Welcome to

Timber and Steel Design

3 2549
Lecture 1 - Introduction

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

-
-
- ...
-

Conduct of Course
Projects/Assignment/Quizzes

20 %

Midterm Exam

40 %

Final Exam

40 %

Grading Policy
Final Score

Grade

100 - 90

A
B+

89 - 85
84 - 80
79 - 75
74 - 70
69 - 65
64 - 60
59 - 0

B
C+
C
D+
D
F


1) > 20% = 5
2)
3) Project :
- 3
- reject

What is Structural Engineering ?

Structural Engineering is:
the art of molding materials we do not entirely understand
into shapes we cannot precisely analyse,
so as to withstand forces we cannot really assess,
in such a way that nobody suspect the extent of our ignorance.

STABILITY

SAFETY

ECONOMY

Frame structural system

Lingan Island Powerplant, Skeleton Frame

Nashville Convention Centre, tower overview

Pan Pacific Hotel and Convention Centre,

Centre, Vancouver,
Vancouver, main tower

Suspension structural system

RAMA IX Bridge, Bangkok Thailand

RAMA VIII Bridge, Bangkok Thailand

Steel Applications
STEEL is one of most widely used materials for structures

What is STEEL ?
Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C).
Depending on the desired steel properties, one or more
of other alloying elements are also added to the steel.
The important ones are:
manganese (Mn),

silicon (Si),

aluminum (Al),

nickel (Ni),

chromium (Cr),

molybdenum (Mo),

copper (Cu),

vanadium (V),

niobium (Nb),

titanium (Ti) and

boron (B).

STEEL Manufacturing

Iron Ore

Advantages of Steel
4 High Strength to Weight
4 Uniformity (properties not change with time)
4 Highly Ductile
4 Good Fracture Toughness
4 Easily Constructed and Modified Structures
4 Easily Recycled

Disadvantages of Steel
4 Maintenance Cost
4 Requires Fireproofing
4 Slender Members Susceptible to Buckling
4 Fatique
4 Brittle Fracture at very low temperature

Steel Casting & Hot Rolling

Rolling Mill

Continuous Caster

Blooms

Billets

Slabs

Hot-Rolled Steel Shape

Flange
Web

16.67% slope

0-5% slope

W section

S section

Unequal-leg
angle

16.67% slope

Channel

Zee

Tee

Equal-leg
angle

Cold-Formed Steel
Cold-formed steel shapes are formed at room temperature.

D
D

Angle

Channel

Stiffened
channel

Zee

Stiffened
Zee

Hat

Stiffened
Hat

Stress - Strain Relationships

true fracture stress

ultimate
stress

u
proportional limit

elastic limit
yield stress

Y
pl

fracture
stress

Low-carbon steel

elastic
region
elastic
behavior

yielding

strain
hardening
plastic behavior

necking

Properties of Structural Steels

YIELD STRESS
(kg/cm2)
DESIGNATION

TENSILE STRENGTH
(kg/cm2)

Thickness (mm)
16 or under

over 16

ASTM A36
JIS G3101 SS400
JIS G3106 SM400
TIS SM400

2500

2400

4000 - 5200

JIS G3101 SS490

2900

2800

5000 - 6200

JIS G3106 SM490

TIS SM490

3300

3200

5000 - 6200

ASTM A572
JIS G3106 SM520
TIS SM520

3700

3600

5300 - 6500

JIS G3106 SM570

4600

4500

5800 - 7300

JIS = Japanese
TIS = Thailand

In this course:
Yield stress,

ASTM = American

Fy = 2500 kg/cm2

Tensile Strength Fu = 4000 kg/cm2

Steel Sections : Wide Flange : WF

Channel Sections :

Angle Sections :

C Sections :

Round Tube :

Square Tube :

Rectangular Tube :

Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 2 -

Specification, Loads and

Design Methods

< Specifications and Building Codes

< Design Loads
< Wind Load
< Structural Members
< Load Transfer between Structural Members
< Design Methods
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Specifications
Developed by organizations such as AISC, ACI
ASCE, and EIT
Recommendations of good practice based on
the accepted body of knowledge
NOT legally enforceable

Organizations
EIT = Engineering Institute of Thailand
AISC = American Institute of Steel Construction
ASCE = American Society of Civil Engineers
AASHTO = American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials
UBC = Uniform Building Code
BOCA = Building Officials & Code Administrators
ATTC = American Institute of Timber Construction

American Institute of
Steel Construction Specification
Latest: Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth Edition
The following specifications, codes, and standards are printed in this Manual:
2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
2004 RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
2005 AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges

This Manual replaces both :

- The 9th Edition (1989) Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Manual and
- The 3rd Edition (2001) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Manual.

Visite AISC Website @

http://www.aisc.org

 (...)
... : http://www.eit.or.th

...

1015-40

1020-46

487 39 () . 10310
0-2319-2410~3 0-2319-2710~11 E-mail: eit@eit.or.th

Building Codes

-
..

-
-
-

Design Process
Architectural
Functional Plans

Final Design
& Detailing

Select Structural
System

OK
Redesign

Trial Sections,
Assume Selfweight

Acceptable?
NG
Design Loop

Analysis for internal

forces in member

Member Design

Design Methods
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
allowable strength of each structural component equals or exceeds the
required strength
Design shall be performed in accordance with :
Ra Rn /
where
Ra

= required strength (ASD)

Rn

= nominal strength

= safety factor

...

1015-40

Rn / = allowable strength

ASD method remains practical and is still widely used

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

design strength of each structural component equals or exceeds the
required strength
Design shall be performed in accordance with :
Ru Rn
where
Ru

= required strength (LRFD)

Rn

= nominal strength

= resistance factor

Rn = design strength

LRFD will become the dominant method in the future

Factor of Safety (FS) =

Strength of member
Strength due to load

Uncertainties affecting F.S.

1) Material strength: initial variation, creep, corrosion and fatigue
2) Method of analysis
3) Disaster (hurricane, earthquake)
4) Fabrication and erection stress
5) Technology change live load ; traffic load
6) Live load estimation
7) Other --> residual stress, stress concentration and variation
in dimension

Design Loads
< Dead Loads - self weight not known before design
< Live Loads - change in position and magnitude
< Wind Load
< Seismic Load
< Snow/Rain Load
< Earth Pressure

Dead Loads
Caused by the weight of structure
Include both the load bearing and non-load
bearing elements in a structure
Generally can be estimated with reasonable
certainty

kg/m3
2,400
2,320
500-1,200
7,850
kg/m2
14
50
5
10-30
5
180-360
100-200

Live Loads
Floor Loads
Snow and Ice: 50 - 200 kg/sq.m.
Traffic Load & Pedestrian Load for Bridges
Impact Loads
Lateral Loads: Wind & Earthquake

6 (.. 2527) ... .. 2522

(kg/m2)

(1)

30

(2)
(3)

100
150

(4)

200

(5)

250

(6) ()

()

300
300

()

6 (.. 2527) ... .. 2522

(kg/m2)

(7) ()

()

(8) ()

()

(9)

400

(10)

800

500
500
500
600

Wind Loads

q = 0.5 V

ASCE 7-98

q = 0.00483 K V 2

q = stagnation pressure (./.2)

V = basic wind speed
10 (./.)
K = 10

... .. 2522
WIND DIRECTION

(./..)

10
10 < h < 20
20 < h < 40
40

50
80
120
160

30 m
Leeward side

()

Windward
side

20 m
Step wind loading
10 m

0m

 19

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

0
0
10
20

(6)
(7)
(8)

30
40
50

.. = 20 .. = 20

.. = 20 .. = 20

100%

.. = 20 .. = 20

100%

.. = 20 .. = 20

= 120 = 100%

.. = 20 .. = 20

98.8%

.. = 20 .. = 20

97%

.. = 20 .. = 20

95%

.. = 20 .. = 20

92.9%

= 8(20)+3(20)+0.9(20)+0.8(20)+0.7(20)+0.6(20)
+ 0.5(20) = 290 = 90.625%
88.9%
87.5%

Load Transfer between Structural Members

Snow, Rain, Wind
and Construction load
Roof + Dead load

Floor loads
Slab + Dead load

Wall load

Beam + Dead load

Wind load

Column + Dead load

Foundation

Load from Precast Concrete Slab

Floor load = w kg/sq.m

S

Tributary area = 0.5SL sq.m

Load on beam = 0.5wSL kg/m
L

Example: CPAC Hollow Core Slab HC100

100 mm
600 mm

SLAB WEIGHT

296

KG/M2

PC WIRE

64

MM.

SPAN

M.

