature of pC, where
0 < p < 100, and the other is still kept at a fixed temperature of 100C:
A B C D E
pC 100C
(d) Show that the system of equations for temperatures x, y, and z can be represented by
the augmented matrix
2 1 0
1 2 1 0
0 1 2 100

p
.
(2 marks)
29 PLEASE TURN OVER
(e) Use clearly defined row operations to solve this system of equations for temperatures
x, y, and z.
(5 marks)
(f ) Hence find fixed temperature p if the constant temperature at point B is 55C.
(2 marks)
30
You may write on this page if you need more space to finish your answers. Make sure to label
each answer carefully (e.g. Question 11(c) continued).
31 PLEASE TURN OVER
QUESTION 16
Let C x
ax
x b
( ) =
+
3
, where a and b are positive numbers and x 0.
(a) Find
( ) C x .
(2 marks)
(b) Graphs of y C x = ( ) all have a shape similar to that of the graph shown below, and all
have a single maximum value.
x
y
O
Show that this maximum value occurs when x
b
=
2
3
.
(2 marks)
32
When coal is burnt at a power station, sulphur dioxide is released into the air. The ground-level
concentration of sulphur dioxide varies, depending on the distance from the power station.
The photograph below shows coal-burning Power Station P, which is approached along
line PQ:
P
Q
Source: Adapted from www.dreamstime.com
The ground-level concentration of sulphur dioxide, C x ( ) in grams per square metre, at a
distance of x kilometres from Power Station P, along line PQ, can be modelled by the function
C x
ax
x b
( ) =
+
3
.
It is known that the ground-level concentration of sulphur dioxide reaches a maximum level of
15 grams per square metre at a distance of 1.2 kilometres from Power Station P, along line PQ.
(c) Using your result from part (b), find the value of b in the function that models the
ground-level concentration of sulphur dioxide in relation to Power Station P.
(2 marks)
33 PLEASE TURN OVER
(d) Find the corresponding value of a.
(2 marks)
(e) A person approaches Power Station P, along line PQ.
At what distance from Power Station P is the person first exposed to a ground-level
concentration of sulphur dioxide of 0.4 grams per square metre, according to
this model?
(2 marks)
34
QUESTION 17
Let f x k
k
x
( ) = + , where k > 0.
The graph of y f x = ( ) for k =1 is shown below. The tangent and the normal to the graph, at the
point where x =1, are also shown.
5
5
5
5
x
y
O
(a) Estimate the x-coordinate of the point where the normal to the graph of y f x = ( ), at
the point where x =1, intersects the graph again.
(1 mark)
For f x k
k
x
( ) = + , with k = 2, the graph of y f x = ( ) is shown below. The tangent and the normal
to the graph, at the point where x =1, are also shown.

5 5
5
5
x
y
O
35 PLEASE TURN OVER
(b) Estimate the x-coordinate of the point where the normal to the graph of y f x = ( ), at
the point where x =1, intersects the graph again.
(1 mark)
(c) For f x k
k
x
( ) = + , with k = 3, the normal to the graph of y f x = ( ), at the point
where x =1, has equation x y = 3 17.
Find the x-coordinate of the point where this normal intersects the graph again.
(2 marks)
(d) Using your results from parts (a), (b), and (c), complete the following table.
k
x-coordinate of the point where the normal to the graph of
y f x = ( ), at the point where x =1, intersects the graph again
1
2
3
On the basis of these results, the following incomplete conjecture is made:
For f x k
k
x
( ) = + , the normal to the graph of y f x = ( ), at the point where x =1,
intersects the graph again at a single point, and the x-coordinate of that single
point is
x = .
Complete this conjecture by filling in the box above.
(1 mark)
36
(e) Prove or disprove the conjecture made in part (d).
(6 marks)
SACE Board of South Australia 2011
37
You may remove this page from the booklet by tearing along the perforations so that you can refer to it
while you write your answers.
LIST OF MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE FOR USE IN
STAGE 2 MATHEMATICAL STUDIES
Standardised Normal Distribution
A measurement scale X is transformed into a
standard scale Z, using the formula
Z
X
=

where is the population mean and is the

standard deviation for the population distribution.
Condence Interval Mean
A 95% condence interval for the mean of a normal
population with standard deviation , based on a
simple random sample of size n with sample
mean x, is
x
n
x
n
_ 1 96 1 96 . . .

_
For suitably large samples, an approximate
95% condence interval can be obtained by using
the sample standard deviation s in place of .
Sample Size Mean
The sample size n required to obtain a
95% condence interval of width w for the
mean of a normal population with standard
deviation is
n
w
=
2
2
1.96
(

\
)

.
Condence Interval Population Proportion
An approximate 95% condence interval for the
population proportion p, based on a large simple
random sample of size n with sample proportion
p =
X
n
, is
p
p p
n
p p
p p
n

( )
_ _
( )
1 96
1 1
. . 1.96
Sample Size Proportion
The sample size n required to obtain an approximate
95% condence interval of approximate width w for a
proportion is
n
w
p p =

(

\
)

( )
+ +
2 1 96
1
2
.
.
( p
+
is a given preliminary value for the proportion.)
Binomial Probability
P X k C p p
k
n k
n k
= = ( ) ( )

1
where p is the probability of a success in one trial
and the possible values of X are k n = 0 1 , , . . . and
( )
C
n
n k k
n n n k
k
k
n
= =

( ) ( ) 1 1 . . .
.
Binomial Mean and Standard Deviation
The mean and standard deviation of a binomial
count X and a proportion of successes p =
X
n
are

X
np = p p ( ) =

X
np p = 1 ( ) p
p p
n
( )
( )
=
1
where p is the probability of a success in one trial.
Matrices and Determinants
If then and A
a b
c d
A A ad bc =

= = det
A
A
d b
c a

1
1
.
Derivatives
f x y ( ) =

( ) f x
y
x
=
d
d
x
n
e
kx
ln x x
e
= log
nx
n1
ke
kx
1
x
Properties of Derivatives
d
d
d
d
x
f x g x f x g x f x g x
x
f x
g x
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( )
( )
'
!
1
1
+
1
1
'
!
1
1
+
1
1
=
==
=

( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )
f x g x f x g x
g x
x
f g x f g x g x
2
d
d
Quadratic Equations
If then ax bx c x
b b ac
a
2
0
4
2
2
+ + = =

MATHEMATICAL STUDIES 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The photograph for Question 16 on page 32 is Dreamstime/Fesus.
The SACE Board of South Australia has made every effort to trace copyright holders. If however,
any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, we apologise and invite the copyright holder to
contact us.