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Genetics

Heredity is the delivery of characteristics from parents to
offspring.
Genetics is the study of heredity.
The founder of genetics was an Austrian monk named Gregor
Mendel.
He worked with peas because they are easy to grow and they
produce hundreds of offspring.
Peas are now called: the model system.
The male part of a flower makes pollen. And its reproductive
cells are called the sperm.
The female reproductive cells are called eggs.
Fertilization is when the make and female parts join.
Pea plants are self-pollinating plants; it means that the sperm
cells fertilize egg cells within the same flower.
True breeding is when the plants self-pollinate and produce
offspring identical to themselves.
A trait is a special characteristic such as: seed color, shape and
height etc.
Mendel decided to self-pollinate, he cut off the male part with
pollen and dusted the female part with pollen from another
flower.
The offspring crosses between parents with different traits, are
called hybrids.
When you cross, the original pair of plants are called P
An individuals characteristics are determined by factors that
are passed by one parental generation to the next. (Mendels
first conclusion)
The factors are called genes.
The different form of a gene is called an allele.
Mendels second conclusion: principal of dominance. It states
that some alleles are dominant and some are recessive.
Dominant allele: is an allele where its phenotype is present
when the allele for that gene is present. A recessive allele can
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be masked by the dominant allele. A reccesive allele will only
be present when 2 alleles for the same trait is present.
When Mendel allowed the F1 plants to reproduce by self
pollination the traits controlled by recessive alleles reappeared
in about of the F2 plants in each cross.
Segregation: separation.
Gametes: sex cells.
Suring gamete formation, the alleles for each gene separate(or
segregate) from each other. Each gamete carries only one allele
for each gene.
Homozygous: identical alleles: (TT) or (tt)
Heterozygous: different alleles: (Tt)
Homozygous dominant: (TT)
Homozygous recessive: (tt)
Genotype: the letters: (TT) (tt) (Tt)]
Phenotype: the physical traits: tall or short.
Incomplete dominance: some alleles are neither recessive nor
dominant. If for example if you cross a pink and a white flower
the offspring will be pink flowers. It will be the mixture of the
two (white+red)
Codominance: in which the phenotypes produced by both
alleles are clearly expressed. For example: in chickens.
Meiosis: half the amount of DNA (gametes)
Mitosis: body cells ---- somatic cells. (The full amount of
DNA)














heterozygous
codominance:
(AB)
The phenotype will show both.
complete dominant:
(Tt)
dominant phenotype
will show.
incomplete dominance:
(RW)
the phenotype will be a
mixture of both.
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cells
somatic cell:
mitosis
parent cella(diploid cells)
2 identical daughter cells
sex cells (gametes)
meiosis
parent cell (haploid)
4 haplod cells 1/2 the orginal genetic information