LIVE LOAD

300

KG/M2

Superimposed DL = 80 KG/M2

w = ? kg/m

Total Load = 296 + 300 + 80 = 676 KG/M2

Load on Beam = 676 4 / 2 = 1,352 KG/M

4m
L : Beam span

1m

2m

1m

2m

Load Tributary Area on Beam

Example 2.1: Compute load on structural members

1

2
4m

EXTERIOR
COLUMN

3
4m

Live Load = 500 kg/m2

Dead Load = 600 kg/m2

EXTERIOR FLOOR

BEAM
INDICATES
CONCENTRATED
LOAD POINT AT
TRANSFER TO
GIRDER

BEAM

2 m TYP.

INTERIOR GIRDER

8m

EXTERIOR GIRDER

INTERIOR FLOOR

2 m DISTRIBUTIVE
WIDTH TO INT.
FLOOR BEAM

A
INTERIOR COLUMN

INTERIOR FLOOR BEAM :

w = 2 (500 + 600) (2) / 2 = 2,200 kg/m
2m

w = 2200 kg/m
2m

4m

4m
R

Reaction @ Beam End :

R = (2,200) (4) / 2 = 4,400 kg/m

INTERIOR GIRDER :

Point Load on Girder :

P = 2 R = 2 4,400 = 8,800 kg/m

P1/2

P = 8,800 kg

8m

P1/2

Reaction transfer to Column :

R = 3 P / 2 + P1/2 = 3 8,800 / 2 + 4,400 = 17,600 kg/m

Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 3 Rama 8 Bridge

Analysis of

Tension Members

< Allowable Tensile Strength

< Net Areas
< Staggered Holes
< Effective Net Area
< Block Shear
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Types of Tension Members

S W

Tension Members subjected to axial tensile forces

- truss members
- bracing for buildings and bridges
- cables in suspended roof
and bridges
P
The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
Stress in an axially loaded
tension member:

- near the point of application of load, and

- at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.

P
f =
A

The stress P/A must be less than a limiting stress F or

Thus the load P must be less than FA or

P
< F
A

P < FA

For example, consider an 20 x 1 cm. bar connected to a gusset plate and

loaded in tension as shown below.
Area of bar = (20 2 x 2.2) x 1
Gusset plate
b

Section b-b

= 15.6 cm2

22 mm hole

20 x 1 cm. bar

Area of bar = 20 x 1 = 20 cm2

Section a-a

P
From f = P/A, the reduced area of Section b b will be subjected to higher stresses.
However, the reduced area and therefore the higher stresses will be localized
around Section b b.

Section b-b

TENSILE STRENGTH
Use the minimum of
Yield Strength :

P = 0.60 Fy Ag

Ultimate Strength :

P = 0.50 Fu Ae

P
0.50 Fu Ae

Ag

Gross
Area

An

Net
Area

Ae

Effective
Area

0.60 Fy Ag

0.50 Fu Ae

The unreduced area of the member = cross-section total area

The reduced area of the member = Ag hole area

which may be equal An or smaller

(Net Area), An
d
T

Net area

Ag = Gross Area =
An = Net Area =

An = Ag -
Hole = bolt + punched(1/16 or 1.5 mm)
+ damaged metal (1/16 or 1.5 mm)
= bolt + 3 mm

 3-1 36
AISC
A36 19 ..

20 cm

Ag = 20 .1.5 . = 30 .2
1.5 cm

36 ton

36 ton

An = 30 .2 2(1.9 . + 0.3 .)(1.5 .)

= 23.4 .2

f = 36(1,000) .. / 30 .2 = 1,200 ../.2

0.60Fy = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ../.2 < 1,200 ../.2

OK

f = 36(1,000) .. / 23.4 .2 = 1,539 ../.2

0.50Fu = 0.50(4,000) = 2,000 ../.2 < 1,539 ../.2

OK

3-2
25 19 .. A36
15 cm

25 ton

Ag = 25 /0.60Fy = 25/(0.62.5) = 16.67 .2

25 ton

t = 16.67/15
= 1.11 .

12 ..

An = 25 /0.50Fu = 25/(0.54.0) = 12.5 .2

t
An = 15 t (1.9 + 0.3) t = 12.8 t
12.5 = 12.8 t
t = 0.977 .

10 ..

 3-3 P
A36 22 ..

P = 0.60Fy Ag = 0.60(2.5)(15)(1.2) = 27

Bar 15 cm1.2 cm

An = 1.2(152.20.3) = 15 .2 = Ae
P = 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50(4.0)(15) = 30

P 27

Example 3.4 A 15 x 1 cm bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension member. It is

connected to a gusset plate with six 22 mm. diameter bolts as shown in below.
Assume that the effective net area Ae equals the actual net area An and compute the
tensile design strength of the member.
Solution
Gross section area = Ag = 15 x 1 = 15 cm2
Gusset plate
22 mm bolt

Net section area = An = (15 2 x (2.2+0.3)) x 1

= 10 cm2
Gross yielding design strength = 0.6 Fy Ag

15 x 1 cm. bar
P

= 0.6 x 3.5 x 15 = 31.5 ton

Fracture design strength = 0.5 Fu Ae
Assume Ae = An (only for this problem)
Fracture design strength = 0.5 x 4.5 x 10 = 22.5 ton

Design strength of the member in tension = smaller of 31.5 ton and 22.5 ton
Therefore, design strength = 22.5 ton (net section fracture controls)

Ans

Staggered Holes
s

A
B

s = pitch distance
g

g = gage distance

D
C

Possible failure paths: ABC or ABDE

Compute net area of each path:

An = t min b n (d + 0 . 3) +

s2
4g

Select the minimum net area

3-4

A
10 cm
B

Plate thickness = 12 mm
Bolt diameter = 19 mm

10 cm
T

10 cm
10 cm

C
E
D

10 cm

ABCD = 40 2(2.2) = 35.6 cm

102
ABCEF = 40 3(2.2) +
= 35.9 cm
4(10)
102
ABEF = 40 2(2.2) +
= 36.85 cm
4(20)
An = 35.6(1.2) = 42.7 cm2

(control)

 3-5 Minimum pitch (smin)

D
5 cm

ABC = 15 (1)(2.2) = 12.8 .

5 cm

5 cm

s2
s2
DEFG = 15 (2)(2.2) +
= 10.6 +
(4)(5)
20

F
C

G
s

s ABC = DEFG

s = 6.63 .

, s^2/4g, .

s2
12.8 = 10.6 +
20

s = 20 .

s = 15 .
s = 10 .

3
2

s = 5 .

1
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

, g, .

3-6
A36 19 ..
D A

Unfolding

30 mm

E
L100x75x10
100 mm

45 mm

g = 100 + 75 - 10 - 30 - 40 = 95 mm

60 mm

ABC = 100 + 75 10 22
= 143 ..

40 mm
C
5 @ 50 mm

DEBC = 100 + 75 10 2(22) + 502/(495) = 127.6 ..

An = (12.76)(1.0) = 12.76 .2

 3.5
g
g + g1 tw

g1
tw

g
g/2 + g1 tw/2

g1
tw

3-7 ABCDEF C38010054.5 (Ag =

69.39 .2, tw = 10.5 .., tf = 16 ..) 19 ..
A
g = 60 mm

B
g1 = 90 mm

40 mm
g + g1 t w
60+90-10.5
= 139.5 mm

tw = 10.5 mm
380 mm

200 mm

200 mm

10.5 mm

tf = 16 mm

D
90 mm

139.5 mm
E

100 mm

40 mm
F

16 mm
80 mm

ABCDEF

82
82
1.6 + 1.05
= 69.39 2(2.2)(1.6 + 1.05) +
(1.05) + (2)

4(20)
4(13.68)
2

= 61.6 cm 2

Effective Net Areas, Ae

shear lag

Shaded area
stressed very little

Bolted or Riveted Members:

Ae = U An

3.2 U
I W, S

2d/3
(min.)

U = 0.90

2d/3
(min.)

II I

U = 0.85

III

U = 0.75

Load

Load

3 Bolts per line

U = 0.90 or 0.85

2 Bolts per line

U = 0.75

3.7

Welded Members:

Ae = U A g

1. Transverse welded: Ae = Connected area

2. Longitudinal welded:
- Flat plate and Bar:

L > 2w

U = 1.00

2w > L > 1.5w

U = 0.87

1.5w > L > w

U = 0.75

L
Short connection fittings: splice plate, gusset plate, and beam-to-column fitting

Ae = An 0.85 Ag

TABLE D3.1: Shear Lag Factors for Connections to Tension Members

Case Description of Element

Shear Lag Factor, U

All tension members where the tension

load is transmitted directly to each of
cross-sectional elements by fasteners
or welds (except in Cases 3, 4, 5 and 6)

U = 1.0

All tension members, except plates and

HSS, where the tension load is transmitted to some but not all of the crosssectional elements by fasteners or longitudinal welds (Alternatively, for W, M,
S and HP, Case 7 may be used.)

U =1 x /L

All tension members where the tension

load is transmitted by transverse welds
to some but not all of the cross-sectional elements.

U = 1.0

Example

x
x

and
An = area of the directly
connected elements

x = the distance from the centroid of the connected area to the plane of the connection.
L = length of connection.

x
U = 1
L

The definition of x was formulated by Munse and Chesson (1963).

If a member has two symmetrically located planes of connection,

x is measured from the centroid of the nearest one-half of the area.

Munse, W.H. and Chesson, E., Jr. 1963. Riveted and Bolted Joints: Net Section Design. Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE 89 (no. ST1): 107-126.

Case Description of Element

4

Plates where the tension load is transmitted by longitudinal welds only.

Shear Lag Factor, U

L 2w

Example

U = 1.0

2w > L 1.5w U = 0.87 w

1.5w > L w U = 0.75

Round HSS with a single concentric

gusset plate

L 1.3D

U = 1.0

D > L 1.3D U = 1 x / L

x = D /

Rectangular HSS

LH
with a single concentric gusset plate
2

x=

with two side

gusset plates

B + 2BH
4(B + H )

LH

x=

U = 1 x / L

U = 1 x / L

B2
4(B + H )

w = plate width
B = overall width of rectangular HSS measured 90o to the plane of the connection
H = overall height of rectangular HSS measured in the plane of the connection

Case Description of Element

7

W, M, S or HP
shapes or tees cut
from these shape.
(If U is calculated
per Case 2, the
larger value is permitted to be used)

Single angles (If U

is calculated per
Case 2, the larger
value is permitted
to be used)

Shear Lag Factor, U

with flange con- bf 2/3d

nected with 3 or b < 2/3d
f
more fasteners per
line in direction of
loading

U = 0.90
U = 0.85

with web connected

with 4 or more
fasteners per line in
the direction of
loading

U = 0.70

with 4 or more fasteners per line in

the direction of
loading

U = 0.80

with 2 or 3 fasteners per line in

the direction of
loading

U = 0.60

Example

Eccentric Bracing Connection

Sydney Airport Domestic Terminal - Sydney, Australia

3-8 W250 66.5 19 .

. A36
T/2
W 250 x 66.5

T/2

W25066.5 (Ag = 84.70.2, d = 248 .., bf = 249 ..)

T = 0.60FyAg = 0.60(2.5)(84.70) = 127
An = 84.70 4(2.2)(1.3) = 73.26 .2
U = 0.90 bf > 2/3d
Ae = UAn = 0.90(73.26) = 65.93 .2
T = 0.50FuAe = 0.50(4.0)(65.93) = 132
T = 127
n

Example 3.2 A single-angle tension member, an L90 x 90 x 10 mm, is connected to

gusset plate with 22-mm-diameter bolts. A36 steel is used. The service loads are 16
ton dead load and 8 ton live load. Investigate this member for compliance with the
AISC Specification. Assume that the effective net area is 85% of the computed net
area.

L90 x 90 x 10 mm
Section

Solution

First compute tensile strengths.

Gross section: Ag = 17.1 cm2 (

Yielding design strength:

P = 0.6 Fy Ag = 0.6(2.5)(17.1) = 25.7 ton

Net section:

An = 17.1 1 x (2.2+0.3) = 14.6 cm2

Effective area:

Ae = 0.85An = 0.85(14.6) = 12.4 cm2

Fracture design strength:

.5)

P = 0.5 Fu Ae = 0.5(4.0)(12.4) = 24.8 ton

The design strength is the smaller value: P = 24.8 ton (Fracture)

Dead Load + Live Load = 16 + 8 = 24 ton
Since the design strength 24.8 ton > 24 ton required by loads,
the member is satisfactory.

Ans.

Single Angle Connections

Sydney Convention &
Exhibition Centre - Darling
Harbour, Australia

Example 3.4 Determine the effective net area for the tension member
x = 2.58 cm

L90 x 90 x 10 mm
Section
7.5 cm
7.5 cm

Gross section: Ag = 17.1 cm2 (

Net section:

.5)

An = 17.1 1 x (2.2+0.3) = 14.6 cm2

Only one leg of the cross section is connected, so the net area must be reduced.

.5, the distance from the centroid to the outside face of an L90x90x10 is
x = 2.58 cm
The length of the connection is

L = 7.5 + 7.5 = 15 cm
U = 1

Effective area:

x
2.58
= 1
= 0.828
L
15

Ae = UAn = 0.828(14.6) = 12.09 cm2

Alternative U : this angle has 3 bolts in the direction of load.

the reduction factor U can be taken as 0.60
Effective area:

L90

x
x 90

Ae = UAn = 0.60(14.6) = 8.76 cm2

Either U value is acceptable, and the code permits the larger one to be used.
Computed U is more accurate.
Alternative U can be useful during preliminary design.

10 m

Block Shear

Block Shear

Tbs = 0.30Fu Av + 0.50Fu At

Tension area

P
P
Shear area

P
Shear area

 3-11 A36 19 ..

T
9 cm 6 cm

L150x100x12 mm, A = 28.56 cm2

5 cm

T = 0.30(4.0)(25-2.5(2.2))(1.2)+0.50(4.0)(6-0.5(2.2))(1.2)

10 cm

T = 39.8

10 cm

:
T = 0.60FyAg = 0.60(2.5)(28.56) = 42.8

An = 28.56 2.2(1.2) = 25.92 .2

U = 0.85 AISC
T = 0.50FuAe = 0.50(4.0)(0.8525.92) = 44.1
T = 39.8

3-12

:

10 cm

PL1.2 20 cm

T = 0.30(4.0)(2)(101.2) + 0.50(4.0)(201.2)
= 76.8
:
T = 0.60(2.5)(201.2) = 36.0

T = 36.0

Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 4 -

Design of

Tension Members
< Selection of Sections
< Rods and Cables
< Sag Rods

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Selection of Sections
T = 0.60 FyAg

min Ag =

T
0.60 Fy

T = 0.50 FuAe

min Ae =

T
0.50 Fu

min An =

min Ae
T
=
U
0.50 FuU

min Ag =

T
+
0.50 FuU

Slenderness ratio:
(tension members)

L
300
r

min r =

L
300

 4-1 W300 8 A36 100

22 ..()
Ag :
Load

min Ag =

T
100
=
= 66.7 cm 2
0.60Fy 0.60(2.5)

U = 0.90 W300 tw = 14 ..
min Ag =
min r =

100
+ 4(2.2 + 0.3)(1.4) = 69.6 cm 2
0.50(4.0)(0.90)

L
8(100)
=
= 2.67 cm
300
300

W30065.4 (Ag = 83.36 .2, d = 298 .., bf = 201 .,

tf = 14 ., ry = 4.77 .)
:

T = 0.60FyAg = 0.60(2.5)(83.36) = 125.0 > 100

OK

T = 0.50FuUAn U = 0.90 bf /d > 2/3

An = 83.36 4(2.5)(1.4) = 69.36 .2
T = 0.50(4.0)(0.90)(69.36) = 124.9 > 100

OK

L 8(100)
=
= 168 < 300
r
4.77

OK

Check Block Shear Strength:

From block shear path, Four blocks will

separate from the tension member (two

5cm 8cm 8cm

from each flange).

At = 4 x [5 0.5(db+0.3)] x tf

5 cm

At = 4 x (5 2.5/2)(1.4) = 21.0 cm2

5 cm

W300X65.4

Av = 4 x [5+8+8 2.5(db+0.3)] x tf
Av = 4 x (21 2.5(2.5))(1.4) = 82.6 cm2

Calculate block shear strength:

Tbs = 0.30FuAv + 0.50FuAt
Tbs = 0.30 x 4.0 x 82.6 + 0.50 x 4.0 x 21.0 = 141.1 tons

Summary of solution:
Member
Design load

W300x65.4
100 ton

Yield strength

125.0 ton

Ultimate strength

124.9 ton

Block shear strength

141.1 ton

Design strength = 124.9 tons (ultimate strength governs)

W300 x 65.4 is adequate for T = 100 tons and the given connection

Ans.

4-2 3 32
22 .. () A36 (Fy =
2,500 ../.2, Fu = 4,000 ../.2)
min Ag =

T
32
=
= 21.33 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2.5)

3, U = 0.85
min An =

min r =

T
32
=
= 18.82 cm2
0.50 FuU 0.50(4.0)(0.85)
L
3(100)
=
= 1.0 cm
300
300


(..)
9

25
.. (.2)
2.25

(.2)
21.07

10

2.50

21.32

12

3.00

21.82

13

3.25

22.07

150 x 100 x 9
(A=21.84, r=2.15)
120 x 120 x 10
(A=23.20, r=2.36)
100 x 100 x 12
(A=22.70, r=1.94)
125 x 75 x 13
(A=24.31, r=1.60)

L150 x 100 x 9 ..

4-3 BC 20
A36 2 19 ..
B

min Ag =

T
20
=
= 13.3 cm2
0.60Fy 0.60(2.5)

min r =

L
3(200)
=
= 2.0 cm
300
300

12 .. Ae U = 0.85
min An =

T
20
=
= 11.8 cm 2
0.50 FuU 0.50(4.0)(0.85)

min Ag = 11.8 + 2(1.9 + 0.3)(1.2) = 17.1 cm2

2L 75 75 12 .. (Ag = 33.4 .2, ry = 2.22 .)

Rods and Cables

Cable

AD =

T
0.33Fu
Anchor
socket

Steel plate
or washer

Open socket

Open socket connection

Weld

Cable

Structural
member

Sag Rod

Rod
Weld

4.1

Example 3.14 A threaded rod is to be used as a bracing member that must resist a
service tensile load of 3.6 tons. What size rod is required if A36 steel is used?
Solution:

Required area = AD =

T
3 .6
=
= 2.73 cm2
0.33Fu 0.33 4.0

d2
,
From AD =
4

Required d =

4(2.73 )
= 1.86 cm

Use a 19-mm-diameter threaded rod (AD = 2.84 cm2)

Ans.

To prevent damage during

construction, use rod min.
of 16 mm.

Cable-Stayed Bridges

Cable-Stayed Roofs

Manchester City Stadium

Lisbon Expo 1996 - and 1998

Olympic stadium roof - Munich

Strand & Wire rope

Wire

Strand

Wire rope

Low Relaxation Prestressed Concrete

Steel Strand (PC Strand)

Tension Members
In Roof Trusses
Truss

Bay

Sag rod

Bracing

Truss Members : - Truss

- Purlin

Truss

- Sag rod
- Bracing

Purlin

Pinned
Support

Roller
Support

Span

y
wy

w
wx

Truss
Tributary area for
design of rod ab
s/2
a

Sag rod

s/2

s/2

Purlin

T2

T2
T1

T1

Design of Sag Rod

3.16

C 200 24.6 purlins

1
3

12. 6

5m
4m

6 @ 4 m = 24 m
Truss

Sag rods

6m
Truss

6m

Truss

 4-5
6.0 A36 16 ..
80 ./.2 100 ./.2
:

= 80.00 ../.2

= (7 24.6 ) / 12.65

= 13.61 ../.2

= 100.00 ../.2

= 80 + 13.61 + 100

= 193.61 ../.2
W

T1 = (1/3.16)(193.61) = 61.27 ../.2

T1

3. 16
3

4m

W
T1

12.65 m

24 m
2m

:
T1 = 12.65(2.0)(61.27) = 1,550 ..

TTOP

T1

Details of sag rod

connections

T1

16 . ( AD = 2.01 .2 )

AD =

T
1.550
=
= 1.17 cm 2
0.33 Fu 0.33(4.0)

:
TTOP = (3.16/3)(1550) = 1633 ..
AD =

1.633
= 1.24 cm 2
0.33(4.0)

Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 5 -

Analysis of

Compression Members
< Sections used for Columns
< Critical Load (Eulers Formula)
< Allowable Stress
< Effective Length
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tall Buildings

World Trade Center, WTC

New York

WTC on September 11, 2001

Frame Buckling Mechanism

How can column fail?

< Compression
< Flexural or Lateral Buckling
< Local Buckling
< Torsional Buckling

Buckling Types

Sections used for Columns

Double angle
Wide flange

Built-up sections

Tube

Pipe

Critical Load
P

Buckling of column due to

axial compressive load P

Buckling = Type of failure which occurs when column is slender

Short
Yielding

Intermediate
Yielding & Buckling

Long
Buckling

Columns with Pinned Ends

P

Ideal column:

B
x

y
L/2

- perfectly straight
- linearly elastic material
- no imperfections

x
M = -P = EI

max

d 2
dx 2

Bending-moment
equation

2EI
Pcr = 2
L

Critical load:

Buckling about the Weakest Axis

Pcr

d 2 P
+ =0
dx 2 EI

Differential equation
of deflected curve

Eulers formula

From Pcr =

2 EI
L2

I = least moment of inertia

b
Which axis give the least moment of inertia?

For symmetry section,

use minimum of Ix and Iy

Imin

Iy

Imin

Imax
45o

Angle section
equal legs

Ix

Iy
Imax

Ix

Angle section
Unequal legs

Critical Stress
Dividing critical load by cross-sectional area

cr

Radius of gyration

Pcr 2EI
=
=
A
AL2

r = I /A

cr
pl

cr

Critical stress

Slenderness ratio

Proportional limit

2E
=
(L / r ) 2

Eulers curve

L/ r
0

L/r

5-1 (a) W250x175 5.0

F.S. = 2 Proportional Limit = 2,500 ../.2 (b)
(a) 2.5
(a) W250175 (A = 56.24 .2, rx = 10.4 ., ry = 4.18 .)
r ry = 4.18 .
L/r = 5.0(100)/4.18 = 119.6

2
6
P ( 2.110 )
=
= 1,448
2
A
(119.6 )

../.2 < 2,500 ../.2

OK

2
6
P ( 2.110 )
=
= 5,791 ../.2 < 2,500 ../.2
2
A
( 59.81)

NG

(b) L/r = 2.5(100)/4.18 = 59.81


Pipe or tube
column

Base plate
welded to column

Welded or bolted
connection
Stiffening plates
welded to flange

(Inflection Point) KL

KL = 0.7L
KL=L

K = 1.0
(a)

KL = 0.5L

K = 0.5
(b)

K = 0.7
(c)

Effective Length Factor (K )

0.5

0.7

1.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

0.65

0.8

1.2

1.0

2.1

2.0

Buckling Axis
Columns normally buckle laterally (the cross-section moves sideways).
It occurs about the axis which has the highest value of L / r.
This is usually the y-y axis, but both must be considered.

P
y

x
Buckling about x-x axis in the y-y plane

Deflected
positions

Buckling about y-y axis

in the x-x plane

Usually, rx > ry
x

x-x = strong axis

y-y = weak axis

But . . .

x - x = Strong axis ()
y - y = Weak axis

()

= Lateral support against

buckling about weak axis

2m

2m

KL = 2 m

2m

2m

KL = 4 m

Column Buckling Strength from Experiment

a
Weight

b
Pu/A

Eulers formula

Fy

L/r

Short Column fails by Yielding, Long Column fails by Buckling

So, What happen to Intermediate Column ? Fails by ???

Buckling strength
vs. slenderness

Eulers
formula

Pcr
A

Failure stress

cr =

Where is section AA-A

Band of
test data

Elastic
buckling

Inelastic
buckling
A

KL
r

MAX 200

Elastic vs. Inelastic Buckling

P/A
(KL / r )2
Pcr
= Fy 1

A
2Cc2

Fy

Eulers formula:
Pcr
2E
=
A (KL / r )2

0.50Fy

KL/r
Cc

Elastic Buckling = 0.50Fy =

2E

(L /r)

2E
=
Cc2

Cc =

2 2 E
Fy

P/A

AISC Formulas

(KL / r )2
Pcr
= Fy 1

A
2Cc2

Fy

Allowable Compressive Stress

Fa

0.60Fy

Cc =

2 2E
Fy

Pcr
2E
=
A (KL / r )2

Fy / 2
23 /12
KL/r
Cc

Elastic Buckling:

KL
> Cc
r

Inelastic Buckling:

KL
< Cc
r

Fa =

12 2E

23 ( KL / r )

( KL / r )2
1
F
2Cc2 y

Fa =
3
5 3 ( KL / r ) ( KL / r )
+

3
8Cc
8Cc3

F.S. = 23/12

F.S. Variable

 5-2 P W300 94
W30094 ../.(A = 119.8 .2, ry = 7.51 .)

- 5.1 K = 0.8
Cc =
W300x106

2 2 (2.1 106 )
= 128.8
2,500

KL
0.8(500)
=
= 53
r
7.51

5m

KL/r < Cc (5.8)

5
3(53)
(53)3
F.S. = +

= 1.81
3 8(128.8) 8(128.8)3
P

(53)2
1 2(128.8)2 2,500

Fa =
= 1,264 kg/cm 2
1.81

P = FaAg = (1.26)(119.8) = 151

5-3 .1
P KL = 6.0
PL1.2 50 cm

MC380100 67.3 ./.

MC380 100
67.3 kg/m

39.2 cm

(A=85.71 .2, Ix=17,600 .4,

Iy = 671 .4, cy = 2.50 .)

30 cm

A = 1.2(50) + 2(85.71) = 231.42 .2

y =

1.2(50)(0.6) + 2(85.71)( 20.2)

= 15.12 .
231.42

Ix = 2(17,600) + 2(85.71)(20.2-15.12)2 + (1/12)(50)(1.2)3

+ (1.2)(50)(15.12-0.6)2
= 52,281 .4

Iy = 2(671) + 2(85.71)(15+2.5)2 + (1/12)(1.2)(50)3 = 66,339 .4

r=

52,281
= 15.03
231.42

KL 600
=
= 40
r
15.03

.1

Fa = 1,337

../.2

P = Fa Ag = 1.337(231.42) = 309.4

5-4 W25066.5
7.2 x-x 3.6 y-y
A36
W25066.5 (A = 84.7 .2, rx = 10.8 ., ry = 6.29 .)
KLy
ry

1(360)
= 57
6.29

()

KLx 0.8(720)
=
= 53
rx
10.8

()

.1 Fa = 1,263 ../.2
P = (1.263)(84.7) = 107

Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 6 -

Design of

Compression Members
< Column Design Tables
< Local Buckling
< Alignment Chart
< Column Base Plate
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Use of structural steel column-tree assemblies

prefabricated in the shop to avoid welding at the
critical regions of frame structures.

Overall view of the erection of a

structural steel- framed structure using
prefabricated tree-column assemblies.

Column Design Tables

.1 2,500 ./.2
KL/r

vary from 1 to 200(Max)

50

Fa

vary from 1,497 ksc to 270.3 ksc

1,281 ksc

.2 W,

Fy = 2,500 ./.2

.3
.4-5
.6 Strength Reduction Factor (SRF)

 6-1 W350 A36

170 ton

KL/r = 50

5.0 m

170 ton

Fa = 1,281 ./.2 .1

Areqd = 170(1,000)/1,281 = 132.7 .2

W350 x 106 (A = 135.3 . 2, ry = 8.33 .)
KL/r = 500/8.33 = 60
Fa = 1,219 ./.2
P = 1,219(135.3)/1,000 = 165 < 170 NG
W350 x 115 (A = 146 . 2, ry = 8.78 .)
KL/r = 500/8.78 = 57
Fa = 1,238 ./.2
P = 1,238(146)/1,000 = 181 > 170
OK
W350 x 115

Column Splices
- 60-90 cm above floor levels to keep from interfering with beam
- Large part of load transferred through bearing between columns
d for upper
column

Erection
clearance

Field weld

Erection
bolts
Splice
plate

Shop weld

d for lower
column

(a) Columns from same W series (dlower < 5 cm greater than dupper )

Shop weld
Clip angles
Bearing or butt plate

Erection bolts

(b) Columns from different W series

Local Buckling of the Beam Flange

Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

Sections are classified as :
Compact sections
Noncompact sections
Slender-element sections
p = width-thickness ratio

bf / 2
tf
Point of fixity

tw
Point of fixity

STIFFENED ELEMENT = WEB; WIDTH/THICKNESS RATIO = h / tw

UNSTIFFENED ELEMENT = FLANGE; WIDTH/THICKNESS RATIO = 1/2 bf / tf

Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements

b
b

b
t

t
t

welds

Unstiffened Elements
b
b
t
b

b
t

welds
t

Stiffened Elements

6.1

b/t

b / t

1/2 bf / tf

544 / F y

795 / Fy

1/2 bf / tf

N.A.

795 / Fy

h / tw

N.A.

2,100 / F y

TABLE B4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Case

Description of
Element

Width
Thickness
Ratio

Limiting WidthThickness Ratio

p
r
compact
noncompact

Example
b

Unstiffened Elements:
Flexure in flange of rolled
W-shaped sections and
channels

b/t

0.38 E / Fy

1.0 E / Fy

Unstiffened Elements:
Flexure in flange of doubly
And singly symmetric Wshaped built-up sections

b/t

0.38 E / Fy

0.95 k c E / FL

[ a ],[ b ]

Unstiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in
flange of rolled W-shaped
sections

b/t

NA

0.56 E / Fy

TABLE B4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Case

Description of
Element

Width
Thickness
Ratio

Limiting WidthThickness Ratio

p
compact

r
noncompact

Example
b

Unstiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in
flange of built-up W-shaped
sections and plates or
angle legs projecting from
built-up W-shaped sections

b/t

NA

0.64 k c E / Fy

[a]

b
b

Unstiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in
legs of single angles, legs
of double angles with
seperators, and all other
stiffened element

b/t

NA

0.45 E / Fy

Unstiffened Elements:
Flexure in legs of single
angles

b/t

0.54 E / Fy

0.91 E / Fy

TABLE B4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Case

Description of
Element

Width
Thickness
Ratio

Limiting WidthThickness Ratio

p
r
compact
noncompact

Example
b

Unstiffened Elements:
Flexure in flanges of tees

b/t

0.38 E / Fy

1.0 E / Fy

Unstiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in
stems of tees

d/t

NA

0.75 E / Fy

Stiffened Elements:
Flexure in webs of doubly
symmetric W-shaped
sections and channels

h / tw

3.76 E / Fy

5.70 E / Fy

10

Stiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in
webs of doubly simmetric
W-shaped sections

h / tw

NA

1.49 E / Fy

tw

tw

TABLE B4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Case

11

Description of
Element

Stiffened Elements:
Flexure in webs of singlysymmetric W-shaped
sections

12

Stiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in
flanges of rectangular box
and hollow structural
sections of uniform
thickness subject to
bending or compression;
flange cover plates and
diaphragm plates between
lines of fasteners or welds

13

Stiffened Elements:
Flexure in webs of
rectangular HSS

Width
Thickness
Ratio

Limiting WidthThickness Ratio

p
compact
hc
hp

hc / tw

E
Fy

M
0.54 p 0.09

M
y

Example

r
noncompact

hp

5.70 E / Fy

hc
2

pna
cg
tw
t

b/t

1.12 E / Fy

1.40 E / Fy

h/t

2.42 E / Fy

5.70 E / Fy

t
h

TABLE B4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements

Case

Description of
Element

Width
Thickness
Ratio

Limiting WidthThickness Ratio

p
r
compact
noncompact

Example
b

14

Stiffened Elements:
Uniform compression in all
other stiffened elements

b/t

NA

1.49 E / Fy

Stiffened Elements:
Circular hollow sections
15

[a]

kc =

In uniform compression

D/t

NA

0.11E / Fy

In flexure

D/t

0.07 E / Fy

0.31E / Fy

4
, but shall not be taken less than 0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculation purpose.
h / tw
(See Cases 2 and 4)

[b]

FL = 0.7Fy for minor-axis bending, major axis bending of slender-web built-up W-shaped members, and
major axis bending of compact and noncompact web built-up W-shaped members with Sxt / Sxc 0.7;
FL = FySxt / Sxc 0.5Fy for major-axis bending of compact and noncompact web built-up W-shaped members
with Sxt / Sxc < 0.7. (See Case 2)

Sidesway Inhibited Frames

(a) Diagonal bracing

AISC (conservative)

(b) Shear wall

K = 1.0

Alignment Charts

50.0
10.0
5.0
3.0
2.0

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

GA

K
1.0
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.3
0.2

GB

50.0
10.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.6

GA

100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0

GB

20.0
10.0

100.0
50.0
30.0
20.0

5.0
4.0
3.0

2.0

10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0

3.0

2.0

2.0
1.5

0.2

1.0

1.0
0.1

0.1

0.5

(a) Sidesway prevented

1.0

(b) Sidesway uninhibited

Ic
4 EI
for columns
Lc
L
G=
=
4 EI
I

for beams
b
L
Lb

K :
1.
2. GA GB
3. GA GB
K

K = 1.6

Alignment Charts:
1. , G
G = 10
2. , G
G = 1.0
3. ,
6.2
6.2
Condition at far end
Pinned
Fixed against rotation

Sidesway Prevented Sidesway Uninhibited

1.5
0.5
2.0
0.67

 6-2

W400x94.3
W200x30.6 W200x30.6

W200x56.2 W200x56.2

W200x30.6

W450x76.0

B
W200x30.6

W400x56.6

W450x124
E

6.0 m

3.0 m

H
3.5 m
G

9.0 m

Stiffness factors:

AB
BC
DE
EF
GH
HI
BE
CF
EH
FI

Ix

Ix/L

W200x30.6
W200x30.6
W200x56.2
W200x56.2
W200x30.6
W200x30.6
W450x76.0
W400x56.6
W450x124
W400x94.3

2690
2690
4980
4980
2690
2690
33500
20000
56100
33700

350
300
350
300
350
300
600
600
900
900

7.686
8.967
14.23
16.60
7.686
8.967
55.83
33.33
62.33
37.44

G factors for each joint:

JOINT

(Ic/Lc)/ (Ib/Lb)

10.0

(7.686+8.967)/55.83

0.298

8.967/33.33

0.269

10.0

(14.23+16.60)/(55.83+62.33)

0.261

16.60/(33.33+37.44)

0.235

10.0

(7.686+8.967)/62.33

0.267

8.967/37.44

0.240

Column K factors from chart:

COLUMN

GA

GB

AB

10.0

0.298

0.77

BC

0.298

0.269

0.63

DE

10.0

0.261

0.77

EF

0.261

0.235

0.61

GH

10.0

0.267

0.77

HI

0.267

0.240

0.61

Column Base Plates

Transfer bearing to concrete footing
Anchor bolts

weld
Concrete
footing

A1

(a)

A2

(b)

A1 =

=BxN
A2 =
B

Allowable Bearing Pressure, Fp

Fp
fc

=
=

A1 = A2 ,

Fp = 0.35 f c

A1 A2,

Fp = 0.35 f c

A
P
= 0.35 f c 2
A1
A1
1 P
A1 =

A2 0.35 f c

A1 A2

A2
0.7 f c
A1

Fp
2

0.7fc

0.35fc

A2/A1

Minimum Thickness of Column Base Plate

P

0.80bf

1 cm

m
1 cm

d N

0.95d
t
fp

m
B or N
bf

fp = P / ( B N )

1 . 0.80bf 0.95d
2
n f pn
M = f pn =
2
2

2
m f pm
M = fpm =
2
2

1 . t
S = I /c =

1
(1)(t 3 ) /(t / 2) = t 2 / 6
12

1 cm

M/S Fb
2
2
M f p ( m / 2) 3 f pm
Fb =
=
=
S
t2 / 6
t2

t=

t=

AISC Fb = 0.75Fy:
t = 2m

fp
Fy

t = 2n

fp
Fy

3 f p m2
Fb
3 f p n2
Fb

Design of Column Base Plates

n

0.80bf

N B m = n

1 cm

m
1 cm

d N

0.95d

N = A1 +

A1 =
bf

= 0.5(0.95d 0.80bf)

N B B = A1/N

6-4 A36 W30094.0 (d

= 30 ., bf = 30 .) 160 2.5 2.5
= 210 ./.2
A1
2

1 P
1
160
2
A1 =
=

= 75.8 cm
'
2
A2 0.35 f c 250 0.35 ( 0.210 )
2

A1 =

P
160
=
= 1,088 cm 2
'
0.7 f c 0.7(0.210)

:
= 0.5(0.95d 0.80b f ) = 0.5(0.95(30) 0.80(30)) = 2.25 cm

N = A1 + = 1088 + 2.25 = 35.2 cm

B=

A1 1088
=
= 31.1 cm
N
35

( 35 .)
( 32 .)

:
fp =

P
160(1000)
=
= 143 kg/cm2
B N
(32)(35)

m n :
m=
n=

N 0.95d 35 0.95(30)
=
= 3.25 cm
2
2
B 0.80b f
2

32 0.80(30)
= 4.00 cm
2

FP = 0.35 f

'
c

A2
2502
= 0.35(210)
= 549 kg/cm2
A1
(32)(35)

FP = 0.7 f c' = 147 kg/cm 2

OK

fp < Fp

:
t = 2n

fp
Fy

= 2(4.0)

143
= 1.9 cm
2,500

PL 2 32 35 .

( 2 .)
n


 

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Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 10 Roof Design
< Types of Roof
< Bracing of Truss
< Loading on Truss & Purlin
< Secondary Truss

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Types of Roof

(a) Flat roof

(b) Lean to

(d) Gable

(e) Hip

(c) Butterfly

(f) Curve

Roof Rafter

(RISE)

(RUN)

(SPAN)

()

()

10, 15, 20

30 - 35

MIN. 1 - 2

(Metal sheet)

..

15

../..

1.0 1.2 .

50

../..

0.32 0.34 .

../..

1.0 2.0

(RISE)

(RUN)

(SPAN)

P/2

RL

P/2

RR

 10-1

1.2 m

0.8 m

4m

0.8 m

=
=
=

30
50
80

../.
../.
../.

1 .

1 .

0.8 m
2m

2m

1.0 1.0
= 801.0
=

= 90

0.8 m

80
../.
10
../.
../.

 2 . 0.8 .
w = 90 kg/m

0.8 m R
L

2m

RL = (1/2) (90) (2.8)2 / 2.0 = 176.4 ..

RR = (90) (2.8) 176.4 = 75.6 ..

RR

104.4 kg

75.6 kg

72 kg
31.8 kg-m

28.8 kg-m

0.84 m

Mmax = 31.8 ..-.

Fb = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ../.2
S = Mmax/Fb = 31.8(100)/1,500 = 2.12 .3

5025 .. 1.6 .. (Sx = 2.81 .3)

10-2
1
0.5 m
4m

90 ../..

4m

0.5 m

0.5 m 4 m

4m

0.5 m

45

=
=

42 + 42

0.52 + 0.52

= 5.66
= 0.707

L = 4.0/2 = 2.0

 wmax = 2L() = 2(2.0)(90)

= 360 ../.
= 3(0.5)2(90) = 67.5 ..
= (0.5)2(90) = 22.5 ..
wmax = 360 kg/m
67.5 kg

:
0.707 m
RL

5.66 m

RR

wmax = 360 kg/m

22.5 kg

:
0.707 m
RL

5.66 m

RR

Roof Truss
Top chord

Sag rod

Fixed Support
Truss

Purlins

Bottom chord

Free Support

Truss

Types of Trusses

King Post This is the most basic

truss type. Primarily used for
simple structures with short
spans.

Fink Capable of longer spans than

the King Post, adding further design
flexibility.

Flat - Using this truss can reduce

the amount of wall area that needs
to be sheathed.

Double Pitch or Dual Pitch An

asymmetrical truss used where the
designer wants a change in roof
appearance.

King Post Truss

Pratt Truss

Howe Truss

Fan Truss

Pratt Truss

Howe Truss

Fink Truss

Gambrel This truss is often used

in agricultural buildings and barns.

Hip This is one section of a hip

roof system.

Bracing of Trusses
Purlins

Sag rod

Bracing

T-1

T-2

Loading on Trusses
1

2
5.00

3
5.00

4
5.00

5
5.00

6
5.00

7
5.00

8
5.00

9
5.00

Purlins

Roof Plan

Tributary Area = 5 x 20 = 100 Sq.M.

10.00 M

Secondary Truss

10.00 M

Primary Truss

10
5.00

Loading on Purlin
s

C Purlins

s
Tributary Area

s
s

Primary Truss

s L

+ =

./.

= x s

./.

./.

Design of Purlins
f bx =

wy l 2

Mx
, Mx =
, wy = w cos + w0
Sx
8

wy

w
wx

wx l 2
f by =
, My =
, wx = w sin
Sy
8
My

f by
f bx f by
f bx
+
=
+
1.0
Fbx Fby 0.66 Fy 0.75Fy

Secondary Truss
Upper chord
in Compression

Lateral Buckling of upper

chord in primary truss

Lower chord
in Tension

Lateral wind load

Primary Truss under Loading

Secondary Truss helps Primary Truss for

- Lateral wind load
- Lateral buckling of upper chord

L/r <= 200

- Stability

15.1 12 5
14 ./.
. 30 ./. Fy =
2,500 ./. E = 2.1 x 106 ./.
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
150 kg

300 kg

U7

300 kg
U8
300 kg
U9
300 kg
U10
300 kg
U11
150 kg
U12

U6

U5

U4

U3

U2

U1

1.5 m

U13
0.5 m

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L7

L8

L9

L10

L11

L12

L13

12 @ 1.0 m = 12.0 m

= tan

1 .5
= 14 . 04 o < 18 o
6

= 30 ./.

= 14 ./.

= 44 ./.

1.0 5.0
= 44 x 1.0

= 44 ./.

= 6 ./.

= 44 + 6 = 50 ./.
12 52
wx = 50 sin 14.04 = 12 kg/m, M y =
= 38 kg - m
8
0

49 52
= 153 kg - m
w y = 50 cos 14.04 = 49 kg/m, M x =
8
0

Sx =

153(100)
Mx
=
= 9.27 cm3
Fbx 0.66(2,500)

C125x50x20x2.3 . ( S x = 21.9. 3 , S y = 6.22. 3 ,

Ix =137.4, Iy=20.6.4, 4.51./.)
x :

f bx =

M x 153(100)
=
= 698.6 kg/cm 2
Sx
21.9

y :

f by =

My
Sy

38(100)
= 610.9 kg/cm 2
6.22

f by
f bx
698.6
610.9
+
=
+
= 0.75 1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy 0.66(2,500 ) 0.75(2,500 )

max

OK

5wl 4
5( 49 / 100 )( 500 ) 4
=
=
384 EI 384 ( 2 . 1 10 6 )(137 )
500
l

= 1 . 38 cm <
=
= 1 . 67 cm
300 300

OK

 T-1:

T-1

= 30 ../.

= 14 ../.

(+)

= 6 ../.

()

= 10 ./.

300 ..
= 60 ../.
150 ..
= 60 60 1 = 300 ..

= 60 x 5 x 0.5 = 150 .

Lower Chord:

Upper Chord:

(.)

(.)

L1L2 = L12L13

1.00

L2L3 = L11L12

2200(T)

1.00

L3L4 = L10L11

3000(T)

1.00

L4L5 = L9L10

3240(T)

1.00

L5L6 = L8L9

3200(T)

1.00

L6L7 = L7L8

3000(T)

1.00

U1U2 = U12U13

2267(C)

1.03

U2U3 = U11U12

3092(C)

1.03

U3U4 = U10U11

3339(C)

1.03

U4U5 = U9U10

3298(C)

1.03

U5U6 = U8U9

3092(C)

1.03

U6U7 = U7U8

2783(C)

1.03

Vertical
Bracing:

Diagonal
Bracing:

(.)

(.)

L1U 1 = L13U 13

1800(C)

0.50

L2U 2 = L12U 12

1100(C)

0.75

L3U 3 = L11U 11

600(C)

1.00

L4U 4 = L10U 10

240(C)

1.25

L 5 U 5 = L9 U 9

50(T)

1.50

L 6 U 6 = L8 U 8

300(T)

1.75

L 7U 7

1050(T)

2.00

L2U 1 = L12U 13

2460(T)

1.12

L3U 2 = L11U 12

1000(T)

1.25

L4U 3 = L10U 11

339(T)

1.41

L 5U4 = L9U10

64(C)

1.60

L 6 U 5 = L8 U 9

360(C)

1.80

L 7 U 6 = L7 U 8

604(C)

2.02

:
L4L5 L9L10 = 3240 . (T) 1.0
, Ft = 0.60Fy = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ./.2
, Ag = 3240/1500 = 2.16 .2
L50 x 50 x 4 . (Ag = 3.89 .2, rmin = 0.98 .)
A307 12 .
, Ae = 0.85Ag = 0.85(3.89) = 3.31
= 0.5FuAe = 0.5(4,000)(3.31)
= 6,620 . > 3,240 . OK
, L/r = 100/0.98 = 102 < 300

OK

:
U3U4 U10U11 = 3,339 ..() 1.03
, Fa = 1,000 ../.2
, A = 3,339/1,000 = 3.34 .2
L50 x 50 x 4 . (A = 3.89 .2, rmin = 0.98 .)
, L/r = 103/0.98 = 105
, Fa = 876.2 ../.2
= (3.89)(876.2) = 3,408 .. > 3,339 ..

OK

:
1) :
L2U1 L12U13 = 2,460 .. 1.12
, Ft = 0.60Fy = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ../.2
, Ag = 2460/1500 = 1.64 .2
L40 x 40 x 3 . (A = 2.35 .2, rmin = 0.78 .)
A307 12 ..
, Ae = 0.85Ag = 0.85(2.35) = 2.00
= 0.5(4,000)(2.00) = 4,000 .. > 2,460 .. OK
, L/r = 112/0.78 = 143.6

< 300

OK

2) :
L7U6 L7U8 = 604 . 2.02
L/r = 202/0.78 = 259 > 200

NG

L65 x 65 x 6 . (A = 7.53 .2, rmin = 1.27 .)

2 L40 x 40 x 3 . (A = 2(2.35) = 4.70 .2)
y

Ix = 2 ( 3.45 ) = 6.90 .4
x

Control

Iy = 2 ( 3.45 ) + 4.70 ( 1.07 )2 = 12.28 .4

rmin = 6.90 / 4.70 = 1.21 cm

L/r = 202/1.21 = 167 < 200

OK

, Fa = 387.7 ./.2
= (4.70)(387.7) = 1,822 . > 600 .
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
150 kg
150 kg

OK

Max. Deflection:
From analysis,
max = 1.64 cm

FREE

FIX

< [1200/300 = 4.0 cm] OK

12 m

Free (Roller) Support Design:

slot

= 12

= 1210-6 /oc

40 oC

TL = 1210-6401,200 = 0.576 cm
Slot length = 2 0.576 + 1.6 = 2.75 cm
BOLT 16 MM
2 cm
5 cm

USE 5 cm


 

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Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 15 Building Connections
< Framed Beam Connections
< Seated Connections
< Moment-Resisting Column Base Plate

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

- Beam-to-Beam Connections

- Beam-to-Column Connections

Moment

(Rigid connection)
90%
(Semirigid connection)
20 - 90%
(Simple connection)
0 - 20%
Rotation

Coping

(a) Framed connection

(b) Seated connection

Erection
seat
(c) Framed connection with seat

Filler
PL

(d) Seated connection

(e) Seated connection with

stiffened seat

12.7

Framed Connections
-
-
-

(Net shear area)

0.3Fu
3 ..

 12-4 A36
A325-N 19 ..
2Ls 100 x 75 x 7 mm x 22 cm long

4 cm
5 cm cope

Girder
W600x175
(tw = 14 mm)

3.5 cm
7.5 cm
7.5 cm

Beam
W450x76
(tw = 9 mm)

3.5 cm
1.25 cm clear

Lh = 4 cm

W45076
1. A325-N 19 ..
.1 = 8.39
3 = 3(8.39) = 25.2
2. 7.5 . = 3.95d ( > 3d )
3.5 . = 1.84d ( > 1.5d )
1.2Fu

= 9 ..
= 7 + 7 = 14 ..

OK
OK

Control

3 = 3 (1.2) (4.0) (0.9) (1.9) = 24.6

3. ( Fv = 0.30 Fu )

Shear
area

3.5 .

= 19 + 3 = 22 ..

7.5 .

Av = 2 (0.7) ( 22 3 (2.2) ) = 21.6 .2

7.5 .
3.5 .

= 0.30 (4.0) (21.6) = 25.9

4.
= 19 + 3 = 22 ..

5 cm cope
3.5 cm

Av

= (0.9) ( 18.5 2.5 (2.2) ) = 11.7 .2

At

= (0.9) ( 4 0.5 (2.2) ) = 2.61 .2

Pt = 0.3 (4.0) (11.7) + 0.5 (4.0) (2.61)

= 19.3

7.5 cm
7.5 cm

Beam
W450x76
(tw = 9 mm)

4 cm

Girder W600x175 19.3

19.3

Seated Connections

N
Set back = 1 cm

b + 2.5k
b/2 b/2

Clip angle

Column

Beam

Seat angle

1) :
R
= 0.66 Fy
tw (b + 2.5k )
b =

b =

R
1
R
2.5k

tw (0.66 Fy )
2 tw (0.66 Fy )

2)

N
b + 2.5k

1 cm

e = b/2 + 2 ta 0.9

b/2

Setback = 1 . 2 .

ta + 9 ..

b/2

:
:

M = Re
fb =

M
Re
= 21
S Lt / 6

Fb = 0.75 Fy

9 mm

Angle thickness:
ta
Critical section

6 R e1
=
L(0.75Fy )

t=

8 R e1
L Fy

12-5 8
W25044.1 (tw = 7 .., k = tf + r = 27 .., bf = 175 ..) W20049.9 (tw =
8 .., bf = 200 ..)
Length of seat angle = width of beam flange
= 175 mm

W200x49.9

Bearing length, b
W250x44.1

1
R

2 0.66 Fy tw

R
1
R
2.5k
0.66 Fy tw
2 0.66 Fy tw

1
8

=
2 0.66 2.5 0.7

1
= (6.93) = 3.46 cm
2

Bearing length required is 3.46 cm

Try angle section L 150 x 90 x 15 mm

1 cm

Try angle section L 150 x 90 x 15 mm

b/2
e

e = b/2 + 2 ta 0.9 = 3.46/2 + 2 1.5 0.9

= 1.33 .
ta =

ta = Thickness of
seat angle

8Re
8 8 1.33
=
L Fy
17.5 2.5

= 1.40 cm < 1.5 cm

OK

Try bolt A325-N 19 mm:

Shear strength =

(1.9)2 (1.48) = 4.20 ton/bolt

4

Control

Bearing strength = (1.9 1.5)(1.2 4.0) = 13.7 ton/bolt

use 2 A325-N 19 mm

number of bolts, n = 8.0/4.2 = 1.91

12-6
A36 A325-N 19 ..
L = 20 .
b:
R
2.5(2.7)
0.7(0.66)(2.5)
R

2(0.7)(0.66)(2.5)

b=

W250x44.1

L150x100x15mm
x 20cm long
Column: W250x72.4
L = 20 cm

b=

R
R
6.75
KKKK ( a )
1.16
2.32

e = b/2 + 2 ta 0.9 = b/2 0.4

=

R
R
2.98
0.4 KKKKKKKKK (b)
2.32
4.64

ta =

8Re
L Fy

e:

0.75Fy L ta2
0.75(2.5) 20(1.5)2
14.06
e =
KKKKK (c )

=
R 6
R
6
R

(b) (c) R
R
14.6
2.98 =
2.32
R

R 2 6.91R 33.87 = 0 R = 10.2 ton

R
14.6
0.4 =
4.64
R

R 2 18.56 R 67.74 = 0 R = 9.47 ton

R = 9 b :
(a),

b=

R
R
6.75
1.16
2.32

b = 3.88 .

=
6.75 = 1.01 <
= 3.88
1.16

2.32

e = 3.88/2 0.4 = 1.54 .

:
ta =

8Re
=
L Fy

8 (9) (1.54)
= 1.49 cm < 1.5 cm
(20) (2.5)

OK

Moment Resisting Column Base

Moment-Resisting Column Bases

P

P
M
Fillet
Weld

Column
Nut
Washer

Angle welded or
bolted to column
in shop

Anchor bolt

Column

Anchor bolt

P
M
Weld
2.5 cm
Anchor bolt

n/3

n/3

Moments at critical sections:

Base Plate Design

fp2

M=

fp1

1
2n 1
n
fp1 n
+ fp2 n

2
3 2
3
fp1 n 2
3

n
Another direction, M =
fp
n

fp1 m 2
3

fp 2 n 2

6
fp 2 m2
6

1 . t

0.80bf

1
(1)(t 3 )
I
t2
12
S= =
=
6
C
t /2

m
d N

0.95d

M 6M
= 2
S
t

AISC Fb = 0.75Fy

0.75Fy =

bf
B

Fb =

6M
t2

t=

6M
=
Fb

8M
Fy

14-6 W350x159
150 15 - A36 Fb =
0.75(2,500) = 1,875 ./.2 = 210 ./.2 Fp = 0.35(210) =
73.5 ./.2
W350x159 (d = 35.6 ., tw = 14 ., bf = 35.2 ., tf = 22 .)

e = M /P = 15(100)/150 = 10 .

1/3
50 x 80 .()
f =

P Pec
150(1,000) 150(1,000)(10)(40)

A
I
(50)(80)
1
3
(50)(80)
12

65.63 < 73.5 ksc

= 37.50 28.13 =
-9.37 ksc

OK

:
49.27(23.3)2 65.63(23.23)2
+
= 16,237 kg-cm
6
3
23.3 cm

23.3 cm

33.4 cm
80 cm

9.37
49.27

65.63

t=

8M
=
Fy

8(16,237)
= 7.21 cm
2,500

PL7.5 x 50 x 80 .

14-7 14-6
15 - 30 -
W350x159 (d = 35.6 ., tw = 14 ., bf = 35.2 ., tf = 22 .)
e = 20 cm

150 ton

e=
6 cm

6 cm

30(100)
= 20 cm
150

:
20.8 cm

16.7 cm
41.6 cm

150(20.0 16.7) 37.5 T = 0

T = 13.2

A307, = 1,400 ./.2

= 13.2/1.4 = 9.43 .2

 35 . (A = 9.62 .2)
R = 150 + 13.2 = 163.2
:
Fp = 0.35(210) = 73.5

Areqd =

./.2

163.2(1,000)
= 4,441 cm2
73.5 / 2

80/2 cm

80 .
16.7 cm

80/216.7=23.3 .

23.3 cm

73.5 ksc

R = 163.2 t

R 1/3
= 3(23.3) = 69.9 .

:
163.2(1,000)
= 63.5 cm
1
73.5 69.9
2
23.3 cm
73.5 ksc
R = 163.2 t

(say 70 cm)

= (70)(69.9) = 4,893 .2

69.9 cm

= 2(163.2)(1,000)/4,893
23.3 cm

44.5 ksc
66.7 ksc

= 66.7

./.2

(44.5)(23.3)2 (66.7)(23.3)2
M=
+
6
3
= 16,115 kg-cm

69.9 cm

PL 8 x 70 x 80 .

t=

8(16,115)
= 7.18 cm
2,500


= 2(35.2) 1.4 = 69.0 .
= 30(100)/(35.6-2.2) = 89.82

1.4 cm
35.2 cm

E70 10 .
=(1)(0.707)(0.3 x 4.9)=1.04 /.

33.4 cm

89.82
= 1.25 cm
(69.0)(1.04)

13 .

14-8 4.5 (114.3 ..) 4.5 ..

fc = 210 ./.2

() A36
() A307
z

5m
1m

5m

e=

M x2 + M y2
Pz

427.52 + 1252
172

= 2.59 ()
0.5 m

10 .
M

Tz = 137.5 kg-m
Mx = 427.5 kg-m
Pz = 172 kg
My = 125 kg-m
Px = 25 kg

10 . 10 .

10 .

5.7 .

From M x : T =

427.5(100)
= 2,723 kg
(10 + 5.7)

From M y : T =

125(100)
= 796.2 kg
(10 + 5.7)

Tmax =

fp = 0.35fc = 73.5 kg/cm2

B
A
fA = 0.19 +

3,691
= 100.4 cm2
73.5 / 2

427.5(100)(15) 125(100)(15)
+
67,500
67,500

= 12.47 kg/cm2
fB = 0.19 +

427.5(100)(5.7) 125(100)(5.7)
+
67,500
67,500

= 4.87 kg/cm2

30 x 30 .

15.5 .

A = 900 cm2

I=

15.5 .

2,723 + 796.2
= 1,760 kg
2

R = Pz + TMX+ TMY = 172 + 2,723 + 796.2

= 3,691 kg
Areq ' d =

AB

1
30 303 = 67,500 cm4
12

B
4.87 ksc

12.47 ksc

Pz 172
=
= 0.19 kg/cm2
A 900

M=

12.47 15.52 4.87 15.52

+
3
6

= 1,194 kg-cm
t=

8 1,194
= 1.95 cm
2,500

Px
Tz
+
cos 45o
4 4(14.14)

25 137.5cos 45o
+
= 7.94 kg
4
4(14.14)

= 1,760 kg
A307

2 .

Ft = 1,820 1.8fv 1,400 ksc

PL 30 x 30 x 2 cm

16 .. (A = 2.011 .2)

()
:

fv =

Tz / 4

7.94
= 3.95 ksc
2.011

Ft = 1,820 1.8 3.95

Px / 4

Px / 4

= 1,813 use 1,400 ksc

Tz / 4

14.
14
cm
Px / 4
Tz / 4

Tz / 4
Px / 4

ft =

1,760
= 875 ksc < Ft
2.011

4 A307 16 mm

OK

Traffic sign base plate

P IP E

1) 89.1 3.2 ..

m.
m
5
.
4

.3
114

4 mm.

TYP.

PIPE 89.1 3.2 mm.

PL-4.5 mm. THICK
WIDTH 100 mm.

Ag = 8.636 .2
0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60 (2.5) (8.636)
= 12.95

0.50 Fu Ae = 0.50(4.0)(0.85)(8.636)
= 14.68

2) 4 .. E60: Fu = 4,200 ./.2

= 0.707 (0.4) (0.3) (4,200) = 356 ./.
100 mm

2 2 10 .
= (2) (2) (10) (356) / 1,000 = 14.24

3) 3.2 ..
0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At

100 mm

= 0.30 (4.0) (0.32) (40) + 0.50 (4.0) (0.32) (20.45)

4.5 mm 4.5 mm

= 15.94

4) 4.5 ..
= 0.40 (2.5) (20.45) (10) = 14.4
PIPE 89.1 3.2 mm.
PL-4.5 mm. THICK
WIDTH 100 mm.


 

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